bvixi fvlv I Mvwjk‡ãi mgvRZË¡

nvmvb BKevj

Women are the only exploited group in history to have been idealized into
powerlessness.
- Erica Jong
fvlv memgq cwieZ©bkxj| nvRvi eQ‡ii RvwiK…Z cyiælZvwš¿K ÿgZv Avi Zvi
wbwi‡L wbwg©Z fvlv `uvwo‡q _v‡K mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK wf‡Zi Ici| Avi engvb
mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ †h‡nZz wbqZ cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q, fvlvI ZvB cwiewZ©Z mg‡qi `vq‡K
¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q A‡bK wKQz †hgb eR©b K‡i, †Zgwb bZzb wKQz AvËxKiYI K‡i|
fvlvi GB RxešÍZvB fvlvi cÖvY| GB cÖvYgq fvlvq IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e wg‡k †M‡Q
Mvwj| cÖ‡Z¨K mgvRe¨e¯’vqB cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q Mvwj| g~j fvlv‡¯ªv‡Zi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³
bv n‡jI Mvwj n‡q D‡V‡Q fvlvi A½|
Avgv‡`i mgvRe¨e¯’vi †h A_©‰bwZK ¯ÍiwefvRb i‡q‡Q, Zvi wbPz¯Í‡ii gvby‡liv
†hgb ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e MvjvMvj K‡i _v‡K, †Zgwb cwijwÿZ nq DuPz¯‡Í iI| Zv‡`i
ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wμqvK‡g©i m‡½ ¯^Ztù‚Zf © v‡e Rwo‡q c‡o‡Q GBme Mvjg›`|
Mvjg‡›`i GBme fvlv memgq fvlvZ‡Ë¡i KvVv‡gv‡Z mxgve× _v‡K bv| Avgv‡`i
cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b e¨eüZ eû kã ev k㸔Q Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv‡K e¨vKiY wKsev
fvlvZ‡Ë¡i wbq‡gi wbM‡o †eu‡a ivLv hvq bv| GB fvlvÁvb Avgiv AR©b K‡i _vwK
mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK †eva †_‡K| fvlv‡ev‡ai GB ms¯‹…wZ‡Z fvlv n‡q c‡o‡Q wj½
wefvwRZ⎯ n‡q c‡o‡Q bvixi fvlv, cyiæ‡li fvlv|
bvixi wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv fvlv †bB| cyiælvwac‡Z¨ wbwg©Z fvlvB bvixi fvlv| ¯¿xevPK,
wbZ¨ ¯¿xevPK k㸇jv cyiæ‡li iæwP‡eva I cyiæl‰kjx‡Z wewbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB
G cÖe‡Üi `y‡Uv Av‡jvP¨ welq⎯ K. bvixi fvlv Ges L. cyiælwbwg©Z bvixi
fvlv¸‡jv Kxfv‡e Mvwjk‡ã iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q bvix‡K Ae‡njv, †nq, wb›`v I Zvw”Qj¨
Kiv A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡”Q| cyiælZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯’v Kxfv‡e Mvwjk㸇jv‡K Aejxjvq
cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q wKsev GL‡bv Ki‡Q, †mB mgvRZvwË¡K AbymÜv‡bi fvlvZvwË¡K
cUf‚wgI G cÖe‡Ü Av‡jvP¨ welq| cvkvcvwk cÖPwjZ wKQz MvwjkãI GLv‡b
Av‡jvwPZ n‡e|

bvix I cÖMwZ 3
 
e¨vKiYm¤§Z ï×fvlv wbf©i K‡iB M‡o D‡V‡Q fvlvi ZË¡| fvlvi GB ZvwË¡K
KvVv‡gvi Quv‡P †d‡j mgvRwbf©i fvlv I fvlvweÁvb‡K wePvi Kiv hvq bv|
mgvRfvlvweÁvb memgq fvlv I mgv‡Ri m¤úK© wePvi K‡i Ges G‡ÿ‡Î fvlvZË¡
QvovI Ab¨vb¨ †cÖwÿZ †_‡K wePvi Kiv m¤¢e| fvlvZ‡Ë¡i wePvh© welq †hLv‡b fvlvi
AšÍK©vVv‡gv, †mLv‡b mvgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi DcRxe¨ welq fvlvi ewnK©vVv‡gv|
1962 wLªóv‡ã beg AvšÍR©vwZK fvlvwe` m‡¤§j‡b cwVZ GKwU cÖe‡Ü DBwjqvg
eªvBU I G. †K. ivgvbyRb me©cÖ_g Sociolinguistics cwifvlvwU e¨envi K‡ib|
Gi wVK `yÕeQi ci 1964 wLªóv‡ã K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv wek¦we`¨vj‡q AbywôZ
mgvRfvlvweÁvb welqK Av‡jvPbvP‡μ †nbwi †nwbM‡mvqvI †jvKfvlvweÁvb
Aa¨q‡bi cÖ¯Íve †i‡L A proposal for the study of folk-linguistics kxl©K
GKwU cÖeÜ cvV K‡ib| †mw`b †_‡KB †jvKfvlvZË¡ PP©vi hvÎv ïiæ| GB
†jvKfvlvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq n‡jv wbwl× kã I MvjvMv‡ji fvlv| MvjvMvj I
wbwl× kãvewji g‡a¨ wbwnZ _v‡K †jŠwKK HwZn¨, †jvKgb¯ÍË¡ Ges †jvKR‡bi
mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb|
• 1911 wLªóv‡ã †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡q M‡elYviZ R‰bK QvÎ h_v_©B e‡j
†M‡Qb, †Kv‡bv fvlv m¤^‡Ü mvwe©Kfv‡e AewnZ n‡Z n‡j IB fvlvi ¯ø¨vs
I Akøxj k㸇jvi m‡½ cwiwPZ nIqv GKvšÍ Avek¨K| Zuvi fvlvq, It is
impossible to acquire a thorough knowledge of any language
without being familiar with slang and vulgarism. 
we‡k¦i cÖwZwU †`‡k wkwÿZ-AwkwÿZ, MÖvg¨-kû‡i, bvix-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l Mvwj
cÖPwjZ| Z‡e mvgvwRK ¯Íi‡f‡` Mvwji fvlvqI cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| kû‡i wkwÿZ I
gvwR©Z †jv‡Ki Mvjg‡›` †h iæwP‡eva _v‡K, GKRb wbiÿi MÖvg¨ †jv‡Ki Mvwj‡Z
†mB iæwP‡evaUzUz Avkv Kiv hvq bv| Gi g~‡j i‡q‡Q mvgvwRK Ae¯’vbMZ cv_©K¨|
mvgvwRK m¤£g‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y wkwÿZR‡biv MvjvMv‡ji fvlv‡K N‡l‡g‡R †bq|
GKRb wkwÿZ †jvK hLb Mvjg›` K‡ib⎯ Kx Af`ª! IB GKB Mvwj GKRb
wbiÿi †jv‡Ki gy‡L †h iƒ‡c ewl©Z nq Zv n‡Z cv‡i GiKg⎯ Kx AvPz`v! wbiÿi
MÖvgxY †jvKRxe‡b cÖPwjZ MvjvMvj I wbwl× kãvewji cÖ‡qvM A‡bK mgq mnR-
mij ¯^Ztù‚Z© n‡jI Zv n‡q I‡V Ae`g‡bi nvwZqvi| Abyiƒcfv‡e GwU N‡U kû‡i
bvMwiK Rxe‡bI|
MvjvMvj I wbwl× k‡ã wbwnZ _v‡K e³vi mgvRgvbwmKZvRvZ wewPÎ AwfNvZ I
gb¯ÍvwË¡K Kvh©KviY m~Î| Rvcvwb we‡klÁ Aa¨vcK bviv Ôwbwl× kãÕ m¤úwK©Z
M‡elYv‡K ZvB A socio-psycho-linguistic field research bv‡g wPwýZ
K‡i‡Qb| c„w_exi mg¯Í mg„× fvlvi g‡a¨ evsjv fvlvq wbwl× kã I Mvwjk‡ãi
fvlv Z_v †jvKfvlv m¤úwK©Z msMÖn-M‡elYv cÖvq †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Bs‡iwR,
Rvg©vb, divwm BZ¨vw` fvlvq cÖvmw½K M‡elYvi m¤¢vi Cl©Yxq| mvwci, g¨vwj‡bvw¯‹,
eªæK, cvU©wiR cÖgyL G‡ÿ‡Î AmvaviY K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡q †M‡Qb| Z‡e

