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Reservoir
• A reservoir (from French réservoir – a "tank") is
RESERVOIR a storage space for fluids
• These fluids may be water, hydrocarbons or gas.
• Porosity

Porosity
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
– Porosity • Porosity is the first of two essential
• Primary requirements for a rock to act as a
• Secondary hydrocarbon reservoir. It is simply a
– Permeability measurement of the pore or void spaces in a
– Reservoir Continuity
rock and is usually expressed as a percentage
using the formula:
– Areal Continuity

• Porosity (%) = (volume of void / total volume

of rock) x 100

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Berdasarkan terbentuknya Berdasarkan jenisnya

• Porositas primer: terbentuk bersamaan dengan • Porositas total: semua pori yang ada pada
pengendapan batuan. batuan.
• Porositas sekunder: terbentuk setelah • Porositas efektif: pori yang saling
pengendapan batuan. berhubungan

Tipe porositas
• Interconnected porosity
• Connected porosity
• Isolated porosity Interconnected porosity utilizes multiple pore throat Connected, or dead-end, porosity has only one pore
passages to connect neighboring pores throat passage (a) connecting with another pore space

Isolated porosity has no connections between pores The frequency of oil and gas reservoirs plotted against porosity

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Porositas primer
• Intergranular: biasanya pada batupasir
• Intragranular: biasanya pada batugamping

Intergranular or interparticle porosity Intragranular porosity

Porositas sekunder • Intercrystalline porosity occurs between

crystals and is the type of porosity found in
• Secondary porosity is porosity formed within a several important oil and gas fields.
reservoir after deposition. The major types of
secondary porosity are:
• Intercrystalline;
• Solution (moldic and vuggy);
• Fracture.

sketch of a thin section of a crystalline dolomite reservoir

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• Several types of secondary porosity can be
caused by solution. This is a critical process in
developing porosity in carbonates, but it can
develop secondary porosity in sandstones as
well. There are several ways the solution
process actually occurs.
• The last significant type of secondary porosity
is fracture porosity. Fractured reservoirs can
occur in any brittle rock that breaks by
fracturing rather than by plastic deformation

secondary solution pores developed in a limestone

Faktor yang mempengaruhi besarnya

porositas
• Penimbunan/burial
• Gradien geothermal
• Overpressure
• Sementasi
• Diagenesa

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Pengaruh penimbunan terhadap porositas Pengaruh gradien geothermal terhadap

porositas
• In general, the higher the geothermal gradient,
the greater the rate of porosity reduction with
depth (Galloway, 1974)

Pengaruh overpresure terhadap porositas Pengaruh sementasi terhadap porositas

• Overpressure can help to preserve porosity at
• Many sandstone reservoirs have lost some of
great depths (Plumley, 1980)
their porosity by secondary silica cementation
of this type. Many other types of cement are
found in sandstone reservoirs, especially
calcite and the clay minerals.

TSNP: Top of the Super-Normal Pressure zone

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Porosity is plotted against permeability on a logarithmic scale,

showing the porosity: permeability distributions for illite-cemented
sands and kaolin-cemented sands from some North Sea gas fields. It
should be noted that the porosity is mostly between 5 to 25 percent,
irrespective of the type of clay, but the permeabilities for kaolin-
cemented sands are far higher than the permeabilities of the illite-
cemented sands.

Sebagian pori sudah tersemenkan Semua pori sudah tersemenkan

Pengaruh diagenesa terhadap porositas

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Sands are deposited with porosity of some 40
– Porosity
to 50 percent • Primary
• Secondary
– Permeability
– Reservoir Continuity
– Areal Continuity

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Permeabilitas
• Permeabilitas adalah kemampuan batuan
melalukan fluida.
The unit of permeability is the Darcy. A rock having a permeability of one
darcy allows a fluid of one centipoise viscosity to flow at a velocity of one
centimeter per second for a pressure drop of one atmosphere per centimeter.
Where:
q = rate of flow
k = permeability
(P1 - P2) = pressure drop across the sample
A = cross-sectional area of sample
μ = viscosity of fluid
L = length of the sample
Since most reservoirs have permeabilities that are much less than a
Darcy, the millidarcy (one thousandth of a Darcy) is commonly
used for measurement. Permeability is generally referred to by the
letter k.
In the form shown above, Darcy's law is only valid when there is
no chemical reaction between the fluid and rock, and when there
is only one fluid phase present completely filling the pores. The
situation is far more complex for mixed oil or gas phases, although
we can apply a modified Darcy-type equation. Average
permeabilities in reservoirs commonly range from 5 to 500
millidarcies.

