IB Diploma Programme

Physics Standard Level

Internal Assessment

Topic of Investigation : Commented [u1]:

Research Question :

How to determine the specific heat capacity of different liquid using volume expansion formula?

Session : May 2018

Bina Tunas Bangsa International School

Word Count : Commented [u2]:

I.Introduction:

When heats up the water in the pot into reach the top of the surface and close them in the
time of the water has boiled and cause the lid of the pot fall down and much water to spill. some
cases when replacing the fluid with oil for a very long time, oil to to shed need high heat. The
event physically can be explained as a result of the fact that every liquid substance has a specific
heat capacity is different which means that to increase the temperature of 10 in 1 g requires a
number of specific energy, which for each of the different fluid. Similarly, liquid substance also
has special characteristics which are able to experience the changes of size when heated. Each
matter when heated will experience expansion because the molecule receives additional energy
from the outside so that the kinetic energy changes. Changes in kinetic energy cause the distance
between molecules to change, so this phenomenon that causes the matter will change size.
Most fluids take after a genuinely unsurprising example of continuous volume increase, as a
reaction to an expansion in temperature, and volume decrease because of a lessening in
temperature. For sure, the coefficient of volume extension for a fluid is the most having a
tendency to be higher than for a solid and for this experiment will be testing liquid such as
alcohol.
And by seeing the phenomenon parameters it was very interesting to be learned. Whether
there is a relationship between the specific heat capacity and expansion. In physics lessons, two
this studied separately to get the basic concept moreover for the experiment also will done
separately. In this research a sense of want to know whether there is a relation to both and able to
be done by scoring setup. Because previously I tried to relate the mathematically to the
commonalities, and there is a correlation between the two.

1.1. Research Question

How to perform the setup of experiment in determining the specific heat capacity of
different liquid using volume expansion formula?

1.2. Background Information

Heat is energy that moves due to temperature difference heat move from low temperature to
high temperature regions. And each object has an inner energy associated with random motion of
atoms or its constituent molecules. The inner energy is directly proportional to an object, where
two object with different temperature go hand in hand they will exchange internal energy until
the temperature of both objects is balanced. The difference is that heat is associated with the
exchange of internal energy and work done by the temperature changes and different.
When the temperature of the object releases heat around it (Q<O). When the object absorbs heat
from its surroundings (Q>0). The amount of heat, and the speed distribution. The heat are all
symbolized by the different permutations of the letter O. The sum of heat is denoted as Q and is
measured in joules in SI units

Specific heat capacity determines the heat supplied to the body that causes heating of 1 kg of
substance by 1 K; it is not a characteristic of a particular subject, but the material itself. Using the
specific heat capacity, the heat supplied (removed) can be enumerated by:
 Q=c⋅m⋅Δt (1)

The specific heat capacity denote as c expresses a “willingness” of a substance to change

its temperature – the lower the value, the more easily the temperature changes(cited from). Commented [u3]:
Heat energy is energy produced from electric, so with substitution of similarities of electrical
energy, then obtain all the similarities

P.t
c (2)
m.T

Where P is the power rate from a kettle, t is time taken, m is the mass of the liquid and c
is the specific heat capacity of material, ∆T is change of temperature.

Heating or cooling affects all the dimensions of a body of material, with a resultant Commented [u4]: Cited from
change in volume. Volume changes determined from:
V  Vi . .T (3)
where ∆V and Vi are the volume change and original volume, respectively, and  represents the
volume coefficient of thermal expansion. Using equ.3 in form initial volume Vi which is
subtitude in density  equation, so can be express as
 .V
m (4)
 .T
Subtitution equ.(4) into (1), thus specific heat capacity can be determine.
P.t.
c (5)
 .V

II. Materials and methodology

2.1. Material

Variables:

Independent Variable Different change of volume expansion

Dependent Variable Specific Heat Capacity (c) different liquid.

