Khuzdar

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Khuzdar: A District Proﬁle
Technical Report · January 1997

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Khuzdar
A District Profile
Planning & Development Department

Bureau of Statistics Government of Balochistan
Planning Studies Section Quetta
Khuzdar
A District Profile
Planning & Development Department

Bureau of Statistics Government of Balochistan
Planning Studies Section Quetta
Foreword
Khuzdar: A District Profile page i
Table of Contents
Outline District Profile
Khuzdar
1. District Resources
2. Demography and Housing
3. Social Organisation
4. Government Organisation
5. Productive Sectors
• Agriculture / Horticulture
• Livestock
• Fisheries
• Forestry
• Mining
• Industry & Manufacturing
6. Economic Infrastructure and Communications
7. Social Infrastructure
• Water Supply
• Health
• Education
• Sports
8. District Accounts and Development Funds
9. The District in comparison to Balochistan
10. Conclusion: Potential and Constraints
© P&DD copyright 2004

Khuzdar: A District Profile page ii
Annexes:
1. List of all names of all Union Councils and Tehsils
2. Population Figures Census 1981 and Projected Figures 1995
3. Meteorological Data
4. Functions of Local Government
5. List of names of the MPAs, MNAs and Senators
6. Livestock Statistics
7. Overview Enrolment Government Primary Schools
8. Government Staff Establishment
9. Some Observations about the Data
10. List of Acronyms
11. Metric System and its Equivalents
12. Bibliography

Khuzdar: A District Profile page iii
Outline District Profile
District at a Glance
• District Headquarters Khuzdar
• Date of Notification 1st March 1974
• Area 43,261 sq.km.
• Population 1981 1995

1
Male Female Total (Projection)
143,692 132,757 276,449 424,450
• Sex Ratio m/f 1.08 n/a
• Population density per sq.km. 6.4 9.8
• Registered Voters (1997) Male: 106,557 Female: 85,210 Total: 191,767
• Major Ethnic Groups A vast majority of the population is Brahvi followed

by the Balochs.
• Major Languages Brahvi is spoken in a vast majority (81.6%) of the

households followed by Balochi (12.9%).
• Climate Semi-arid with warm summer and mild winter.
• Major Crops No district-specific data are available.
• Major livestock (1986) Number

Sheep 2,037,632
Goats 1,541,078
Cattle 147,698
Buffaloes 813
Total Livestock Units (LU)2 1,937,866
Grazing Capacity3 (Ha./LU) n/a
• Economy Agriculture is the major economic activity followed by

livestock farming.
• Employment per sector m/f No such information is available.
• Important Minerals Barite, chromite, granite, manganese, limestone,

marble and building stone.
1
This projection has been made by the researcher himself on the basis of NIPS population projections (1995) for
Khuzdar district as it was in 1981.
2
A livestock unit (LU) is a comparative unit, based on its fodder requirements, through which all livestock can be
summarised; e.g. a cow, bull, camel and horse are defined as 1 LU, while a sheep, goat and donkey are defined as 0.5
LU.
3
The grazing capacity of an area is defined in the same way as the carrying capacity: For our purpose it is defined that
one livestock unit can optimally survive on one hectare of area under fodder and range land (range land being forest
area and area under pastures). The grazing capacity = Range land + area under fodder / livestock units

Khuzdar: A District Profile page iv
• Important Places Khuzdar, Wadh, Zehri and Nal.
• Education Facilities (1996) for Boys For Girls

Primary Schools 352 37
Middle Schools 19 4
High Schools 14 1
Degree College 1 1
Private Schools 6
• Level of recurrent expenditure

per primary student (1995-96) Not available.
• Health Facilities (1996) Number

Hospital 1
Rural Health Centres 4
Dispensaries 46
Basic Health Units 22
Sub Health Centres 7
School Health Service 1
Private Clinics n/a
• Water supply (coverage) In (1995), the PHED reported more than 100 percent
population coverage which seems false.
• Energy (sources) Mainly fuel wood is used for cooking and heating
while kerosene lamps are major source of light.
• Major Industries There is no major industry in the district.
• Communication (1996) Metalled Road 350.2 km

Shingle Road 1,989.9 km
Railway None
Airport One

Khuzdar: A District Profile page v
Map of Khuzdar

Khuzdar: A District Profile page vi
Balochistan Map

Khuzdar: A District Profile page 1
Khuzdar
Khuzdar was notified as a separate district on 1st March 1974. Previously, it was included
in Kalat district. Khuzdar used to be the main city of Jhalawan state. The history of
Khuzdar, like that of the rest of Balochistan, is in great obscurity. Very little definite
information is available about the area before the advent of the Arabs who ousted the Rai
dynasty of Sind in the 7th century. It is possible that some parts of the army of Alexander
the Great traversed the country when the conqueror was in the Indus valley (presently
upper Sind). The central position of Khuzdar, as the point of convergence of roads from
Multan (via the Moola pass), Makran and Kandhar (province of Afghanistan), made it a
very important place for the Arabs invading India. It is probable, too, that its moderate
climate made the locality acceptable to them. In the time of the Arabs, Khuzdar was
protected by a small fortress. The strong fortress was probably on the peak overlooking
the valley, which is now known as Biradari (Shahi Bagh). An Arab poet wrote about
Khuzdar, “what a beautiful country is Kusdar (Khuzdar). How distinguished are its
inhabitants.”
Therefore, the Arabs made frequent attacks upon Khuzdar and in 664 AD, in the
caliphate of Muawiya, Al-Manzar, son of Al-Jarud-al-Abdi, who had been appointed to the
frontiers of India after conquering Nukan and Kikan, captured Khuzdar. Al-Manzar is said
to have died here. During the caliphate of Al-Mutasimbillah (833-41 AD), Umar, who was
nominated as governor of Sind, transferred the inhabitants of Kandabel (Gandava) to
Khuzdar.
In 976 AD, Khuzdar was governed by an Arab named Muin bin Ahmed. A year later Amir
Nasir-ud-din Subuktegin commenced a series of invasions to India. He conquered
Khuzdar, but its possession was restored to its previous rulers through a treaty. The
treaty stipulated that immediately a sum of money was to be paid and that the ruler would
thereafter send a tribute every year. Subuktegin again attacked the recalcitrant ruler.
During the days of Mahmud Ghaznivi, the rulers of Khuzdar again became disaffected
and withheld the tribute. Mahmud Ghaznivi marched to Khuzdar and took the rulers by
surprise. It was indeed owing to Mahmud’s possession of Khuzdar that his subsequent
conquests in Sind were chiefly effective. Khuzdar was included in Mahmud’s territory in
1031 AD.
With the downfall of the Ghaznivids, Khuzdar passed to the Ghorids and then to Nasir-ud-
din Kabacha. In 1225 AD Khuzdar submitted to Shamsuddin Altamash.
Afterwards, the country appears to have passed to the suzerainty of the Mughals. In 1590
AD Abdul Fazal speaks of the Zehri section of the Baloch tribe. Decline of the Mughal
power was followed by the rise of the Brahvis to a position of greater or lesser
independence.
During the reign of Mir Mahmud Khan, Pottinger visited Jhalawan in 1810 AD, travelling
to Kalat via Bela and Khuzdar. He described Khuzdar as a small town not having more
than 500 houses.

The influence of Hindus from Multan and Shikarpur appears to have been very great, so
much, that the keys of the town gate were entrusted to the then senior Brahmin every
night. During the 18th century, the people of Khuzdar were very religious. The rulers of
that period seriously implemented the Islamic Laws. Since the death of Gauhar Khan,
chief of Jhalawan, the area has enjoyed a long period of repose.
Khuzdar region was full of karezes and lush green cultivation at the times it was a
province of Khurasan. Khuzdar was situated on the route for caravans taking
merchandise on camel back to the port Makran for export to middle-east countries. The
forces of Muhammad bin Qasim passed through this area gaining access to Sind through
the Moola pass. The mud-fort in Khuzdar was built by the Khan Khuda Dad Khan in 1870,
during a war with Jams of Lasbela.
In 1903, the British government appointed a political agent at Khuzdar to carry out the
administrative affairs of the government .This administrative system continued till the
partition of India. Before March 1974, Khuzdar was a sub-division of Kalat district. To
serve the people and solve their problems at their doorstep, Khuzdar was awarded the
status of district on 15th March 1974. Now, Khuzdar is divisional headquarters of Kalat.
The district headquarters is 302 kilometres from Quetta. It lies at an elevation of 1,249
meters above sea level and is situated on the RCD highway connecting it to Iran and
Karachi.
A number of mounds of archaeological interest have been found in Khuzdar. The most
important one is Meri Bhar or Palace Mound. It is believed to be the seat of the last
Mongol governor of Khuzdar, Malik Chap, who was killed by Kurd inhabitants of Khuzdar.
The “Shahi Bagh” at Khuzdar gives an indication of its condition in ancient times. Many
old dams and tombs are scattered throughout the district. A beautiful mosque, symbol of
modern Islamic architecture on the RCD highway in Khuzdar, attracts many people.

Health Technicians’ Training Centre at Khuzdar
Working children: future of the nation

1. District Resources
1.1 Introduction
Although Khuzdar district was bifurcated into Khuzdar and Awaran districts in 1992,
reliable land use statistics for Khuzdar district over recent years are not available. In this
situation any comment on land use is impossible. However, it seems that potential area
available for cultivation is considerably small. Most of the area is not reported and arable
land is a small proportion of the reported land. The total area of the old Khuzdar district,
before bifurcation, was 6,489,100 hectares. After bifurcation into Khuzdar and Awaran,
the statistics of the Board of Revenue give Khuzdar an area of 4,326,100 hectares and
Awaran 2,163,000 hectares. However the geographical maps seem to indicate that both
districts are of about equal size.
Land use 1994-95 Area (Ha.) % of total district area

4
Total Geographical Area 4,326,100 100
Area not Reported 2,370,098 54.8
Area Reported5 1,956,002 45.2
- Area not available for cultivation6 1,529,100 35.3
- Area under forest7 118,533 2.7
- Area under permanent pasture 38,228 0.9
Area under water logging/salinity 33,980 0.8
- Culturable waste8 32,281 0.8
- Arable land9 203,880 4.7
Potential area available for cultivation10 236,161 5.5
Source: Irrigation Department, GoB; area under forest is reported by the Chief Conservator Forest, Khuzdar
1.2 Topography
Khuzdar district is in the south-eastern part of Balochistan. It lies between 25°-42′ to 28°-
52′ north latitudes and 66°-15′ and 67°-25′ east longitudes. The greatest length from
north to south is about 318 kilometres and the greatest width from east to west is about
175 kilometres. Its total area is 43,261 square kilometres. Khuzdar is about 1,600 meters
above the sea level.
The district is bounded by Kalat district in the north and north-west, Kachhi, Larkana and
Dadu districts in the east, Lasbela district in the south and Awaran district in the south-
west and west. The general character of the district is mountainous, consisting of
numerous ridges and valleys of varying width. The important hill ranges are Jhalawan,
Moda, Pab and Kirthar. Moola, Mosina, Nal and Kalachi are the main rivers in the district.
4
Total geographical area is the area within the administrative boundaries (of the district).
5
Area reported is the area covered by village and/or district record. The difference between the geographical area and
the area reported is the “area not reported” (yet).
6
Area not available for cultivation includes barren or mountainous land, area under roads, canals, sites of villages,
houses, etc., or otherwise area put to uses alien to agriculture.
7
Area under forest is any land, which is covered by trees, permanent pastures, game sanctuaries and also those
areas, which fall administratively under Revenue and Forest Departments.
8
Culturable waste is such area, which may be available for cultivation but has either not been cultivated or abandoned,
is water logged or saline or left fallow for more than four years.
9
Arable land is land suitable for ploughing and crop production (or being ploughed), net sown or left fallow for less than
four years.
10
Net potential area available for cultivation is both arable land and the culturable waste, as the latter one can be
brought under cultivation by way of e.g. land levelling, irrigation, etc.

1.3 Climate
On the basis of available meteorological data, the climate of Khuzdar can be categorised
as “warm summer and mild winter”. Annual average rainfall is more than 250 mm, hence,
indicating semi-aridity in the area. The principal winds are the northerly (goorich) and the
southern and south-eastern wind (nambi). The cessation of the goorich and garro in
summer causes rust in the wheat crop; while people have higher risks to attract fever.
The nambi and the gazgi are the precursors of rain. The southern area of the district is
warmer than the northern part.
Minimum
Mean Temperatures 1995 (in °C)
Maximum
50.0
40.0 38.8
34.3 34.4 35.1 34.0
30.0 28.9 29.7
27.4 25.1
22.5 21.3
20.0 17.9 19.7 19.5 20.0
16.8 17.0
13.2 12.1
10.0 8.3
6.7 4.4
3.6 4.0
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi
1.3.1 Annual Mean Rainfall

The rainfall record is irregular. There is heavy rainfall in summer. Average annual rainfall
exceeds 250 mm, which results in enough vegetation for livestock grazing. On the basis
of rainfall the district is termed as semi-arid.
Rainfall 1995 (in mm)

400.0 368.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0 73.7
51.0
17.5 21.3 29.8
50.0 6.6 2.1 3.1 0.0 4.7 0.2
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1.3.2 Annual Mean Temperature

According to the meteorological data, mean monthly temperatures in summer remain
below 32°C, while in winter it remains between 0°C and 10°C. This confirms climatic
categorisation of the area as “warm summer and mild winter”.

1.4 Soils
Various types of soil in the area are known as matt, karkats, rikpoad, halli and sarah. Of
these matt is the best and richest, consisting of silt washed down from the hills. It is of a
clay nature. Karkat is considered second best. It is harder, cracks when dry and requires
breaking up after ploughing, but needs less water then matt. Both matt and karkat are
suitable for spring crops and are found in Surab, Gidar, Pandran, parts of Baghwana,
Tutak, Nal, Kalo, Karkh, Korask and Jan. Rikpad is a light sandy soil found only in Wad.
Wheat, barley and jaur grow well on it, but the crops are considered inferior to those
grown on matt or karkat. It is well suited for melons, onions and vegetables in general.
Halli is a gravely soil, found in the irrigated areas of Surab and Khuzdar on the skirts of
the hills and along the banks of the rivers. It is suitable for vegetables, but the crops
grown on it are thin and require great care. Sorah or salt land is the poorest soil of all and
is found in large tracts at Hisar, Zehri, Gidar, Nondrav valley and between Mir-na-Shaher
and Bajoi in Baghwana.
1.5 Minerals
At present, barite, chromite and marble are mined out in Khuzdar district, while
prospecting leases have been awarded for mining of manganese, granite, limestone and
building stone. The Inspectorate of Mines has indicated deposits of iron ore and strontium
while occurrence of lead ore has also been indicated.
1.6 Vegetation
In Khuzdar, wild olive is found on the higher slopes and tamarisk and dwarf palm in the
valleys. Some varieties of acacia, parpuk or loiro and belellium-producing guggul tree are
also found. Hawe, gorkha and kashum are the principal fodder grasses.
1.7 Energy
Wood, bushes and dung-cakes are the main fuel, used by 99 percent of the households
for cooking. Gas cylinders are also used by one percent of the households in urban
areas. Gas cylinders and petroleum products come from Iran illegally. It is available in the
market at a relatively low price. Kerosene oil and electricity are used by 60 and 40
percent of the households respectively, for lighting purpose.
1.8 Environment
The district is free of pollution. Generally the air is very clean, but the district headquarters
is polluted, due to over-population and unsatisfactory sanitation systems. In the rural
areas the drinking water is not safe. Poor families keep their pets with them in their
houses. They have no separate kitchen and bathrooms. This effects their health and
causes many diseases.
As fuel wood is the main energy source, the area of forest land is significantly decreasing
and, according to the Chief Conservator, forests are endangered, due to over-cutting.

1.9 Conclusion and major Development Issues
A major drawback for obtaining a proper view on the resources of the district is the fact
that essential statistics, as the classification of land (and also agricultural production), are
still not separately available for Khuzdar. Even after the bifurcation into Khuzdar and
Awaran, it is still one of the biggest districts inn the province with about an average
density of population.
The soils inn Khuzdar are in general fertile and seem especially suitable for wheat, fruit
and vegetables. Minerals are present and the mining of them is expanding. The district
has no piped gas. Wood, bushes and dung-cakes are the main energy sources for
cooking. In urban areas gas cylinders are used.
Pollution is not yet a major problem. The rate of cutting of wood is a source of concern.