bvix I cÖMwZ 4
 
¯ø¨vs/Mvwjk‡ãi msMÖn I PP©vi KvRwU ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb Copland, John Awdely 
Ges Thomas Harman †lvok kZ‡K, hv m‡Z‡iv kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K †ewi‡qwQj
B. E. Gent-Gi m¤úvw`Z  A New Dictionary of the terms ancient and
modern of the canting crew, in its several tribes of Gypsies, Beggars,
Thieves, Cheats etc bvgK msKj‡b|
1785 wLªóv‡ã †e‡ivq Francis Grose-Gi Clossical Dictionary of Vulgar
Tangue| Gi eûw`b ci 1937 wLªóv‡ã cÖKvwkZ nq Eric patridge-Gi A
Dictionary of Slang and Unconventinal English bvgK msKjbwU| D‡jøL¨
†h, 1937-61 Gi g‡a¨ cvU©wi‡Ri AwfavbwUi cÂg cwiewZ©Z ms¯‹iY cÖKvwkZ
n‡qwQj| G hverKvj ch©šÍ GwUB Bs‡iwR fvlvi me©‡kÖô I c~Y©v½ Awfavbiƒ‡c
¯^xK…Z|
mvaviYfv‡e ¯ø¨vs/Mvwjkã n‡jv Ggb GKwU kãfvÐvi, †hwU g~jfvlv-ewnf‚©Z,
AcÖPwjZ A‡_© cÖPwjZ kã, bZzb kã, LwÐZ ev UzK‡iv kã cÖf…wZ wb‡q MwVZ| Mvwj
AbvPvwiZ cwi‡e‡k e¨eüZ nq, memgq Akvjxb ev Akøxj bv n‡jI Z_vKw_Z
f`ªiæwPMÖvn¨ bq| AwaKvsk mgq Mvwjkã wb›`v‡_©, Zz”Qv‡_©, †nq Kiv A‡_©, bxPz
A‡_©, Acgvbm~PK A‡_©, Ae`gb A‡_© Ges Aa¯Íb K‡i ivLvi A‡_© cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
Mvwjk‡ãi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© mgvRweÁvbx H. W. Fowler-Gi K_v¸‡jv GLv‡b
D×…wZ‡hvM¨⎯
mgv‡Ri wK‡kvi-hye‡KivB ¯ø¨vs-Gi ¯ªóv| Zviv A‡bK mgq kã
wb‡q †Lj‡Z †Lj‡Z bZzb ¯ø¨vs kã MVb K‡i, wKsev cÖPwjZ
gvb¨ kã‡K †f‡O ev weK…Z K‡i ¯ø¨vs k‡ãi m„wó K‡i|
G K_vwU Øviv ¯úó n‡q I‡V †h, cyiælZvwš¿K mgv‡R Mvwj ˆZwi n‡q‡Q cyiæ‡li nvZ
a‡iB| cyiæl wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡R‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ I †cŠiæl cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ kã, ev‡K¨
hvwcZ Rxe‡b bvixi Agh©v`v K‡i hv‡”Q Mvwjk‡ãi gva¨‡g| mgv‡R Zviv wj½wPý
wba©vi‡Y, kãPq‡b e¨envi K‡i Ggb me kã, hv wKbv bvix‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡i|
ev‡K¨i Avei‡Y ejv nq bvix gvqveZx, wKš‘ †h gvqveZx bvix e„‡Ëi g‡a¨ Ave× Zvi
cwimi msKxY©| fvlvi cÖ‡qv‡M A‡bK gvc‡RvK, wePvi-we‡ePbv, wbq‡gi ivR‡Z¡
nvRviUv wbq‡gi k„•L‡j k„•LwjZ bvix‡K cÖRvcwZ ejv n‡jI †K‡U †`Iqv nq Zvi
Wvbv| Avi Wvbvnxb cÖRvcwZ nvgv¸wo Lvq cyiælvwacZ¨ev‡`i ivR‡Z¡| ZvB GB kã
I kãeܸ‡jv †`‡L Avgiv †hgb wew¯§Z nB, mv‡_ mv‡_ nB ÿzä; †hgb Ôbvix
†K‡j¼vwiÕ, Ô†g‡qNwUZ e¨vcviÕ, Ôbvixi køxjZvnvwbÕ, Ôbvixi B¾Z jyUÕ BZ¨vw`|
G¸‡jv cyiælgvb‡mi Ae‡PZb g‡bi ewntcÖKvk bq, eis m‡PZb g‡bi i‡Ü« i‡Ü«
†_‡K cÖ‡qvM n‡q Avm‡Q A‡bK Kvj a‡i| Ôbvix‡K Dchy©cwi wbh©vZbÕ ai‡bi evK¨
e¨envi K‡i cyiæl wR‡Z hvevi Avb›` Abyfe K‡i|
mgvRweÁvbx J. K. Chambers g‡b K‡ib⎯ 