Pengaruh ukuran butir terhadap permeabilitas

Faktor yang mempengaruhi • Porosity is independent of grain size. Permeability, however, is very
permeabilitas different. All other things being equal, finer grain sizes of sediment mean
lower permeabilities. This is because the finer the grain size, the
narrower the throat passages between pore spaces and, therefore, the
• Ukuran Butir/Grain size harder it is for fluids to move through a rock. Therefore, permeability
declines with decreasing grain size. Porosity is generally unaffected by
• Sortasi/grain sorting grain size but permeability increases with increasing grain size.
• Kemas/rock fabric

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Pengaruh sortasi terhadap permeabilitas Pengaruh kemas terhadap permeabilitas

• In the poorly-sorted sand, there are many fine-grained particles
occurring between the framework of coarser grains. The pore • Fabric refers to the way in which the grains in the sediment
spaces are being plugged up by the finer particles; thus porosity are actually arranged. There are two aspects of the fabric to
and permeability may both be low. By contrast, in the well-sorted consider: the way in which the grains are packed, and the way
sand, the grains provide a clean framework, with no finer-grained in which the various particles are actually oriented.
material to fill the pore spaces or block the throat passages. Such
well-sorted sands will have relatively high porosity and
permeability.

• Thus, the second element of fabric, orientation, is probably more

significant than packing when considering porosity and permeability
variations. Although the way in which grains are oriented has little affect
on porosity, it has a major effect on permeability.
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Figure below is a sketch of a typical bedded sandstone consisting of quartz – Porosity
grains elongated parallel to current direction and mica flakes and other
particles aligned parallel to the bedding. Current direction is from left to • Primary
right along the X axis. Permeability along the X axis will generally be at a • Secondary
maximum, and along the Y axis at a minimum. The permeability measured
in the Z axis will generally be midway between these two values. – Permeability
– Kemenerusan Reservoir/Reservoir Continuity
– Areal Continuity

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Kemenerusan Reservoir
• Unfortunately, most oil fields do not occur in single sheet-
shaped reservoirs of great lateral continuity with uniform
porosity and permeability distributions. Most oil
accumulations occur in heterogeneous reservoirs with
permeability barriers because of shale breaks or local
cemented zones.

• Continuity of reservoir beds can only be done effectively

when the development geologist and the petroleum
engineer work together. The geologist tries to establish the
depositional environment of the various reservoir units
and, using that knowledge, he tries to make predictions
about where the reservoir may be expected to thicken and
thin.
• Figure 1 is the reservoir engineer's dream: a blanket sand of uniform
porosity and permeability distribution. This occurs with a single oil: water
contact. In this case for a well drilled at location 1 or through the reservoir
of any other location, gross pay equals net pay.

• Figure 2 is somewhat different: the sand is shaling out from right to left
across the section, thus for a well drilled at location 2 the net pay of the
reservoir is less than the gross pay. There is still one oil accumulation, or at
least one major one, but there is a small separate accumulation with its
own oil: water contact in the lower left-hand part of the figure.
• Figure 3 shows another situation. There is a series of separate oil pools
with their own oil: water contacts. This is not a genuine anticlinal
structural trap, but a series of stratigraphic traps which pinch out towards
the crest of the structure. For each reservoir, net pay equals gross pay.

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• Gross thickness: It is the thickness of the

stratigraphically defined interval in which the reservoir
beds occur, including such non-productive intervals as
may be interbedded between the productive intervals.
• Net pay (net productive) thickness: It is the thickness
of those intervals in which porosity and permeability
are known or supposed to be high enough for the
interval to be able to produce oil or gas.
• Net oil-bearing thickness: It includes those intervals in
which oil is present in such saturation that the interval
may be expected to produce oil, if penetrated by a
properly completed well.

Areal Continuity
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
– Porosity
• The following is based on the
• Primary scheme proposed by Potter
• Secondary (1962). Refer to Figure 1.
– Permeability • The upper is an areal view of an
ideal reservoir, a sheet of great
– Kemenerusan Reservoir/Reservoir Continuity
lateral extent with a
– Areal Continuity length:width ratio of about 1 to
1. The remaining map views
show different types of
elongated reservoirs with a
length:width ratio greater than
1 to 1

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• The ribbon or shoestring sands are characteristically

• The belt variety is essentially a sheet sand with isolated holes produced by marine barrier bar sands and usually trend
replaced by shale. The dendroid variety has length: width parallel to the paleoshoreline. The depositional environment
ratios which are generally greater than 3 to 1. This is typically of this type of sand body is illustrated in Figure 3 .
encountered in fluvial and deltaic sands which trend
perpendicular to the paleo-shoreline. The depositional
• Lastly, there may be isolated pods which are hard to find and
environment of this type of sand body is illustrated in
harder still to develop. These often Occur where erosion has
Figure 2.
removed much of the sand and replaced it with shale, leaving
isolated pods of sand.

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