Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Exercise 1:
Answer:
Exercise 2:
Answer:
Then
Exercise 3:
Answer:
Then
Exercise 4:
4
Answer:
Then
Exercise 5:
5
Answer:
ΔTb = Kb msolute
= (100.34 -100.00)oC = 0.34oC
= nsolute/kgsolvent
Exercise 6:
6
Answer:
ΔTf = Kf msolute
= [0.0 – (-23.3)]oC = 23.3oC
= nsolute/kgsolvent
Exercise 7:
Answer:
ΔTf = Kf msolute
= 0.24oC
= nhormone/kgbenzene
Exercise 8:
Answer:
π = MRT
(π must be converted into atm and T into Kelvin because of
the units of R)
Mprotein = π /RT
= (1.47 x 10-3 atm)/( 0.08206 L.atm/K.mol x 298 K)
= 6.01 x 10-5 mol/L
= nprotein/Vsolution
Exercise 9:
Answer:
π = iMRT
M = (π / RT)/ i (i = 2 for NaCl)
7.70 atm
M =
[(0.08206 L atm)K mol) x 298 K]/2
0.315
M NaCl 0.158M
2
NaCl Na Cl
1. Which of the following aqueous solutions has the lowest freezing point?
ΔTf = i x m x kf(water)
(correct answer: C)
11
ΔTb = Tb - 100.000 oC = m x kb
= 342.4 g/mol
= 100.042 oC ( choice D)
12
A 550 g B 2.01 g C 55 g
D 18 g E 0.018 g
The total mass of solution is 1 kg, so
% HCL = (mHCl/1 kg) x 100 %
mHCl = (% HCl x 1 kg)/100 % = (5.5 % x 1 kg)/100 % = 0.055 kg = 55g
(choice C)
13
for molality, m, we need the number of moles of CsCl and the mass of water in
a sample of for example 1 L solution:
(choice B)
(choice B)
15
Henry's law: c = kP
c 6.7 10 -4 M M
k= = = 6.7 10-4
P 1.0 atm atm
(choice E)
thus ΔP = Po - P = xsolute Po
o
= P - P = 23.76 - 22.56 = 0.0505
x solute o
P 23.76
(choice D)
Therefore
o
C
T f = i m k f = 2 2.345 m 1.86 = 8.7234 o
C
m
T f = T of - T f thus T f = T of - T f
o o
T f = (0 - 8.7234) C = - 8.72 C
(choice C)
17
1 atm
7.54 torr
M= 760 torr = 4.094 10-4 M
L atm
0.0821 295.15 K
K mol
(choice B)
18
(no, Henry's law holds only if no chemical reactions occur during dissolving.
here: NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4OH(aq) oocurs at least to a limited amount)
(choice E)
19
A) ΔsolnH = 0
(no, ideal solution only if for the forces AA = BB = AB is true)
(choice B)
20
A) 0.735
B) 0.710
C) 0.877
D) 0.265
E) 0.221
Molar masses, MM, and mole numbers, n, are for 71.0 g ethanol:
g
MM C2 H 5OH = (2 12.01 + 6 1.008 + 16.00)
mol
g
= 46.068
mol
71.0 g
nC2 H 5OH = = 1.5412 mol
g
46.068
mol
10.0 g
nH 2O = = 0.5551 mol
g
18.016
mol
II) methanol, can form hydrogen bonds like water and has the smallest
carbohydrate chain, so it dissolves best in water, has the largest solubility.
III) pentanol, can form hydrogen bonds like water and methanol, but has a
longer carbohydrate chain than methanol, so it has a medium solubility.
(correct: c = kP)
(incorrect, see A)
A) 0.213
B) 0.778
C) 0.641
D) 0.859
E) 0.590
xtol = 1 - xbenz
The total vapor pressure, Ptot, can be calculated with Raoult's law (ideal
behavior):
The partial vapor pressure of toluene over the solution follows also from
Raoult's law:
From Dalton's law of partial pressures follows the mole fraction of toluene in
the vapor, ytol:
17. A compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and has an
empirical formula of C7H4O. When 1.32 g of the compound is dissolved in
11.4 g of a solvent the freezing point is lowered by 22.3 oC. The molecular
formula of the compound is:
(Kf = 40. oC kg/mol)
A) C14H8O2
B) C7H4O
C) C5H2O
D) C7H8O
E) C12H9O3
The freezing point depression of a solution is ΔTf = Kfm, with m being the
molality of the solute, m = nsolute/masssolvent(in kg), nsolute being the mole number
of the dissolved compound.
Let M denote the mass of the dissolved compound, and MM is real molar
mass, then
nsolute = M/MM. The real molar mass is MM = MM emp x k, k being an integer
and MMemp the molar mass as calculated from the empirical formula.
n solute
T f = K f m= K f
mass solvent (in kg)
M
MM real Kf M
=Kf =
mass solvent (in kg) MM emp k M solvent
g g
MM emp = (7 12.01 + 4 1.008 + 16.00) = 104.102
mol mol
I. it obeys PV = nRT
II. it obeys Raoult's law
III. solute-solute, solvent-solvent, and solute-solvent interactions are very
similar.
(An ideal solution is one which obeys Raoult's law (II), which is the case when
ΔsolnH is about 0, which is the case when solute-solute, solvent-solvent, and
solute-solvent interactions are very similar (III). Thus A) II, III is correct)
19. When a non-volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent, the solution vapor
pressure ________, the boiling point ________, the freezing point ________,
and the osmotic pressure across a semi-permeable membrane ________.
boiling point elevation: ΔTb = Tb - Tbo = Kbmsolute, thus Tb increases when solute
is added.
(A is correct)