bvix I cÖMwZ 5
 
 ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y Kivi mgq †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i g‡a¨,
we‡kl K‡i †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ wbqg fvOvi cÖeYZv, AvPvi-AvPi‡Y
GK ai‡bi DMÖZv Ges cvwievwiK Abykvmb j•Nb Kivi cÖeYZv
jwÿ¨Z nq, hvi Awfe¨w³ N‡U fvlvi gva¨‡g|
Chembers G¸‡jv‡K AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb teenage slang e‡j| 
William Croft Zuvi  Explaining Language Change: An Evolutionary
Approach MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb⎯
One use of slang is to circumvent social taboos, as
mainstream language tends to shy away from evoking
certain realities. For this reason, slang vocabularies
are particularly rich in certain domains, such as
violence, crime and drugs and sex. An interesting fact
about the word slang is that it was originally a slang
term for the old French phrase `sale langue', which
translated into English mean 'dirty language.
Avgv‡`i cwieZ©bkxj mgvRe¨e¯’vq bvixi cÖwZ kãPqb I evK¨web¨v‡m GL‡bv
gvbweK n‡Z cv‡i wb cyiælkvwmZ mgvR| Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, bvix‡K hZ bv
bvbviKg nvwZqvi w`‡q wbh©vZb Kiv nq, Zvi †P‡q †ewk wbh©vZb Kiv nq fvlv
w`‡q| GL‡bv A‡b‡K gyw³hy‡× wbh©vwZZ bvix‡`i m¤§vb w`‡Z wM‡q Av‡iK `dv
fvwlK wbcxob K‡ib| Zuviv e‡jb, `yÕjÿ gv-†ev‡bi B¾Z jyU K‡i‡Q nvbv`vi
evwnbx, ivRvKvi I Zvi †`vmiiv| mZxZ¡, B¾Z jyU GB k㸇jvi PqbB
Av‡iKevi m¤£gnvwb NUvq| GKvˇii gyw³hy‡× †h mKj exiv½bv bvix kvixwiK I
gvbwmKfv‡e wbh©vwZZ n‡q‡Qb, Zv‡`i AveviI wbh©vZb K‡i hvw”Q Avgiv
AeÁvm~PK kã I evK¨Pq‡b|
Avgv‡`i †ev‡av`q K‡e n‡e! GL‡bv bvixi †hvwb gvwUi cvÎ e‡j we‡ewPZ, Avi
cyiæ‡li wkkœ Awebk¦i| GB Ck¦iZ¡ `vwe Kivi †Kv‡bv †hŠw³KZv †bB| mgv‡Ri
cÖPwjZ fvlvq bvix n‡jv AvRe ev A™¢zZ Rxe| A_P GB A™¢zZ Rx‡ei †c‡UB
cyiæ‡liv Rb¥vq!
fvlvmn‡hv‡M wbwg©Z Avgv‡`i cÖwZw`bKvi ev¯Íe, Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b ev¯ÍeZvq
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L cÖwZw`bKvi fvwlK wewbgq| †mB fvwlK wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g
Drcvw`Z wPšÍvaviv I ZrciZv, ÿgZvkw³i Acivci aviv¸‡jvi mv‡_ GB
wPšÍvavivi †hvMm~Î| Avi ZviB wecix‡Z gvby‡li mnRvZ fvlv-ÿgZv, Zvi
m„Rbkxj fvlv ˆZwii ÿgZvi Amxg m¤¢vebvi wKbv‡i `uvwo‡q mvaviY GKRb
bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Avgiv †h cÖwZwe‡k¦i Qwe †`L‡Z cvB Zv mwZ¨B myLKi bq| mgv‡R
cÖevngvb cyuwR-†cÖwlZ cyiælZvwš¿K ÿgZvi †h AvwacZ¨, fvlv †Lv` †mB Avwac‡Z¨i

