Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 23

PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
Name – Punit
Palial
Class – 12th
Board Roll No. –
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify Mr. Punit Palial
Of Class XII, Board Roll No.___________
has worked under my supervision on
The Project________________________
______________________ and completed it to my
total satisfaction.

Teacher
______________
(Shweta Saroch)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my duty to record my sincere thanks and deep
sense of gratitude to my respected
teacher______________. For his/her valuable
guidance and constant encouragement for the
fulfillment of the project.

I am also highly obliged to our lab assistant Mr.


Surinder who provided me the required apparatus
and materials along with encouragement.
INDEX
Name Page No. Signature
Aim
Certificate
Introduction to
Topic
Material
Required
Procedure
Diagram
Observation
Uses
Bibliography
AIM
 To observe the interference pattern by
performing Double Slit Experimenent.
 To derive the expression for fringe width.
 To draw the intensity vs. path difference graph.
THEORY
 COHERENT SOURCES
The sources of light, which emit continuous light
waves of the same wavelength, same frequency
and in the same phase difference are called
coherent sources.
Conditions to obtain coherent light :
1. Two sources should be single source or by
same device.
2. Two sources should give monochromatic
light.
3. The path difference b/w light waves from 2
sources should be small.

 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT
It is the phenomenon of redistribution of light
energy in a medium on account of superposition
of light wave from 2 coherent sources. There are
2 types:
1. Constructive Interference.
2. Destructive Interference
EXPERIMENT
Young’s Double Slit
Experiment
Set up the apparatus as in the Figure 1.

The appearance of bright and dark fringes on screen


can be explained on the basis of interference of
light. According to Huygens principle, the
monochromatic source of light illuminating the slit S
sends out spherical wavefronts. Let the solid arcs
represent the crests ant the dotted arcs represents
the troughs. These wavefronts reach the slits A and
B simultaneously which in turn, become sources of
secondary wavelets. Thus the 2 waves on
superposition produce interference.
The dots (.) represent the positions of constructive
interference, where crests of one wave falls on crests
of the other and trough falls on trough. The
resultant Amplitude and hence intensity of light is
maximum at these positions. The lines joining the
dots lead to points C, E, G on the screen.
Similarly, the crosses (x) represent the positions of
destructive interference, where crest of one wave
falls on trough of the other and vice-versa. The
resultant amplitude and hence intensity of light is
minimum at these positions. The lines joining the
crosses lead to points D, F on the screen.
Thus we have Bright Fringes at C, E, and G and
Dark Fringes at D and F.
These bright and dark fringes are placed
alternatively and they are equally spaced. These are
called INTEFERENCE FRINGES.
INTERFERENCE
PATTERNS
Let the waves from 2 coherent sources of light be
represented as
y1 = a sinωt…………………………(1)
y2 = b sin (ωt + θ)……………………..(2)
where a and b ate the respective amplitudes of 2
waves and θ is the constant phase angle by which
second wave leads the first wave.
According to superposition principle, the
displacement y of the resultant wave at time t would
be given by
y=y1 + y2 = a sinωt + b sin(ωt + θ)
= a sinωt + b sinωt cosθ + b cosωt sinθ
y = sinωt(a+b cosθ) + cosωt.b sinθ……………..(3)
put a + b cosθ = A cosФ…………….(4)
b sinθ = A sinФ……………..(5)
Therefore y = sinωt.AcosФ + cosωt.AsinФ
= A(sinωt cosФ + cosωt sinФ)
y = A sin (wt +Ф)………………..(6)
Thus the resultant wave is a harmonic wave of
amplitude A.
Squaring (4) and (5) and adding
We get,
A = √a2 + b2 + 2ab cosθ ……….(7)

As resultant intensity I is directly proportional to the


square of the amplitude of the resultant wave
Thus I α A2 i.e. I α a2 + b2 + 2ab cosθ…….(8)
Conditions for constructive
and Destructive Interference,
Constructive Interference
I should be maximum, for which
Cosθ = max = +1 so, θ = 0,2 π,4π,…..
i.e. θ = 2nπ ; where n = 0, 1, 2……
if x is the path difference, then
x=λθ/2π
x = λ (2n π)/2π i.e. x=nλ

Hence, condition for constructive interference at a


point is that phase difference b/w the 2 waves
reaching the point should be zero or an even
integral multiple of π.
Or
Path difference b/w the 2 waves reaching the point
should be 0 or an integral multiple of full
wavelength.
So Amax=(a+b)
Destructive Interference
I should be minimum, for which
Cosθ = min = -1 so, θ = π ,3π,5π,…..
i.e. θ = (2n-1)π ; where n = 1,2,3……
if x is the path difference, then
x=λθ/2π
x = λ ((2n-1) π)/2π
x=(2n-1)λ/2
Hence, condition for constructive interference at a
point is that phase difference b/w the 2 waves
reaching the point should be an odd integral
multiple of π.
Or
Path difference b/w the 2 waves reaching the point
should be an odd integral multiple of half the
wavelength. So
Amin= (a-b)
DERIVATION
Expression for Fringe Width in
Inerference
Looking at Figure 2,