2. Demography and Housing
2.1 Population
Since independence, four population censuses have been conducted: in the years 1951,
1961, 1972 and 1981. The last census was due in 1991 but was not conducted because
of some political reasons. The population of Khuzdar was estimated to be 424,450 in
1995. This population was only 72,671 in 1951. The increase in population in these 44
years (1951-95) is 584 percent, which seems a great burden on the under-exploited
resources of the district.
1951 1961 1972 1981 1995 (projected)

Population 72,671 71,407 146,157 276,449 424,450
M/F ratio n/a n/a n/a 1.08 n/a
Population Density 1.7 1.7 3.4 6.4 9.8
No. of Households n/a n/a n/a 46,884 n/a
No. of Female Headed Households n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Average Household Size n/a n/a n/a 5.9 n/a
Percentage under 15 years n/a n/a n/a 45.7 n/a
Urban Population 0 0 3,362 30,887 n/a
M/F ratio Urban - - n/a 1.29 n/a
Rural Population 72,671 71,406 142,795 245,562 n/a
M/F ratio Rural n/a n/a n/a 1.06 n/a
Urban Population (%) 0 0 2.3 11.2 n/a
Source: 1981 District Census Report of Khuzdar, NIPS and Population of Mauzas 1951-81 Censuses: Khuzdar
District
2.1.1 Population Growth Pattern

The growth trends in Khuzdar district have ever been unpredictable. The annual growth
rate rose from 0.2 percent in 1951-61 inter-census period to 6.7 in 1961-72 and to 7.3 in
1972-81. Then it suddenly decreased to 3.1 in the inter-census period 1981-95. These
fluctuations are beyond explanation without availability of the vital statistics of the
population.
National
Annual Growth Rates
Provincial
District
8.0 7.3
6.7 6.6
5.5
6.0
3.6 3.9
4.0 3.1 3.1 3.1
2.4
1.5
2.0
0.0
-2.0 1951-61 -0.2 1961-72 1972-81 1981-95
Source: 1981 District Census Report of Khuzdar, NIPS and Population of Mauzas 1951-81 Censuses: Khuzdar
District

2.1.2 Population Composition

In 1981, the sex ratio was 108 males per 100 females. The sum of single year population
given by the 1981 District Census Report of Khuzdar is greater than the cumulative
population figures given in the same report. The infant below the age of one year were
3.3 percent of the total population. The children below the age of 15 years were 45.7
percent of the population. The adult population (above 18 years of age) was 49.8 percent
while the population eligible to vote (above 21 years of age) was 43.8 percent. The
women of child bearing age (15-44 years) were 16.8 percent of the total population.
The married men and women constituted 36.2 and 36.3 percent, respectively, of the
population of age 15 years and above. The rate of divorces was 0.3 percent and the
percentage of widowed people was 5.6 percent and 21.6 percent of the population never
got married.
Age Sex Composition (1981)
75 & above 1,552

1,222
70 to 74 1,071
1,326
65 to 69 998 Female
1,446
60 to 64 2,588 Male
3,800
55 to 59 4,254
3,961
50 to 54 8,605
8,432
45 to 49 4,724
5,298
40 to 44 6,464
6,897
35 to 39 7,779
8,221
30 to 34 8,254
8,584
25 to 29 9,699
11,489
20 to 24 8,326
9,466
15 to 19 7,809
13,762
10 to 14 14,761
22,279
5 to 9 25,377
25,432
Below 5 26,297
17,330
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000
Source: 1981 District Census Report of Khuzdar
2.1.3 Household Size

In 1981, the total number of households11 was 46,884 and the average household size in
the district was 5.9 . For 1995, the average household size was projected to be 6.4.
11
A household is defined as a person or a group of persons living together and eating from the same kitchen and using
the same budget, whether or not related to each other. Hospitals, hostels, jails and hotels are not considered as
households.

2.1.4 Dependent Population

The total dependent population (persons below 15 years and above 65 years of age) was
48.4 percent of the total population. Although the dependent population is less than half
the population, in a population where females are hardly allowed to participate in
productive sectors, the actual dependency rate increases to about 70 percent.
2.1.5 Rural-Urban Dimensions

Khuzdar is an agriculture based society, where the majority of the population resides in
rural areas and is involved in agriculture and livestock activities. In 1981, the only urban
locality was the town of Khuzdar with a population of 30,887, which constituted 11.2
percent of the total population. In 1972, only 2.3 percent of the district’s total population
lived in Khuzdar town. The percentage of urban population was estimated to be 12.8
percent in 1995. The trend of urbanisation is due to unavailability of basic facilities, such
as education, drinking water, job opportunities and other civic facilities, in the rural areas.
2.1.6 Spatial Population Distribution

The population density was reported as 1.7 persons per sq.km. in 1915 and 1961 and 3.4
in 1972. In 1981, it was 6.4 persons per sq.km and estimated 9.8 in 1995. Khuzdar is a
central town, where people from small towns and rural areas come in search of jobs and
finally settle permanently. Other towns such as Nal, Karkh, Zehri, Wadh, Moola, Saroona
and Aranji have less importance than Khuzdar. In 1981, there were 900 mauzas/villages
in Khuzdar district.
2.1.7 Ethnic Composition

The majority of the population is Brahvi. In 1981, there was a total of 46,884 households
in the district. Brahvi was spoken in 81.6 percent of the households and Balochi was the
language of 12.9 percent. The remaining 5.5 percent of the households spoke Sindhi,
Pushto, Punjabi, Urdu, Saraiki and other languages. Some of the main tribes of Brahvis
are: Zehri, Sumalani, Mengal, Kalandrani, Mohammad Hasni, Sajdi, Bizenjo, Nichari,
Qambrani, Pandrani, Mirwani, Rekizai, Gurgnari, Jattak, Rodeni and Sasoli.
2.1.8 Nature and Extent of Migration

In the past, the majority of the population was nomadic. Now, most of the population has
settled permanently. According to the 1981 census report, 1.5 percent of the total
population migrated with the turn of the seasons. In spring and summer they wander with
their flocks in the highlands in search of pasturage and in October and November they
move to Kachhi, Sind and Lasbela where they supplement their livelihood by labour, they
return to their homes in March. A good number of government officials serving in
Khuzdar, reside in Quetta.
2.2 Labour Force
Agriculture is the main source of the income in the area. However, no recent data is
available in this regard since bifurcation of the Khuzdar district in 1992. Although
mechanisation has been introduced in the agriculture sector, still most of the work is done
manually. There is no major industry in the district, except some cottage industries such

as embroidery work, woollen carpet and rug making, pish baskets and mat making and
shoe making. A very small population is involved in trade and social services. Since
bifurcation of the district no labour force statistics for present Khuzdar district have
become available.
2.3 Housing
Khuzdar is the only town where cemented houses are constructed. According to the 1981
census, only 4.7 percent of all houses stood in urban areas. The majority of the
population still lives in small housing units with limited domestic facilities.
2.3.1 Tenure
Most of the people own the houses they live in. According to the 1981 census, 94 percent
of the housing units in former Khuzdar district were owner-occupied. Rent-free and rented
housing units were only 5 and 1 percent respectively. The tenancy percentage is
increasing in the urban areas, because many families have moved from rural to urban
areas for better facilities and job opportunities.
2.3.2 Construction Material

As no housing census has been carried out after 1992 , when the district was bifurcated,
no data on construction material is available. However, according it has been observed
that the use of cement is increasing in urban areas, while the people in the rural areas are
still using mud and pish mats for the construction of their houses.
2.3.3 Sources of Energy

Fuel wood, bushes and drug-cakes are the main source of energy for cooking, but in
urban areas gas cylinders are also used. Kerosene and electricity are used by 60 percent
and 40 percent of the households respectively, for lighting. Petroleum products are
imported illegally from Iran and are available at relatively low prices.
2.3.4 Housing Characteristics

Most of the houses are single-room units and separate bathroom and toilet are rare
facilities. Flush system latrines are small in number and only to be found in urban areas.
About one third of the housing units does not have a separate kitchen. Detailed data
regarding housing characteristics is not available.
2.3.5 Drinking Water and Sanitation

Drinking water is obtained from tube wells, open surface wells, springs and water supply
schemes. In urban areas of the district, 90 percent of the population use potable water
supplied through water supply schemes. In the rural areas most of the people use water
obtained from tube wells, open surface wells and springs. No proper sanitary system
exists in the area. No solid waste disposal arrangements have been made by any civic
agency. The people throw their household garbage in the corner of streets.

Khuzdar is the divisional headquarters of Kalat. The area has much importance due to its
location on the RCD highway. The majority of the rural population is deprived of basic
civic facilities such as potable water, roads and electricity.
As no housing and population census has been conducted after bifurcation of the district,
any district specific information is hardly available. In most cases one has to make
estimates or extract some information from the old data.
Drinking water is a major problem for the rural population of the district. Water supply is
inadequate in the remote areas. Women and children are involved in fetching water and
collection of fuel wood and bushes. Women make dung cakes to be used as fuel. The
sanitation conditions can be improved to some extent by motivating the community for
hygienic lifestyle and clean habits.

3. Social Organisation
3.1 Introduction
Khuzdar is a tribal society. Zehri, Mengal, Mohammed Hasni, Bizenjo and Qambrani are
the main tribes in Khuzdar district. All these tribes are branches of Brahvis.
The tribe, locally called Qaum, is divided into a number of groups. These groups are
further sub-divided into groups called pira, representing families. Zai is the generic term
for a group representing either the tribe or any of its divisions. Each tribe has its own
leader. The Sardar (chief) of the whole tribe is assisted by Mirs, who are the headmen of
the clans (the term is also applied to the Sardar's brothers and near relatives). A Motabar
or Kamosh is head of one of the units of which the clan is composed of. The positions of
Sardar, Mir and Motabar are hereditary, while the leadership of smaller groups generally
depends on the age, influence and intelligence of a person.
Individuals and families who live together in the tribe are known as hamsaya (neighbours)
who share hardships and happiness together. Previously, most of the tribes were
involved in livestock activities and the main source of income was livestock products. The
advent of agricultural techniques and relatively better income from agriculture has
attracted the majority of the tribes to farming. The people migrate to urban areas of the
province and even out of the province, in search of job opportunities. This phenomenon
has affected the whole tribal system and the socio-cultural values of the area are under
change.
The Brahvi always dress in the same style, despite the changes in weather over the year.
Clothes are comprised of a loose white shirt, a pair of trousers of the same texture and a
turban cap. The dress of a female consists of a long shirt and a pair of trousers both of
cotton cloth. The women like to do embroidery work on fronts of their dresses.
The majority of the people has only two meals a day, i.e., one in the morning between 10
and 12 a.m. and the other at sunset. The former is called sawaira (lunch) and the latter is
sham (dinner). During spring when milk is abundant many of the flock owners have only
one solid meal in the evening, subsisting mainly on milk for the morning meal. Only well-
to-do families and urban people take a third meal called nihari (breakfast) in the early
morning.
3.2 The Family
In Khuzdar the family set-up can be divided into two major types: the joint and nuclear
family system. In the urban areas, the trend of nuclear family is becoming very popular
among literate people, while in the rural areas people live in joint families. In the joint
family system people feel secure and at ease, economically as well as socially.
The family pattern is patriarchal and male members have full authority in family affairs.
The decision of the family’s head is considered final in all domestic affairs. The tribal
chiefs also have full authority in decision making at community and tribal level.

3.3 Marriage
In the tribal society of Khuzdar every man marries as soon as he is able to meet the
expenses of his wedding. In general, the bride is supposed to be four to five years
younger than the groom. Polygamy is not a common practice, which may be the result of
the high level of the lab (bride-price).
The groom has nothing to say in the selection of his bride. It is his parents’ business to
search a bride for their son. As a first step, parents send a female to search for a girl who
has the right age, appearance and other qualifications. Among the lower class marriage
takes place at an advanced age. If the preliminary overtures are accepted, the father and
elder relatives of the groom go to the parents of the girl and arrange the lab (bride-price)
to be paid and the animals and food which will have to be provided by the bridegroom’s
side for the marriage feast. It is followed by a feast in the bride’s house when the
bridegroom’s parents present her with a wrapper and a ring (gud-o-chhallar). This is
known as sang (betrothal) and is considered binding on both parties. In case of marriage
to a widow no such ceremonies, except nikah, are arranged. The lab can range from Rs.
20,000 to Rs. 200,000. The bride-price is paid in form of cash, sheep, camels and,
occasionally, agricultural land according to the position of the contracting parties and the
age, appearance and qualities of the bride. The price of a widow is generally half of that
paid for a virgin.
The Haq-e-Mehr is also fixed. However, there is a custom prevalent throughout the
district, according to which the husband presents his wife, instead of dower, with a share
of the sawab (merit), which he hopes to obtain after his death by giving alms in his life
time. The share he gives her amounts to one fourth and occasionally varies from one
sixth to one third. This gift saves the husband from the necessity of giving any dower
upon adala-badala (exchange of girls) which is common among the tribes. Such a
transaction is generally confined to near relatives. Adala-badala is a custom whereby the
sister of the groom is married to the brother of the bride.
The bride's parents generally present her with a dress and a few ornaments, bedding and
some household articles. Clothes are also given to the bridegroom. Wealthy families
present several dresses to the bride and better ornaments and households articles (this is
known as jahaiz). Divorce in uncommon in the area.
In all tribes women are not given a share in the inheritance. Widows and daughters,
however, are entitled to maintenance and daughters can claim a share of their mother’s
jewellery, if any.
3.4 Social Organisation
The tribes residing in Khuzdar district are branches of Brahvis. They identify themselves
as Balochs or with their tribal names such as Zehri, Mengal, Bizenjo, etc. Generally the
people are very co-operative. They take care of their fellow tribesmen in events such as
marriage, death, or murder and assist each other with cash and kind. Officially the Sardari
system has been eliminated but people seek help from their Sardars, Nawabs and Maliks
in case of any dispute.

3.5 Customs of Co-operation
Bijar – at the time of marriage of any person the fellow tribesmen and relatives give some
money to the bride according to their capacity. This type of assistance is known as bijar.
Sargust (salami) - at the time of marriage dinner (valima) the people give money or a gift
to the groom and congratulate him and his parents.
Purs – at someone’s death, people assist his or her family.
Pory – the people of the offender’s clan assist the victim’s family in terms of cash. This
assistance is a fine fixed by the Jirga.
Hashar – it is a type of co-operation in which all the villagers, relatives and friends of a
person help him in erecting a hut, house, or new embankment (band), in repairing a dam,
sowing the crops, or any other activity. When this is completed, they are hosted by the
person for whom the work has been done.
People also co-operate in the installation of community hand pumps and its maintenance.
This co-operation scheme is introduced by the Local Government and Rural Development
Department (LG&RDD).
At present, 22 NGOs are registered with the Social Welfare Department. These
organisations assist the people in organising socio-economic activities in the area. Trust
for Voluntary Organisation (TVO) is also working in the area to organise Community
Based Organisations (CBOs).
3.6 Religious Beliefs
The majority of the population is Sunni. The people are devoted in offering their prayers
and in keeping fast. However, only a few people give zakat. The moulvis (religious
leaders) are the most influential persons in the area. People pay much respect to them.
Eid-ul-Fitar and Eid-ul-Azaha are the two main festivals of Muslims. These occasions are
celebrated with zeal and fervour. The majority of the Hindu population of Khuzdar district
lives in Khuzdar and Wadh. The Hindu community is free to celebrate their festivals like
Diwali and Holi.
All the religious sects are on close terms and they co-operate with each other in their
social and religious life. The shrine of Hazrat Umar about 19 kilometres from Khuzdar
towards Karachi is an attraction for the people to visit and offer fatiha.
3.7 Conflict Resolution
Khuzdar is known as a peaceful area. Violent conflicts and major disputes are rare.
Common conflicts are solved at community level. There are two main systems of conflict
resolution in the area. One is official (at the government level) and the other is unofficial
(at the community level). The government system functions through courts of law. These
are functioning at Khuzdar. The Qazi court also exists in the district. The unofficial system
of justice is based upon jirga and biradri (brotherhood) system.