bvix I cÖMwZ 6
 
Rwgb‡K †cv³ Ki‡Z _v‡K Zvi wbwg©Z A_© wKsev wbwg©Z Áv‡bi gva¨‡g| A_©vr †Lv`
fvlvB n‡q `uvovq cyiælZ‡š¿i `vm, Avi Zvi e„‡Ë e„Ëve× ew›` bvix|
cyiælZvwš¿K-e¨w³m¤úwËi hy‡M Ôc~ec © yiælÕ bv‡gi GKwU kã Awfav‡b _vK‡jI
Ôc~e©bvixÕ e‡j †Kv‡bv kã †bB| c~ec © yiæl kãwUi AvwfavwbK A_© es‡ki
wcZ…wcZvgnvw`, c~eM© vgx e¨w³MY| Zv Qvov, cyiælvbyμg bv‡g GKwU kã cvIqv hvq
evsjv kãvwfav‡b, hvi A_© eskci¤úiv| Zvi gv‡b Avgv‡`i cyuwRZvwš¿K
mgvRe¨e¯’vq e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvi Dcw¯’wZ †h m¤ú‡`i aviYv Rvwi †i‡L‡Q, †mLv‡b
bvixI cyiæ‡li e¨w³MZ m¤úwˇZ cwiYZ nq Ges fq¼ifv‡e GB mZ¨wU `„k¨gvb
n‡q I‡V †h, `kgvm wb‡Ri kix‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡iKwU kixi‡K GKUz GKUz K‡i e‡ov
K‡i †Zvjv, Zvi AwaKvsk cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bv, Zvi `vq`vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv, cÖvK…wZK
cÖwμqvq Zvi mv‡_ cÖ_g Abyf‚wZi wewbgq †h wkïi, †m wkïi †Kv‡bv Ôc~e©bvixÕ
†bB| †m wkïi †bB †Kv‡bv bvixμg! †h wkï †KejB cwiwPZ nq cyiæ‡li cwiP‡q|
GB Ôc~ec © yiælÕμg bvixi cÖwZ AeÁvRbK GK cÖ_v| bvixi Ici cyuwRev`x-
cyiælZvwš¿K cÖwμqvi †h AvwacZ¨, c~ec© yiæl kãwU ZviB cÖwZgv|
evsjv Awfav‡b Ô†g‡qjxÕ Avi ÔcyiælvjxÕ k‡ãi A‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q bvix I cyiæ‡li
cÖK…wZMZ wfbœZvi welqwU wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i mvgvwRK A_© wbg©v‡Y
†g‡qwj kãwU w`‡q †g‡q‡`i Av‡eMx, hyw³nxb, †KvgjcÖK…wZi ˆewkó¨ Rvbvb †`Iqv
nq| Aciw`‡K cyiælvwj kãwU w`‡q †cŠiæl, kw³, ÿgZv cÖKvwkZ nq| fvlvi
ivRbxwZUv GLv‡bB| Zvi gv‡b GB `uvovq †h, †g‡qiv Av‡eM wb‡q _vK‡e, †Kvgj
n‡e, cÖwZev` Ki‡e bv Avi cyiælZ¡m¤úbœ cyiæ‡li Aaxb¯Í _vK‡e| ZvB Avgiv †`wL
†h, †Kv‡bv †Q‡j hw` †Kvgj ev webqx AvPiY K‡i, ZLb Zvi ¯^fve‡K Ô†g‡qwj
¯^fveÕ e‡j Dcnvm Kiv nq| Avevi Aciw`‡K †g‡qiv hw` evB‡i Pjv‡div K‡i,
ZK© K‡i, †Rv‡i nuv‡U, †mvRv K_vq cyiælZvwš¿KZv‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i, Z‡e Zvi
¯^fve‡K Ôcyiælvwj ¯^fveÕ e‡j Mvwj †`Iqv nq| ZvB bvix GL‡bv A‡a©K gvbyl|
bvix‡K GKwU cwic~Y© mËv wn‡m‡e cwiù~wUZ n‡Z w`w”Q bv AvgivB|
GKwU evsjv eø‡Mi bxwZgvjv †`Ljvg| Zv‡Z †jLv Av‡Q, Ôbvix eøMvi‡`i m‡½
KUvÿg~jK AvPiY Kiv hv‡e bvÕ| cÖkœ n‡jv, bvix wK Zvn‡j wfbœ †Kv‡bv cÖcÂ!
bvix‡K Avgiv GKwU Avjv`v mËv fve‡ZB ¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva Kwi| bvix‡K wb‡q fvlvMZ
GK ˆjw½K ivRbxwZ ïiæ n‡q‡Q| bvixi fvlv, iæwP‡eva GK n‡Z †`‡e bv G mgvR
gvbm| ZvB evsjv fvlvq †bwZevPK k㸇jv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q cÖavbZ bvix‡K wN‡iB|
Avgv‡`i fvlvq †RÛviwfwËK wbi‡cÿZvi welqwU Abycw¯’Z| fvlvi wbqg¸‡jv
cwiKíbvgvwdK ˆZwi| Z‡e ïay fvlvi cwieZ©b Ki‡jB mgv‡Ri cwieZ©b Avm‡e
bv| bvixi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq Ggbme Akøxj kã hw` bv _v‡K evsjv kã‡Kv‡l,
Zv n‡jB evOvwj mgv‡R bvixi m¤§vb †e‡o hv‡e, welqwU GgbI bq| cÖ‡qvRb
mgvRe× gvby‡li BwZevPK cwieZ©b| Z‡e eZ©gvb mg‡q bvix I cyiæ‡li cÖwZ
fvlvi Avjv`v `„wófw½ Ges e¨envi, kãPq‡b cyiæ‡li cÖwZ fvlvi cÖej cÿcvwZZ¡

