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8/1/2010

PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN


Prof.Bambang Budiono, Ir, M.E., PhD, IPU

Short Course on Performance-based Design, Jakarta, 5 Agustus 2010

PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN

… Performance Based Design adalah suatu metodologi


dimana kriteria struktur diekspresikan untuk mencapai
tujuan kinerja struktur pada saat terjadi gempa kuat
(ATC-40)
† Definisi Tujuan Kinerja Struktur adalah pencapaian level
kinerja struktur yang ditentukan oleh deformasi struktur
dibawah beban gempa yang ditentukan oleh maksimum
perpindahan struktur dan elemen struktur yang dapat
diterima dengan besaran beban gempa kuat yang
ditinjau
† Level Kinerja adalah pembatasan derajat kerusakan yang
ditentukan oleh kerusakan fisik struktur dan elemen struktur
sehingga tidak membahayakan keselamatan pengguna
gedung

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Earthquake Performance Level SEAOC Vision


2000 Committee

ƒFrequent
(50%/50 Year); TT=72
72 Year
ƒOccasional
Frequent (20%/50 Year); T=224 Year
ƒRare
(10%/50 Year); T= 475Year
Occasional
ƒVery Rare/ MCE
(5%/50 Year); T=975Year
(2%/50 Year); T=2475 Year
Rare MCE=Max. Credible Earthquake

Very
Most commonly selected
Rare/ performance objective
MCE

INELASTIC STRUCTURE

= Plastic Hinge Roof Displacement


Ratio = Roof Displ./H
Roof Displacement
of Height, H

Lateral Shear
Force= Fi

θ
Roo

Base Shear = Vb=Σ Fi

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ATC-40 CAPACITY CURVE (PUSH-OVER


ANALYSIS - STRUCTURE)
Vb Effective Stiffness at
Displacement, d

Immediate Occupancy Life Safety Level (LS- Structural Stability


Level (IO) Rare-10%,50Yr) Level, collapse
Prevention (CP-
MCE-2%-50 Yr)

Collapse

Damage Limited
Linear Control Safety
Elastic
Range
d
Lateral Roof Displacement, D
Increasing Earthquake Demand

ATC-40 Component Performance Based

M
Mn
LS CP
IO
B C
1

D E

c
A θ
θ yie ld

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ATC 40 - Component Performance Based

Plastic Rotation Limit


Parameter
θp
RC Column
Plastic Rotation
Residual Strength Performance Level
θp
P V
a b c IO LS CP
Ag fc' bw d fc'
≤ 0.1 ≤3 0 020
0.020 0 030
0.030 0 200
0.200 0 005
0.005 0 010
0.010 0 020
0.020
≤ 0.1 ≥6 0.015 0.025 0.200 0.005 0.010 0.015
≥ 0.4 ≤3 0.015 0.025 0.200 0.000 0.005 0.015
≥ 0.4 ≥6 0.010 0.015 0.200 0.000 0.005 0.010

ATC-40 DEFORMATION LIMIT

PERFORMANCE LEVEL
Interstorey Immediate Damage Life Safety Structural
Pi
Drift Limit Occupancy Control Stability Vi
(elastic) drift

H
Max. Total 0.01 0.01- 0.02 0.02 0.33 Vi/Pi
Roof
Displ. Ratio
(Xmax/H)

Max. 0.005 0.005 - No limit No limit


Inelastic 0.015
drift

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RESPONSE SPECTRA

Response reduces as
damping increases

RESPONSE SPECTRA

ƒ Response reduces
as ductility increases
ƒ Increasing ductility
will result in an
increase in damping

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Koefisien Gempa C = Sa/g (UBC 1997-SNI 2002)

PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN

Ф3
F3 m3

m1 0 0 Ф2
F2 m2
0 m2 0
φ1
0 0 m3 Ф1
F1 m1 φ2
F2
F1 φ3
F3
Vb
STRUCTURAL MODEL FIRST MODE EIGEN-VECTOR

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RESPONSE OF MDOF TO GROUND MOTION

{Fn} max = [m]{φn} Sa(n)


And the corresponding Base Shear (Vb)= {r}T { Fn} max

MPF = Modal Participation Factor = =

Vb = [r]T{F}= [r]T[m]{φ} Sa(n)


= Ln Sa(n)= (Ln2/Mi) Sa(n)= αn ΣmiSa(n)
Where αn = Modal Mass participation Factor nth mode
= (Ln2/Mi)/ Σmi
and Σαn = 1,00

EXAMPLE

Find Vb from modal combination using SRSS:


 

F1 
Eigen Vector [λ2] and Fundamental Period [ T ]:

F2 
K1 4.0 λ   .
= [rad/sec]2

λ .
K2 4.0
.
= [rad/sec]2
Vb  .
 

