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1
8/1/2010
Frequent
(50%/50 Year); TT=72
72 Year
Occasional
Frequent (20%/50 Year); T=224 Year
Rare
(10%/50 Year); T= 475Year
Occasional
Very Rare/ MCE
(5%/50 Year); T=975Year
(2%/50 Year); T=2475 Year
Rare MCE=Max. Credible Earthquake
Very
Most commonly selected
Rare/ performance objective
MCE
INELASTIC STRUCTURE
Lateral Shear
Force= Fi
θ
Roo
2
8/1/2010
Collapse
Damage Limited
Linear Control Safety
Elastic
Range
d
Lateral Roof Displacement, D
Increasing Earthquake Demand
M
Mn
LS CP
IO
B C
1
D E
c
A θ
θ yie ld
3
8/1/2010
PERFORMANCE LEVEL
Interstorey Immediate Damage Life Safety Structural
Pi
Drift Limit Occupancy Control Stability Vi
(elastic) drift
H
Max. Total 0.01 0.01- 0.02 0.02 0.33 Vi/Pi
Roof
Displ. Ratio
(Xmax/H)
4
8/1/2010
RESPONSE SPECTRA
Response reduces as
damping increases
RESPONSE SPECTRA
Response reduces
as ductility increases
Increasing ductility
will result in an
increase in damping
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8/1/2010
Ф3
F3 m3
m1 0 0 Ф2
F2 m2
0 m2 0
φ1
0 0 m3 Ф1
F1 m1 φ2
F2
F1 φ3
F3
Vb
STRUCTURAL MODEL FIRST MODE EIGEN-VECTOR
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8/1/2010
EXAMPLE
F1
Eigen Vector [λ2] and Fundamental Period [ T ]:
1
F2
K1 4.0 λ .
= [rad/sec]2
2
λ .
K2 4.0
.
= [rad/sec]2
Vb .
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8/1/2010
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
Mode 1 contribution:
L1= ∑ = 10x1.0
10 1 0 + 15
15.0x0.67=20.05
0 0 67 20 05
M1= ∑ = 10x1.02+ 15x0.672=16.73
MPF1= 1.195
Sa1= 1.255 m/sec.2 (obtained from Response Spectra with T1=0.89 sec.)
. . .
= 1 195x1 255=
1.195x1.255= [kN]
. . .
.
Vb(1)= [1 1] = 15.0+15.0=30.0 kN, α1= (20.05)2/(16.73x25)=0.96
.
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8/1/2010
EXAMPLE
Mode 2 contribution:
L2 = ∑ = 10x1.0
0 0 + 15.0x-1.0=-5.0
50 0 50
. . .
= -0.20x2.55= [kN]
. . .
.
Vb(2)= [1 1] = -5.10+7.65 =2.55 kN
.
α1 FACTOR
2
L
Vb = i Sa
Mi ………………. (1)
Sa
Vb = α i Wt (defined) ………………. (2)
g
where : Li = Modal excitation factor
Mi = Generalized mass
i = Mode
M d number b
Sa = Acceleration Spectrum
Wt = Total weight
αi = Modal mass coefficient for mode I
(modal mass participation factor – mmpf – mode i)
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8/1/2010
α1 FACTOR
α1 =
Li
=
2
[∑ m φ ] 2
[∑ m φ ][∑Wi / g ]
i i
2
M iWt / g i i
2
⎡n ⎤
⎢∑ (Wiφi ) g ⎥
= n ⎣1 ⎦
⎡ ⎤⎡
( ) ⎤
n
⎢∑Wi g ⎥ ⎢∑ Wiφi
2 (3)
⎣1 ⎦⎣ 1 g ⎥⎦
Eq.
q (2)
( ) can be rewritten as:
Sa V / Wt
(SDOF) = b
g α1
or
Vb Wt
Sa* (SDOF) = (4)
α1
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8/1/2010
Displacement Eq.
{ X } = i {φ }Sd i
L
Mi (5)
Sdi = Displacement Spectrum at mode (i)
or: where :
⎡ X1 ⎤ ⎧φ1⎫
⎢ ⎥ L ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ Li = ∑ miφi [ ]
⎢M ⎥ = i ⎨: ⎬ Sdi ;
⎢ ⎥ Mi ⎪ ⎪ 2
⎢⎣ X n ⎦⎥ ⎪⎩φn ⎭⎪ Mi = ∑ miφi
Li
MPF= Modal Participation Factor = = MPFi
Mi
Δ roof (6)
or: Sdi =
MPF φ roof
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8/1/2010
MPF φ roof ≈ 1.6 MPF φ roof ≈ 1.4 MPF φ roof ≈ 1.2 MPF φ roof ≈ 1.0
Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd
Vb Sa*
convert
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8/1/2010
1 1
Sd = Sa = Sa T 2
ω 2
4π 2
(7)
Sd
T = 2π
Sa (8)
Sa* Sa* T1
T2
T Sd
Spectrum of Design Major
Demand Spectrum
Earthquake
Capacity spectrum
api
Sd
dpi
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8/1/2010
1 ED
where βo = (10)
4π E So
HYSTERETIC DAMPING
Sa*
Sa* api
p
api
A1 A3
ay
ay
A2 A2
Sd A3 A1
dy dpi
dpi Sd
dy
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8/1/2010
Sa*
api
dpi Sd
1 4 ( ay dpi − dy api )
βo =
4π api dpi 2
2 ay dpi − dy api
=
π api dpi
=
0 . 637 (aydpi − dy api )
api dpi
In percentage :
63 .7 (ay dpi − dy api )
βo = (12)
api dpi
15
8/1/2010
63 . 7 κ (ayy dpi p )
p − dyy api
β eq = +5
api dpi
(14)
= β eff
κ TABLE
STRUCTURE’S
TYPE βo ( % ) κ
≤ 16.25 1.00
A > 16.25 1 . 13 −
0 . 51 (ay dpi − dy api )
api dpi
≤ 25.00 0.67
B > 25.00
25 00 0.446 (ay dpi − dy api )
0.845 −
api dpi
16
8/1/2010
Demand Spectrum ( DS )
Cv/T
2.5 Ca x SRA
Sd
2 . 31 − 0 . 41 l n (β eff )
SRV =
1 . 65
⎡ 63 . 7 K (a y d pi − d y a pi ) ⎤ (16)
2 . 31 − 0 . 41 ⎢ + 5⎥
= ⎣ a pi d pi ⎦
≥ minimum value 1 . 65
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8/1/2010
A 0.33 0.5
B 0.44 0.56
C 0.56 0.67
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8/1/2010
EXAMPLE
m3 = 30 ton 1,0
4,0 m
m2= 30 ton
0,5
4,0 m
m1 = 30 ton
0,1
,
4,0 m
α1 and MPF
(∑ m φ ) i i
2
= [30 ( 0 . 1) + 30 ( 0 . 5 ) + 30 (1) ] = 2304
2
(∑ m φ ) = [30 ( 0 .1)
i i
2 2
+ 30 ( 0 . 5 ) 2 + 30 (1) 2 ] = 37 . 8
⎛ wi ⎞
⎜⎜ ∑ ⎟⎟ = ∑ m i = 90 ton
⎝ g ⎠
2304
α1 = = 0 . 68
37 . 8 x 90
√ .