bvix I cÖMwZ 7
 
Ges bvixi cÖwZ fvlvi D`vmxbZvi welqwU Av‡jvPbvq D‡V G‡m‡Q cÖejfv‡e|
GKmgq g‡b Kiv n‡Zv, fvlv KL‡bvB bvix wKsev cyiæ‡li cÖwZ Avjv`v K‡i Ae¯’vb
†bq bv| fvlvi Ae¯’vb wj½-¯^Zš¿ Ges fvlvwbi‡cÿ| wKš‘ MZ kZ‡Ki mˇii
`kK †_‡K fvlv wb‡q wKQz ÷vwW K‡i cÖavbZ BD‡iv‡ci bvixev`xiv mevi †Pv‡L
AvOzj w`‡q ¯úó K‡i †`wL‡q †`b, eZ©gvb mg‡qi fvlv †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB
wj½wbi‡cÿ bq Ges fvlvi †ÿ‡ÎI i‡q‡Q ˆjw½K ivRbxwZ| i‡q‡Q cÖej
cÿcvwZZ¡| A_©vr fvlv cÖejfv‡e cyiælZvwš¿K|
Mvwjkã †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wbZ¨¯¿xevPK k㸇jvi AwaKvskB bvix‡K Aa¯Íb Kivi
gvb‡m Pqb Kiv| bvixi cÖwZ fvlvMZ GB wefvRb wj½‰elg¨ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| cyiæ‡li
cwiPh©vq evsjv kãfvÐv‡i ZvB hy³ n‡q‡Q †hŠbZv, AkøxjZv Ges Mvwjk‡ãi g‡Zv
AmsL¨ kã⎯ hv wKbv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q †Kej bvix‡K wN‡iB| Gme k‡ãi wj½všÍi Kiv
hvq bv| GwU Aek¨B †Lqvj Kivi g‡Zv GKwU welq †h, mgv‡R bvix‡`i cÖwZB
†ewk †bvsiv kã e¨eüZ nq|
Amf¨, AK_¨ Gme Mvwjk‡ãi cÖvq cÖwZwUB bvixmswkøó| bvixi Rb¨ AcgvbRbK,
AegvbbvKi kãvewj D”Pvi‡Yi gva¨‡g Avgiv Avgv‡`i g‡bi †ÿvf cÖKvk Kwi|
AkÖve¨ fvlvq bvix‡K Dc¯’vcb Kwi| ZvB Avgv‡`i AkÖve¨ D”PviYI bvix‡Kw›`ªK
†Zv e‡UB, cyiælm„ó †h‡Kv‡bv Ab¨v‡qi Rb¨I Mvwji fvM bvix‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq|
Kx Avðh© Avi we¯§qKi!
ZvB bvixi Rxe‡b A¯^xK…wZi cÖvPxb cvÐzwjwc ïay fvixB n‡Z _v‡K| Ae‡njv, eÂbv
Avi Acgvb Qvov cÖvwß LyeB bMY¨| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, bvixiv GLb wkÿv-`xÿvq
A‡bK GwM‡q| Av‡Mi w`b Avi †bB| Gme MvwjUvwji w`b †kl| GUv LyeB
Avkve¨ÄK K_v| bvixiv GwM‡q‡Q, G‡Mv‡”Q, G‡Mv‡e Av‡iv A‡bK`~i| wKš‘ †mB
G‡Mv‡bvi cwimsL¨vbUv Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Rb‡Mvôxi Zzjbvq LyeB bMY¨| wekvj
Rb‡Mvôxi GKUv weivU Ask bvix wbcxo‡bi wkKvi, hvi †Kv‡bv RvZxq cwimsL¨vb
Avgvi nv‡Z †bB| e¨w³, mgvR, cwievi, iv‡óªi cÖwZwU ¯Í‡iB bvix AK_¨fvlvi
†cÖl‡Y RR©wiZ nq⎯ nqZ †mUv cÖZ¨ÿ wKsev c‡ivÿfv‡e| bvixi fvlv, fvlvi
gva¨‡g Ae`gb, wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯’vq Mvwjkã Z_v cyiælvwac‡Z¨i mvgvwRK
M‡elYv Lye GKUv nq wb Avgv‡`i †`‡k| ZvB bvixi Kvbœvi †h AmsL¨ mgxKiY,
AmsL¨ Ae¨³ †e`bvi Kve¨Mv_v, Zv Avgiv Rvwb bv| †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv PP©vi
LyeB Afve Avgv‡`i mgvRe¨e¯’vq| †h Kvi‡Y bvix n‡q I‡V GK g¨vwRK
wiqvwjRg| msmv‡i bvix n‡q I‡V wbðzc GK †bc_¨PvwiYx|
GB †bc_¨PvwiYx bvix‡K wb‡q Aíwe¯Íi mgvRZvwË¡K cÖm½ Uvbv †h‡Z cv‡i| bvix
gv‡b Rivqy, bvix gv‡b wW¤^‡Kvl| bvix gv‡b cÖ_vi Rv‡j ew›` weeY© cÖRvcwZ|
mgvRRxe‡b bvixi Ae`vb bMY¨ e‡j cwiMwYZ nq| KviY GKwU mgv‡Ri `ywU ¯Íi
_v‡K⎯ g~jKvVv‡gv ev eywbqv` I DcwiKvVv‡gv| mgv‡Ri †fZ‡i gvby‡li
cvi¯úwiK A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZB ˆZwi nq Zvi eywbqv` Ges eywbqv‡`i

bvix I cÖMwZ 8
 
djRvZ cÖwZl½x wn‡m‡e M‡o I‡V DcwiKvVv‡gv| myZivs bvix-cyiæ‡li A_©‰bwZK
ˆel‡g¨i djkÖæwZ wn‡m‡e ˆZwi nq DcwiKvVv‡gvMZ bvbv ai‡bi mvgvwRK ˆelg¨|
mgv‡Ri bvix-cyiæ‡li ga¨Kvi bvbv ai‡bi ˆel‡g¨i wgwjZ iƒc wn‡m‡e
Avewk¨Kfv‡e Rb¥ wbj cyiælZš¿| Avi bvix AvμvšÍ n‡Z jvMj bvbv ai‡bi
mwnsmZvq| Avw`g †KŠg mgvRe¨e¯’vi ci gvbeRvwZ B‡Zvg‡a¨ BwZnv‡mi K‡qKwU
Kvjce© ev HwZnvwmK MVbiƒc (`vmZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯’v, mvgšÍZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯’v)
AwZμg K‡i G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ Drcv`‡bi Dcv‡qi gvwjKvbvq †Zgb †Kv‡bv †ni‡di
nq wb| eis cyiæ‡li gvwjKvbvi wfwË Av‡iv gReyZ n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb
cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡RI Av‡Q bvix-cyiæ‡li A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨| Gi Kvi‡Y ˆZwi nIqv
Ab¨ bvbv ai‡bi mvgvwRK ˆelg¨I wU‡K Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ cyiælZš¿ Zvi nvRvi
eQ‡ii c_ Pjvq wb‡R‡K A‡bK kw³kvjx I †UKmB Kivi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Q|
cyiælZvwš¿K Ae¯’vb †UKmB Kivi cÖwμqvq cyiæl fvlv‡KI KivqË K‡i †bq|
fvlv‡K KivqË K‡i Zviv wbh©vZ‡bi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i|
G wel‡q we¯Í…Z mgvRZvwË¡K Aa¨q‡bi cvkvcvwk Av‡iv M‡elYv n‡Z cv‡i|
Mvwjk‡ãi mgvRZvwË¡K cv‡Vv×vi, Aa¨qb Ges †jLbxi cvkvcvwk wKQz Mvwjk‡ãi
mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvUvI Riæwi| AvcvZ`„wó‡Z k㸇jv Akøxj, AK_¨, A‡kvfbxq,
Af`ª †jv‡Ki fvlv, MvjvMvj ev ¯ø¨vs| mf¨mgv‡Ri wePvwiK gvb`‡Ð k㸇jvi
Ae¯’vb AkøxjZvi ch©v‡q c‡o| wKš‘ mf¨mgv‡RB GB k㸇jv cÖ‡qvM I Gi
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Q cyiæl| evB‡ii mf¨-mykxj gyLvei‡Yi †Lvj‡mi †cQ‡b RvqMv K‡i
wb‡q‡Q nxb, wbP, wbK…ó, Akøxj kãfvÐvi| Gme k‡ãi we¯Í…wZ GZUvB †ewk †h, G
wbe‡Üi K‡je‡i meUvi ¯’vb msKzjvb m¤¢e bq| Gi g‡a¨ wKQz kã GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv
hvK :
1. AvUKcvwj
g›` Kcvj, `ytLeZx bvix (Mvwjkã wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq)|
2. GKZjv fvov †`Iqv
Mf©eZx nIqv (Zz”Qv‡_© kãwU e¨eüZ nq)|
3. KwP
†QvU, wK‡kvix †g‡q| kãwU †hŠbZvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i e¨envi Kiv
nq Mvwjk‡ã; †hgb, KwP gvj|
4. Kov gvj
k³‡cv³ †g‡q, Kv‡jv †g‡q wKš‘ †PnvivUv `viæY|