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EXAMPLE

Mass matrix [m]:


.
= [ton]
.
Stiffness matrix [K]:
   . .
= [kN/m]
.     .
Eigen Vector [φ]:
. .
=
. .
 

EXAMPLE

Mode 1 contribution:
L1= ∑ = 10x1.0
10 1 0 + 15
15.0x0.67=20.05
0 0 67 20 05
M1= ∑ = 10x1.02+ 15x0.672=16.73
MPF1= 1.195
Sa1= 1.255 m/sec.2 (obtained from Response Spectra with T1=0.89 sec.)
. . .
= 1 195x1 255=
1.195x1.255= [kN]
. . .
.
Vb(1)= [1 1]  = 15.0+15.0=30.0 kN, α1= (20.05)2/(16.73x25)=0.96 
.
 

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EXAMPLE

Mode 2 contribution:
L2 = ∑ = 10x1.0
0 0 + 15.0x-1.0=-5.0
50 0 50

M2= ∑ = 10x1.02+ 15x-1.02=25.0


MPF2= -0.20, α2=(-5)2/(25.0x25)=0.04; α1+α2=1.00
Sa2= 2.55 m/sec.2 (obtained from Response Spectra with T2=0.36 sec.)

. . .
= -0.20x2.55= [kN]
. . .

.
Vb(2)= [1 1]  = -5.10+7.65 =2.55 kN
.

Vb = = 30.11 kN (Mode 1 dominant)

α1 FACTOR
2
L
Vb = i Sa
Mi ………………. (1)

Sa
Vb = α i Wt (defined) ………………. (2)
g
where : Li = Modal excitation factor
Mi = Generalized mass
i = Mode
M d number b
Sa = Acceleration Spectrum
Wt = Total weight
αi = Modal mass coefficient for mode I
(modal mass participation factor – mmpf – mode i)

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α1 FACTOR

Substitute (1) into (2) then:

α1 =
Li
=
2
[∑ m φ ] 2

[∑ m φ ][∑Wi / g ]
i i
2
M iWt / g i i
2
⎡n ⎤
⎢∑ (Wiφi ) g ⎥
= n ⎣1 ⎦
⎡ ⎤⎡
( ) ⎤
n

⎢∑Wi g ⎥ ⎢∑ Wiφi
2 (3)
⎣1 ⎦⎣ 1 g ⎥⎦

CONVERT Vb INTO ACCELERATION


SPECTRUM

Eq.
q (2)
( ) can be rewritten as:

Sa V / Wt
(SDOF) = b
g α1
or
Vb Wt
Sa* (SDOF) = (4)
α1

where Sa* = Sa in g; g=gravity

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CONVERT ROOF DISPLACEMENT INTO


DISPLACEMENT SPECTRUM

Displacement Eq.
{ X } = i {φ }Sd i
L
Mi (5)
Sdi = Displacement Spectrum at mode (i)
or: where :
⎡ X1 ⎤ ⎧φ1⎫
⎢ ⎥ L ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ Li = ∑ miφi [ ]
⎢M ⎥ = i ⎨: ⎬ Sdi ;
⎢ ⎥ Mi ⎪ ⎪ 2
⎢⎣ X n ⎦⎥ ⎪⎩φn ⎭⎪ Mi = ∑ miφi
Li
MPF= Modal Participation Factor = = MPFi
Mi

CONVERT ROOF DISPLACEMENT INTO


DISPLACEMENT SPECTRUM

Roof displacement can be derived as:

Xroof =∆ roof = MPF φ roof Sdi

Δ roof (6)
or: Sdi =
MPF φ roof

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α1 OF VARIOUS FIRST MODE SHAPES

MPF φ roof ≈ 1.6 MPF φ roof ≈ 1.4 MPF φ roof ≈ 1.2 MPF φ roof ≈ 1.0

Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd

V= α1 Sa* Wt α1≈0.7 α1≈0.8 α1≈0.9 α1≈1.0

CAPACITY CURVE OF STRUCTURE AND SDOF


CAPACITY SPECTRUM

Vb Sa*

convert

Roof Displacement, X roof Sd

Capacity Curve of Structure SDOF Capacity Spectrum


(push-over analysis)

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DEMAND SPECTRUM (Major Earthquake)

