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48 (200S) 310-32S
1422-6383/0S/040310-16
DorIO.1007/s0002S-00S-0203-z Results in Mathematics
© Birkhiiuser Verlag, Basel, 200S
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Abstract
Consider the n-dimensional nonautonomous system x(t) = A(t)G(x(t)) - B(t)F(x(t - r(t))) Let
U = (Ul, ... ,Un ), fJ = limllull_o~, f~ = limllull_oo~, i = 1, ... ,n, F = (f', ... ,r), Fo =
max.=l, ... ,nUJ} and Foo = max'=l, ... ,nU~}. Under some quite general conditions, we prove that ei-
ther Fo = 0 and F = 00, or Fo = 00 and F = 0, guarantee the existence of positive periodic solutions
00 00
for the system for all A > O. Furthermore, we show t.hat Fo = F = 0, or Fo = F = 00 guarantee the
00 00
multiplicity of positive periodic solutions for the system for sufficiently large, or small A, respectively.
We also establish the nonexistence of the system when either Fo and F 00 > 0, or Fo and F 00 < 00 for
sufficiently large, or small A, respectively. We shall use fixed point theorems in a cone.
1 Introduction
and its generalizations have attracted much attention in the literature. See, e.g., Chow [1], Hadeler and
Tomiuk [5], Kuang [8, 9J, Kuang and Smith [lOJ, Tang and Kuang [12J. The equation of the form (1.1) has
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 34K13
• Corresponding author
O'Regan and Wang 311
been proposed as models for a variety of population dynamics and physiological processes such as production
of blood cells, respiration, and cardiac arrhythmias, See, for example, the above references, and [4, 11, 16].
systems. Nonautonomous systems are more realistic since real-world models often require us to incorporate
temporal inhomogeneity in the models. One of the methods of incorporating temporal nonuniformity of the
environments in models is to assume that the parameters are periodic with the same period of the time
variable. In this paper, we shall study the existence of positive w-periodic solutions for the nonautonomous
n-dimensional system
where A(t) = diag[al (t), a2(t), ... ,an(t)], B(t) = diag[bl (t), b2(t), . .. ,bn(t)], F(x) = [fl (x), F(x), ... ,r(xW,
G(x) = [gl(X),g2(X), ... ,gn(x)]T and>' > °is a positive parameter.
In(1.2), we assume that
(HI) ai, bi E C(IR, [0,00)) are w-periodic functions such that J;;' ai(t)dt > 0, J;;' bi(t)dt > 0, i = 1, ... , n.
(H3) fi(U) °
> for Ilull > 0, i = 1, ... , n.
A solution u(t) = (UI(t), ... , un(t)) is positive if, for each i = 1, ... , n, Ui(t) ~ °for all t E IR and there is
(a). If Fo = 0 and F = 00, then for all >. > 0 (1.2) has a positive w-periodicsolution.
00
(b). If Fo = 00 and F = 0, then for all >. > 0 (1.2) has a positive w-periodic solution.
00
(a). If Fo = 0 or F = 0, then there exists a >'0 > 0 such that (1.2) has a positive w-periodic solution for
00
w-periodic solution.
(f). If Fo > 0 and F 00 > 0, then there exists a >'0 > 0 such that for all >. > >'0 (1.2) has no positive w-periodic
solution.
For n = 1, the existence, multiplicity and nonexistence of positive w-periodic solution of (1.2) with a
parameter>' was discussed in Wang [14]. Jiang, Wei and Zhang [6] obtained some existence results for the
case when when gi == 1, i = 1, ... , n. In a recent paper, Wang, Kuang and Fen [15] proved multiplicity and
equations, and then to a fixed point problem of an equivalent operator in a cone. FUrther, we establish two
inequalities which allow us to estimate the operator. In Section 3, we apply the fixed point index to show the
existence, multiplicity and nonexistence of positive w-periodic solutions of (1.2) based on the inequalities.