A beautiful mosque at Khuzdar

jirga system was introduced at the time of British Government and has been modified
from time to time to make it more effective and convenient for the people. In 1991 the
jirga system was officially abolished. However, the people still take their cases to the jirga
and this institution still has respect in society. The biradri system is also effective in
solving family disputes and settlement of marriage problems.
The unofficial system of conflict resolution and Qazi courts play a very important role in
the settlement of disputes. Because of less expenditure and less time consumption,
people try to mediate their conflicts at community level.
3.8 Arms
Keeping arms is not only a traditional habit, but also a symbol of status and honour. In the
rural areas possession of weapons is very common. People keep rifles and 12-bore shot
guns. Tribal chiefs and notables have bodyguards carrying modern weapons such as
klashinkovs. All these weapons are usually carried without licenses.
3.9 Role, position and status of Women
Women's social status and economic roles vary in different groups, according to different
social customs, modes of livelihood and level of economic well-being. Education also
plays an important role in the determination of the position and status of women.
Educational opportunities are limited for women. The knowledge they would need to
assume positions of equality is not accessible and the cycle of subordination continues. In
the economic domain as well, men usually control the processes. Women perform all the
daily tasks of household maintenance and care of family members. This includes the
collection of firewood and water from sources which may be far away, particularly in the
12
rural zone". However, upper class women have an easy life because female servants
help them. Teenage girls are sent by their parents to graze cattle, beside taking part in all
the ordinary household duties. After marriage, they have to do all these activities beside
raising the children. Usually women in Khuzdar have no share in the property of their
parents.
In most of the socio-economic activities “men hold a monopoly of power in the public
area. In the political domain, local level chiefs and tribal authorities are always men, as
are the members of local councils or jirga”. The burden of tasks associated with
reproductive roles and household responsibilities falls solely on women. Illiteracy,
poverty, lack of resources and limited time may seriously hamper a woman’s efforts to
ensure the well being of her family.
Women have no awareness about their rights. This is mainly due to lack of education as
the majority of the women is illiterate. Women participate with men in agriculture and
livestock activities. But there is no other social or political activity in which women
participate. Their role is mainly concentrated in the household.
12
UNICEF & Government of Balochistan, Analysis of Situation of Women & Children in Balochistan, (Quetta: UNICEF &
GoB, 1995), p. 39.

3.10 Apprenticeship and Child Labour
In general, child labour is not a problem in the area. Only a few children were observed
working in tea stalls, hotels, shops and selling goods in the bazaar. The wages are paid
on daily, weekly, or monthly basis. In rural areas, girls and boys help their family and
parents in grazing, cutting and collection of firewood and bushes and cutting of fodder.
Girls are exclusively engaged in household activities such as fetching water and cleaning
the house. The main responsibility of girls is to assist their mothers in domestic activities.
Children help their family by sharing the economic burden, but the work do hampers them
from getting an education. In the definition used by UNICEF, every activity which deprives
a child from getting an education is included in child labour. Therefore it can be said that
child labour does exist in Khuzdar district, though it is not binding upon the children and
they do it as their household chore.
Literacy and social awareness are the main issues in the development of women’s status.
The joint family set-up is very much preferred in Khuzdar district, because it provides
socio-economic protection to its members. However, in urban areas the trend is changing
towards nuclear families. Child labour can be removed by launching apprenticeship
training programmes for children which should provide educational opportunities to these
children as well. The government and NGOs can play a vital role in solving the issues of
women and children. Women are very much involved in their domestic activities, but do
not have equal social status. The change can be brought in the area through education
and effective use of media. The co-operational activity “hashar” can be utilised for the
development activities in the area. Print and electronic media can play an important role
in promoting awareness among the masses.

4. Government Organisation
4.1 Administrative Division
District Khuzdar was notified as a district on 1st March 1974. Previously it was a sub-
division of Kalat district. The district was bifurcated into two districts, Khuzdar and
Awaran, on 11th November 1992. Now Khuzdar town is the divisional headquarters of
Kalat division. The district consists of two sub-divisions, Khuzdar and Wadh. Khuzdar
sub-division includes the tehsils of Khuzdar and Zehri and the sub-tehsils of Nal, Moola
and Karkh. Wadh sub-division includes sub-tehsils of Wadh, Aranji, Ornach and Saroona.
There are 25 settled patwar circles and 900 mauzas in the district (see Annex. 1). The
Deputy Commissioner is overall responsible for maintenance of law and order in the
district. He supervises and co-ordinates the activities of all the government departments.
4.2 Brief history of Local Government Institutions
The basic concept of local government in Balochistan stems from the Basic Democracy
system. The Basic Democracies system was introduced in Pakistan during the regime of
President Ayub Khan. The main motive behind the system was to involve the people at
grassroots level to solve their problems at local level on self-help basis with their own
resources.
The Local Government and Rural Development Department (LG&RDD) is responsible for
the local government institutions in Balochistan. In Khuzdar district four local councils’
elections have been held in 1979, 1983, 1987 and 1991. New elections are expected at
the end of 1997.
4.3 Local Government Administration
The local government at district level is headed by an Assistant Director. Under his
supervision Development Officers (DO) and an Assistant Engineer perform their duties
with the help of auxiliary staff. All local government institutions function under the elected
representatives assisted by government officials.
4.3.1 Union Council

The function of Union Councils is very important. The council represents an average
population of 10,000 to 15,000. There are 17 Union Councils in the district. In each Union
Council 5 to 15 councillors are elected through direct election. The councillors elect a
chairman amongst themselves. The chairman is responsible to supervise and control the
activities of the Union Council.
A small amount of revenue is generated at the local level. The Union Council depends for
funding of its activities on grants from the provincial government. In planning the
activities, usually a top-down approach is followed however; a few local representatives
are involved at the implementation stage.

4.3.2 Town Committee

There are nine Town Committees in the district. The Town Committees are supposed to
provide basic services such as drinking water, street light, solid waste disposal, sanitation
facilities, etc.. No proper sewerage system exists in the Town Committee areas. The main
sources of income of the Town Committees are octroi and grants from the provincial
government.
4.3.3 Municipal Committee

Khuzdar town has the only Municipal Committee in the district. The major function of the
Municipal Committee is to provide civic facilities to the people. The Chairman is elected
by the directly elected councillors. The main sources of income are octroi and rent of
market, shops and municipal property. Every year Khuzdar Municipal Committee receives
a total revenue amounting to rupees 12 million from octroi, rupees 85,000 from rent and
rupees 130,000 million from various license fees – such as hotel, mill/factory, bakeries,
etc. The proposed budget for the year 1996-97 was 21.768 million rupees.
4.3.4 District Council

The District Council has the potential to play a very important role in the development of
rural areas. It co-ordinates services of the Union Councils. The members of the District
Council are directly elected. The council members select a Chairman amongst
themselves. The functions of the District Council have been defined in detail in Annex. 4.
The main sources of income of the District Council are zila (district) tax and grant-in-aid
from the provincial government. Contributions of the local councils and the community, in
the form of land, labour, cash and kinds, is also a source of income. The District Council
actively takes part in development activities such as levelling of land, protection of dams,
soil reclamation, construction and maintenance of shingle roads, construction of school
buildings and accommodations for teachers, tree plantation and plant protection. Health
and sanitation services, drinking water and social welfare services are also provided by
the District Council.
4.4 Federal/Provincial Government Administration
The district is directly under control of the provincial government through the District
Administration. The federal government has no major concern with the local issues
directly. The Deputy Commissioner is the administrative head of the district. The district
administration comprises the Deputy Commissioner, Additional Deputy Commissioner
General (ADCG), Assistant Commissioner (AC), Tehsildar, Naib-tehsildar, Qanungo and
Patwari. Other departments such as Levies, Police, Education, Irrigation, Health,
Communication and Works, Local Government and Rural Development, Forest,
Agriculture, Livestock and Public Health Engineering etc. are directly under control of the
provincial government. The heads of these departments report to the Deputy
Commissioner.
The federal government departments functioning in the district include the Income Tax
Department, National Highway Authority, Federal Bureau of Statistics and the Election
Office. There is no separate department to deal with or promote women activities in the
district. Only a few women are serving in education and health sectors. A few NGOs
promote limited female activities in the area.

4.5 Maintenance of Law and Order
The overall law and order situation in the district is peaceful. Administratively, the district
is divided into two areas, i.e., A & B. Area A is under direct control of the Police
Department. The Superintendent of Police (SP), stationed in Khuzdar, controls the law
and order situation through a police force. The B area, with a levies force, is under the
control of the Deputy Commissioner, but actually the Assistant Commissioner and
Tehsildars control the levies force. Most often people solve their disputes on personal or
communal level. The people avoid reporting their cases to the police. Kalat Scouts, BRP
and the Pakistan Army are also active in the area. Travelling is quite safe, for locals as
well as foreigners. However, people of high authority travel accompanied by security
guards.
4.6 Revenue Administration
In Khuzdar district, revenue is collected through various local, provincial and federal
agencies. Revenue collection is not an easy task as no tax culture exists in Khuzdar. In
many cases the people do not pay their taxes.
Town/ Board of
Union Municipal District Revenue/Deputy Provincial Federal
Taxes Council Committee Council Commissioner Govt. Govt.
Water charges - - - - x -
Livestock cess - x - - x -
Agricultural cess - - - x x -
Octroi - x - - - -
Zila - - x - - -
Land tax - x - x - -
Property tax - x - - - x
Business Licence - x - - - x
Income tax - - - - - x
Custom duty - - - - - x
Legend: x is responsible for collection of revenue concerned.
4.7 Political Parties
The major political parties active in Khuzdar district are Balochistan National Party (BNP),
Balochistan National Movement (BNM), Jamiat Ulma-e-Islam (JUI), Pakistan Muslim
League (PML) and Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). All these parties have more or less
influence in the educational institutions through their student wings – like Baloch Students
Organisation (BSO) and Jamiat-Talaba-e-Islam (JTI). None of the political parties have
women wings. Women play hardly any role in political activities. Most parties have an
office in Khuzdar.
4.8 Non Government Organisations
NGOs play a very important role in socio-economic development. A number of NGOs are
working in the district. Seven of them are functioning at Khuzdar. In order to solve the
problems at grassroots level, Community Based Organisations (CBOs) are also
functioning in the rural areas.

TVO (Trust for Voluntary Organisations) has its office at Khuzdar to assist the NGOs in
developing various programmes for community development.
There is no NGO working exclusively for women’s socio-economic development.

However, some NGOs have some programmes especially for women.
GO/NGO/Private Enterprise coverage of major sectors

Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private
Sector Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Productive - xx x - x xx
Agriculture - xxx x - x x
Horticulture - xx x - - x
Livestock - xx - - - xx
Forestry (harvesting) - xx - - - -
Industry/Manufacturing - - x - - -
Economic Service - xx xx x - x
Financial Services - - xx - - x
Roads - xx xx - - -
Rail/Airways - - xx - - -
Social Service x xxx x x x x
Water Supply x xxx - x x -
Health x xxx x x x x
Education - xxx - xx x x
Sports x x - x - -
Social Welfare - xx x xx x x
Women & Development - x - x - -
Legend: - no involvement
x minor involvement
xx substantial involvement
xxx major involvement
Khuzdar is facing many problems in the development of various schemes at local level,
specially due to unavailability of funds. The Municipal Committees, the Union Councils
and the District Council have no sufficient budget to launch development schemes on
their own. The financial problems of the district may be solved by an increase in the
transfers from the provincial government, broadening the local tax base and proper
management of resources. The NGOs need technical guidance, supervision and financial
assistance to play an active role in the socio-economic development of the area.
Women lack any kind of role in power-sharing and decision-making. This is rather a
disappointing situation but the fact that the concept of a role of women in decision-making
is emerging elsewhere might help improving this situation in Khuzdar in future.

5. Productive Sectors
Agriculture is the most important productive sector in Khuzdar. Other sectors are
livestock, construction, mining and social services. There is no major industry in the
district. Only few cottage industries, such as woollen carpeting, rug making, basket and
mat making and shoe making are there in the district.
5.1 Agriculture / Horticulture
5.1.1 Introduction
Agriculture is a fairly strong sector in Khuzdar. The main crops are wheat, rice, jowar and
barley, different pulses and vegetables. The land is fertile, but due to shortage of irrigation
water the amount of arable land is small.
There are two main cultivation seasons: Rabi and Kharif. Rabi crops are sown in winter.
The major Rabi crops are wheat, barley, cumin and masoor. These are harvested in early
summer. The main Kharif crops of the district include fruits, rice, jowar, bajra, moong,
mash, moth, onion, melons and guar seed. Vegetables and fodder are produced
throughout the year.
Agricultural labour is primarily done by men. Women and children are involved in
agriculture by helping out in the fields and at home. Big land owners employ tenants for
agricultural activities. Small farmers work their fields themselves and rarely hire tenants.
5.1.2 Classification of Land

In Khuzdar district, land can be classified into irrigated and un-irrigated. The vast majority
of the land is flood irrigated or rain-fed. The remaining area is irrigated by tube wells,
karezes and springs. Rice, onion, melons, chillies, fruits and vegetables are cultivated on
irrigated land only. Accurate statistics on classification of land are not available.
5.1.3 Land Ownership and Tenure System

There are only a few big land owners. The majority of the land holdings is small sized,
i.e., 5 to 10 hectares. Tenants are hired on the basis of equal distribution of crops. Some
land owners hire labourers on cash payment basis. The labourers also involve their
families (women and children) at the time of sowing and harvesting of crops.
5.1.4 Agricultural Statistics

In first instance, agricultural statistics are collected at the Union Council level. The
Agriculture Department is responsible for the aggregation of the data at the district level.
The provincial directorate publishes the report of agricultural statistics. Unfortunately,
even after 5 years of bifurcation of Khuzdar district, no agricultural statistics are available
exclusively for the area presently included in Khuzdar district.
5.1.5 Cropping Pattern

Wheat is the major crop followed by rice and barley. They are cultivated in irrigated as
well as un-irrigated areas. Nal, Karkh, Zehri, Wadh, Moola, Saroona and Aranji are the

main un-irrigated tracts in the district. Vegetables and fruits are cultivated in irrigated
areas. Apples and dates are important fruit crops.
5.1.6 Average Yields

No statistics are available about production and average yield of crops and fruits in
Khuzdar district. However, according to local sources, the district’s average yield is lower
than the average yield for the whole province.
5.1.7 Organisation of Production/Farming Systems

Most of the land owners cultivate their land themselves. Some big land owners hire
tenants or agricultural labour on contract basis. Women and children also take an active
part in agricultural activities, but all their activities are unaccounted for.
5.1.8 Irrigation
The main source of irrigation in the district is flood water and rain. Permanent irrigation
sources include tube wells, karezes and springs. If more of these permanent irrigation
sources were developed, agricultural development could be ensured.
Irrigation Sources (1994-95) Area (Ha.)

Tubewells 6,116
Karezes 12,233
Spring 14,272
Flood Irrigation 138,638
Rain-fed 32,620
Total 203,879
Source: Executive Engineer, Irrigation Division,
Khuzdar
5.1.9 Agricultural Mechanisation

Tractors and threshers are used for agricultural activities. For the purchase of tractors
and threshers land owners seek loans from the Agricultural Development Bank of
Pakistan. It shows the farmers’ inclination towards mechanisation of agriculture. However,
no data are available in this regard. The Agriculture Department provides tractors on
rental basis.
5.1.10 Agricultural / Horticultural inputs

Farmers use chemical fertilisers and manure. Pesticides are often used for vegetables
and fruits. Fertilisers are bought on the market or obtained from the Agriculture
Department, which provides some agricultural inputs at subsidised prices.
5.1.11 Marketing
Most of the agricultural produce is consumed locally. Usually, farmers bring their products
to the local market, where retailers or middlemen buy the goods for onward sale. Fruits
and vegetables are exported to Larkana, Dadu and Karachi. Rice is also exported, but in
limited quantity.

5.1.12 Producer and Consumer Prices of major Crops

There are no fixed prices for agricultural products. The government’s rates are below
market rates, therefore, in practice, prices are determined on the basis of demand and
supply.
5.1.13 Levels of Income

The level of income of people involved in agriculture is very low. The average yield of
cash crops, wheat, rice and fruit is also very low. As a result, farmers not only have little
income, but are also discouraged in their agricultural activities.
5.1.14 Department of Agriculture

The Department of Agriculture (Extension Directorate) provides technical know-how and
basic information regarding the use of seeds, fertilisers, water resources and farming in
general. However, these services are said to be limited to the big land owners only.
These facilities should be increased and all the farmers should have access to them. The
Department is also working on the improvement of the irrigation system in the area.
5.1.15 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Agricultural Development

The Department of Agriculture is the main partner providing assistance for agricultural
activities. The private sector is involved in credit, agricultural input supplies and
marketing.

Coverage Agri. Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Agr. Extension - xx - - - -
Input Supply - xx X - - xx
Marketing - - - - - xx
Price setting - - X - - xx
Agr. Credit - - Xx - - -
Irrigation Development - xx X - x -
O&M Irrigation - xx - - - -
Agr. Mechanisation - x - - - xx
Agr. Statistics - xx X - - -
Agr. Research - x X - - -
Agr. Training/Education - x X - x -
x minor involvement
5.1.16 Conclusion and major Development Issues

Lack of data is the major hurdle in any planning activity which may lead to agricultural
development. Agricultural research is either lacking or not communicated to the farmers.
The result is underdevelopment of the agricultural sector. Irrigation facilities also require
serious attention. For all these activities necessary funds and infrastructure are needed.
On methods to increase the productivity, lack of training in agriculture sector is a major
issue. Women do have a role in agriculture but since it is unpaid labour it remains
invisible.