1 1
Sd = Sa = Sa T 2

ω 2
4π 2
(7)
Sd
T = 2π
Sa (8)
Sa* Sa* T1
T2

T Sd
Spectrum of Design Major
Demand Spectrum
Earthquake

ADRS (Acceleration and Demand Response Spectra)

5% demand spectrum (elastic)


Sa*
iteration

Capacity spectrum
api

15% demand spectrum


Performance Point (inelastic)

Sd
dpi

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VISCOUS AND HYSTERETIC DAMPINGS

ƒ Increasing ductility will result in an increase in damping


ƒ Total damping ratio βeq = ratio of hysteretic damping as a
function of ductility (β0) + ratio of viscous damping (=0.05)

βeq = βo + 0.05 (9)

1 ED
where βo = (10)
4π E So

HYSTERETIC DAMPING

Sa*
Sa* api
p
api
A1 A3
ay
ay
A2 A2

Sd A3 A1
dy dpi
dpi Sd
dy

Area=ED= Damping Energy


ED = 4 ( api dpi - 2A1 – 2A2 - 2A3 )
= 4 (api dpi – 2dy (api –ay) – ay dy – (dpi-dy) (api-ay) )
= 4 (ay dpi – dy api) (11)

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ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY (ES0)

Sa*
api

dpi Sd

ESO = api dpi/2

β Equivalent (Effective Damping Ratio)

1 4 ( ay dpi − dy api )
βo =
4π api dpi 2

2 ay dpi − dy api
=
π api dpi

=
0 . 637 (aydpi − dy api )
api dpi
In percentage :
63 .7 (ay dpi − dy api )
βo = (12)
api dpi

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β Equivalent (Effective Damping Ratio)

63.7 (ay dpi − dy api)


βeq = βo + 5 = +5 (13)
api dpi

To take account for degrading stiffness such as concrete structures then


Eq. should be multiplied by κ factor

63 . 7 κ (ayy dpi p )
p − dyy api
β eq = +5
api dpi
(14)
= β eff

κ TABLE
STRUCTURE’S
TYPE βo ( % ) κ
≤ 16.25 1.00
A > 16.25 1 . 13 −
0 . 51 (ay dpi − dy api )
api dpi

≤ 25.00 0.67
B > 25.00
25 00 0.446 (ay dpi − dy api )
0.845 −
api dpi

Any value 0.33


C

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Demand Spectrum ( DS )

SRA= Spectral Reduction Value at


Constant Acceleration Range
g
Sa* SRV= Spectral Reduction Value at
2.5 Ca
Constant Velocity Range

Cv/T
2.5 Ca x SRA

elastic spectrum (5%)


M j Earthquake
Major E h k
( Cv/T ) * SRV
Reduced spectrum

Sd

SRA AND SRV VALUES


3 .21 − 0 .68 l n (β eff )
SRA =
2 .12
⎡ 63 .7 K (a y d pi − d y a pi ) ⎤ (15)
3 .21 − 0 .68 l n ⎢ + 5⎥
= ⎣ a pi d pi ⎦
2 .12
≥ minimum value

2 . 31 − 0 . 41 l n (β eff )
SRV =
1 . 65
⎡ 63 . 7 K (a y d pi − d y a pi ) ⎤ (16)
2 . 31 − 0 . 41 ⎢ + 5⎥
= ⎣ a pi d pi ⎦
≥ minimum value 1 . 65

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MINIMUM SRA AND SRV

STRUCTURE’S TYPE SRA SRV

A 0.33 0.5

B 0.44 0.56

C 0.56 0.67

PERFORMANCE POINT (Procedure A)

1. Buat Persamaan Elastic Demand Spectrum dengan 5 % damping ( βeq)


2 Buat
2. B Capacity
C i SSpectrum dari
d i Capacity
C i CCurve hasil
h il Push-Over
P hO Analysis
A l i
3. Hitung (dpi,api) untuk iterasi pertama gunakan Equal Displacement Method
atau titik potong antara Demand Spectrum dan Capacity Spectrum
4. Hitung βeq, SRA, SRV
5. Hitung Demand Spectrum baru menggunakan data dari step 4
6. Hitung dpi baru dari perpotongan antara Capacity Spectrum and Demand
Spectrum baru dari step 5
7. Hitung
g apip baru dari Capacity
p y Spectrum
p
8. Check konvergensi
9. Ulangi step 4 jika tidak konvergen, gunakan (dpi,api) yang didapat dari
steps 6 and 7

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EXAMPLE

m3 = 30 ton 1,0

4,0 m
m2= 30 ton
0,5
4,0 m
m1 = 30 ton
0,1
,
4,0 m

Structure First Mode

α1 and MPF

(∑ m φ ) i i
2
= [30 ( 0 . 1) + 30 ( 0 . 5 ) + 30 (1) ] = 2304
2

(∑ m φ ) = [30 ( 0 .1)
i i
2 2
+ 30 ( 0 . 5 ) 2 + 30 (1) 2 ] = 37 . 8

⎛ wi ⎞
⎜⎜ ∑ ⎟⎟ = ∑ m i = 90 ton
⎝ g ⎠
2304
α1 = = 0 . 68
37 . 8 x 90
√ .
 
