Prof Ashok Jain - Estimation of Dynamic Wind Loads

Dr.
Ashok K Jain
Retd. Professor of Civil Engineering
IIT Roorkee
Indirapuram, Ghaziabad
<ashokjain_iitr@yahoo.co.in>
ESTIMATION OF DYNAMIC WIND

LOADS
IS 875-3-2015
Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 1
WIND FORCE VS. SEISMIC FORCE
Frequencies of structures
excited by
wind and earthquake forces.

DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS
In IS 456-1978 the following combinations were used:
1.5DL + 1.5LL ; 1.5DL+/-1.5EQ; 1.2DL+1.2LL+/-1.2EQ
These combinations were based on CP110-1971 British Code.
Later BS8110-1985 revised these combinations as follows:
1.4DL + 1.6LL; 1.4DL+/- 1.4WIND; 1.2DL+1.2LL+/-1.2EQ
IS456-2000 chose not to reduce and align the load factors with
BS8110-1-1997.

In India, with the revision of IS1893-1-2000 code, wind
force has virtually become a secondary force. In my EARTHQUAKE IS
experience, in most cases in zone IV, the following load AN OVERSOLD
combination governs the design: COMMODITY IN
INDIA
1.5 DL + /- 1.5 EQ
In many cases, the designers simply do not care to compute
the wind load any more. This is not a desirable situation.
The load combinations in our codes need a serious review.
ASCE 7 and Eurocode 0 have moved forward in terms of partial load factors
and load combinations. The partial load factor for seismic load combination is
a major change.
Moreover, our codes do not cater to the very long industrial structures from the
temperature point of view.
Our codes need a serious relook at the load combinations and various partial
load factors for both serviceability and ultimate limit states.

HOW TO UNDERSTAND WIND CHARACTERISTICS?
You need to learn fluid mechanics

and fluid dynamics
BUT I WILL SKIP
THESE ASPECTS

WIND FORCE
Wind force acts from a high pressure region to a low pressure region.
WIND SPEED PLOT
Gust

TYPICAL WIND
RECORDS
Different countries/
codes use different
averaging interval to
obtain digitized mean
wind speed
and gust

TYPICAL WIND RECORDS

COLLAPSE OF 149 M TALL AIR TOWER AT
KINGSWAY CAMP, DELHI, MAY 30, 2014
Wind speed 90 kmph –

149 m AIR Tower during the storm
75 m AIR Towers
Electric Poles
No Casualty
Kingsway Camp, Delhi
May 30, 2014
Design life 100 years,

collapsed within 3 years Design vetted by IIT

A CASE OF
POOR DESIGN

COLLAPSE OF 75 M TOWERS AT KINGSWAY CAMP
VERY OLD
TOWERS

COLLAPSE OF ELECTRIC POLES, DELHI

BUDDHA SMRITI PARK, PATNA 2010

Marvelous
complex

There are three interesting aspects about this beautiful complex:
(1) It is a very beautiful and serene complex to relax and meditate. There are
relics of Lord Buddha brought over from many south Asian countries and
displayed in gold bowels.
(2) Its shikhar got tilted due to high winds at that height and extreme political
pressure to complete the job before the very stringent time line.
(3) The designer chose to provide a number of local radial beams in the
dome just below the shikhar to carry its dead load. However, these beams
were discontinued after a very short distance from the crown.

Its shikhar was 40 ft high above the top of the dome and had
octagonal bands. Its overall height was over 150 ft above the
GL. Usually, such stupas have circular bands and not octagonal
bands. However, due to pressure to meet the dead line of
inauguration by HH Dalai Lama, there were compromises with
the workmanship.
On the day of inauguration, it was noticed that the shikhar was
tilted and it became more prominent due to rectangular bands.
The tilt was attributed to high wind speed during construction
and finishing stages.

Buddha Smriti Park, Patna 2010 Stupa got
tilted due to
high winds
In the dome, there

were thick radial
beams in the
shikhar zone only;
did not continue till
the ring beam

LET US UNDERSTAND WIND PROFILE, TERRAIN,
AND TOPOGRAPHY
Gradient height
Gradient height –
The height after
HEIGHT
which the wind WIND PROFILE -
speed becomes f(terrain and topography)
constant
SPEED
21
TERRAIN CATEGORY
sea
22
WIND PROFILE WITH TERRAIN
Shows
variation
of wind
velocity
with height
23
WIND PROFILE
24
TOPOGRAPHY
25
WIND PRESSURE
Static wind pressure

Wind speed
Dynamic wind pressure having a 50 year
 Along wind response return period
 Across wind response
Static wind pressure makes use of peak gust velocity averaged over 3 sec;
Dynamic wind speed makes use of hourly mean wind speed magnified by gust factor.