Map of agro-ecological zones of Balochistan

5.2 Livestock
5.2.1 Introduction
Khuzdar has much potential in livestock. The areas of Nal, Zehri, Wadh and Moola are
suitable for livestock development, especially cattle, as fodder is produced in large
quantity in these areas. Livestock farming is a traditional activity here. Almost all
households have some small ruminants and cattle. Women and children are also involved
in the livestock sector. The livestock sector can be further developed by providing basic
technical know-how and financial assistance to the people involved in this sector.
Livestock 1986
Sheep 2,037,632
Goats 1,541,078
Cattle 147,698
Buffaloes 813
Total Livestock Units (LU) 1,937,866
Pastures in Ha. n/a
Grazing Capacity (Ha./LU) -
Source: Livestock Officer, Khuzdar
5.2.2 Cattle
Camels, horses, mules and donkeys are used as draught animals. The number of
buffaloes has decreased over the last two years, as keeping buffaloes is very expensive
in Khuzdar. Cows are preferred for milk. Nomads use camels and donkeys for
transportation. Although a livestock census has been conducted in 1996, figures are not
available yet. Similarly, no records of dairy farms are available. According to an estimate,
there are two government and twenty private dairy farms in the district. The government
dairy farms fulfil the milk requirements of only 5 to 7 percent of the population. The
remaining demand is covered by the private sector. The Agricultural Development Bank
of Pakistan (ADBP) provides loans for dairy and livestock development.
5.2.3 Small Ruminants

Sheep and goats are the most kept livestock animals. Keeping small ruminants is a
traditional activity in the area. Most of the nomadic families and people in rural areas keep
small ruminants. In the rural areas every household has a herd of about 15 to 20
ruminants. After agriculture, they are the main source of their income. Women look after
the herds, clean their abodes and prepare their food.
5.2.4 Poultry
There is only one government poultry farm in Khuzdar. This farm works at a loss, as its
expenditure is higher than its income. It possesses only 500 hens. Many poultry farms
have been developed by the private sector. The district has much potential for poultry
farming. Women are involved in poultry activities at household level, as every household
has a few poultry birds. This supplements the family income. Poultry farming at
household level can be further promoted by providing women with proper training and a
marketing network.

5.2.5 Disease Control

The most common poultry disease is new castle. Rani khet is also very common. The
Livestock Department provides guidance to control these disease. Regular vaccination is
available in urban areas only. At the household level, preventive measures are not taken.
As a result, the birds regularly face disease attacks.
The most common diseases among goats and sheep include sheep pox, conlyiod and
pneumonia. Donkeys, horse and camels are affected by equit qulik and sawra. People
visit veterinary posts for vaccination and treatment of their poultry birds and animals, but
often they do not follow the instruction given by the veterinary staff. The result is high
mortality of livestock. The livestock staff also provides services through mobile units to
control the diseases. During the year 1994-95, the Livestock Department provided
treatment to 209,190 animals and vaccinated 384,194 animals. Castration services were
provided for 905 animals. Until recently, veterinary services were provided free of charge,
but nowadays people have to pay a small fee. As a result, less people have their animals
treated.
5.2.6 Veterinary Institutions

There are 2 veterinary hospitals, 15 dispensaries, one Artificial Insemination Centre and
one Disease Investigation Laboratory Unit in the district. With the limited staff and funds
these veterinary institutions are unable to cover far-flung areas of the district. According
to the local authorities, these veterinary services cover only 40 to 50 percent of the
livestock population.
5.2.7 Department of Livestock and Dairy Development

The Department of Livestock and Dairy Development is headed by an Assistant Director
at the district level. The Department is facing financial problems to carry out its activities.
The staff is unable to reach the far-flung areas, due to lack of transport and funds. The
department has a mobile unit to cover the remote areas, but due to limitation of funds and
medicines the facilities do not cover the whole livestock population.
5.2.8 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Livestock Development

Coverage Livestock Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private
Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Animal Husbandry - xx - - - xx
Veterinary Hospitals - xxx - - - -
Veterinary Dispensaries - xxx - - - -
Input Supply - xx - - - xx
Marketing - - - - - xxx
Price setting - - - - - xxx
Credit - - xx - - x
Dairy Development - xx - - - xx
Slaughtering - x - - - xx
Livestock Statistics - xx xx - - -
x minor involvement

The Department of Livestock provides veterinary services to some extent with its limited
resources. The ADBP provides loans for dairy and livestock development. Supply,
marketing and price setting is controlled by the private sector.

Livestock has a lot of potential for development. Once it is developed into an organised
sector, the people can earn a reasonable living and the economy of the district may be
strengthened. The Department of Livestock faces financial problems in promoting
livestock activities. The Department can provide training and guidance to the farmers,
particularly to the women, to raise livestock and poultry in an organised way. It has been
observed that people have much desire to develop their livestock. Lack of co-ordination
between the people and the Livestock Department is also a problem in this sector.
Awareness may be created through electronic and printed media.
Although women play an important role in livestock sector by cleaning abodes and taking
care of fodder, all their activities are unaccounted for.
5.3 Fisheries
Fishing is possible on a limited scale only in the Nal river. The people catch fish with
hooks and nets as a hobby. No commercial fisheries activities exist in the district. By
establishing small fish ponds near Nal river, fisheries can be promoted on a small scale.
Coverage Fisheries Services Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private

Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Marketing - - - - - x
x minor involvement
5.4 Forestry
5.4.1 Introduction
Forestry activities are limited in Khuzdar district. Recently, the National Highway Authority
has planned a plantation project along the RCD highway. The total state forest area is
about one percent of the total geographical area of the district. However, due to illegal
and over-cutting these forests are endangered. A few woodlands are found in the
northern (Moola), central (Khuzdar) and western (Nal) parts of the district.
5.4.2 Forestry Reserve (State Forests)

The state forests and game sanctuaries cover an area of 118,533 hectares, which is 2.7
percent of the total geographical area of Khuzdar district. Five forests areas are at Zeddi,
Chari, Shasar, Sasol and Kheradori. In addition there are four game sanctuaries at
Chorani, Dhura, Kacher and Shahshan. The Forest Department has established a
nursery at Khuzdar where eucalyptus, shinas moli, siris, bacine, appil appil and shisham
are grown. A project for plantation alongside the RCD highway is under process by the
National Highway Authority.

5.4.3 Commercial Forestry (Plantations)

No commercial forestry area exists in the district. The Forest Department has provided
15,000 saplings to the general public and 19,000 to the government departments at
subsidised prices during the months of March and August 1996. The Department itself
has planted 66,500 saplings. In this way the target of 100,000 planted saplings in 1996
has been achieved. The people are also taking interest in this programme.
5.4.4 Major Vegetation

In Khuzdar, wild olive is found on the higher slopes and tamarisk and dwarf palm in the
valleys. Some varieties of acacia, parpuk or loiro and the belellium-producing guggul tree
are also found. Hawe, gorkha and kashum are the principal fodder grasses.
5.4.5 Cutting/Marketing/Processing
Without prior permission by the authorities forest cutting is not allowed. However, people
cut the forest illegally to collect fuel wood. The district has no marketing process system
for forest products.
5.4.6 Department of Forestry Development

Some seasonal planting and distribution of saplings are the only activities of the Forestry
Department. The Department is headed by a District Forest Officer (DFO) at district level.
The office of the Divisional Forest Officer is situated in Khuzdar. Staff and transportation
facilities are too limited to launch large scale forestry activities in the area.
5.4.7 Wildlife
Wildlife and forestry are inter-related. For the promotion of wildlife, promotion of forestry is
necessary. At present endangered species of wildlife in Khuzdar district include
Balochistan black bear, urial, houbara bustard, caracal, sind ibex and chukor. Commonly
found animals are red fox, grey partridge and seesee partridge.
5.4.8 Bee-keeping
Bee keeping does not exist in the district at commercial level. Wild honey is found in
limited quantities near Wadh, Nal and Moola.
5.4.9 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Forestry Development

Coverage Forestry Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Tree planting - xx - - - x
Tree harvesting - xx - - - x
Fuel wood cutting / processing - - - - - xx
Fuel wood marketing - - - - - xx
Timber wood cutting - - - - - x
Timber wood processing - - - - - x
Sale of timber - - - - - xx
Game ranches - x - - - x
x minor involvement

The forestry activities in the district are very limited and the provincial government’s
involvement is not substantive.

According to the Chief Conservator of Forests, the forests will disappear within a period of
5-6 years, if wood cutting is continued. Cutting of trees and razing of herbal bushes is
very common. Plantation and afterwards care of the plants is not emphasised. The area
has much potential for forestry, if proper attention is given. This will require proper
planning, community involvement and co-operation of tribal and political leaders of the
area. Electronic and print media may be utilised to create awareness among the masses
for plantation and protection of wildlife.
5.5 Mining
5.5.1 Introduction
The district has many minerals such as barite, chromite, granite, marble and building
stone. Manganese and limestone have recently been explored. There is much potential
for mineral production. Presently chromite, barite and marble are mined.
Production (tonnes)
Year Barite Chromite Building Stone Manganese Limestone Marble
1985-86 29,494 8,941 0 0 0 0
1986-87 16,725 6,429 0 0 0 0
1987-88 6,210 6,200 0 0 0 0
1988-89 22,888 7,747 0 0 0 0
1989-90 18,937 27,626 0 0 0 0
1990-91 22,384 39,246 0 0 0 827
1991-92 28,754 9,927 0 0 0 165
1992-93 24,168 4,885 0 0 0 104
1993-94 17,219 1,746 4,035 0 0 604
1994-95 18,049 1,167 4,683 160 2,415 1,789
Source: Inspectorate of Mines, GoB, Quetta
The production of minerals, except chromite, has increased over the last 10 year. The
production of chromite has decreased, because the mining expenses are higher than the
market price of chromite.
5.5.2 Mineral Resources

Mining leases have been issued for barite, chromite and marble. The district has much
potential for mining of limestone and fine quality of building stone. Mineral production may
be boosted by developing infrastructure in the mining area and involvement of the local
people.
Prospecting Licences Mining Leases Total Estimated

Minerals No. Ave. Prod. (tonnes) No. Ave. Prod. (tonnes) Deposits (tonnes)
Barite 1 500.0 1 316.0 22.9
Building Stone 7 486.5 0 0.0 n.e.
Chromite 28 31,463.8 4 4,058.0 n.e.
Granite 11 2,448.5 0 0.0 n.e.

Prospecting Licences Mining Leases Total Estimated

Minerals No. Ave. Prod. (tonnes) No. Ave. Prod. (tonnes) Deposits (tonnes)
Limestone 1 50.0 0 0.0 Very large
Manganese 2 1,412.2 0 0.0 n.e.
Marble 24 10,141.8 1 499.7 n.e.
Total 74 46,502.8 6 4,873.7 -
Source: Inspectorate of Mines, GoB, Quetta
Legend: n.e. Not Estimated
5.5.3 Mines and Production, Processing & Marketing

Presently, indigenous technology is used for mining, such as trolley, pick-axe, hoe and
spade. However, some lease owners use modern methods for mining. The use of
generators for pulling and loading the heavy minerals is also common. Pakistan Mineral
Development Corporation (PMDC) and the Directorate of Minerals provide technical
know-how. Mining is regulated under the mines regulations (Act of 1923 and 1926). All
products are directly transported to Karachi and Punjab markets, sometimes through
brokers. Demand for minerals is high on the Karachi market.
5.5.4 Directorate of Mineral Development

The Directorate of Mineral Development at Khuzdar provides technical know-how to the
miners. The Geological Survey of Pakistan provides guidance in exploring minerals.
However, the role of these organisations is limited.
5.5.5 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Mining

Government involvement in mining sector is limited to leasing and inspection of mines.
The government also assists in exploration and research activities. Mining itself,
processing and transportation is in the hands of the private sector.

Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Mining - x - - - Xx
Processing - - - - - Xx
Transportation - - - - - Xx
Legend: - No involvement
x Minor involvement
xx Substantial involvement

Khuzdar district has much potential for minerals. Due to lack of adequate infrastructure,
communications, transportation and technical know-how, the sector has remained
underdeveloped so far. Valuable minerals such as china borana, asbestos and some
other minerals which are available in the area are still unexplored. Training in processing
of minerals is a major demand of the miners. Leases are issued only to local people, but
they do not take interest, while other persons who are interested cannot obtain leases.

5.6 Industry and Manufacturing
5.6.1 Introduction
Khuzdar has no major industry. Few cottage industries are functioning in the area. In
these cottage industries local embroidery work is carried out. Women and girls are
involved in these activities. Factors inhibiting the development of industry and
manufacturing include among others non-existence of infrastructure and marketing
network, unavailability of micro-credit and skilled labour.
Number of Units with indicated Employees

Enterprise 1 2-5 6-10 11-25 26-100 > 100
Retail 0 0 0 0
Wholesale 0 0 0 0
Mills 0 0 0 0
Manufacture 36 1 1 1 0
Trade 0 0 0 0
Transport Companies 0 0 0 0
Hotel/Restaurant 2 0 0 0 0
Guest house 0 0 0 0
Total 0 38 1 1 1 0
5.6.2 Small Enterprise Development (SME)

Small enterprises in the area are carpet centres, woodwork and mazri making. Women
and girls do Balochi embroidery work. This embroidery work is sold on the markets in
Quetta and Karachi.
5.6.3 Manufacturing
A few furniture making workshops are the only manufacturing enterprises in Khuzdar
district. No major manufacturing industry has been established in the district.
5.6.4 Trade (import/export)

Agricultural produce and minerals are exported to Karachi and Quetta. Almost all the
consumer items are imported from Karachi, Quetta and various cities of the Punjab.
Some goods smuggled in from Iran via Kech and Panjgur are also available. Embroidery
work is a potential foreign export product if organised properly. It will benefit the
craftswomen.
5.6.5 Tourism
In district Khuzdar, Pir Umar is the main picnic spot. Shahi Bagh is a famous
archaeological site. There are no tourist attracting facilities in Khuzdar. There is only one
good hotel located near Khuzdar town along the RCD highway.
5.6.6 Handicrafts
Balochi embroidery is a speciality of the area. Embroidered shirts and caps are sold
either in the market or to the middlemen who take them to Karachi and Quetta to sell
them at a much higher price. Carpet knitting is also a craft in Khuzdar and the locally
made shoes called chawats are also famous. But all these activities are unorganised. If

training, small loans and marketing facilities were available, these activities could become
an organised economic sector.
5.6.7 Department of Industries, Commerce and Mineral Development

The Department of Industries, Commerce and Mineral Development does not play any
remarkable role in promoting small industries at the district level. Only a few people
approach the Directorate to seek technical and financial assistance. A branch of the
Small Industries Finance Corporation is located in Khuzdar, but its role is very limited.
The public hardly knows what the corporation is for.
5.6.8 GO/NGO/SME, etc. involvement in Industrial Development
Coverage Commercial Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private

Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Vocational Training - - - - - x
Credit - - x - - x
Marketing - - - - - xx
x minor involvement
The private sector is the main actor of this sector. The provincial government has very
limited role in this regard.

There is no major industry or manufacturing enterprise in the district. Its Balochi
embroidery, carpets and local dresses are very popular in other parts of the country.
These products can play a significant role in the district’s economy, if proper interventions
were made. NGOs and private enterprises should be encouraged in this regard.
Technical know-how and financial assistance should be provided to the crafts-men and
women. The women working in this sector should be given some incentives to encourage
their productivity. Their skill is exploited by the middle-men. In this regard marketing
strategies by the Directorate of Small Industries need to be introduced. The value of this
craft needs to be acknowledged. It can even be exported if good designs are introduced
through training. The art can be further promoted by exhibitions.

6. Economic Infrastructure and Communications
6.1 Introduction
Infrastructure and communications are the backbone of socio-economic development.