Modal Participation Factor (MPF) = . = 1.27

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CAPACITY CURVE

Vb
[kN]
108

k2 = 0.2 k1
90 T1= 0.60 seconds
Site B

k1

0.08 0.1 Xroof (m)

RESULT FROM PUSH-OVER ANALYSIS

CAPACITY SPECTRUM

Vb α1 Sa Vb /W
Sa = =
*
Vb
W g α1
90.00 0.10 0.68 0.147

108.00 0.12 0.68 0.176

X roof MPF φ roof X roof


S d ( mm ) =
( MPF .φ roof )

80.00 1.27 1.00 62.99

100.00 1.27 1.00 78.74

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CAPACITY SPECTRUM (SDOF)

Sa*
0.176

(b)
0.147

(a)

62.99 78.74 Sd (mm)


Eq. (a) : Sa*= Sa/g = 2.33.10-3Sd
Eq. (b) : Sa*= Sa/g = 1.84.10-3 Sd + 0.03

TRADITIONAL RESPONSE SPECTRA OF


DESIGN MAJOR EARTHQUAKE

S *
Sa*
0,7
0,35
T

0,5 T(Seconds)

Design Major E/Q Spectra

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DEMAND SPECTRUM

Sd
T = 0.5 (sec) ; T = 2π Sa*
Sa
Sd
T 2 = 4π 2 0.7
Sa
Sd 31,03(mm)
0.5 = 4π
2 2

(0.7.10000 ) Sd ( mm)

Sd = 44,33mm
44 33
44.33 Sd (mm)
( )
Sa 0,35 0,35
= =
( )
T>0,5 (sec) ;
g T 2π Sd / Sa
Sa 31,03
=
g Sd

ADRS

ADRS
0.80
Sa*

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40 ATC-40
EQL.DISPL DEMAND SPECTRUM (5%)
0.30 CAPACITY SPECTRUM

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250

Sd (mm)

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PERFORMANCE POINT (Procedure A)

First Iteration:
31.03 (intersection of capacity spectrum
1.84.10 −3 S d + 0.03 =
Sd and 5% demand spectrum)
Sd = 121.97 mm (dpi)

Sa
= 1.84.10 −3 (121.97) + 0.03 = 0.254( api ) Eq.(b)
g

βo ((Eq.13)
q ) = 3.969
βeff = 5 + 3.969 = 8.969; κ = 1.00
SRA = (3.21 – 0.68 ln 8.969) / 2.12 = 0.81 > 0.33
SRV = (2.31 – 0.41 In 8.969) / 1.65 = 0.85 > 0.50

PERFORMANCE POINT

First Iteration (continued):

0.7 SRA = 0.567 (SRA=0.81)

31 . 03 26 . 376 (SRV=0.85)
. SRV =
Sd Sd
26 .376
1 .84 .10 − 3 S d + 0 .03 =
Sd

Sd = 111.85 mm (not converged yet)

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PERFORMANCE POINT

Second Iteration:

Sd = 111.85 mm 31.03 26.376


SRV =
Sa Sd Sd
= 0 . 235 ( api )
g 26.376
1.84.10 3 S d + 0.03 =
βo = 3.972 ; βeff = 8.97 Sd
SRA = 0.81 Sd = 111.85 ((dpi)
p ) ((Converged)
g )
SRV = 0.85
Sa
0.7 SRA = 0.567 = 0.235(api) (Converged)
g

PERFORMANCE POINT

PERFORMANCE POINT
Sa*

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40 5%
CAPACITY SPECTRUM

0.30 (1) 8.97%


ITERATION 1&2

0.20
(2)
0.10

0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sd (mm)

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PERFORMANCE LEVEL

COORDINATE OF PERFORMANCE POINT : (111.85,


(111 85 0.235)
0 235)

X roof
Sd = ; X roof = S d .MPF .φ roof
MPF φ roof
= 111.85. 1.27. 1.0
= 142.05 mm

X roof 142 . 05
= = 0 .0118
H 12 , 000

Performance Level is Damage Control

PERFORMANCE POINT (Procedure B)