Modal Participation Factor (MPF) = . = 1.27
19
8/1/2010
CAPACITY CURVE
Vb
[kN]
108
k2 = 0.2 k1
90 T1= 0.60 seconds
Site B
k1
CAPACITY SPECTRUM
Vb α1 Sa Vb /W
Sa = =
*
Vb
W g α1
90.00 0.10 0.68 0.147
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8/1/2010
Sa*
0.176
(b)
0.147
(a)
S *
Sa*
0,7
0,35
T
0,5 T(Seconds)
21
8/1/2010
DEMAND SPECTRUM
Sd
T = 0.5 (sec) ; T = 2π Sa*
Sa
Sd
T 2 = 4π 2 0.7
Sa
Sd 31,03(mm)
0.5 = 4π
2 2
(0.7.10000 ) Sd ( mm)
Sd = 44,33mm
44 33
44.33 Sd (mm)
( )
Sa 0,35 0,35
= =
( )
T>0,5 (sec) ;
g T 2π Sd / Sa
Sa 31,03
=
g Sd
ADRS
ADRS
0.80
Sa*
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40 ATC-40
EQL.DISPL DEMAND SPECTRUM (5%)
0.30 CAPACITY SPECTRUM
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sd (mm)
22
8/1/2010
First Iteration:
31.03 (intersection of capacity spectrum
1.84.10 −3 S d + 0.03 =
Sd and 5% demand spectrum)
Sd = 121.97 mm (dpi)
Sa
= 1.84.10 −3 (121.97) + 0.03 = 0.254( api ) Eq.(b)
g
βo ((Eq.13)
q ) = 3.969
βeff = 5 + 3.969 = 8.969; κ = 1.00
SRA = (3.21 – 0.68 ln 8.969) / 2.12 = 0.81 > 0.33
SRV = (2.31 – 0.41 In 8.969) / 1.65 = 0.85 > 0.50
PERFORMANCE POINT
31 . 03 26 . 376 (SRV=0.85)
. SRV =
Sd Sd
26 .376
1 .84 .10 − 3 S d + 0 .03 =
Sd
23
8/1/2010
PERFORMANCE POINT
Second Iteration:
PERFORMANCE POINT
PERFORMANCE POINT
Sa*
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40 5%
CAPACITY SPECTRUM
0.20
(2)
0.10
0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sd (mm)
24
8/1/2010
PERFORMANCE LEVEL
X roof
Sd = ; X roof = S d .MPF .φ roof
MPF φ roof
= 111.85. 1.27. 1.0
= 142.05 mm
X roof 142 . 05
= = 0 .0118
H 12 , 000
25
8/1/2010
Step 1 to 5
PROCEDURE B
0.80
a*
Sa
0.70
0.60
0.50
5%
0.40
10%
15%
0.30 CAP.SPEC.
PROC. B
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 50 100 150
Sd (mm)200 250
26
8/1/2010
PROCEDURE A COMPARES TO B
27
8/1/2010
28
8/1/2010
CAPACITY SPECTRUM
αX = 0,68
(mmpf)
Sa/g
Sd (m)
29
8/1/2010
KURVA ADRS
0.8
0.7
Sa/g = 0,1305/Sd (Demand)
0.6
0.5
Sa/g= 0,5833Sd + 0,0647 (Capacity)
Sa/g
0.4
CAPACITY SPECTRUM
0.3 DEMAND SPECTRUM (5%)
0.2
01
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Sd (m)
30
8/1/2010
PROSEDUR A
PROSEDUR A
Prosedur A
0.8
0.7
0.4 Capacity
Sa/g
5%
0.3 16.80%
16.90%
0.2 16.90%
9 %
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Sd (m)
31
8/1/2010
PROSEDUR B
CAPACITY
SPECTRUM DEMAND
ay dy api dpi βeff SRA SRV Sa/g
0,112 0,081 0,211 0,250 18,250 0,583 0,678 0,354
PROSEDUR B
Prosedur B
0.8
Sa/g
0.7
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Sd (m)
32
8/1/2010
Hasil
running 13.8 0.304 0.242 1.23 Damage Control
ETABS 9.0
Terima Kasih
33