Controlled Variable How to Control Why it should be controlled

1. Temperature Room temperature to make  The measurement of the specific

it stable and close the
kettle using Styrofoam box
heat capacity is very dependent
on temperature. Temperature is a
parameter that is sensitive or
easily changed when the heat
transfer through the conductive
material is placed, convection

2. Diameter and Volume
of Glass Tube
3. Distance of the tube
4. choosing liquid that are
having a big value of
expansion coefficient
volume of bigger heat
expansion
5. Volume of liquid
Apparatus:
 Water Boiler
 Stopwatch
 Volumetric Pipette (1mL)
 Ethanol : 0.00109
 Retort Stand and Clamp
 Ruler
 Temperature Sensor
 Paper Box
choose the glass tubes with
a small diameter and
volume and try from the
variation of liquid which is
used if the response
changes its volume can be
seen directly
Make sure the tube are not
touching the electric heater
and also use the same glass
tube that will be used and
the water for each
measurement are made to
be similar
The volume of liquid that
is inserted into the glass
tubes are made the same
value
and radiation.
 Polystyrene foam material good
for upgrading the insulate the
heat by convection and radiation
so that the heat produced by the
electric heater is not lost and it is
expected that all of the energy
absorbed by the liquid and kettle
choosing the size of the glass tubes
is very important, if the volume of
the glass tubes small then increase
the volume to be read quickly.
let’s assume if the heat from the
heater are given evenly to the water,
so that the heat will be transfer to
the liquid equally,
Hoping for a big value of the heat
expansion coefficient so when it’s
heated, the liquid will having a
faster expansion so the increase of
volume can be read easily
2.2 Methodology:

1. Set up the apparatus

Figure 1 :

2. Fill the water boiler with tap water up to 1 liter

3. Use the retort stand and clamp to hold the tube into the water boiler
4. Put the Styrofoam as the cap on the water boiler
5. Insert the temperature sensor probe into the hole at top of cap. Make sure sensor is not
touching the electric heater.
6. Associate the electric warmer with the electric prompts the power supply. Ensure electric
heater is well inside the water.
7. Turn on the heater by plug the cable into the power supply.
8. Set the water boiler initial temperature of which we have specify.
9. Put 0.50 mL of first liquid to the tube.
10. Wrap the end of the tube with plastic and close it with a rubber to prevent the liquid to
mix with the water.
11. Measure the time it takes for the increasing volume in different amount 0.05 ml, 0.10 ml,
0.15 ml, 0.20 ml and 0.25 ml. In which every amount of volume’s change is repeated by
3 times.
12. By using ice cube to decrease the temperature of water for it to go back to the initial
temperature.
13. Using volume expansion formula find the Specific Heat Capacity
III. Data Collect and Processing

3.1. Raw Data

The following is some data that are required to calculating the specific heat capacity and it
is obtained from the measurement result .

Table 1:
Alcohol Vi± Vt ± 0.005 dV t ± 0.01(s) Ti ± 1 (oC) Tt± ∆T ±
0.005(ml) (ml) (ml) 1(oC) 0.1oC
Trial 1 0.40 0.45 0.05 145 43.2 ˚C 51.9 ˚C 8.7
Trial 2 0.41 0.46 0.05 150 45.1 ˚C 54.3 ˚C 9.2
Trial 3 0.40 0.45 0.05 143 47.3 ˚C 55.8 ˚C 8.5
Average 146.00 8.8

Alcohol Vi± Vt ± 0.005 dV t ± 0.01(s) Ti ± 1 (oC) Tt± ∆T±0.

0.005(ml) (ml) (ml) 1(oC) 1oC
Trial 1 0.40 0.50 0.10 239 44.8 ˚C 55.9 ˚C 11.1
Trial 2 0.40 0.50 0.10 213 44.1 ˚C 56.9 ˚C 12.8
Trial 3 0.40 0.50 0.10 250 56.2 ˚C 66.2˚C 10.2
Average 234.00 11.3

Alcohol Vi± Vt ± 0.005 dV t ± 0.01(s) Ti ± 1 (oC) Tt± ∆T±0.

0.005(ml) (ml) (ml) 1(oC) 1oC
Trial 1 0.40 0.45 0.15 267 43.1 ˚C 58.2 ˚C 15.1
Trial 2 0.40 0.45 0.15 296 41.1 ˚C 57.4 ˚C 16.3
Trial 3 0.40 0.45 0.15 298 44.3 ˚C 59.7 ˚C 15.4
Average 287.00 15.6

Alcohol Vi± Vt ± 0.005 dV t ± 0.01(s) Ti ± 1 (oC) Tt± ∆T±0.