bvix I cÖMwZ 9
 
 5. Kg&wj
my›`ix ev hyeZx †g‡q|
6. K¤úvwbi gvj
†eIqvwik e¯‘, A‡b¨i m¤úwË⎯ hvi Rb¨ LiP Ki‡Z nq bv| bvixi
†`n‡K m¯Ív †fvM¨cY¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i kãwU Zz”Qv‡_© e¨eüZ
nq|
7. Kjwg
†gvUv wbZ‡¤^i bvix| Zz”Qv‡_© e¨eüZ nq kãwU|
8. Kvwgb †Pv`v
bvix kÖwgK, evwoi Kv‡Ri †jv‡Ki m‡½ A‰ea m¤úK© Av‡Q Ggb
e¨w³|
9. KzbwK
†ek¨v, cwZZv| bvixi cÖwZ wb›`v‡_© kãwU e¨eüZ nq|
10. Kziæàyi
Kziƒcv bvix, wb›`v‡_© e¨eüZ|
11. KzjUv
†ek¨v, e¨wfPvwiYx, wb›`v‡_© e¨eüZ|
12. wLowK
†g‡q‡`i †cvkv‡Ki duvK, hv w`‡q kix‡ii †Kv‡bv Ask †`Lv hvq|
wb›`v I Zz”Qv‡_© e¨eüZ kã|
13. †Luw`
AcQ›`mB †g‡q, wb›`v‡_© e¨eüZ|
14. Mvgjv
AvwfavwbK A‡_© gvwUi cvÎ, hv‡Z fv‡Zi d¨vb †djv nq| wKš‘
Zz”Qv‡_© bvixi †hŠbv½‡K †evSvq Ges Mvwjkã wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv
nq|
15. wMwic_
Zz”Qv‡_© Mvwjkã wn‡m‡e bvixi †hŠbv½ †evSv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|

bvix I cÖMwZ 10
 
 16. NiIqvwj
whwb N‡ii gvwjK; †hgb, evwoIqvwj| evwoIqvjvi ¯¿xwj½ evwoIqvwj
Avi NiIqvjvi ¯¿xwj½ NiIqvwj| cÖK…ZA‡_©, bvixi e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ I
gvwjKvbv‡K cyiælZvwš¿K mgvR †g‡b †bq bv| †mRb¨ Zz”Qv‡_©
Mvwjkã wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| cvkvcvwk cwZZvj‡qi gvwm‡KI
NiIqvwj e‡j, hvi wbqš¿‡Y GKvwaK †g‡q _v‡K|
17. NvwUqv
ev‡R, †bvsiv|
18. Nym&wK
AmZx M„n¯’ ¯¿x|
19. PvgwK
PgKcÖ` my›`ix †g‡q| bvixi †mŠ›`h©‡K wb‡q A‡bK mgq
cÖwZwnsmvcivqYZvq fz‡M Zv‡K wb‡q cwinvm Kiv nq| †mŠ›`h©‡K
A¯^xKvi I Zvw”Q‡j¨i wel‡q cwiYZ Ki‡Z kãwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
20. RevKzmyg
†g‡q‡`i gvwmK FZz¯ªve| cÖvK…wZK GB welqwU‡K Zvw”Q‡j¨i mv‡_
†`L‡Z GB kãwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
21. †Qv‡Uv gvj
AvwfavwbK A‡_© g‡`i †QvU †evZj wKsev †QvU wRwbm †evSvq| wKš‘
e¨½ K‡i Lv‡Uv †hŠebeZx †g‡q‡`i cÖwZ Zz”Qv‡_© GB m‡¤^vab cÖ‡qvM
K‡i cyiælkvwmZ mgvR|
22. wRwbm
AvwfavwbK A‡_© †Kv‡bv wRwbmcÎ| wKš‘ my›`ix †g‡q‡`i KvgyKZvi
`„wófw½ wb‡q cyiælmgvR ÔwRwbmÕ kãwU e‡j _v‡K|
23. SvOvwewP
cvKv, †Wu‡cv; Zz”Qv‡_©|
24. U‡g‡Uv mm
gvwmK FZz¯ªv‡ei mgq wb®‹vwkZ i³, Zz”Qv‡_©|

bvix I cÖMwZ 11
 
 25. UvBU gvj
†hŠbZvc~Y© ev‡R gšÍe¨| †hŠebeZx Aíeqmx †g‡q‡`i †evSv‡Z Zz”Q
I e¨½v‡_© kãwU e¨envi Kiv nq|
26. Uzm&wK
my›`ix †g‡q|
27. U¨vcvwi
my›`ix †g‡q|
28. We&Kv/WeKv gvj
†hŠebcÖvß ¯^v¯’¨eZx bvix|
29. Wvej †WKvi
Mf©eZx bvix, Zz”Qv‡_© e¨eüZ|
30. Wuvmv gvj
hyeZx, †hŠebcÖvß †g‡q|
31. wWgcvov gyiwM
Mf©aviY I ev”Pv Rb¥`v‡b mÿg bvix‡`i †evSv‡Z Zz”Qv‡_© e¨eüZ
nq GB Mvwjkã|
32. Zvbcyiv
cðv‡Ïk, cvQv| we‡klfv‡e cÖmvwiZ wbZ‡¤^i AwaKvix bvix‡`i
†evSv‡Z e¨½v‡_© Zvbcyiv ejv n‡q _v‡K|
33. `yjwK
wbZw¤^bx| nuvUvi mgq cðv‡Ïk IVvbvgv Kiv hyeZx †g‡q‡K †evSv‡Z
e¨envi Kiv nq|
34. auvwo †g‡q
cÖvßeq¯‹ †g‡q, wKš‘ GL‡bv we‡q nq wb; GiKg A‡_© e¨eüZ nq
kãeÜwU|
35. avwb jsKv
`¾vj, AwZwi³ Svj bvix‡K †evSv‡Z wb›`v‡_© e¨eüZ|