STATIC WIND PRESSURE – IS875-3-1987
Vz = Vb k1 k2 k3
Vb = regional basic wind speed having a mean return period of 50 years

Return period = 1/probability of exceedence
The design wind pressure pz in N/m2 at any height above mean ground level is
given by the relation:
pz = 0.6 V2z
k2 = f(size, terrain, height)

STATIC WIND PRESSURE – IS875-3-2015
𝑉𝑧 = 𝑉𝑏 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑘4
NEW CODE
k2 = f(terrain, height) pz = 0.6 V2z
Design wind pressure 𝑝𝑑 = 𝐾𝑑 𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑐 𝑝𝑧
Where
Kd = wind directionality factor
Ka = area averaging factor based on tributary area
Kc = combination factor
DYNAMIC WIND CHARACTERISTICS
Wind is a very complex phenomenon because of
the flow situations arising from the interaction of
wind with structures. The wind induced dynamic
force on a tall structure can be resolved in the
following three components:
Along-wind dynamic force parallel to the direction
of incident mean wind velocity
Cross-wind dynamic force normal to the direction of
incident mean wind velocity
Torsional dynamic response about a vertical axis of
the structure passing through the center of rigidity.
ALONG WIND RESPONSE
Wind is composed of eddies of varying sizes and rotational characteristics
carried along in a general stream of air. These eddies give wind its gusty or
turbulent character. Due to turbulence, the dynamic loading on a structure
depends on the size of the eddies.
Large eddies, whose dimensions are comparable with the structure, give rise to
well correlated pressures as they envelop the structure.
On the other hand, small eddies result in pressures on various parts of a
structure that become practically uncorrelated with distance of separation.
Eddies generated around a typical structure are shown in Figure.
REMEMBER THE TERMS
B&R
Generation of eddies: (a) Elevation (b) Plan

Loading due to larger gusts/eddies gives rise
to Background response
Loading due to smaller eddies gives rise to
resonant response near the first frequency of
the structure
DYNAMIC WIND
ത
𝑉(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑉(𝑧) + 𝑉𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑧, 𝑡)
Gust factor G = Dynamic magnification factor
𝐺=
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = maximum wind speed fluctuation
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐺= ഥ
=1 + ഥ
𝑉 𝑉
𝑉ത = mean wind speed
𝑉𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑔 𝜎𝑣 g = peak factor
𝜎𝑣 v = standard deviation of the wind speed
∴𝐺 = 1+𝑔 ഥ
𝑉 fluctuation

DYNAMIC WIND
or, 𝐺 = 1 + 𝐼ℎ 𝑓(𝐵, 𝑅)
Ih = turbulence intensity
B = background response
R = resonant response at the first natural frequency
This gives the relation between the gust factor and peak wind speed factor. The period of
the gust may be specified, say, 3 sec or 10 minutes. The mean load component is
evaluated from the mean wind speed using pressure and load coefficients. The fluctuating
load component is determined separately by a method which makes an allowance for the
intensity of turbulence at the site, size reduction effects and dynamic amplification.
The gust factor may be applied to the loading, or to the response of the structure, or to
the wind speed itself.
CROSS-WIND RESPONSE
One should be aware of the following forms of wind induced motion which are
characterized by increasing amplitude of oscillation with the increase of wind speed:
 Vortex Shedding Flutter
 Galloping Ovalling
Under certain conditions for slender exposed buildings, the cross-wind loads can
greatly exceed the along-wind loads.
For such buildings, detailed wind tunnel tests must be carried out.

Formation of vortex shedding – alternate high
and low pressure vortices
Masts, towers and steel chimneys are highly

susceptible to vibrations induced by vortex shedding.