O'Regan and Wang 313
2 Preliminaries
In this section, we recall some concepts and conclusions on the fixed point index in a cone in [2, 3, 7J. Let E
be a Banach space and K be a closed, nonempty subset of E. K is said to be a cone if (i) au + {3v E K for
all u, v E K and all a, {3 ;:: 0 and (ii) u, -u E K imply u = O. Assume 0 is a bounded open subset in E with
the boundary 80, and let T : K n n -> K is completely continuous such that Tx #x for x E 00 n K, then
the fixed point index itT, K n 0, K) is defined. If itT, K n 0, K) # 0, then T has a fixed point in K n O.
The following well-known result on the fixed point index is crucial in our arguments.
Lemma 2.1 ([2,3,7]). Let E be a Banach space and K a cone in E. Forr > 0, define Kr = {u E K : IIxll <
r}. Assume that T : K r -> K is completely continuous such that Tx ~ x for x E oKr = {u E K : Ilxll = r}.
In order to apply Lemma 2.1 to (1.2), let X be the Banach space defined by
Define
K = {u = (Ul, ... ,un) EX: Ui(t) ;:: O'f(1 - ~D sup IUi(t)l, i = 1, ... , n, t E [O,wJ,}
1 - O'i tE[O,wj
For r > 0, define Or = {u E K: Ilull < r}. It is clear that 80r = {u E K: Ilull = r}. Let T,\ : K -> X
T,{u(t) = r
Ait
Hw
Gi(t, s)bi(s)fi(u(s - r(s)))ds, i = 1, .. . ,n, (2.1)
where
e- It' a,(8)g'(u(8))d8
Gi(t, s) = 1 _ e- I; a,(8)g'(u(8))d8
314 O'Regan and Wang
Note that
aL 1
-1• L ~Gi(t,s)~-I--I' t~s~t+w,i=I, ... ,n.
-ui -O"i
Lemma 2.2 Assume (Hl)-(H2) hold. Then TA(K) c K and TA : K ---> K is continuous and completely
continuous.
= AI t+
t
w
Gi(t, s)bi(s)fi(u(S - r(s)))ds
= (l1 u )(t).
It is easy to see that ftt+w bi(s)fi(u(s-r(s)))ds is a constant because ofthe periodicity of b;(t)J'(u(t-r(t))).
l1u(t) 2: ~A
aL It+w bi(s)J'(u(s - r(s)))ds
1- a; t
= ar LA r bi(s)fi(U(S - r(s)))ds
10
l
1 - a;
' - L'
=aI,(1 a!) 1 w .
IA b;(s)f'(u(s - r(s)))ds
1 - ai 1 - ai 0
Thus TA(K) c K and it is easy to show that TA : K -+ K is continuous and completely continuous. 0
Lemma 2.3 Assume that (Hl)-(H2) hold. Then u E K is a positive periodic solution of (1.2) if and only if
it is a fixed point of TA in K.
O'Regan and Wang 315
d It+w
u;(t) = diY' Gi(t, s)bi(s)t(u(s - T(s»)ds)
t
+ ai(t)gi(u(t»T{u(t)
= A[Gi(t, t + w) - Gi(t, t)]bi(t)t(u(t - T(t») + ai(t)gi(u(t»T{u(t)
= ai(t)l(u(t»Ui(t) - Abi(t)fi(u(t - T(t»).
Thus u is a positive w-periodic solution of (1.2). On the other hand, if u = (UJ,"" un) is a positive
T{u(t) = AI t+ t
W
Gi(t,s)bi(s)fi(U(S - T(s»)ds
= I t+t
w
Gi(t, s)(ai(s)gi(u(s»Ui(S) - u;(s»ds
t+w
= I Gi(t, s)ai(s)gi(u(s»u,(s)ds - Gi(t, s)u,(s)11+
t w
I w Gi(t, s)ai(s)gi(u(s»Ui(S)ds
-
t+
t
= Ui(t).
Thus, T>.u = u, Furthermore, in view of the proof of Lemma 2.2, we also have Ui(t) 2': C7tJ~~fl) SUPtE[O,w) Ui(t)
for t E [D,w]. That is, u is a fixed point of T>. in K. 0
Define r = mini=J, ... ,n{l~tf Jaw b,(s)ds}mini=l, ... ,n{C7tJ~~fl)} > Dand we have the following lemma.