bvix I cÖMwZ 12
 
 36. waw½
cÖvßeq¯‹v, j¾vnxbv, D”Q…•Lj †g‡q †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ nq| ÔAZ eo
waw½ gvBqvWv‡i AZWv evo‡Z †`Iqv DwPZ nq wb|Õ
37. wbg&wK
my›`ix †g‡q|
38. cÆx
FZzgZx †g‡qi e¨eüZ c¨vW‡K cwÆ e‡j|
39. c¨vwUm LvIqv
†cÖ‡g cÖZ¨vL¨vZ ev cÖZvwiZ nIqv|
40. dvbUzk
my›`ix †g‡q|
41. dzUvwb
AnsKvix †g‡qi fve †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ|
42. evZvwe †jey
¯Íb, mvaviYZ e„n`vqZb ¯Íb †evSv‡Z e¨½v‡_© GB MvwjkãwU e¨eüZ
nq|
43. wewjø
my›`ix †g‡q|
44. eyUwK
bvixi ¯Íb|
45. †ewe
my›`ix †g‡q|
46. †evgv
AvKl©Yxq my›`ix †g‡q|
47. fvwZ
my›`ix †g‡q †evSv‡Z wURvi‡`i fvlv|

bvix I cÖMwZ 13
 
 48. fzwm gvj
wbZvšÍ Ac`v_©, AKg©Y¨ †evSv‡Z Zz”Qv‡_© GB kãwU e¨eüZ nq|
49. †fUwK
hvi gyL †fU‡K _v‡K; Zz”Qv‡_©|
50. hUKx
gvwUi ˆZwi Avmeve| †gvUv †g‡q †evSv‡Z Zz”Qv‡_© e¨eüZ nq|
51. gvKwo
my›`ix †g‡q|
52. gviæwZ Mvwo
AvKl©Yxq †hŠebeZx †g‡q †evSv‡Z Zz”Qv‡_© e¨eüZ kã|
53. wgwbgvj
wK‡kvix †g‡q|
54. im‡Mvjøv
†hŠebcÖvß †g‡q|
55. jywP
bvixi ¯Íb|
56. Am&gvb KeyZi
bvixeÿ|
57. AvB‡Ug
AvB‡UgUv fv‡jv, Wuvmv| weK…Z †hŠb Bw½Z Ki‡Z ejv nq|
58. Avj&KvZiv
Kv‡jv MvÎeY©wewkó bvix|
59. Lvc&wi
my›`ix bvix|
60. wPswo
DVwZ hyeZx

bvix I cÖMwZ 14
 
 61. d¬vBs
evB‡i †_‡K Avmv A¯’vqx †hŠbKg©x|
62. hy‡Zi gvMx
m¤^Ü ¯’vc‡bi Dchy³ bvix|
63. †Uvj&wb
†g‡q|
64. a¨vKv gvBqv
AweevwnZ bvix|
Gme kã AwaKvsk mgq AvÂwjK| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖwZeY©xKiY
K‡i e¨envi Kiv nq| wKQz †ÿ‡Î Gme k‡ãi AvwfavwbK fvev_©, kãv_© Lyu‡R cvIqv
hvq bv| cyiæl Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ¯^v_© PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨, bvix‡K †nq cÖwZcbœ Kivi
Rb¨, †hŠb jvjmv wbe„wËi Rb¨ k㸇jv‡K weK…Zfv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i| wKQz k‡ãi
†ÿ‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖK…ZA‡_© k㸇jvi BwZevPK I fv‡jv A_© i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ bvix‡K
†nq Kivi Rb¨ weK…Z fvev‡e‡M ZvwoZ n‡q †hŠb Bw½Zc~Y© A‡_© e¨envi Kiv nq|
wKQz kã Lvevi`vevi, Mvwo, wewfbœ `vn¨ c`v_©, AvmevecÎ, ev`¨h‡š¿i mv‡_ m¤ú„³;
wKš‘ e¨envi Kiv nq Lvivc A‡_©; †hgb, wPswo, AvjKvZiv, KeyZi, jywP, im‡Mvjøv,
gUKx, fzwmgvj, wewjø, evZvwe‡jey, Ugv‡Uv mm, wWgcvov gyiwM, Zvbcyiv, RevKzmyg,
Mvgjv, Kjwm, BZ¨vw`| GB k㸇jvi mv‡_ wKQzUv †hŠbZvi Av‡e`b Ry‡o †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cyiæl‡`i †ÿ‡Î Ggb Dcgvm~PK kã Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv|
GLv‡b GKBiKg D‡Ï‡k¨ ˆZwi I cÖ‡hvR¨ Av‡iv wKQz kã D‡jøL KiwQ⎯
_vg : †g‡q‡`i Diæ
hywi : e„×gwnjv
DËv : my›`ix
A‡kvK dzj : FZzeZx †g‡q
U¨vcvwi : †g‡q
†euvUv KvUv †ejdzj : ¯Íbe„šÍ
mvBb‡evW©Iqvjv : weevwnZv gwnjv
K`&gv : †g‡qi eyK/¯Íb
Kv‡gvievR : †h bvix †hŠbKg© K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i
KuvPv †`qvj : †hŠbK‡g© bevMZv

