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Objectives :
Theory :
a) Alkane
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon because they contain only single bones between
carbon atoms. Like most organic compounds, the alkanes are combustible. The products
of their complete combustion are carbon dioxide and water. The reactions of the alkanes
are of the substitution type ; that is some atom or group of atoms is substituted for one or
more of the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.
b) Alkenes
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbon because they contain a carbon-carbon double bond
in their structures. The functional group for alkenes is the carbon-carbon double bond
(C=C) ; it is a point of high reactivity. Alkenes undergo addition-type reactions which are
the other groups are added to the double bond, causing the molecule to be saturated.
CH2 = CH2 + Br2 CH2 CH2
Br Br
The disappearance of the red-brown color of free bromine can be the evidence to the
reactions. Other reactions of olefin also show that increased reactivity of the alkenes over
the alkanes.
c) Alkynes
These unsaturated hydrocarbons are also called acetylene. Alkynes contain a carbon-
carbon triple bond in their structures. Acetylene can be prepared from calcium carbide
and water. Mixtures of acetylene and air are explosive. The alkynes undergo addition-
type reactions similar to those of the alkenes.
Results :
A) COMBUSTION
0RGANIC COMPOUND COLOUR OF FLAME RESIDUE
Heptane No sooty flame None (all used)
Cyclohexene Sooty flame Oily left
B) SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBON
Discussions :
a) CH3CH2C ≡ CCH3 + O2
b) CH3CH2CH = CHCH3 + O2
c) CH3
heat,
KMNO4
CH3
d) CH(CH3)2
heat
KMNO4
e)
heat
KMNO4
f) CH2
Br2
1,4 - dioxane
g)
Br2
C ≡ CH
1,4 - dioxane