VORTEX SHEDDING

DYNAMIC WIND PRESSURE – IS875-3-2015
Dynamic Pressure
calculations in 2015
are quite different than
Any building or structure which satisfies either of the following those in 1987 code.
two criteria should be examined for dynamic effects of wind:
Buildings and closed structures with a height to minimum lateral dimension
ratio of more than about 5.0 (h/bmin > 5).
Buildings and closed structures whose natural frequency in the first mode is
less than 1 Hz or fundamental period is more than 1 sec (T > 1).
The dynamic wind pressure at any height z is given by the following equation:
𝑝𝑧ҧ = 0.6 𝑉ത𝑧,𝑑

2

The hourly mean wind speed at height z for different terrains can be obtained
as follows:
𝑉ത𝑧,𝑑 = 𝑘1 𝑘ത 2,𝑖 𝑘3 𝑘4 𝑉𝑏
𝑘ത2,𝑖 = hourly mean wind speed factor for terrain category i
𝑧 0.0706
𝑘ത2,𝑖 = 0.1423 𝑙𝑛 𝑧0,𝑖
𝑧0,𝑖
z0,i = equivalent roughness length in terrain i

The along-wind force on the structure is calculated as follows:
𝐹 = 𝐺𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑒 𝑝𝑧ҧ
Where,
G = gust factor = peak load effect/mean load effect

For calculation of action effects (bending moments, shear forces, member forces) at a
height s on the structure (Figure a and b), the wind pressures on the structure at a
height z shall be multiplied by a dynamic response factor or gust factor G.
This factor is dependent on both z and s, and s < z < h.
It means you need to calculate G at each desired height z for the same structure.
For the calculation of base bending moments, and deflections and

acceleration at the top of the structure, a single value of G shall
be used with s taken as zero. For the calculation of the factor G, the
value of 𝑉തℎ,𝑑 is calculated at the reference height h.
IMP
GUST FACTOR G IN 2015 CODE
Based on the
𝐻𝑠 𝑔𝑅2 𝑆𝐸 Australian Wind
𝐺 = 1 + 2𝐼ℎ,𝑖 𝑔𝑣2 𝐵𝑠 (1 + 𝜙)2 +
𝜉 Code 1989
Gust factor calculations in

Where, 2015 are quite different than
those in 1987 code.
Ih,i = turbulence intensity at height h in terrain category i
h = mean height of the structure
2 Ih,i = roughness factor
The turbulence intensity variations with height for different terrains can be obtained
using the following relations:
Terrain category 1:
𝑧
𝐼𝑧,1 = 0.3507 − 0.0535 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑧0,1
Terrain category 4:
𝑧
𝐼𝑧,4 = 0.466 − 0.1358 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑧0,4
Terrain category 2:
1
𝐼𝑧,2 = 𝐼𝑧,1 + 𝐼𝑧,4 − 𝐼𝑧,1
7
Terrain category 3:
3
𝐼𝑧,3 = 𝐼𝑧,1 + 𝐼𝑧,4 − 𝐼𝑧,1
7

The peak factor g is a measure of degree of randomness of the fluctuating component. The
peak factors for the background response and resonant response are identified separately as
gv and gR, respectively.
gv = peak factor for upwind velocity fluctuation

𝑔𝑣 = 3 for terrain category # 1 and 2
= 4 for terrain category # 3 and 4
The background factor B is used to measure the background component of the fluctuating
response caused by the lower frequency wind speed variation. It is primarily a function of the
dimension of the structure.
Bs = background factor
1
𝐵𝑠 =
2
0.26(ℎ − 𝑠)2 + 0.46𝑏𝑠ℎ
1+
𝐿ℎ
(a) Influence line diagrams for bending
moment and shear at level s
(b) Definition of notations for height

s = level at which action effects are calculated, such as bending moment and shear
bsh = average breadth of the building/structure between heights s and h as shown in Fig.
Lh = measure of effective turbulence length scale at height h in m
0.25
ℎ
𝐿ℎ = 85 For category 1, 2 and 3
10
0.25
ℎ
𝐿ℎ = 70 For category 4
10

 = factor to account for second order turbulence intensity
𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ,𝑖 𝐵𝑠
𝜙=
2
Hs = height factor for the resonant response
𝑠 2
𝐻𝑠 = 1 +
ℎ
The parameter S is a size factor to consider the correlation of pressures over a

structure and it is related to the first natural frequency, the design hourly mean wind
speed at height h and dimensions of the structure.
S = size reduction factor
1
𝑆=
3.5 𝑓𝑎 ℎ 4𝑓𝑎 𝑏0ℎ
1+ 1 +
𝑉തℎ,𝑑 𝑉തℎ,𝑑

fa = first mode natural frequency of the building/structure in along-wind direction
𝑉തℎ,𝑑 = design hourly mean wind speed at height h, m/s
𝑏0ℎ = average breadth of the building / structure between 0 and h
E = spectrum of turbulence in the approaching wind stream