0.005(ml) (ml) (ml) 1(oC) 1oC
Trial 1 0.40 0.60 0.20 412 47.0 ˚C 66.7 ˚C 19.7
Trial 2 0.40 0.60 0.20 425 43.1 ˚C 60.9 ˚C 17.8
Trial 3 0.40 0.60 0.20 419 44.8 ˚C 63.0 ˚C 18.2
Average 418.67 18.6

Alcohol Vi± Vt ± 0.005 dV t ± 0.01(s) Ti ± 1 (oC) Tt± ∆T±0.

0.005(ml) (ml) (ml) 1(oC) 1oC
Trial 1 0.40 0.65 0.25 598 56.0 ˚C 80.1 ˚C 24.1
Trial 2 0.40 0.65 0.25 601 68.1 ˚C 94.6 ˚C 26.5
Trial 3 0.40 0.55 0.25 582 65.2 ˚C 91.1 ˚C 25.9
Average 593.67
3.2. Processed Data
Pada bagian ini spesific heat capacity setiap liquid dihitung menggunakan persamaan (5).
Data hasil pengukuran yang diperoleh berupa waktu yang diperlukan alkohol untuk memuai t
setiap perubahan volume ΔV yang berbeda. Temperature initial dan final meskipun tidak masuk
dalam perhitungan tetap diukur. Karena ketika memuai, setiap liquid memiliki nilai density yang
bergantung temperature dimana nilai density untuk perhitungan dicari dari literature. Selain
density ρ, data yang diperlukan adalah coefficient thermal expansion of volume β .

Table 5. Data literature yang diperlukan untuk perhitungan specific heat capacity c
Type of  (g/cm3)  ( o ) c (J/g oC)
Liquid C

Alcohol 0.741239 0.00109 2782

Table 6. Raw Data

ΔV(ml) t (s)
0.05 146.00
0.10 234.00
0.15 287.00
0.20 418.67
0.25 593.67

700

600 y = 2224x - 0.9333

R² = 0.963
500
Time (s)

400

300

200

100

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Change of Volume(ml)

Figure 2 . Commented [u5]: Kasih keterangan gambar tentang apa

As the result of the experiment have been performed, can be seen in the graph bahwa
semakin meningkat perubahan volume alcohol, juga membutuhkan waktu yang lebih banyak.
Hasil ini sebanding pula dengan perubahan suhu,dimana perubahan suhu yang terjadi juga
meningkat. Peningkatan jumlah ini dikarenakan power rate dari elektric kettle selalu sama, dan
semakin lama waktu pemanasan, dapat berarti total energy panas yang diberikan dari heater
semakin banyak, sehingga dengan semakin besar waktunya (energy yang diberikan semakin
besar) sangat reasonable jika perubahan suhunya akan semakin besar pula. Perubahan volume
terkait dengan waktu yang diperlukan alcohol untuk memuai. Ketika linearitas terjadi maka
dapat dikaitkan antara perubahan volume terhadap perubahan suhu yang terjadi. Dimana
perubahan suhu ini berkaitan pula dengan spesifik heat capacity dari alcohol. Hal ini berarti
ketika zat cair mengalami perubahan volume yang diakibatkan terjadinya perubahan
temperature, maka dengan mengkaitkan hubungan tersebut, spesifik heat capacity dari alcohol
dapat ditentukan.

Table 6. Result of the Specific Heat Capacity in each of Liquid

Change of Specific Heat Capacity (J/g C)
o
Mean of Specific
Volume Heat Capacity
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
0.05 1492.56 1544.04 1471.98 1417.08± 10.07%
± 10.08% ± 10.07% ± 10.07%
0.10 1230.08 1096.27 1286.70 1204.35± 20.02%
± 20.02% ± 20.02% ± 20.02%
0.15 916.13 ± 1015.63 ± 1022.50 ± 984.75 ± 15.02%
15.02% 15.02% 15.02%
0.20 1060.24 1093.69 1078.25 1077.39 ± 20.01%
± 20.01% ± 20.01% ± 20.01%
0.25 1231.11 1237.29 ± 1198.17± 1222.19 ± 25.01%
±25.01% 25.01% 25.01%

As shown from the table above, Given an example of the calculation of the specific heat capacity
for alcohol. In this research use an electric kettle which have power rate 350 J s-1.