Khuzdar is connected to other parts of the country by road and air. Telecommunication
and postal facilities are available to the major towns of the district while about 40 percent
of the population has access to electricity.
6.2 Roads
Although Khuzdar has a considerable length of roads, most of these are shingle roads.
Most of the villages and towns are interconnected through shingle roads. However, some
of these tracks become are difficult to pass during heavy rains. A large part of the
metalled roads mentioned in the table below belongs to the National Highway Authority
which connects Quetta with Karachi via Khuzdar.
National Provincial District Other

Type of Road Highway Roads Council Agencies Total
Metalled (km) 273.0 70.0 7.2 0 350.2
Shingle (km) 0.0 1,524.9 465.0 0 1,989.9
Total (km) 273.0 1,594.0 472.2 0 2,340.1
Source: Provincial Buildings and Roads Division, GoB, Quetta
6.3 Transport
A number of buses, pick-ups and vans ply between Khuzdar and Quetta and Karachi and
Shahdad Kot, Nal and other parts of the district. Transport for Quetta and Karachi is
available 24 hours a day as Khuzdar is located halfway the RCD highway which connects
these places. Most of the vehicles in the district are registered at Karachi and Quetta, but
a large number of vehicles moves around the district unregistered. Every day about 120
vans and buses ply between different destinations around Khuzdar. Motorcycles, many of
which are smuggled from Iran, are the main means of transport for local people. Taxis
and delivery vans are also available in Khuzdar town.
6.4 Rail- and Airways
No railways exist in the district. In future, the railway track could be extended to Khuzdar
from Shahdad Kot - Larkana. Khuzdar is linked with Karachi, Sukkur, Turbat and Moen-
jo-Daro by air. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) operates 14 flights per week to
connect Khuzdar to these cities.
No. of flights from \ to Turbat Karachi Sukkur Khuzdar Moen-jo-Daro

Turbat x - - 2 -
Karachi - x - 4 -
Sukkur - - x 1 -
Khuzdar 2 4 1 x 1
Moen-jo-Daro - - - 1 x
Source: PIA

6.5 Radio and Television
Radio and television have become very effective media in the modern era. They provide
recreation, education and information to the people. In Khuzdar, a powerful radio station
of 100 kW was established on 17 June 1982. It broadcasts its programmes for about six
hours a day, from 4:50 p.m. to 11:10 p.m., in Urdu, Brahvi and Balochi. A television
booster is also functioning in the area. It covers an area with a radius of about 25
kilometres. About 20 percent of the rural and 80 percent of the urban households have
television sets. Radio is more widespread. It has been observed that few people bother to
obtain a television or radio license.
6.6 Telecommunications
Khuzdar district is linked to all parts of the country through telecommunications. In July
1996, there were 1,982 telephone connections throughout the district. Khuzdar telephone
exchange has a capacity of 3,300 lines; and exchanges at Wadh, Zehri and Sungar have
a capacity of 400 lines each. There are 14 long distance public call offices and 19 extra-
departmental public call offices in Khuzdar district. However, a number of private PCOs
are working illegally. A telecommunication training institute is also functioning at Khuzdar.
This institute organises in-service training courses for departmental staff.
6.7 Post Offices / Courier Services
Khuzdar is the district and divisional headquarters of the postal service. A General Post
Office (GPO) is functioning at Khuzdar. In addition there are 6 post offices and 18 branch
post offices spread over the district. People running a branch post offices do this in
addition to their regular jobs. They are paid a monthly honorarium of 600 rupees. Courier,
fax and telex services are also available in Khuzdar.
6.8 Banking/Financial Institutions
Banking services are provided in the district by the Habib Bank Limited, the United Bank
Limited, the Allied Bank Limited and the National Bank of Pakistan. The National Bank of
Pakistan deals with the government accounts as well. Branches of these banks are
functioning in Wadh, Zehri and Nal. The Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan
(ADBP) has a branch in Khuzdar. The major function of the ADBP is to promote
agriculture activities by providing loans and technical guidance to farmers. In order to
sanction loans, the ADBP mortgages land or other property as guarantee. The
commercial banks also provide loans for small business activities. The area office of the
State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan provides insurance services. The Trust for
Voluntary Organisations (TVO) is also providing financial assistance to Community Based
Organisations (CBOs) for development projects in the area on self help basis.
There are no special sources for the provision of loans to women who are working in
agriculture and livestock and who are producing hanndicrafts.

6.9 Electricity and Gas
A large number of villages in Khuzdar district have been provided electricity by WAPDA
over the last decade. Feeders of 8, 11, 33 kV are functioning in Khuzdar district. They
cover about 35 percent of the rural and 95 percent of the urban population through 6,527
connections. Irregular as well as non-payment of the electricity bills is the main problem in
this sector. Millions of rupees are outstanding against defaulters. The political elite of the
area interfere with the recovery attempts.
Gas is not provided by pipeline and only a few people use gas cylinders for cooking and
heating. No data are available on gas users.
6.10 Rest Houses
Being the divisional headquarters and a central place between Quetta and Karachi,
people stay at Khuzdar for rest. Government officials come to Khuzdar for official tasks.
To accommodate these functionaries, there are 12 rest houses in the district: 7 in
Khuzdar and one each in Zehri, Wadh, Moola, Karkh and Saroona. Basic facilities are
available in all these rest houses, however, some of them are not maintained properly.
Recently, a new hotel with forty rooms has been built in Khuzdar. The town also has a
few other hotels and restaurants. Along the RCD highway there are restaurants serving
twenty-four hours a day.
6.11 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Energy, Transport and

Communications Development
The Federal Government is very much involved in economic infrastructure and

communications. The provincial government is involved in roads and rest houses.
Coverage Economic Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private

Infrastructure Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Road works - xx xx - - -
Transport (buses) - - - - - xxx
Airways - - xxx - - -
Radio & Television - - xxx - - -
Banking/Financial Institutions - - xx - - xx
Electricity - - xxx - - -
Gas - - x - - x
Rest houses - xx x - - -
x minor involvement
Most of the infrastructure is limited to urban areas of the district only. The RCD highway is
in a good condition, but the other roads, all shingle, are not maintained properly. Better
road links are necessary to improve marketing of agricultural produce and, consequently,
to uplift economic activities in the district. Transport is in the hands of the private sector,

which provide good services. Roads also help spreading education and increasing the
mobility of the population.
Pipelined gas is not available in the area. However, it is expected that it will become
available in the near future. Load shedding of electricity is a major problem. A railway
through the district would not only improve travelling facilities, but could also boost
economic activity in the district.
Provision by banks of loans to women can contribute to the economic uplift of the area as
many women are skilled enough to have their small businesses.

7. Social Infrastructure
7.1 Water Supply
Insufficient supply of potable water is one of the main issues in the district, particularly in
the remote areas where people depend on water obtained form springs, open surface
wells, perennial flows and karezes. Other sources of potable water are tube wells and
hand pumps. The Public Health Engineering Department has constructed 17 water supply
schemes, out of which 9 are being run by the community. The population PHED claims to
serve through these schemes, exceeds the total population of the district, thus this claim
appears to be an overstated. In the rural areas women and children are involved in
fetching water.
7.1.1 Drinking Water

According to an estimate, safe drinking water is available to 80 percent of the population
in urban areas. While in the rural areas about 40 percent of the population have access to
potable water. The remaining population fetches water from springs, karezes, open
surface well and perennial flows.
7.1.2 Drinking Water Supply Administration

The Public Health Engineering Department has constructed 17 water supply schemes,
out of which 9 are administered by the communities served. The remaining 8 schemes
are administered by the department itself. The Local Government and Rural Development
Department (LG&RDD) assists communities in the installation of deep well hand pumps
on sharing basis. The District Council is also involved in the construction of water supply
schemes in rural areas.
7.1.3 Ground Water Sub-sector

Generally, the quality of water available in the district is good. In some areas of the district
deep drilling is required to obtain drinking water. WAPDA and the Irrigation Department
often examine the quality of the water. For installation of hand pumps, the LG&RDD has
also examined the ground water and found it to be safe.
7.1.4. Sanitation
The houses in government colonies have flush system latrines. In addition, flush latrines
are used in 80 percent of the housing units In the urban areas. There is no proper
arrangement for solid waste disposal. The garbage is dumped outside the populated
areas or in the streets. The Town Committees and the Municipal Committee employ
sanitary staff, but the services they provide are unsatisfactory. Overall hygienic conditions
are poor throughout the district. Sanitary conditions can be improved by regular supply of
water and creating awareness among the masses.
7.1.5 Public Health Engineering Department

The PHED is headed by an Executive Engineer at the district level. The Department is so
busy in construction and administration of water supply schemes that it is unable to also
plan for sanitary services in the district. After handing over water supply schemes to the

benefiting communities, it may be hoped that the Department will direct its attention
towards improving the sanitary conditions of the district as well.
7.1.6 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Water Development

The major role in respect of water supply is played by the provincial government. Some
international donors and the LG&RDD assist to overcome the problem of insufficient
supply of drinking water. The hand pump installation scheme is very successful in the
area.
Coverage Water and Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private

Sanitation Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Construction x xx - x x -
Management - xx - xx - -
Operation & Maintenance - xx - xx - -
x minor involvement

Availability of safe drinking water is a major problem in the area. Operation and
maintenance of the water supply schemes are being transferred to the benefiting
communities, after which it can be hoped that the government will have enough funds for
the development of more water and sanitation schemes. There is also intense need of
community involvement in solving the problem of sanitation. This task may be performed
through NGOs and facilitated with the use of mass media.
As women are prime users of water and also collect it, there is an obvious need to involve
them in decisions regarding installation of hand-pumps and water tanks.
7.2 Health
7.2.1 Introduction
The health care status of the district is not satisfactory. The Divisional Headquarters
Hospital functions relatively well, but still with limited facilities. Medicines are hardly
available. Doctors and other staff do not perform their duties. The health facilities in the
other areas of Khuzdar are also very limited.
Health Services in Public Sector (1995)

No. of No. of No. of Para- No. of No. of
Doctors (m/f) Nurses (m/f) medics (m/f) Beds Units
DHQ Hospital 13/2 7 70 n/a 1
Dispensaries 13/1 0 127 0 46
RHCs 56 4
BHUs 0 22
Sub HCs 14 7
School Health 0 1
Total 29 7 197 n/a 81
Unit/population ratio 1:14,636 1:60,636 1:2,155 - 1:5,240
Source: District Health Officer and Medical Superintendent, DHQ Hospital, Khuzdar

7.2.2 Health System

In primary health care Rural Health Centres, Basic Health Units, Sub Health Centres and
Civil Dispensaries provide basic health facilities. These facilities cover minor and major
diseases and provide emergency medical services to the patient. The RHCs and Sub
Health Centres provide out- and in-patient services. BHUs and dispensaries also serve in
the district to provide basic health services in rural areas. In addition there is a mobile unit
travelling around the district. It provides health services to the people living in remote
areas.
The Divisional Headquarters Hospital (DHQH) provides secondary health facilities. At

present there are 7 specialists, one Dental Surgeon, 5 Medical Officers and 2 Lady
Medical Officers. Surgical operations are also possible at the DHQ Hospital. Drug addicts
are treated here too.
7.2.3 Major Disease Incidence

The major diseases reported in the area are diarrhoea, tuberculosis, malaria, acute
respiratory infections (ARIs), skin diseases and gripes. Major paediatric diseases are
pneumonia, diarrhoea and ARIs. The main causes of these diseases are unhygienic living
conditions and polluted environment. Lack of health education is also one of the main
reasons for these diseases. The people do not let their illness treat in time and often wait
till it becomes serious. Other paediatric killer diseases like neonatal tetanus, poliomyelitis,
measles, tuberculosis, whooping cough and diphtheria remain a challenge to be
addressed.
7.2.4 Special Health Services

In Khuzdar, a mobile unit covers the far-flung areas and provides services in medical
camps. These medical camps are organised by the Pakistan Medical Association in
collaboration with the health authorities. School health services are not functioning due to
lack of planning.
Under the Prime Minister’s Programme for Primary Health Care and Family Planning,
Lady Health Workers have been appointed to provide health education and treatment of
minor ailments. The house of the Lady Health Worker, who has to be available at all
times, is designated as health house. She gives initial treatment and refers complicated
cases to the hospital. She also provides contraceptives for family planing. Each health
house covers about 1,000 people. This programme is directly controlled by the federal
government through the District Health Officer. At present 42 Lady Health Workers have
been appointed in the district.
Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) are also serving in far-flung areas of the district.
These TBAs have been trained by the Population Welfare and Health Departments.
7.2.5 Administration of Health Services

At district level, a District Health Officer (DHO) controls the primary health care services.
The DHO also co-ordinates the Prime Minister’s Programme for Primary Health Care and
Family Planning. All health houses are under his supervision too.

7.2.6 GO/NGO/private, etc. involvement in Health Development

Most health care services in the district are provided by the provincial government. The
federal government is involved in special health care programmes only. The private
sector also provides some services.
Local Prov. Fed. Internat.

Health Facility Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Private Donor Total
Hospitals - xxx - - - - 1
Civil Dispensaries x xxx - - - - 46
Basic Health Units - xxx - - - - 22
Rural Health Centre - xxx - - - - 4
Sub Health Centres - xxx - - - - 7
EPI Centre - x xx - - - n/a
Family Welfare Clinic - xxx - x - - n/a
Private Clinic - - - - Xxx - n/a
Hakeem/Local
n/a
Medical Practitioner - - - - X -
Health Houses - xx xxx - - - 42
School Health - xx - - - - 1
Chemists - - - - Xxx - n/a
Source: District Health Officer, Khuzdar and HMIS
x minor involvement

The health sector in Khuzdar district requires much attention. Medicines are either not
available at all, or not available in sufficient quantities. Doctors are reluctant to work in far-
flung areas. They all prefer to work in towns. The DHQ Hospital is unhygienic and
medicines are not available. Political interference in postings and transfers of medical
staff is also a major issue in this sector.
Especially women have problems to get access to health services. Health care
institutions exclusively for women are non-existent. Women are not allowed to visit health
facilities without escorted by a male family member. Moreover, women cannot go to a
male doctor, which is a factor in the relatively high maternal mortality.
7.3 Education
7.3.1 Introduction
The number of educational institutions in Khuzdar district is sufficient. However,
comparing the number of girls’ schools to the number of boys’ schools, there are too few
schools especially for girls. There is only one girls’ high school against 14 boys’ high
schools and only 34 girls’ primary schools against 352 boys’ primary schools. Female
students constitute about one fourth (24.7%) of the total students, but less than 10
percent of all educational institutions are reserved for girls.

7.3.2 Government School System

Schools are divided into three categories: primary, middle and high schools. Some middle
schools have a primary section and some high schools have primary and middle sections.
Since 1993 mosque schools have been merged into the government primary schools.
There are separate directorates for primary and secondary schools and colleges at the
provincial level.
Number of Pupils
Enrolment 1994 1995 1996
(in public sector) m/f m/f m/f
Madrassas n/a n/a n/a
Mosque School n/a n/a n/a
Primary School 26,889/7,857 19,091/5,648 18,059/6,546
No. of Teachers 1,699 1,136 1,164
Middle School 4,473/410 2,735/397 2,599/463
High School 1,716/132 1,349/167 1,154/147
Degree College n/a n/a n/a
Source: BEMIS
7.3.3 Primary Schools

The primary schools comprise six classes up to class 5: Kachi, Pakki, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
grade. In Khuzdar district at present there are 352 boys and 37 girls primary schools. In
the rural areas of the district most schools are run by one teacher. It has been observed
that the majority of the teachers do not have enough teaching skills. Primary schools are
deprived of basic facilities for the children such as furniture, books and toilet facilities.
Mosque schools and madrassas provide religious education along with formal education.
7.3.4 Vocational Training

One vocational training institute is functioning at Khuzdar under the Labour Department.
The purpose of this vocational institution is to develop skills among the youth so that they
may be able to earn their living.
To fulfil the need for paramedics for Health Department, a Health Technicians Training
Centre was established at Khuzdar in 1988. At present 63 trainees (25 Male Health
Technicians, 25 Female Health Technicians and 13 other paramedics) are under training.
The teaching staff consists of seven instructors. The Divisional Headquarters Hospital
staff also gives training at this centre.
7.3.5 Middle Schools

In recent years, many primary schools have been upgraded to middle schools. At present
19 boys’ and 4 girls’ middle schools are functioning in the district. In the rural areas, due
to non-availability of building and teaching staff, the performance of these middle schools
is unsatisfactory. That is why the students loose their interest in education and dropout
rates are very high.
7.3.6 High Schools

In Khuzdar only one girls’ and 14 boys’ high schools are functioning. High schools
comprise 6th to 10th class, sometimes also including primary classes. The 10th class
(matriculation) examinations are conducted by the Board of Intermediate and Secondary

Education, Balochistan. The school administration is run by a Head Master, Assistant

Head Master and other teaching staff. The condition of urban high schools’ buildings is far
better than those in rural areas.
Beside government schools, there are also private schools in Khuzdar. Their performance
and standard is better, but their fees are very high, usually beyond the means of a
common person.
7.3.7 Degree College

Khuzdar is fortunate to have two degree colleges, one for boys and one for girls. These
colleges do have intermediate classes. The enrolment in the girls’ college is very limited.
Often, parents do not allow their girls to get enrolled for college education, due to socio-
cultural values of the area.
7.3.8 University of Engineering & Technology

Initially an engineering college was established at Khuzdar in 1977. The college was
managed under a board of governors appointed by the Ministry of Education. The college
became affiliated with the University of Balochistan on 24 September 1989. To make its
functioning more effective the college was upgraded to Balochistan University of
Engineering and Technology in 1994.
The university offers degrees of Bachelor of Engineering (BE) in civil, mechanical and
electrical technologies. In the year 1994-95, 90 students were enrolled in these
programmes of studies.
The university has a good campus. The library and laboratories are well equipped with
books and the latest equipment. The university has a staff colony and hostel for the
students. This institution can play an important role in the development of the province.
1993-94 1994-95
Technology Enrolled Pass Enrolled Pass
Civil 28 24 31 29
Mechanical 28 28 30 29
Electrical 28 28 29 29
Total 84 80 90 87
7.3.9 School Administration

The school administration at primary, middle and high school levels come under the
control of a Head Master. In most cases a senior teacher is appointed as a Head Master
to run the administration of the school.
7.3.10 School Buildings

The primary school building usually consist of four rooms in urban areas and two rooms
in rural areas. Many school buildings are in personal use of influential persons. There are
many single room schools and some are totally shelterless. Middle school buildings
consist of eight to ten rooms. High school buildings consist of twelve to fourteen rooms
with a compound wall. No toilet facility has been planned in primary school buildings, nor
are there drinking water facilities. In high school toilet facility is available but water
shortage is a problem everywhere. The condition of school buildings in urban areas is

comparatively better than those in rural areas. Girls’ school buildings are better than the
boys’ school buildings.
7.3.11 GO/NGO/private, etc. involvement in Education Development

Most of the task in the field of education are carried out by the provincial government. The
private sector is also involved in educational activities, but their services are limited to the
urban areas. The federal government also assists the vocational training institution to
promote vocational education and training in the area.
Local Prov. Fed. Internat.

Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Private Donor Total
Mosque Schools - x - x - - n/a
Primary Schools - xxx - xx - x 389
No. of Teachers - xxx - x - - 1,164
Vocational Training - xx x - - - 1
Middle Schools - xxx - - - - 23
High Schools - xxx - - - - 15
Colleges - xxx - - - - 1
Eng. University - xx xx - - - 1
x minor involvement

A great gender based disparity in the number of schools, especially at primary level,
needs immediate attention of the policy makers. There should be enough educational
opportunities for female students.
The establishment of schools and construction of school buildings are carried out on
political basis. Politicians are involved in appointments and transfers of teachers. This
tends to result in deterioration of the educational standard. The majority of the teachers
does not take any interest in teaching. The situation is worst in primary education. The
majority of the teachers are untrained and unskilled. It has been observed that many
school buildings in rural areas are controlled by influential persons. Many school buildings
are in poor condition, without windows and doors. Lack of proper and regular supervision
is also a problem in this sector. The dropout rate in rural areas is more than 50 percent,
partly due to parents’ lack of interest in education. Government authorities are not paying
enough attention to the educational sector. Funds are often misused. Girls’ schools and
private schools provide better education, but they are confined mostly to urban areas.
The standard of government schools may be improved by providing training to the

teachers, proper supervision and guidance of school staff. Political involvement should be
discouraged. The formation of Parent Teacher and Students Associations (PTSAs) may
also assist in achieving the goals of education.

Map: Distribution of Schools in Khuzdar

Another beautiful mosque at University of Engineering and Technology

7.4 Sports
7.4.1 Introduction
In Khuzdar the sports sector requires much attention. There is only one stadium in the
entire district, without proper facilities. The stadium includes two football fields. Young
players often use open spaces for their sports activities. There is an officer's club for
recreational activities of the government officers. Membership of this club is limited to the
officers. They play chess, playing cards, table tennis and badminton. At school, college
and university levels students are engaged in football and cricket. In girls’ schools, indoor
sports activities are carried out.
7.4.2 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Sports Development

The role of government in sports is limited. In educational institutions, students are
provided limited sports facilities. There is much potential among the youth, if the sports
facilities are provided. NGOs and CBOs could also play a role in the development of the
sports sector.
Loc. Prov. Fed. Internat.

Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Private Donor Total
Financing - x - x - - -
Playgrounds - x - - - - 3
Others - - x x x - -
x minor involvement

The youth of the district has much potential in sports. The sports activities are limited only
to school, college and university. This situation can be improved by involving NGOs and
CBOs. A number of NGOs are working in this sector, but due to lack of funds and
technical assistance their activities are very limited. Lack of co-ordination between the
government and NGOs is also a major issue in this sector.

8. District Accounts and Development Funds
8.1 District Accounts
Although there is a Treasury Office in Khuzdar, no detail of income through various

government departments could be obtained from the office. Even the expenditure
statement is not exclusively for Khuzdar district. Although data are absent, it seems safe
to assume that the expenditures in the district, both with regard to recurrent- and
development costs, exceeds the income of the government that is collected in the district
and can be spent in the district. This means that the district is dependent on transfers
from outside. Local resources mobilisation is too meagre to provide the district bodies
with any substantial funds for development.
8.2 Development Funds
Most of the development activities in the district are funded through the Public Sector
Development Programme (PSDP). Development funds from federal and provincial
resources are only partly administered at the district level. The local government
institutions either do not have financial independence or they have limited income
resources. Major development activities are directly administered from provincial level
and it is sometimes hard to trace accurately which parts specifically benefit the Khuzdar
district. Moreover, in case of block allocations at the provincial level, accurate break-down
at the district level is not possible. The following statistics are only regarding those funds
which were specifically earmarked for Khuzdar district.
The most important source of funds for social and economic development is the
Provincial Public Sector Development Programme. In 1995-96, a total amount of 26.75
million rupees was allocated for development activities under the revised Public Sector
Development Programme in physical planning and housing, agricultural extension, roads,
irrigation (dams), college education, water supply schemes and primary health care
sectors. This amount was earmarked for the completion of 11 ongoing and 2 new
schemes. The ongoing schemes included roofing and laying of a sewerage line in the
B&R colony; construction of the Gurk-Plar road; construction of the Anjiri Dhora dam;
construction of a residential model college and its hostel; water supply schemes at Dul
Killi, Killi Sardar Alam Khan, Zahrigat and Badri; and construction, renovation and
electrification of residences for health personnel. The newly proposed schemes in 1995-
96 included the establishment of an agricultural farm at Mughlai and construction and
repair of Khuzdar jail. For the year 1996-97, total revised PSDP allocation was 2.1 million
rupees for one ongoing and one new development scheme.
The allocation for the PSDP 1997-98 is 103.279 million rupees, including a foreign
component of 50.794 million rupees. The most important sectors are road (40%),
irrigation (29%) and the combined SAP-sectors (15%). These figures have to be treated
with some caution however, since it is not sure whether the government can indeed avail
of the required PSDP-funds. They show however the priority given to the district by the
incumbent government.

9. The District in comparison to Balochistan
The data and other information provided so far in this District Profile were focused on the
situation in Khuzdar district itself. No comparison was made to the situation in other
districts or to the situation in Balochistan as a whole. To add that perspective, 32
indicators have been selected on which the district can be compared. These indicators
and others, can be found in the table on the following two pages. Each district can be
ranked on each of the indicators. The relative position of Khuzdar is given on the third
page. It is a bottom-up ranking: position No. 1 reflects the lowest score on the indicator
concerned, while position No. 26 means the highest score. An overall ranking of districts
is not given, because that would require attaching a certain weight to every indicator.
For Khuzdar the following remarks can be made:
• Khuzdar is the 3rd biggest district in area and the 5th biggest in population. The density
of the population is comparatively low (about 9 per sq.km.).
• It is not possible to give a comparison with regard to agricultural production, because

no separate data on Khuzdar exist. The impression is that the situation in the district
is comparatively favourable.
• The district scores high as far as the livestock sector is concerned. The available
pasture area is the largest in the province and so is the number of livestock units. The
livestock units per capita takes the 3rd position. The contribution to the economy has
the same ranking.
• As far as the enrolment of girls and boys inn primary education is concerned, takes
the district a position inn the lower half (No. 11 and No. 8 respectively). The
pupil/teacher ratio ranking for the district is in the upper half (No. 18).
• The health care indicators put the district inn the middle of the rankings (No. 15 for the
population/bed ratio and No. 19 for the population/doctor ratio). The male/female ratio
for doctors is comparatively high.
• Detailed information on the coverage of the population with potable water supply is
not available. Some sources put the coverage at about 50%, which would indicate
that the district has about the same coverage as the average for Balochistan.
• Only three districts have a greater length of metalled road than the 350 km. Khuzdar;
because of its size the position on the metalled road density is considerably lower.
Khuzdar has the longest network of shingle roads (1,990 km.); the same can be said
about the density for shingle roads as was just stated about the metalled roads.

Overview of socio-economic indicators for all districts in Balochistan
Agricultural Produce Value per cultivated Ha.

(Agricultural
Pasture Area (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95 and/or

Livestock units (derived from 1996 Livestock Census
Percentage population growth in period 1981-95
Production Value (based on Quetta wholesale figures

Agricultural Production (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95)
Agricultural Produce Value per potential Ha. (1995)
Length of metalled road (Bureau of Statistics 1995)
Length of shingle road (Bureau of Statistics 1995)

Fruit Production (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95)
Agricultural Produce Value per capita (1995)

Area cultvated (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95)
Value Livestock offtake per capita in Rps.

Density 1995 (based on NIPS' projection)
available
Area (Bureau of Statistics Balochistan)
Length of metalled road per sq.km

from Agricultural Statistics 1994-95)
Length of shingle road per sq.km
Percentage of villages electrified

Population 1995 (NIPS projection)
Available pasture per LU (1995)

Sex ratio m/f (Census 1981)
(based on NIPS' projection)
area
Number of villages electrified

Potential Agricultural
LU per capita (1995)

District Authoroties)
Statistics 1994-95)
LU density (1996)
Number of villages
projections)
(1995)
'000s Rps./capita
'000s Rps/ capita
% annual growth
000,000s of Rps.
people /sq.km
% of villages
'000 Rps/ Ha
'000 Rps/ Ha
km/sq.km
km/sq.km
LU/sq.km
LU/capita
Villages
Villages
tonnes
tonnes
people
Ha/LU
sq.km
Ha.
Ha.
Ha.
km
km
LU
District
Quetta 2,653 676,941 255 4.2 1.26 12,712 78,884 144,789 76,352 2,118 3.1 166.6 26.9 136,371 39,088 0.29 0.20 51 0.1 219 0.083 433 0.163 na
Pishin 5,850 312,227 53 3.2 1.06 51,707 110,255 393,173 162,013 5,298 9.1 102.5 48.1 975,167 73,065 0.07 1.67 88 1.0 200 0.034 1,357 0.232 na
Killah Abdullah 5,264 272,221 52 3.2 1.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07 1.67 88 1.0 153 0.029 1,020 0.194 na
Chaghi 50,545 186,454 4 3.2 1.03 19,046 446,417 163,208 10,016 1,581 8.5 83.0 3.5 398,399 382,211 0.96 2.14 6 1.2 605 0.012 1,515 0.030 280 44 16
Zhob 16,520 344,122 21 3.2 1.12 13,904 37,067 150,803 130,101 2,541 7.4 182.7 68.5 1,181,861 13,010 0.03 2.12 44 1.2 19 0.001 718 0.043 na
Killah Saifullah 10,609 213,403 20 3.2 1.21 20,814 42,190 154,761 59,086 2,583 12.1 124.1 61.2 20,302 0.03 2.12 44 1.2 4 0.000 133 0.013 na
Loralai 9,829 562,387 57 6.4 1.18 42,971 110,848 291,351 169,675 5,946 10.6 138.4 53.6 1,150,302 64,589 0.06 1.24 60 0.7 131 0.013 396 0.040 na
Barkhan 3,514 147,599 42 6.4 1.07 16,859 99,562 53,240 16,145 509 3.5 30.2 5.1 9,445 0.06 1.24 60 0.7 16 0.005 193 0.055 na
Musakhel 5,728 218,156 38 6.4 1.07 5,957 14,434 17,521 1,566 820 3.8 137.7 56.8 0.06 1.24 60 0.7 0.000 419 0.073 na
Sibi 7,796 143,589 18 2.8 1.05 25,517 96,694 173,468 27,186 1,485 10.3 58.2 15.4 323,852 40,766 0.28 1.70 35 1.0 86 0.011 434 0.056 na
Ziarat 1,489 46,942 32 2.8 1.05 3,391 12,141 48,595 48,245 961 20.5 283.4 79.2 51,355 0.28 1.70 35 1.0 82 0.055 209 0.140 na
Kohlu 7,610 105,050 14 2.8 1.03 7,766 27,563 51,662 6,632 588 5.6 75.8 21.3 1,604,830 0.00 15.28 211 8.8 3 0.000 320 0.042 na
Dera Bugti 10,160 153,032 15 2.8 0.96 8,971 21,014 19,429 95 115 0.8 12.8 5.5 441,213 0.00 2.88 43 1.7 106 0.010 399 0.039 na
Nassirabad 3,387 270,327 80 5.4 1.05 148,822 190,335 396,683 2,640 2,956 10.9 19.9 15.5 740,544 30,968 0.07 0.90 127 0.6 0 0.000 182 0.054 909 31 3
Jaffarabad 2,445 555,557 227 5.4 1.02 189,377 220,018 652,518 1,397 4,111 7.4 21.7 18.7 18,171 0.07 0.90 127 0.6 286 0.117 42 0.017 659 89 14
Bolan 8,036 358,670 45 3.0 0.97 38,996 261,556 1,936 1,597 4.5 41.0 0.0 246,704 102,400 0.50 0.53 22 0.4 53 0.007 291 0.036 603 21 3
Jhall Magsi 3,078 102,995 33 3.0 0.96 43,895 580,979 94,356 850 613 5.9 14.0 1.1 20,988 0.50 0.53 22 0.4 133 0.043 195 0.063 16 na
Mastung 5,896 200,000 34 3.0 1.03 42,277 298,194 34,083 1,985 9.9 47.0 0.0 1,319,321 0.03 2.55 105 1.5 66 0.011 186 0.032 na
Kalat 6,621 316,787 48 3.0 1.01 31,237 317,237 301,883 65,923 2,165 6.8 69.3 6.8 36,936 0.03 2.55 105 1.5 30 0.005 527 0.080 na
Khuzdar 43,261 424,450 10 3.2 1.08 80,454 1,895,487 469,369 46,092 2,720 6.4 33.8 1.4 3,457,030 822,136 0.24 5.82 53 3.5 7 0.000 1,329 0.031 na
Awaran 21,630 169,432 8 3.2 1.20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.24 5.82 52 3.5 215 0.010 652 0.030 na
Lasbela 12,574 367,566 29 4.9 1.14 35,562 973,701 167,219 35,669 1,156 3.1 32.5 1.2 437,236 159,120 0.36 1.19 35 0.7 31 0.002 527 0.042 na
Kharan 48,051 198,195 4 3.2 1.21 6,592 828,049 59,150 15,508 707 3.6 107.3 0.9 1,471,374 127,425 0.09 7.42 31 3.7 58 0.001 1,468 0.031 na
Kech (Turbat) 22,539 607,628 27 3.4 1.34 42,529 117,284 581,366 256,209 4,509 7.4 106.0 38.4 253,324 85,910 0.34 0.42 11 0.3 51 0.002 1,466 0.065 343 na
Gwadar 15,216 160,980 11 2.6 1.12 3,038 51,201 26,034 20,997 371 2.3 122.0 7.2 216,184 70,088 0.32 1.34 14 0.8 40 0.003 959 0.063 104 na
Panjgur 16,891 243,149 14 3.0 1.21 17,297 78,351 167,131 133,629 1,509 6.2 87.2 19.3 164,828 70,525 0.43 0.68 10 0.4 50 0.003 1,607 0.095 45 na
Balochistan 347,192 7,357,859 21 3.9 1.12 909,691 6,349,711 5,137,459 1,322,045 48,943 6.7 53.8 7.7 14,518,540 2,238,498 0.15 1.97 42 1.2 2,644 0.008 16,977 0.049
Overview of socio-economic indicators for all districts in Balochistan (cont.)
Male paramedical staff: nurses (filled posts, April
Female paramedical staff: nurses & lady health visitors

Gender indicator on primary school enrolment (1 =
Primary School Enrollment Boys (BEMIS 1996) as a
Primary School Enrollment Girls (BEMIS 1996) as a
Number of patient-contacts (District Health Officer &
Number of beneficiaries water supply through hand