𝜋𝑁
𝐸=
1 + 70.8 𝑁 2 5Τ6
N = effective reduced frequency

𝑓𝑎 𝐿ℎ
𝑁=
𝑉തℎ,𝑑

gR = peak factor for resonant response, one hour period (60 x 60 = 3600 sec)
𝑔𝑅 = 2 ln 3600 𝑓𝑎
The damping ratio includes both structural damping and aerodynamic damping.
 = damping coefficient of the building/structure
= welded steel structure = 0.010 (1%)
= RCC or bolted steel structure = 0.020 (2%)
= prestressed concrete structure = 0.016 (1.6%)
These values are generally accepted as reasonable figures for design

purposes at serviceability load levels.

EXAMPLE - 1
A 61 storey building is situated near Chennai. Its
length is 46 m, width is 30 m, and height is 185 m
as shown in Fig. 1. The factors k1, k3 and k4 are
1.0 each. The basic wind speed is 50 m/s.
Estimate the static and dynamic wind pressures on
its longer face along the height of the building, if
it is situated in
(a) terrain category 2, and
(b) terrain category 4. 46 m

EXAMPLE - 1
External pressure coefficients on wall - wind normal to 46 m face
For h/w = 185/30 = 6.16 ; l/w = 46/30 = 1.533; Table 5 of the Code
gives,
Cpe = 0.95 for windward wall; Cpe =  1.85 for leeward wall
Internal Pressure Coefficient on wall, Cpi = + 0.5 or – 0.5 for medium
openings up to 20% of the wall area
Gust factor G = 1.97 for
terrain 2
Basic wind speed = 50 m/s given
Gust factor G = 2.97 for
terrain 4
200 200.
180 180.
Static Wind
160 Pressure N/m2 160. Static Wind
Dynamic Wind Pressure N/m2
140 140.
Pressure N/m2 Dynamic Wind
120 120. Pressure N/m2
Height m
Height m
100 100.
80 80.
60 60.
40 40.
20 20.
0 0.
0 1000 2000 3000 0. 500. 1000. 1500. 2000.
Wind Pressure N/m2 Wind Pressure N/m2
TERRAIN 2 TERRAIN 4
EXAMPLE - 2
A 35 storey building is situated in Trivendrum.
Its length is 45 m, width is 30 m, and height is
105 m. The factors k1, k3 and k4 are 1.0 each.
Sea
The basic wind speed is 39 m/s. Estimate the
static and dynamic wind pressures on its longer
face along the height of the building, if it is
situated in terrain category 3 while at 250 m
upwind distance from the building the terrain
changes to category 1 as shown in Figure. Terrain 3 Terrain 1
CHANGE OF TERRAIN
CATEGORY PLAN OF BUILDING

RULES FOR CHANGE OF TERRAIN
Please refer Appendix B of the Code.
(1) Wind blowing from low (open) to high terrain category (very dense)
(2) Wind blowing from high (very dense) to low terrain category (open)
(3) More than one terrain category

Wind from
low to high

Wind from
high to low

EXAMPLE - 2
For a fetch length of 250 m, the developed height is 38 m as per Table 3 of the Code.
Fetch length Terrain 3
THERE IS AN 8
km m
PAGE ERRATA
0.2 35
0.5 55*
* In the Code this value is 35 m which appears to be a printing error. It is taken as 55 m.

Thus, up to 38 m height, it is terrain 3; above 38 m, it is terrain 1.
Let us compute the various parameters as if the building is situated exclusively in
category 1, and also exclusively in category 3.

120
100
Dynamic Wind
Pressure N/m2
Height of building m 80 Static Wind
Pressure N/m2
At 38 m, there is a
60 change in the profile
due to change in terrain
40
category @ 250 m from
20
the building.
0
0 500 1000 1500
Wind Pressure N/m2

EXAMPLE 3
A 150 m TV is located in Cuttack, Orrisa in terrain category 2. The factors k1, k3
and k4 are 1.08, 1.0 and 1.0, respectively. The basic wind speed is 50 m/s. Estimate
the gust factors in order to compute the member forces at the base at s=0, at s= 40
m and s = 104 m. Its width at different heights is shown below.
Height 0 40 75 104 125 130 150
above
base, m
Width , m 30 14.5 6.25 2.5 2.5 1.2 1.2
At s = 0, Gust factor = 1.7557