(Power).(time).(coefficient linear thermal expansion)

c
(density).(change of volume)
P.t.
c
 .V
(350 J s 1 )(145s 1 )(0.00109o C 1 )
c = 1492.57 J g -1 oC 1
(0.741239 g cm3 )(0.05 cm3 )

Sample calculation uncertainty of Specific Heat Capacity of Alcohol when it’s heated.
Uncertainty muncul pada pengukuran time t dan change of volume dV sehingga pada
perhitungan specific heat capacitynya adalah.
 dV t 
c    c
 dV t 
  0.001 0.01 
c     100%  10.08%
 0.05 145 

Sample calculation for mean of specific heat capacity of different liquid.

Mean of specific heat capacity C

Trial 1 + Trial 2 +Trial 3

c
n
1235.23 + 1544.04 + 1471.98
c  1417.08 Jg 1oC
3
Sample calculation for the absolute uncertainty of the mean specific heat capacity (c) Of
different liquid and different temperature

Uncertainty of mean c =
 c trial 1 c trial 2 c trial 3 
c     100%
 c trial 1 c trial 2 c trial 3 
 10.07 10.07 10.07 
c       100%
 1492.56 1544.04 1471.98 
c  10.07%

Hasil pengukuran SHC ini diasumsikan jika panas yang dihasilkan dari energy listrik diterima
oleh liquid yang berada di dalam glass tube. Pada kenyataan bahwa terdapat perhitungan energy
yang hilang akibat diserap oleh electric kettle dan glass tube untuk menampung liquid. Hal ini
dikarenakan kettle yang dipakai terbuat dari material plastic campuran/alloy. Selain itu glass tube
tempat menampung liquid kontak langsung terhadap udara di sekitar, sehingga ada energy yang
hilang ke udara.
Tidak semua liquid memiliki line aritas hubungan antara suhu terhadap perubahan volumenya
yang mana artinya ketika suatu liquid mengalami kenaikan temperature yang sama, akan linear
terhadap perubahan volumenya.

IV. Conclusion

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menghitung specific heat capacity suatu liquid dengan
menggunakan formula heat expansion.
1. Semakin besar zat cair mengalami pemuaian, maka membutuhkan waktu yang semakin
besar. Artinya Heat energy yang diberikan semakin besar pula. Energi yang diberikan
apabila semakin besar, maka kenaikan tempertaurnya semakin besar pula. Sehingga dapat
ditarik kesimpulan semakin besar kenaikan volumenya, maka semakin besar change of
temperaturnya.
2. Specific heat capacity yang didapat dari penelitian ini tidak sama dengan sumber literature,
dikarenakan beberapa hal seperti energy yang hilang akibat diabsorb oleh electric kettle,
glass tube tempat zat cair dan akibat terkena oleh udara.
Systematic error Improvement of experiment

Parallax error due to not viewing the instrument Look it at the eye level properly
at eye level

Thermal energy lost from the system to the Use a good insulator to keep the heat energy
environment from heat loss

Zero error due to not calibrating the weighing Before doing the experiment check if the
scale properly apparatus already calibrate or not

Improper isolation may led to the result to attain Use a good isolation of heat. For example
equilibrium with the atmosphere Styrofoam.

Make Sure the set up are insulated well

Lot of heat could be lost during the transfer of
the liquid tube

1. Dengan mengetahui perubahan volume terhadap temperature maka dapat

ditentukan spesifik heat capacity suatu zat cair.
2. Penelitian ini perlu diteliti lebih lanjut dengan memperhitungkan energy yang
hilang akibat diserap oleh electric kettle, energy yang diserap oleh air dan glass
tube. Sehingga hasil yang didapatkan apakah memenuhi nilai specific heat
capacity suatu liquid.
3. Penelitian ini perlu dilakukan lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui berbagai shc dari
beberapa liquid.
V. References

[] Density of alcohol:
http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/DIPPR105DensityCalculation/DIPPR105CalculationCGI.exe
[] SHC alcohol: http://www.celsius-process.com/pdf/ethanol.pdf
[] Cverna, F. 2002. ASM Ready References: Thermal Properties of Metal. United States of
America