Lemma 2.4 Assume that (H1)-(H2) hold. For any TJ > D and u = (uJ,"" un) E K, if there exists a
component fi of F such that fi(u(t» 2': ~j=J Uj(t)TJ for t E [D,w], then
316 O'Regan and Wang
For each i = 1, .. , n, let ji(t) : IR+ -> IR+ be the function given by
Lemma 2.5 ([13]) Assume (H2) holds. Then jJ = fJ and jfx, = ffx" i = 1, ... , n.
Lemma 2.6 Assume (H1)-(H2) hold and let r > o. If there exits an c > 0 such that
then
where C- = Ei=1
n
R1 J.w0 bi(s)ds.
:::;
n 1 r
~ 1 - 0"1 A Jo b;(s)ji(r)ds
1 l
: :; L ---=---r
n
1
i=1 0"; 0
w
b;(s)dsAcllull = ACcllull·
o
The following two lemmas are weak forms of Lemmas 2.4 and 2.6.
O'Regan and Wang 317
where mr = min{fi(u): u E lR+ and ur::; Ilull ::; r, i = 1, ... ,n.} > 0, and u = rnini=1, ... ,n{0'\~;;I)}.
PROOF Note r = Ilull = L:~=1 sup[O,w] IUi(t)1 ~ L:~=1 inf[o,w] IUi(t)1 ~ u L:~=1 sup [O,w] IUi(t)1 = ur. Thus
fi(U(t)) ~ mr for t'E [O,w], i = 1, ... ,n. A slight modification of the proof in Lemma 2.4 yields the result.
where Mr = max{fi(u) : u E lR+ and Ilull ::; r, i = 1, ... , n} > 0 and C is the positive constant defined in
Lemma 2.6
PROOF Since Ji(u(t)) ::; Mr for t E [O,w], i = 1, ... , n, a slight modification of the proof in Lemma 2.6
PROOF Part (a). F o = 0 implies that fj = 0, i = 1, ... , n. It follows from Lemma 2.5 that jj = 0,
i = 1, ... , n. Therefore, we can choose r1 > 0 so that ji(rd ::; Cr1, i = 1, ... , n, where the constant c > 0
satisfies
AcC < 1,
and C is the positive constant defined in Lemma 2.6. We have by Lemma 2.6 that
for u= (Ul' ... , un) E lR+ and Ilull ~ iI , where 1/ > 0 is chosen so that
Let r2 = max{2rl' ~iI}, where a = mini=I •...• n{'Ttl~~f:)}. If u = (Ul' ... ,un) E anr" then
n
min '" Ui(t) ~ allull =
a<t<w~
ar2 >
-
iI,
- - i=l
By Lemma 2.1,
of the fixed point index. The fixed point u E nr , \ nr1 is the desired positive solution of (1.2).
Part (b). If Fa = 00, there exists a component Ji such that fj = 00. Therefore, there is an rl > 0 such
that
for u = (Ul' ... , Un) E lR+ and lIull ~ rl, where 1/ > 0 is chosen so that
n
fi(u(t)) ~ 1/ ~ Ui(t), for t E [0, w].
i=1
O'Regan and Wang 319
We now determine nr,. Foe = 0 implies that f':x, = 0, i = 1, ... ,n. It follows from Lemma 2.5 that j':x, = 0,
i = 1, ... , n. Therefore there is an r2 > 2rl such that
>..cC < 1,
and C is the positive constant defined in Lemma 2.6. Thus, we have by Lemma 2.6 that
By Lemma 2.1,
It follows from the additivity of the fixed point index that i(T)" nr, \ Or" K) = 1. Thus, T), has a fixed
PROOF Part (a). Fix a number rl > O. Lemma 2.7 implies that there exists a >"0 > 0 such that
jJ = 0, i = 1, ... , n.