At s = 40 m, Gust factor = 1.7897
At s = 104 m, Gust factor = 1.8866
ACROSS WIND RESPONSE
The code gives a method to determine equivalent static wind load and base
overturning moment in the across wind direction for
(a) Tall enclosed building
(b) Towers of rectangular cross-section
The factor Cs needs to
Across wind design peak base bending moment, Mc
be estimated from a
𝜋𝐶𝑠
graph rather than an
𝑀𝑐 = 0.5 𝑔ℎ 𝑝ℎҧ 𝑏ℎ2 (1.06 − 0.06𝑘) equation.
𝛽

Not understood??
how to use these
curves for 6:1:1 to
9:1:1
Based on the old Australian code

of 1989.
This code has been revised in
2011.
Not Understood??
Why the code committee chose
to ignore AS 2011 code?

AS/NZ 1170.2-2011WIND CODE
In the 2011 AS code, there is no 9:1:1 legend.

This code gives equations for these curves.
It is not understood as to why the Indian code committee chose not to give
these equations.

ACROSS WIND RESPONSE
Knowing the base overturning moment, the static wind loads at various levels
can be determined using the following linear distribution:
3𝑀𝑐 𝑧
𝐹𝑧,𝑐 =
ℎ2 ℎ
Fz,c = across wind load per unit height at height z
The along wind and across wind loads have to be

applied simultaneously on the structure.

PEAK ACCELERATIONS AT TOP OF BUILDING
The code gives expressions to determine peak accelerations at top of the
building in the two directions:
(a) Along wind direction
(b) Across wind direction
These should be within the permissible limits.

Along wind - Peak acceleration at top of building is given by:
𝑆𝐸
𝑥෠ሷ = 2π𝑓𝑎 2 𝑥𝑔
ҧ 𝑅𝑟
𝛽
where 𝑥ҧ = mean deflection at the position where acceleration is required.
In order to compute this deflection, you must use a mean hourly wind
speed having a 5 year return period. ANOTHER
Not understood?? PRINTING
Is it 5 year or 50 year? If it is 5 year, then there is no clause in ERROR ?
IS:875-3-2015 on how to estimate it?
In AS 1170.2-2012, it is 5 year return period.
This Code gives a table for wind speeds of different return periods in different zones
of Australia.
64
Across wind - Peak acceleration at top of building is given by:
𝑔ℎ 𝑝ҧℎ 𝑏 𝜋𝐶𝑠
𝑦෠ሷ = 1.5 0.76 + 0.24𝑘
𝑚0 𝛽
These equations are based on the Australian Code but modified as usual.
Copy – paste – edit technology prevalent in most of our Codes now a days

A WORD OF CAUTION
There are still a large number of printing errors in IS:875.

Please be aware!!

REFERENCE
My book on
DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES WITH MATLAB
APPLICATIONS
Pearson Education India – 2016
BASED ON
875-3-1987

THANK YOU
TIME FOR
Q AND A

Prof Ashok Jain - Estimation of Dynamic Wind Loads

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ESTIMATION OF DYNAMIC WIND

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 2

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 3

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 5

You need to learn fluid mechanics

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Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 10

Wind speed 90 kmph –

Design life 100 years,

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In the dome, there

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 20

Static wind pressure

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 26

Vb = regional basic wind speed having a mean return period of 50 years

k2 = f(size, terrain, height)

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 27

Design wind pressure 𝑝𝑑 = 𝐾𝑑 𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑐 𝑝𝑧

Generation of eddies: (a) Elevation (b) Plan

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 32

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 34

Masts, towers and steel chimneys are highly

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 35

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 36

𝑝𝑧ҧ = 0.6 𝑉ത𝑧,𝑑

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 37

z0,i = equivalent roughness length in terrain i

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 38

For the calculation of base bending moments, and deflections and

Gust factor calculations in

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 41

gv = peak factor for upwind velocity fluctuation

(b) Definition of notations for height

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 43

Lh = measure of effective turbulence length scale at height h in m

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 44

The parameter S is a size factor to consider the correlation of pressures over a

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 45

E = spectrum of turbulence in the approaching wind stream

N = effective reduced frequency

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 46

These values are generally accepted as reasonable figures for design

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 47

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 48

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 51

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 52

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 53

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 54

* In the Code this value is 35 m which appears to be a printing error. It is taken as 55 m.

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 55

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 56

At s = 0, Gust factor = 1.7557

Dr Ashok K Jain, Technical Lecture, IASE, Nov 23, 2017 58