Number of Primary School Teachers (BEMIS 1996)
Recurrent Expenditure Primary Education 1995/96
Primary Educational Units for Boys (BEMIS 1996)
Primary Educational Units for Girls (BEMIS 1996)
Number of patient-contacts per doctor (1995)

percentage of the projected 1995 population
percentage of the projected 1995 population
Edu. recurrent expenditure per capita (1995)

Primary School Enrollment Boys (BEMIS 1996)
Female Doctors (filled posts, April 1997, HMIS)

Educational recurrent expenditure per pupil
Primary School Enrollment Girls (BEMIS 1996)
Number of beneficiaries water supply (PHE)

Male Doctors (filled posts April 1997, HMIS)
Recurrent Health Expenditure (DHO 1995)

Health Institutions Database (HMIS, 1996)
PS Pupils/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996)
Water supply coverage of Population

Health expenditure per patient (1995)
PS Boys/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996)
Health expenditure per capita (1995)

PS Girls/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996)
Number of hand pumps (LG & RDD)

m/f equal access to education)
M/F ratio of paramedical staff

(filled posts, April 1997, HMIS)
Medical Superintendent)
Population per doctor
M/F ratio of Doctors
Population per bed
Beds (HMIS, 1996)
pumps (LG&RDD)
1997, HMIS)
Rps/ patient-contact
Female paramedics
Patient contacts/
Boys Pr. Schools
Male paramedics
'000,000s of Rps
'000,000s of Rps
% of population
Girls Pr. Schools
Patient-contacts
Pupils/ teacher
Female Doctors
People /doctor
Boys/ teacher
Girls/ teacher
Male Doctors
People /bed
Health Units
Handpumps
Rps./capita
Rps/capita
Rps./pupil
Teachers
persons
persons
Doctor
Beds
boys
girls
District
%
Quetta 262 127 59,514 48,248 8.8 7.1 1.2 0 0 1593 37.2 38 35 19 2,399 282 259 108 2.4 950 366 2.6 1,845 0 0 0 21 3,150 0
Pishin 449 102 121.1 27,765 10,256 8.9 3.3 2.7 4,362 388 979 35.7 23 38 69 65 4,803 48 4 12.0 197 79 2.5 6,004 30.8 0 0 99 270 40,500 13
Killah Abdullah 348 23 23,684 3,724 8.7 1.4 6.4 0 0 571 31.9 30 101 52 80 3,403 25 2 12.5 153 20 7.7 10,082 0 0 0 139 20,850 8
Chaghi 226 45 28.7 11,924 7,475 6.4 4.0 1.6 2,407 154 457 25 18 63 54 80 2,331 17 3 5.7 234 24 9.8 9,323 213,072 13.1 12,534 61 70 94,500 217 32,550 68
Zhob 348 37 16,285 5,280 4.7 1.5 3.1 0 0 520 28.2 23 68 70 106 3,246 37 4 9.3 262 25 10.5 8,393 0 0 0 596 89,400 26
Killah Saifullah 278 54 9,701 3,692 4.5 1.7 2.6 0 0 419 19.2 17 30 33 64 3,334 22 1 22.0 155 11 14.1 9,278 0 0 0 260 39,000 18
Loralai 416 73 16,947 5,445 3.0 1.0 3.1 0 0 670 23.2 22 30 101 48 11,716 39 4 9.8 417 47 8.9 13,079 0 0 0 71,950 266 39,900 20
Barkhan 281 43 8,800 2,122 6.0 1.4 4.1 0 0 382 21.5 20 34 28 10 14,760 2 1 2.0 94 6 15.7 49,200 0 0 0 105 0
Musakhel 151 25 3,472 990 1.6 0.5 3.5 0 0 179 16.7 15 25 23 20 10,908 6 2 3.0 89 0 0.0 27,270 0 0 0 90 13,500 6
Sibi 170 59 9,247 4,832 6.4 3.4 1.9 0 0 344 17.4 14 32 59 234 614 34 5 6.8 222 34 6.5 3,682 0 0 0 50,000 117 17,550 47
Ziarat 90 31 3,568 2,211 7.6 4.7 1.6 0 0 191 20.1 14 46 21 37 1,269 12 2 6.0 89 9 9.9 3,353 0 0 0 71 10,650 23
Kohlu 220 41 5,032 1,489 4.8 1.4 3.4 0 0 328 13.5 13 17 68 55 1,910 11 0 0.0 270 6 45.0 9,550 0 0 0 76 11,400 11
Dera Bugti 228 39 12,325 1,088 8.1 0.7 11.3 0 0 481 18.2 17 81 60 56 2,733 13 0 0.0 275 21 13.1 11,772 0 0 0 0 0
Nassirabad 228 46 10,743 2,937 4.0 1.1 3.7 0 0 383 25.1 20 75 35 36 7,509 14 3 4.7 226 17 13.3 15,902 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jaffarabad 505 151 21,393 9,616 3.9 1.7 2.2 0 0 948 21.3 17 41 79 62 8,961 40 3 13.3 309 35 8.8 12,920 0 0 0 139,000 0 0 25
Bolan 339 39 13,523 4,016 3.8 1.1 3.4 0 0 648 17.5 15 54 60 145 2,474 19 0 0.0 222 27 8.2 18,877 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jhall Magsi 158 38 31.7 6,289 1,655 6.1 1.6 3.8 5,041 308 293 18.1 15 41 40 20 5,150 5 0 0.0 97 0 0.0 20,599 21.8 0 0 212 20,000 50 7,500 27
Mastung 215 52 11,447 5,804 5.7 2.9 2.0 0 0 398 25.4 21 49 35 24 8,333 22 3 7.3 125 20 6.3 8,000 0 0 0 75 11,250 6
Kalat 248 26 11,780 3,969 3.7 1.3 3.0 0 0 345 22.5 18 93 72 100 3,168 19 2 9.5 251 34 7.4 15,085 0 0 0 193 28,950 9
Khuzdar 352 37 18,059 6,546 4.3 1.5 2.8 0 0 662 25.9 21 74 74 93 4,564 29 2 14.5 330 28 11.8 13,692 0 0 0 324 48,600 11
Awaran 160 20 7,369 2,635 4.3 1.6 2.8 0 0 239 26.8 21 121 18 20 8,472 5 0 0.0 67 0 0.0 33,886 0 0 0 190 28,500 17
Lasbela 364 61 16,206 6,639 4.4 1.8 2.4 0 0 638 24.8 21 52 96 118 3,115 46 2 23.0 313 39 8.0 7,658 0 0 0 252 37,800 10
Kharan 230 36 7,840 3,411 4.0 1.7 2.3 0 0 277 22.6 17 79 66 77 2,574 15 1 15.0 239 36 6.6 12,387 0 0 0 441 66,150 33
Kech (Turbat) 326 103 131.7 27,312 18,035 4.5 3.0 1.5 4,823 217 695 35.5 25 74 92 124 4,900 74 3 24.7 355 15 23.7 7,891 84,000 32.3 1,135 385 53 149,400 410 61,500 35
Gwadar 146 28 25.2 8,840 4,590 5.5 2.9 1.9 2,846 156 189 35.5 26 104 58 37 4,351 18 2 9.0 179 7 25.6 8,049 59,030 14.7 3,279 248 91 162,650 0 101
Panjgur 168 59 26.6 11,779 9,414 4.8 3.9 1.3 2,256 109 342 34.9 24 62 41 34 7,151 26 1 26.0 174 10 17.4 9,006 58,101 12.2 2,235 210 50 86,660 372 55,800 59
Balochistan 6,906 1,395 380,844 176,119 5.2 2.4 2.2 13,171 25.8 22 47 1,423 4,144 1,776 857 158 5.4 6,294 916 6.9 7,249 774,160 4,535 680,250 20
Socio-economic bottom-up ranking of Khuzdar district in reference to Balochistan

10. Conclusions: Potential and Constraints
Khuzdar is situated in the centre of Kalat division; it is the divisional headquarters. In

terms of area, Khuzdar is the 2nd biggest in its division, after Kharan and the 3rd biggest in
the province.
Khuzdar was notified in 1974 but exists in its present shape since 1992, when the old
Khuzdar district was bifurcated into Khuzdar and Awaran. A considerable drawback is the
fact that still no separate statistics are available for the two districts on some essential
subjects as the land classification and the agricultural production. This issue should be
considered as a matter of high priority for the authorities concerned.
The impression exists that the agriculture can be further developed with additional
financial and technical inputs. Irrigation water is certainly a major constraint. The
construction of dams to catch rainwater in order to feed the groundwater potential is one
remedy that should be applied. Water saving methods of agriculture is one of the
technical fields where investments are required.
Livestock is already a major sector. Khuzdar has the largest available pasture area and
the highest number of livestock units in the province (compared to other districts).
Khuzdar takes a position in the middle with regard to the available pasture area per
livestock unit. This might indicate that some expansion of this sector is feasible. The
effectiveness can be increased by a functioning of the service delivery functions of the
Livestock Department and a better co-ordination between this Department and the public.
Khuzdar has a large potential in minerals. Due to lack of adequate infrastructure and
technical expertise this sector is underdeveloped. In some cases the attitude of the local
elite has hampered the further exploration and exploitation. There seems to be a task
here for the provincial authorities to convince the persons involved that the development
of the mining sector is not only a local interest but is of importance for the province and
even the country as a whole.
The manufacturing sector is, for all practical purposes, non-existent. Only a few cottage
industries are functioning in the district. For any industrial development, investments have
to be made in the infrastructure (which of course would also benefit agriculture, livestock,
the mining sector and the social sectors). The most logical first steps for industrial
development would be to process goods that are locally available, such as minerals,
agricultural and dairy produce.
There are as yet no great environmental problems,, although the cutting of wood is an
area of concern. To protect the forests against further irreparable damages, measures
have to be taken to stop the illegal cutting of trees. Connection of the district with the gas
pipeline would certainly help in this respect.
Women of the area are hardworking and participate in almost every economic activity.
Unfortunately, their efforts and contribution is not recognised and is hardly reflected inn
official accounts and statistics. There are obvious gender based inequalities in terms of
mobility, access to educational and health facilities (lack of female medical staff,
unavailability of women exclusive health units). The presence of a girls’ college and of a
engineering university provides the district at least with an environment where the
concept of higher education for girls can become more accepted. The production of
Balochi handicrafts is an economic avenue to advance the position of women. The main

constraint however seems to be the lack of visibility and acknowledgement of the work
that is being done by the women.

Khuzdar: A District Profile Annexes
Annexes

Annex 1.
List of all Names of all Union Councils and Tehsils
Administrative/Revenue Division
District
Khuzdar
Sub-division Sub-division
Khuzdar Wadh
Tehsil Tehsil Sub-tehsil Sub-tehsil Sub-tehsil Sub-tehsil Sub-tehsil Sub-tehsil Sub-tehsil

Khuzdar Zehri Nal Moola Karkh Wadh Aranji Saroona Ornach
Legend: QC Qanungo Circle

PC Patwar Circle
Local Councils
District Council
Khuzdar
Union Council Union Council

Baghbana Tootak

Zeddi Nal

Hazar Ganji Gresha

Ghat Zehri Moola

Karkh Saroona

Ornach Alam Khan Ornach

Kanjar Mari Aranji

Wadh Badari

Sasol Sun
Union Council
Burnali

Annex 2.
Population Figures Census 1981 and Projected Figures 1995
Population 1951, 1961, 1972, 1981 and 1995

1951 1961 1972 1981 1995
Total Total Total Male Female Total Total
Khuzdar District 72,671 71,407 146,157 143,692 132,757 276,449 424,450
Khuzdar Sub-division 48,350 52,255 106,931 88,600 80,975 169,575

Khuzdar Tehsil 18,040 20,051 44,623 45,146 38,969 84,115
Zehri Tehsil 7,590 7,811 19,227 9,972 9,171 19,143
Karkh Sub-tehsil 4,930 6,215 8,991 8,792 9,045 17,837
Nal Sub-tehsil 13,110 13,671 27,188 19,976 19,710 39,686
Moola Sub-tehsil 4,680 4,507 6,902 4,714 4,080 8,794
Wadh Sub-division 24,321 19,152 39,226 55,092 51,782 106,874

Wadh Sub-tehsil 8,910 8,764 16,913 17,845 17,418 35,263
Saroona Sub-tehsil 7,911 4,576 9,192 6,852 6,832 13,684
Ornach Sub-tehsil 3,800 5,529 9,737 9,997 10,775 20,772
Aranji Sub-tehsil 3,700 283 3,384 20,398 16,757 37,155
Source: 1981 District Census Reports of Khuzdar, NIPS and Population of Mauzas 1951-81 Censuses: Khuzdar
District
Population Growth Trends

Census Period Total Increase in Inter-censal Average Annual
Years (years) Population Variation (%) Growth Rate (%)
1951-61 10 -1,264 98.3 - 0.2
1961-72 11 74,750 204.7 6.7
1972-81 9 130,292 189.1 7.3
1981-95 14 148,001 153.5 3.1
Source: 1981 District Census Reports of Khuzdar, NIPS and Population of Mauzas 1951-81 Censuses: Khuzdar
District

Annex 3.
Meteorological Data
Rainfall (mm)
Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total
1993 29.8 22.6 17.5 6.0 8.3 4.6 23.1 35.0 11.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 158.5
1994 5.0 69.2 6.6 64.5 12.9 2.4 190.7 150.3 41.0 Trace 0.0 52.1 594.7
1995 17.5 21.3 6.6 73.7 2.1 3.1 368.0 51.0 0.0 4.7 0.2 29.8 578.0
Mean Maximum Temperature (°C)

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average
1993 17.2 23.0 22.9 29.8 35.7 38.9 38.0 37.2 35.1 30.0 26.7 22.7 29.8
1994 18.1 18.6 26.7 28.0 35.8 38.7 34.0 33.2 31.1 28.7 25.8 19.9 28.2
1995 17.9 19.7 27.4 28.9 34.3 38.8 34.4 35.1 34.0 29.7 25.1 17.0 28.5
Mean Minimum Temperature (°C)

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average
1993 11.6 12.6 15.3 20.1 24.6 26.9 26.9 24.7 23.4 18.5 15.1 8.7 19.0
1994 8.3 9.6 14.9 19.8 24.7 27.1 25.2 23.9 22.4 16.6 14.9 10.7 18.2
1995 10.3 11.1 14.5 19.0 23.0 26.4 26.3 25.4 22.4 20.7 13.0 12.3 18.7

Annex 4.
Functions of Local Government
Functions of District Councils13
The Balochistan Local Government Ordinance identifies a number of functions in relation

to identification, appraisal, implementation and monitoring of development of the various
local councils, the District Council being one of them. See the local government structure
of Balochistan underneath:
Figure 1: Balochistan Local Government Structure
Provincial
Council
Commissioner
= chairman
Divisional Divisional Divisional Divisional Quetta

Coordinatiuon Coordination Coordination Coordination Municipal
Committee Committee Committee Committee Corporation
No elected members Members are elected
Directors of Dept's are ex-officio members
District District District Municipal

Council Council Council Committee
Members are elected
Dep.Commissioner & Ass. Directors of Dept's

are ex-officio members
One elected member to District Council
Union Union Union Union Town

Council Council Council Council Committee
Members are elected
Wards, one elected member to Union Council
13
Government of Balochistan (1980): The Balochistan Local Government Ordinance, 1980

Although in reality the District Council does not function according to the Ordinance, an
extract of the functions of the District Council in relation to the various sectors is given
underneath in alphabetical order to indicate the background of their interest in the DPs.:
Agricultural Development and Economic Welfare
1. Agricultural, industrial and community development

2. Promotion of national reconstruction
3. Promotion and development of:
• co-operative movement
• village/cottage industry
1 Adoption of measures for increased agricultural production
2 Establishment and maintenance of model agricultural farms
3 Popularisation of improved methods of agriculture
4 Maintenance of improved agriculture implements and machinery and lending of such
implements and machinery to cultivators
5 Adoption of measures for bringing waste land under cultivation
6 Promotion of:
• agricultural credit
• agricultural education
7 Promotion and co-ordination with Agroville
8 Provision, regulation and maintenance of markets
9 Promotion of education in co-ordination
10 Construction and repair of embankment supply, storage and control of water for
agricultural purposes
Culture
1 Holding of fairs and shows

2 Promotion of public games and sports
3 Provision, organisation and maintenance of museums, exhibitions and arts galleries
4 Provision and maintenance of public halls, public meeting places and community
centres
5 Celebration of national occasions
6 Establishment, management and maintenance of Welfare Homes and other
institutions for the relief of the destitute
7 Suppression of:
• beggary
• prostitution,
• gambling,
• taking of injurious drugs,
• consumption of alcoholic drinks
• and other social evils
8 Establishment and maintenance of Information Centres
9 Encouragement of national and regional languages
10 Provision and maintenance of libraries and reading rooms

