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Non Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring:

Recent Trends
Prateek Singh,
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department,
Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi
prateek18211@iiitd.ac.in
 shows positive correlation, but the output is dependent on
Abstract-Due to increased workload and stressful schedules,
the lifestyle of people have changed drastically, which has led to physical factors such as skin depth and melanin content. Thus
many life-style related diseases. Diabetes is one of them and its calibration is required for a different subject. Also factors such
cases are increasing many folds year by year. Since this disease is
as sweating, body temperature caused results to vary.
incurable till date, blood glucose monitoring is essential to keep
insulin levels in check. The devices available in the market Optical methods to detect glucose levels mostly use the
require blood sample from finger by pricking, which is not only concept of spectroscopy. One such method is Near Infrared
painful but poses risk of infection and skin tissue damage. These Spectroscopy (NIR) [2, 3]. It is known that glucose has a low
drawbacks have led to research in non-invasive schemes for absorbance rate for near infrared spectrum. Using the beer’s
blood glucose monitoring. In this review, the technologies Lambert’s law, absorption by blood is measured, and hence
enabling the non-invasive monitoring are discussed, along with
changes in glucose level correlates with the readings. This
the issues in their scalability.
work [2] followed in –vitro experimentation. Thus the
I. INTRODUCTION involvement of other factors in determining correlation can be
found only after in-vivo experiments.
N ON-INVASIVE systems for blood glucose monitoring are
being researched upon to improve their accuracy and
integrate them with the wearable technology. To achieve both
Raman spectroscopy is one of the most accurate optical
techniques for this application [4]. It detects change in energy
of tissue molecules upon the exposure of laser light. The use
the goals simultaneously, technologies like radar and AI are of laser enables to achieve required penetration depth and
being explored in recent research works [9]. maintains chemical stability. However, energy reflected back
The present schemes of determining the glucose levels can is of low intensity, and thus noise issues creep in. Moreover
be broken into three broad steps. First step is of development the response is nonlinear in nature, posing challenges in signal
of sensors or methodologies to get an output/signal which processing aspects.
correlates with actual blood glucose levels. Second step Polarimetry has been in use in biomedical applications and
involves selection/implementation of signal processing preferably used in case of transparent tissues such as eyes. But
schemes to get relevant data from the signals. Third step feeds it’s use on human skin is not much attractive due to huge
this data into machine learning algorithms in order to obtain a delays of about 30 minutes to get a consistent reading. To
comprehensive result. overcome the delay constraint, photon counting methodology
The first step is quite critical and several methodologies like has been used in polarimetry[5]. A 785nm diode laser is used
spectroscopy [2-6], electrochemical [14-16], microwave [11- as a source that emits weak coherent optical signal. Glucose
13] have been tried to establish correlation between actual molecule being chiral, the plane of polarized light passing
blood glucose levels and the sensor output. Thought the through it gets shifted by some degrees. The angle of rotation
correlations are positive, but several parameters are still is proportional to the glucose concentration, which provides
unknown or their dependency is still researched upon to have the basis for calculation of glucose levels. The experimental
an acceptable reading for a commercial product. results presented in [5] are on glucose sample and also done in
dark light conditions. Therefore, effects of noise in daylight
II. TECHNOLOGIES conditions needs to accounted for making this scheme viable.
The dielectric property of blood changes with the levels of Moreover, a comprehensive analysis of effect of other blood
glucose present. This property is used in [1] for capacitive constituents on polarization is required to have an acceptable
sensing of glucose levels. The arrangement includes a parallel level of sensitivity and accuracy.
plate capacitor across the wrist, and the wrist acting as Methods to improve the performance of optical methods are
dielectric. Pulsed waveform is applied and change in described in [6].In perspective of hardware, increasing the
capacitance is observed over time. The capacitance decreases source intensity improves accuracy, but at the same time is not
with increasing value of glucose level. Though the method an attractive option for wearable application. Analytical
methods on the software side can provide accuracy as well as
precision. Techniques such as data array analysis, iterative
methods and blood glucose prediction increases the accuracy III. CONCLUSION
of the output. Machine learning algorithms come handy in Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring has been an
implementing these analytical techniques [7]. Accuracy can be attractive area of research. With no commercial product in the
further improved by using an effective signal processing market, there is a tight race among the research groups to
scheme such as described in [8]. Wavelet transform can be come up first with viable solutions. With machine learning
used to reduce the noise component of the signal, thus algorithms and data analytics, the research in this field has
reducing errors in measurement. taken a big step forward from reporting only correlations to
A hybrid technique which uses NIR and bio-impedance giving close to actual glucose levels. Issues like calibration
matching has been reported in [9]. Bio –impedance matching and inclusion of factors like age, gender and physical
is quite similar to capacitive measurement discussed above. To conditions are still to be met. Once the prototypes are both
establish a statistical relation between the readings and accurate and precise, methods to bring down cost will follow.
glucose levels, linear regression model is applied. To improve
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