1. Buat beberapa koordinate (dpi,api) pada Capacity Spectrum


2
2. Hi
Hitung βeq, SRA dan
d SRV untukk setiap
i kkoordinat
di
3. Buat Demand Spectrum dari step 2
4. Hitung api baru dari demand spectrum dengan dpi dari step 1
5. Plot (dpi, api baru dari step 4)
6. Check konvergensi ketika step 5 memotong Capacity Spectrum

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PERFORMANCE POINT (Procedure B)

Step 1 to 5

Sd (dpi) Sa (api) βeq SRA SRV Sa


Capacity Spec.= Capacity Demand Spec.
Demand Spec. Spec. (new api)

70.000 0.159 6.646 0.907 0.929 0.412


90.000 0.196 8.290 0.836 0.874 0.301
100.000 0.214 8.632 0.823 0.864 0.268
112.500 0.237 8.844 0.815 0.858 0.237
120.000 0.251 8.899 0.813 0.857 0.222

180.000 0.361 8.633 0.823 0.864 0.149

PERFORMANCE POINT (Procedure B)

PROCEDURE B
0.80
a*
Sa

0.70

0.60

0.50

5%
0.40
10%
15%
0.30 CAP.SPEC.
PROC. B
0.20

0.10

0.00
0 50 100 150
Sd (mm)200 250

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PERFORMANCE LEVEL (Procedure B)

COORDINATE OF PERFORMANCE POINT : (112.50, 0.237)


X roof
Sd = ; X roof = Sd .MPF.φroof
MPFφroof
= 112.50. 1.27. 1.0
= 142.87 mm (Procedure A=142.05 mm)

X rooff 142 .87


= = 0.0119
H 12 ,000

Performance Level is Damage Control

PROCEDURE A COMPARES TO B

PROCEDURE β eq (%) Sd (mm)


( ) S ( )
Sa(g) Xroof/H
X f/H Performance
P f
(%) Level

A 8.97 111.85 0.235 1.18 Damage


Control

B 8.84 112.50 0.237 1.19 Damage


Control

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STUDI KASUS 3D-PROGRAM ETABS

ƒ Permodelan bangunan gedung

Mekanisme Terbentuknya Sendi Plastis

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ANALYSIS PUSH-OVER KURVA KAPASITAS

CAPACITY SPECTRUM

αX = 0,68
(mmpf)
Sa/g

Sd (m)

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KURVA ADRS

CAPACITY AND DEMAND SPECTRUM

CAPACITY & DEMAND SPECTRUM

0.8

0.7
Sa/g = 0,1305/Sd (Demand)
0.6

0.5
Sa/g= 0,5833Sd + 0,0647 (Capacity)
Sa/g

0.4
CAPACITY SPECTRUM
0.3 DEMAND SPECTRUM (5%)
0.2

01
0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Sd (m)

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PROSEDUR A

ay dy api dpi βeff SRA SRV

0,112 0,081 0,310 0,421 15,742 0,630 0,715


0,268 0,348 16,820 0,609 0,699
0,265 0,344 16,891 0,607 0,698
0,265 0,343 16,895 0,607 0,698

PROSEDUR A

Prosedur A
0.8

0.7

0.6 (0,343 ; 0,265)


0.5

0.4 Capacity
Sa/g

5%
0.3 16.80%
16.90%
0.2 16.90%
9 %

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Sd (m)

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PROSEDUR B

CAPACITY 
SPECTRUM DEMAND
ay dy api dpi βeff SRA SRV Sa/g
0,112 0,081 0,211 0,250 18,250 0,583 0,678 0,354

0,240 0,3 17,566 0,595 0,688 0,299

0,266 0,345 16,872 0,608 0,698 0,264

0,269 0,35 16,794 0,609 0,699 0,261

0,298 0,4 16,040 0,624 0,710 0,232

0,327 0,45 15,339 0,638 0,722 0,209

PROSEDUR B

Prosedur B
0.8
Sa/g

0.7

0.6 (0,345 ; 0,266)


0.5

0.4 CAPACITY SPECTRUM


5%
0.3 15%
PROSEDUR B
0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Sd (m)

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PERBANDINGAN PROSEDUR A, B DAN ETABS

Prosedur β eff Sd Sa/g Xroof/H Performance Level


(%) (m) (%)

A 16,89 0,343 0,265 1.39 Damage Control

B 16,87 0,345 0,264 1,40 Damage Control

Hasil
running 13.8 0.304 0.242 1.23 Damage Control
ETABS 9.0

Terima Kasih

33

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