AcC < 1,
and C is the positive constant defined in Lemma 2.6. We have by Lemma 2.6 that
If F 00 = 0, then 1/:0 = 0, i = 1, ... , n. It follows from Lemma 2.5 that j/:o = 0, i = 1, ... , n. Therefore there is
an T3 > 2Tl such that
and C is the positive constant defined in Lemma 2.6. Thus, we have by Lemma 2.6 that
Thus i(T)" Or, \ nr" K) = -1 and i(T)"Or3 \ nr" K) = 1. Hence, T), has a fixed point in Or, \ nr• or
OT3 \ nT, according to Fo = 0 or F 00 = 0, respectively. Consequently, (1.2) has a positive solution for A > AO'
Part (b). Fix a number Tl > O. Lemma 2.8 implies that there exists a >'0> 0 such that
If Fo = 00, there exists a component Ii of F such that IJ = 00. Therefore, there is a positive number T2 < Tl
such that
for u = (Ul, ... , un) E lR'i- and Ilull :s; T2, where T} > 0 is chosen so that
ArT} > 1.
O'Regan and Wang 321
Then
n
fi(U(t)) ~ TJ L Ui(t),
i=l
for u = (U1' ... , Un) E anr>! t E [0, w]. Lemma 2.4 implies that
If F 00 = 00, there exists a component fi of F such that f!x, = 00. Therefore, there is an iI > 0 such that
for u= (U1' ... , un) E lR+. and Ilull ~ iI , where TJ > 0 is chosen so that
Let 1'3 = max{2T1'~}, where a = mini=1, ... ,n{ut1~;!:)}' If u = (U1' ... ,Un) E an r., then
n
min "Ui(t) ~ allull
o<t<w~ .
= aT3 ~ iI,
- - i=l
Since Fo = 0 and F 00 = 0, it follows from the proof of Theorem 1.2 (a) that we can choose 0 < rl < r3/2
and rz > 2r4 such that
and
and hence, i(TA,nr • \nr"K) = -1 and i(TA,nr , \nr.,K) = 1. Thus, TA has two fixed points Ul(t) and
U2(t) such that Ul(t) E nr • \ nr} and uz(t) E nr , \ nr. , which are the desired distinct positive periodic
solutions of (1.2) for A > Ao satisfying
Part (d). Fix two numbers 0 < r3 < r4. Lemma 2.8 implies that there exists a Ao > 0 such that we have,
for 0 < A < AO,
and
i(TA,nr.,K) = 1, i(TA,nr.,K) = 1
and hence, i(T A, nr • \ nr " K) = 1 and i(TA, n r , \ nr • , K) = -1. Thus, T A has two fixed points Ul (t) and
uz(t) such that Ul(t) E nr • \ nr } and U2(t) E nr , \ nr • , which are the desired distinct positive periodic
O'Regan and Wang 323
Part (e). Since Fo < 00 and F 00 < 00, then f~ < 00 and f~ < 00, i = 1, ... , n. It is easy to show (see
Assume v(t) is a positive solution of (1.2) . We will show that this leads to a contradiction for 0 < A < AO,
where
1
AO = n 1 rw .
2:i=1 R Jo bi(s)dse
In fact, for 0 < A < AO, since TAV(t) = v(t) for t E [O,w], we find
IIvll IIT>.vll
n
"" max T{v(t)
LO<t<w
i=l - -
:s:; t;
n 1
1 - O"j 10
{w
bi(s)dSAellvll
< Ilvll,
which is a contradiction.
Part (f). Since Fo > 0 and F 00 > 0, there exist two components fi and fi of F such that f& > 0 and
fix, > O. It is easy to show (see [13]) that there exist positive numbers 1}, TI such that
(4.2)
and
(4.3)
u!'(l-u!)
here 0" = mini=I, ... ,n{~} . Assume v(t) = (VI, ... , v n) is a positive solution of (1.2). We will show that
this leads to a contradiction for A > AO = f,;. In fact, if Ilvll :s:; TI, (4.2) implies that
n
fi(v(t)) ~ 1} L Vi(t) , for t E [O,wj.
i=l
324 O'Regan and Wang
n
fj(v(t)) ~ 1] Lv;(t), for t E [O,wl·
i=l
Since T>. v(t) = v(t) for t E [0, wj, it follows from Lemma 2.4 that, for A > AO,
Ilvll IIT>.vll
which is a contradiction. 0
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Department of Mathematics
Galway, Ireland