bvix I cÖMwZ 15
 
 evwjk : †g‡q‡`i cvQv
cymKzwb : ¯¿x †hŠbv½
Avgiv mf¨-Mvwjnxb mgvRe¨e¯’v †`L‡Z PvB| wKš‘ Mvwj Ab¨vq, AwePvi, †kvlY,
eÂbv, AcÖvwß Amv‡g¨iB Mf©RvZ| cyiælvwac‡Z¨i `ywbqvqI Mvwji webvk m¤¢e|
wKš‘ Zvi Av‡M Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i e`jv‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j bvixi fvlv, bvixi
iæwP‡eva, bvixi †Kv‡bv wKQziB g~j¨ _vK‡e bv| cyiæ‡li fvlv †Kej bvixi
Ae`g‡bB e¨eüZ n‡e|
Aek¨ GK_v GLv‡b cÖwZwbavb‡hvM¨ †h, hZw`b mgv‡R †kvlY-eÂbv _vK‡e, MvwjI
_vK‡e Zvi fuv‡R fuv‡R| Z‡e Avgiv PvB, AZ¨vPvi, wbh©vZb, wb‡®úl‡Y Mvwj
wbcxo‡bi nvwZqvi bv n‡q n‡q DVzK cÖwZ‡iv‡ai nvwZqvi|
Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZi i‡Ü« i‡Ü« Xz‡K c‡o‡Q cyiælkvwmZ Mvwjkã| Zv †gv‡UI
bvixevÜe wKsev bvixi fvlv bq, †h †cÖÿvc‡U ¯ø¨vs ev Mvwji mgvRZvwË¡K I
fvlvZvwË¡K we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| ZvB G cÖe‡Ü mgMÖ cÖvmw½KZv †U‡b
Mvwji e„ËvšÍ Zz‡j aiv m¤¢e nq wb e‡j GKUv AZ…wß i‡qB †Mj| cvkvcvwk
mvwn‡Z¨-bvU‡K-mvs¯‹…wZK cwiPh©vq †h Mvwji eni cyiælZvwš¿K mgv‡R we¯Í…wZ jvf
K‡i‡Q †m wb‡qI Av‡jvKcvZ Riæwi wQj| Z‡e G cÖe‡Ü wKQzUv mgvRZvwË¡K
Aeq‡e bvixi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ cÖvmw½K welqwUi cÖwZB †Kej ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Mvwji mvgwMÖK we‡køl‡Y G welqwU ¯úó †h, Gme Mvwj Avgv‡`i KzwÉZ K‡i, weeªZ
K‡i, AcgvwbZ K‡i, †nq K‡i| hv wKbv hy‡Mi ci hyM bvixi weiæ‡× GKZidvfv‡e
cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡q Avm‡Q| wKš‘ ey‡S ev bv ey‡S Avgiv Zv Av‡Rv e¨envi K‡i P‡jwQ
Aejxjvq|
g‡bi e‡j ms‡Mvc‡b A‡bK gvwMB K‡i‡Q †Qbvjx
cokx †g‡q cv dmKv‡j ZvivB w`‡”Q Mvwj|
gi`ivI me my‡hvMg‡Zv Ki‡Q gvwMevRx,
bvwjk K‡i, mvwjk K‡i, ZvivB mv‡R KvRx|
[AK_¨ cOw³gvjv/Rvnv½xi Lvb]
K_¨fvlvi Mvwj hLb KvM‡R gyw`ªZ n‡q g~Z© n‡q I‡V †Pv‡Li mvg‡b, mwZ¨B
†egvbvb jv‡M mevi Kv‡Q| †mB †egvbvb, eÇ †egvbvb welqwU‡K Avgiv †hb
gvbvbmB Kivi Rb¨ D‡Vc‡o †j‡MwQ| ZvB Avgv‡`i ms‡kva‡bi mgq G‡m †M‡Q|
Avmyb AvR †_‡KB bvixi weiæ‡× Gme k‡ãi e¨envi eÜ Kwi|

nvmvb BKevj cÖvewÜK I DbœqbKg©x| GKwU ¯ú¨vwbk Dbœqb ms¯’vq Kg©iZ| hasan_netsu@yahoo.com

bvix I cÖMwZ 16
 
mnvqK Z_¨cwÄ
1. ¯^cb, Ave`yj gvbœvb m¤úvw`Z, agwb-Mvwj msL¨v, 7g el©, 1g msL¨v, †deªæqvwi 2012|
2. †Mv¯^vgx, mÎvwRr, evsjv AK_¨ fvlv I kã‡Kvl, 2006, GKwesk, KjKvZv|
3. gwjøK, fw³cÖmv`, Aciva RM‡Zi fvlv I kã‡Kvl, 2011, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv|
4. emy, Aå, evsjv ¯ø¨vs : mgxÿv I Awfavb, 2012, c¨vwcivm, KjKvZv|
5. `vm, igvKvšÍ, Avmv‡gi eivK DcZ¨Kvi wbwl× kã I MvjvMv‡ji fvlv (cÖeÜ), agbx,
cÖv¸³|
6. fÆvPvh©, kvk¦Z, Mvwj : †cÖwÿZ iscyi AÂj (cÖeÜ), agbx, cÖv¸³|
7. bv_, g„Yvj, fvlv I mgvR, 1999, bqv D‡`¨vM, KjKvZv|
8. miKvi, cweÎ, †jvKfvlv †jvKms¯‹…wZ, 2003, wPivqZ cÖKvkb cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW,
KjKvZv|
9. e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, AR©yb, ¯ø¨vs : Avgv‡`i eo b`x, AwRZ ivq m¤úvw`Z kni, SvoLÐ, RyjvB
2013|
10. Myß, cjøe †mb, †jŠwKK Mvjg›` : mgvR-gb¯ÍZ¡ I iƒcZË¡, mbrKzgvi wgÎ m¤úvw`Z evsjv
†jvKfvlv weÁvb, †jvKms¯‹…wZ M‡elYv cwil`, 2001, KjKvZv|
11. BKevj, nvmvb, fvlv, bvix I cyiælcyivY (cÖeÜ), 10 RyjvB 2013, bvix wefvM, wcÖq WU
Kg|
12. knx`yjvø n, W±i gyn¤§`, cÖavb m¤úv`K, evsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlvi Awfavb, 1965,
evsjv GKv‡Wgx, ea©gvb nvDm, XvKv|
13. Haas, Adelaide, Male and female spoken language differences: stereotype and
evidence, American Psychological Association Bulletin, 1979, vol- 86, No-3
(page- 616-626).
14. Lakoff, Robin, Language, Gender and politics: puting "women" and "power"
in the same sentence, The handbook of language and gender, Edited by Janet
Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff, 2003 : Blackwell publishing Ltd. UK.
15. Keashly, Loraleigh and Harvey, Steve, Workplace emotional abuse: Phd thesis
paper, Sage publication
16. Ali, Ghulam and Khan, Lubna Sklaq, Language and Construction of Gender:
A Feminist Critique of Sms Discourse, British journal of arts and social
science, Vol 4, No 2 (2012)

   

bvix I cÖMwZ 17