The intensity of light at the point on the screen will


depend on the path difference b/w the 2 waves
arriving at that point.the point C is at equal distance
from A and B.therefore, the path difference b/w 2
waves reaching C is 0 and the point C is of
maximum intensity. It is called CENTRAL
MAXIMUM.
Consider a point p at a distance x from C. The path
difference b/w 2 waves arriving at P,
= BP – AP…….(9)
Let O be the mid point of AB, and
AB = EF = d, AE = BF = D
From the figure,
PE = PC – EC= x-d/2
and PF = PC + CF = x+d/2
By Pythagoras and Binomially,
BP= D[1 + (x + d/2)2/2D2]……..(10)
and AP= D[1 + (x - d/2)2/2D2]………(11)

Putting these values in (9), we get, path difference


BP-AP= D[1 + (x + d/2)2/2D2 - 1 - (x - d/2)2/2D2]
BP - AP= xd/D……………..(12)

For Bright Fringes


Path Difference = xd/D = nλ where n= 0,1,2…
or x=nλD/d ……..(13)

For Dark Fringes


Path Difference = xd/D = (2n-1)λ/2 where
n=1,2,3…
or x=(2n-1)λD/2d ……..(13)

Comparison shows that dark interference fringes are


situated in b/w bright interference fringes and vice-
versa

Separation b/w the centers of 2 consecutive bright


fringes is the width of dark fringe.
β = xn – xn-1 = nλD/d- (n-1)λD/d
β= λD/d……….(14)
Similarly, separation b/w the centers of 2
consecutive bright fringes is the width of dark
fringe.

Β’ = x’n – x’n-1 = [(2n-1)λD/2d]-[(2(n-1)-1) λD/2d]


β = β’= λD/d……….(15)
So, all bright and dark fringes are of equal width.
OBSERVATIONS
S.No. Waveleng Distance of Slit Fringe
th screen & Distance Width
λ (cm) source d (cm) β (cm)
D (cm)
1. 7 x 10-5 25 0.1 0.175
2. 7 x 10-5 50 0.1 0.35
GRAPH
Intensity Vs Path Difference
Angular separation of the fringes is just (λ/d). It is
independent of the position on the screen.

Further, at sites of constructive interference,


Imaxα R2max α (a+b) 2 = constant
Hence all bright interference bands have same
intensity

At sites of destructive interference,


Imaxα R2max α (a-b) 2 = constant = 0 (at a=b)
Hence all dark interference bands have same (zero)
intensity.
Figure 3 represents the intensity of double slit
interference pattern as a function of path difference
θ b/w the waves of the screen.
CONDITIONS
(For Sustained Inerference)
1.The 2 sources of light must be coherent i.e. they
continuous light waves of same wavelength or
frequency, which have either same phase of
constant path difference.
2.The 2 sources should be strong with least
background.
3.The amplitudes of waves from 2 sources should
preferably be equal.
4.The 2 sources should preferably be
monochromatic.
5.The coherent sources must be very close to each
other.
6.The 2 sources should be point and narrow
sources.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 SITES
1. http://www.google.com
2. http://vsg.quasihome.com/interfer.htm
 BOOKS
1. Pradeeps Physics Practical
2. Physics N.C.E.R.T textbook.
3. Comprehensive Chemistry Practical.
4. Resnick and Halliday.
USES AND
APPLICATIONS
Application of the wave particle duality are electron
microscopes. Since electrons are also waves, a beam
of electrons seem to create the same kind of
interference pattern like light in the double slit
experiment. So we use electrons instead of light to
look at smaller objects in high detail.
The entire field of quantum computing is based on
same two key phenomena that double slit
experiment exhibits
Parallelism or superposition.
The phenomenon of a photon/electron
virtually going through both slits
simultaneously is exactly what we make use of
in a quantum bit. Unlike a classical bit, which
can only be in one state 0 or 1 (but not both
simultaneously), a quantum bit, qubit, can be in
both states simultaneously (similar to the
photon/electron passing virtually through both slits).
This simultaneous existence in both 0 and 1
state can be made use of to compute in
parallel.

Paths culling or destructive


interference.
The ability for a single photon to pass through
both slits virtually and then interfere with itself,
leaving physically observable locations of bright
and dark regions is also leveraged off in
quantum computing.
Parallel traversal of paths and the cancelling of
negative and positive paths (amplitudes can be
negative) can lead to culling of outcomes. This is
key in quantum computation. Without paths
culling, the power of parallelism cannot be
harnessed for computation - there is no way to
extract the outcome of parallel computation
paths unless we eliminate paths that don’t yield
results. This is also one reason in part for the
sparsity of problems we have heard solved
using quantum computing (not many of us can
name more than a couple of quantum algorithms,
Grover’s search and Shor’s factoring) - we need to be
able to cleverly craft it so that paths can cancel
to yield desired results. The figure below
illustrates this in the simple case of a quantum
coin toss.
A qubit in a deterministic state of 0/1 (but not
both) can be nudged to a superposition state,
and then nudged again to a deterministic single
state. The superposition state allows for all four
paths of the tree below to be traversed in
parallel leading to paths to cancel each other,
unlike the classical case, where only one path of
the tree can be traversed each time.
MATERIAL REQUIRED
1. A laser beam as a coherent light source of
wavelngeth 7 x 10-5 cm.
2. An apparatus with double slit with small
distance between the slits.
3. A screen to observe the interference pattern.
4. Centimeter scale.

Вам также может понравиться