Education
1 Provision, maintenance and management of Primary Schools

2 Construction and maintenance of buildings as hostels of students
3 Payment of grants and subsidies to institutions and organisations engaged in the
promotion of education
4 Promotion of adult education
Livestock and Dairy Development
1 Voluntary registration of the sale of cattle and other animals

2 Prevention of cruelty to animals
3 Measures to combat ordinary and contagious diseases of birds and animals
4 Provision, maintenance and improvement of pastures and grazing grounds
5 Regulation of milk supply
6 Establishment and maintenance of cattle colonies
Public Health
1 Prevention and cure of infectious diseases and enforcement of vaccination

2 Establishment, maintenance and management of:
• hospitals
• rural health centres
3 Establishment, maintenance and management of First Aid Centres
4 Provision and maintenance of Medical Aid Units
5 Establishment, management and visiting of
• health centres
• maternity centres
• centres for the welfare of infants and children
6 Training of Dais and adoption of other measures likely to promote health and welfare
of women, infant and children
7 Payment of grants to medical aid societies and institutions
8 Establishment, management, maintenance and the visiting of Unani, Ayurvedic and
Homeopathic dispensaries
9 Promotion of sanitation, public health and educating people in public health
10 Protection of food stuff
11 Prevention of adulteration
12 Provision and maintenance of adequate system of public drains
13 Regulation of the disposal of industrial wastes
Public Safety
1 Relief measures in the event of any:

• fire,
• flood,
• hail storm,
• earth quake,
• famine
• and other natural calamities

Public Works
1 Provision, maintenance, improvement and management of its
• public roads, public streets, public ways
• culverts, bridges,
• public buildings, walls,
• water pumps, tanks, ponds and other works of water supply
2 Provision, maintenance and management of
• sarais, dak bungalows, rest houses and other buildings for the convenience of
travellers
3 Plantation and preservation of trees on roads sides, public ways, public places and
public buildings
4 Provision and maintenance of public gardens, public playgrounds and public places
Regulation through bye-laws
1 Collection and removal of manure and street sweepings

2 Disposal of industrial waste
3 Offensive and dangerous trades
4 Disposal of carcasses
5 Slaughter of animals
6 Registration of birth, death and marriage
7 Registration of sale of cattle and other animals
8 Registration of brick kilns, lime kilns, potteries, etc.
9 Registration of dyeing or tanning of skins
10 Regulation for grant of licences, sanctions, levy of licences fee and permission thereof
Rural development
1 Aggregation of financial allocation, physical programs and targets received from the
Provincial Government in different sectors and draw up a District Development
Programme. In this work the Council will take into account Federal Projects, their
allocations and the physical targets falling in or benefiting the districts. (Generally the
organisation may develop and take on complete planning functions)
2 To propose/submit, if necessary, to the Local Government and Rural development
Department for modifications in the aggregate district programs after identifying the:
• gaps
• internal inconsistencies
• compatibility of the programme with capacity available in the District
implementation, maintenance and supervision
• evaluating in the light of the local priorities
3 To facilitate the formation of associations for the performance of tasks that can be
done/performed collectively, e.g.:
• consumer association for distribution of electricity
• farmers association for water courses management
• associations for distribution of agricultural inputs
• co-operative marketing associations, etc.
4 To discharge the overall responsibility for the identification, appraisal and approval of
projects prepared and to be constructed by Rural Local Councils and Town
Committees in the sub-sectors of:
• primary schools
• basic health units

• family welfare clinics

• piped water supply
• potable water/storage tanks
• hand pumps
• sanitation
• rural roads
5 To propose disbursement of `ADP funds for the approved projects to various Local
Councils mentioned above
6 To take appropriate measures for the development of skills, crafts and cottage
industries. Development of skills would include promotion of industrial homes,
domestic and cottage level crafts and trades, modest repairs of agricultural and other
machinery, training of (un)skilled labour, etc.
7 To review the implementation of the District Development Programmes (as an
extension of the function of the Government and as their agent) by holding review
meetings within the district as well as through periodic inspections and progress
reports from the lower tiers, etc.
8 To supervise and submit to the Government regular progress reports on the
implementation of Development projects at different levels within the district
9 To evolve standard designs and specifications to the extent possible and desirable in
harmony with the general conditions obtaining in the district and use appropriate
technology to execute its development projects on a more economic basis
10 To monitor the supply of agricultural inputs and to make appropriate
recommendations to the concerned authorities
11 Disseminate information about the projects and allocations of funds for the District
Development Programmes throughout the district to keep the people fully informed
about the projects to be executed in the district. This will not only mobilise the interest
of the people in the development work for the district, but also make them more
watchful about the use of development funds by the better community supervision
Other functions
1 Prevention and abatement of:

• nuisances
• encroachment
2 Regulation of:
• traffic
• licensing of vehicles
3 Establishment and maintenance of public stands for vehicles in rural areas

Annex 5.
List of names of the MPAs, MNAs and Senators
Senators Dr. Abdul Hayee Baloch
MNAs (NA-205) Mir Hasil Bizenjo (1997 to date)

Mir. Ayub Jattak (1993-96)
Mir Bazan Bizenjo (1990-93)
Sardar Arif Jan Muhammad Hasni (1988-90)
Sardar Arif Jan Muhammad Hasni (1985-88)
MPAs (PB-30) Wadera Abdul Khaliq (1997 to date)

Sardar Sanaullah Zehri (1993-96)
Agha Abdul Zahir Ahmedzai (1985-88)
Sardar Doda Khan Zarakzai (1977-77)
MPAs (PB-31) Sardar Akhtar Mengal (1997 to date)

Sardar Akhtar Mengal (1993-96)
Mir Aslam Bizenjo (1990-93)
Sardar Akhtar Mengal (1988-90)
Mir Naseer Mengal (1985-88)
Haji Nek Muhammad Mengal (1977-77)
MPA (PB-16) Sardar Attaullah Mengal (1970-77)

Annex 6.
Livestock Statistics
Number of Animals Slaughtered by Type

Type 1994-95 1995-96
Cattle 1,090 1,382
Sheep 11,273 9,828
Goat 7,874 8,844
Source: Livestock Department, GoB, Quetta
Number of Animal Treated

Animal Treatment 1993-94 1994-95
Treatment 199593 209190
Vaccination 206927 384194
Castration 1279 905
Veterinary Institutions
Veterinary Institution 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96
Hospitals 3 3 2
Dispensaries 17 17 15
A. I. Centres 0 1 2
D. I. L. Units 0 1 1

Annex 7.
Overview Enrolment Government Primary Schools
Number of Students Enrolled in Educational Institutions

Number of Pupils
1994 1995 1996
Enrolment M F M F M F
Primary School 26,889 7,857 19,091 5,648 18,059 6,546
Middle School 4,473 410 2,735 397 2,599 463
High School 1,716 132 1,349 167 1,154 147
Degree College n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Total - - - - - -
Source: BEMIS
Number of Educational Institutions

Number of Institutions
1994 1995 1996
Level M F M F M F
Primary School 502 40 353 30 352 37
Middle School 32 3 19 3 19 4
High School 23 1 14 1 14 1
Degree College 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total 558 45 387 35 386 44
Source: BEMIS
Number of Teachers in Educational Institutions

Number of Teachers
Level 1994 1995 1996
Primary School 911 545 685
Middle School 362 210 231
High School 426 281 248
Degree College n/a n/a n/a
Total - - -
Source: BEMIS

Annex 8.
Government Staff Establishment
Grade No. of Employees

1 2,625
2 619
3 29
4 132
5 470
6 140
7 1,080
8 67
9 104
10 154
11 165
12 95
13 5
14 74
15 34
16 171
17 142
18 38
19 17
20 4
21 0
22 0
Total 6,165

Annex 9.
Some Observations about the Data
The statistical data of Khuzdar, as quoted and used in this profile, are not only inadequate,
but at times unreliable and contradicting too. Besides, all statistics used in this profile are
just enumerated without any basic calculation done in relation to their variance, etc. In
addition many other bottlenecks should be considered too:
• Meteorological stations are only available in a few places all over the province.
• Geological surveys have not been conducted yet in major parts of the province.
• A population census has not taken place for the last 16 years. The war in Afghanistan
caused enormous migration flows, which not only affected the population figures in the
border districts, but those in a number of districts more inward country as well.
Currently, however one is dependent on the 1995 projection figures of the National
Institute of Population Studies (NIPS).
• Agricultural trends are given in the agricultural statistics, but they are not un-disputed.
Per capita value of the agricultural production for 1994-95 has been based on the
Quetta whole-sale prices, which - of course - are not valid for the whole of Balochistan,
but which are just used to give a general indication.
• Statistics on forestry, range-lands and area for pasture are not reliable as major parts of
the province have not yet been reported. Herders and their livestock go their own way
to find green pastures, whether the area is reported or not. The grazing capacity is
therefore not exactly known. The figures indicated in the tables only present the known
areas, except the livestock density, which is based on the total district area. Given one
Livestock Unit per hectare as a sustainable standard, conclusions are to be drawn for
areas with a livestock population over 100 LU per sq.km.
• The livestock data have been taken from a preliminary draft of the 1996 livestock
projection census of April 1997. Using the consultancy report14 the value of the livestock
offtake has been calculated per capita on basis of 1996 prices.
• The official data on mineral exploitation do not have much reference to the reality of
mining activities. The statistics concerned only cover the produced quantities that are
officially registered. An un-certified amount of minerals is produced, processed and
transported without any registration with the authorities concerned.
• Similarly no consistent data are available on e.g. total labour force, un-employment,
employment opportunities, etc. in all economic sectors. The available data are either
from the 1981 census, or from the official registers. Actual employment figures are just
guesswork.
• Data regarding sources of energy and energy consumption are also not available.
Therefore, issues pertaining the economic use of scarce resources cannot be analysed
properly either. For instance, it is difficult to indicate per district, or per Union Council,
14
Consultancy report: Migratory Livestock Systems and Livestock Marketing in Balochistan, IMPLAN, April 1997.

what environmental consequences there are of the current use of fuel wood for cooking
and heating purposes in reference to future use.
• In the social sector only - and in particular through BEMIS and HMIS - statistics have a
level of reliability on which comparisons are possible. However, even those statistics
are not always satisfactory. For instance, school enrolment of boys and girls by itself
does not say more than that more boys than girls go to school in absolute figures. The
enrolment figures may only make sense as they are taken as a percentage of their age
group, a figure which currently is not available at all. The 1981 census age group
figures do not make sense any longer for such interpretations. Assuming that there is
an equal distribution of school going age groups all over the province, enrolment may
be taken as a percentage of the projected population figures (NIPS) per district, which
percentages than are comparable over the districts. Assuming an equal percentage of
boys and girls (which according to the 1981 census is not true) in the school going age
groups, it is not only very clear that percentage-wise much less girls go to schools than
boys, but even that in a number of districts the percentage of boys is far above the
provincial average, while in the same district the percentage of girls is far below the
average. It emphasises the gender difference in access to education between the
districts.
Despite all these remarks, data have been collected. Some on basis of actual censuses,
others on basis of sample surveys and/or extrapolation. So far, data have not been co-
ordinated and/or analysed at district level. The current exercise has been a first
comprehensive trial to bring district based data together and analyse them in the district
context. A lot of work to improve the data base on district level is to be foreseen in the
near future. A planning cell on district level, or a district information centre in particular,
may play a major data collection and monitoring role in reference to all development
processes in the district.

Annex 10.
List of Acronyms
ADBP Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan

ARI Acute Respiratory Infections
B&R Buildings and Roads
BRP Balochistan Reserve Police
PA Political Agent
DHQH District/Divisional Headquarters Hospital
EAC Education, Awareness and Communication
FPAP Family Planning Association of Pakistan
LG&RDD Local Government and Rural Development Department
LHW Lady Health Worker
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
n/a Not Available
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PASCO Pakistan Agricultural Storage Corporation
PC Patwar Circle
PEDP Primary Education Development Project
PEQIP Primary Education Quality Improvement Project
PHED Public Health Engineering Department
PIA Pakistan International Airlines
PLD Personal Ledger Deposit Account
PTCL Pakistan Telecommunications Company Limited
Ptv Pakistan Television
QC Qanungo Circle
RBC Reinforced Bricks Concrete
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
RCD Regional Co-operation for Development
RCDC Rural Community Development Council
SP Superintendent of Police
TC Town Committee
UC Union Council
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority
WB The World Bank
WSS Water Supply Scheme

Annex 11.
Metric System and its Equivalents
Metric Unit Equivalent

Centimetre (cm) = 0.39370 Inches
Cubic metre (cum.) = 35.3147 Cubic feet
Hectare (Ha) = 2.47105 Acres
Kilogram (kg) = 2.20462 Pounds
Kilometre (km) = 0.53961 Nautical miles
Kilometre (km) = 0.62137 Miles
Litre (l) = 0.21998 Imperial gallon
Metre (m) = 3.28084 Feet
Square kilometres (Sq.km.) = 0.38610 Square miles
Square metres (Sq.m.) = 10.7639 Square feet

Annex 12.
Bibliography
Government of Balochistan. Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95, Quetta:

Statistical Wing, Directorate General of Agriculture Dept., GoB, 1996.
Government of Balochistan. Statistical Handbook of Balochistan 1995, Quetta: Bureau of

statistics, GoB, 1996
Government of Pakistan. Pakistan 1991: An Official Handbook, Islamabad: Directorate

General Films and Publications, GoP, 1991.
Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Statistical Yearbook 1981, Islamabad: Federal Bureau

of statistics, GoP, 1988.
UNICEF & Government of Balochistan. An Analysis of the Situation of Women and

Children in Balochistan, Quetta: 1995.
Government of Pakistan. 1981 District Census Report of Khuzdar, Islamabad: Population

Census Organisation, GoP, 1983.
Government of Pakistan. 1990 Census of Agriculture: Balochistan, vol. II, Part 4. Lahore:
Economic Affairs and Statistics Division, Agricultural Census Organisation, GoP,
1994.
Government of Pakistan. Population of Mauzas 1951-81 Censuses: Khuzdar District,

Islamabad: Population Census Organisation, GoP, 1989.
Government of Pakistan. Wildlife of Pakistan: Baluchistan Province, Map, Karachi:

Zoological Survey Department, GoP, 1984.
Khan, Fazale Karim. A Geography of Pakistan: Environment, People and Economy,

Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Rukanuddin, Abdul Razzaque and M. Naseem Iqbal Farooqui. The State of Population in
Pakistan, Islamabad: NIPS, 1988.
Shah, Mahmood Ali. Sardari, Jirga & Local Government Systems in Balochistan, Quetta:
Qasim Printers, 1992.
The Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Khuzdar, Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab, 1986.
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Khuzdar: A District Proﬁle

Technical Report · January 1997

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Planning & Development Department

Planning & Development Department

2. Demography and Housing

6. Economic Infrastructure and Communications

8. District Accounts and Development Funds

9. The District in comparison to Balochistan

10. Conclusion: Potential and Constraints

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1. List of all names of all Union Councils and Tehsils

2. Population Figures Census 1981 and Projected Figures 1995

4. Functions of Local Government

5. List of names of the MPAs, MNAs and Senators

7. Overview Enrolment Government Primary Schools

8. Government Staff Establishment

9. Some Observations about the Data

10. List of Acronyms

11. Metric System and its Equivalents

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Outline District Profile

• District Headquarters Khuzdar

• Date of Notification 1st March 1974

• Area 43,261 sq.km.

• Population 1981 1995

• Population density per sq.km. 6.4 9.8

• Registered Voters (1997) Male: 106,557 Female: 85,210 Total: 191,767

• Major Ethnic Groups A vast majority of the population is Brahvi followed

• Major Languages Brahvi is spoken in a vast majority (81.6%) of the

• Climate Semi-arid with warm summer and mild winter.

• Major Crops No district-specific data are available.

• Major livestock (1986) Number

• Economy Agriculture is the major economic activity followed by

• Employment per sector m/f No such information is available.

• Important Minerals Barite, chromite, granite, manganese, limestone,

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• Important Places Khuzdar, Wadh, Zehri and Nal.

• Education Facilities (1996) for Boys For Girls

• Level of recurrent expenditure

• Health Facilities (1996) Number

• Major Industries There is no major industry in the district.

• Communication (1996) Metalled Road 350.2 km

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Health Technicians’ Training Centre at Khuzdar

Working children: future of the nation

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Land use 1994-95 Area (Ha.) % of total district area

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Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi

1.3.1 Annual Mean Rainfall

Rainfall 1995 (in mm)

Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi

1.3.2 Annual Mean Temperature

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1.9 Conclusion and major Development Issues

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2. Demography and Housing