=~ ae ad 9 ev pelt WINOHL oO > = oO — = — nQi EDITION ea ~ Calculus and Analytic Geometry George B. Thomas, Jr. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ross L. Finney With the collaboration of Maurice D. Weir Naval Postgraduate School Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading, Masschuscts + Menlo Pak Calfonia = New York Mills,Ontario = Wokingham, England + Amsterdam 2 Sydney + Singapore = Tokyo Madrid SanJun © Milan + PasWorld Student Series Acquisitions Edinor Laurie Rosmone Production Eiiioriai Services Barbara Pendergast Development Fditor Marianne Lepp. Art Editors Susan London-Payne, Connie Hulse ‘Managing Edivor Karen Guardino Copy Editor Barbara Flanagan Senior Production Supervisor Jennifer Bagdigian Proofreader Joyce Grandy Senior Marketing Manager Andrew Fisher ‘Text Design Martha Podren, Podren Design; ‘Marketing Coordinator Benjamin Rivera Geri Davis, Quadrata, Inc. ‘Prepress Buying Manager Sarah McCracken Cover Design Marshall Hennichs Art Buyer Joseph Vetere Cover Photo John Lund/Tony Stone Worldwide Senior Kunujuciuring Siunager Roy Lozant Composition TSi Grapites, ine. Manufacturing Coordinator Fvelyn Heaton Terhnical Illustration ‘Tech Geaghios Photo Credits: 142, 238, 408, 633, 722, 875, 899, From P'SSC Piysics 2%, 1965, D.C. Heath & Co. with Education Development Center, Inc., Newton, MA. Reprinted with permission 186, APWide World Photos 266, Scott A. Burns, Urbana, IL 287, Joshua E, Bares, Univer sity of Hawati 384, Marshall Henrichs 308, © Richard F’VosoTRM Research 442, © Susan Van Eten 872, AP/Wide World Photos 889, © 1Y9 Nelson L. Max, University of Cali niaiBioiogical Fhowo Service: Graphic bY Aiffed Gray 938, NU Koper-Viowtet 1008, [NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Reprinted with corrections, une, 1998 Copyright © 1996 hy Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Ine. All rights reserved. No part of this publiention may he reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted ‘many form or By any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, ‘without the prior written permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America 456789 10-VH-99 08 ISBN 0-201-40015-44 Contents Tothe Instructor vil Tothe Student sui 1 Real Numbers and the Real Line 2 Coomtinates Lanes. and Increments & 3 Funeyons 17 4 ing Graphs 27 5 Trigonometrc Functions QUESTIONS 10 GUIDE YOUK REVIEW 47 PRACHICE EXERCISES 48) ADDITIONAL EXDRCISES—THIDORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 49 Limits and 44 Rates of Change aad Limits 51 7 42 Rules for Finding Limits 61 ntinuit a oy 413 Target Valucs and Formal Definitions of Limits 66 114 Extonsione of the Limit Concept 78 ” QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOUR REVIEW 103. PRACTICEENERCISES 104 ADDITIONAL. EXERCISES—THEORY. EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 105 Derivatives 24 The Derivative of a Function 109 2.2 Differentiation Rules 121 2A Rates Change 141 2.4 Derivatives of Trigonomesric Functions 143, 25 TheChaiu Rule 154 2.6 —Iwplicit Differentiation and Rational Exponcuts 164 2.7 Related Rates of Change 172 QUESTIONS Te GUIDE YOUR REVIEW 180 PRACHICE EXERCISES 181 Applications of 3.41 Extreme Values of Functions 189 Derivatives 32 TheMean Value Theorem 196 33° TheFirt Derivative Tent forLocal Extreme Values 205iv contents 34 35 26 37 az Graphing with y* andy" 209 Limits asx 42, Asymptotes, and Dominant Texms 220 Optimization 233 Lincarization and Differentials 248 Newton's Method 260 Quesnions To Gupe Your Review 268 Pracrict Bxrneises 269 Annmrinwvar Evrocrces—Turooy, RvaMores, Appricarins 27? TB integration 41 Indesit 2s 43 aa as 46 ay aR a9 Applications of Integrals 52 53 54 55 56 57 5.10 Transcendental 61 Functions Techniques of 1A Integration 72 Differential Equations, initial Value Problems, and Mathematical Modeling 282 Integration by Substtution—Running the Chain Rule Backward 290 Estimating with Finite Sums 298 Riemann Sumsand Definite Integrals 300 Properties, Area, and the Mean Value Theorem 323 ‘The Fundamental Theorem 332 Substitition im Definite Integrals 442 [Numerical Integration 346 Quesnions To Gung Your REVIEW 356 PRACTICE RKERCICES 387 ADDITIONAL EXEKCISES—THEOKY, EXAMELES, AFVLICAIIONS 300) ‘Ateas Between Curves 365 Finding Volumes by Slicing 374 Volumes of Solids of Revelution—Disks and Washers 379 Cylindrical Shells 387 Lengths of Plane Curves 303 Areas of Surfaces of Revolution 400 Moments and Centers ot Mass 407 Work 418 Fluid Pressures aid Fowces 427 ‘The Basic Paticin and Other Modeling Applications 434 (QUESIIUNS IUGUIDE YOUK REVIEW 444 PRACIICEENERCISES 444 Apprmionat Exencisrs Tron, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 447 Inverse Ponctions and Their Derivatives 449 ‘Natural Logarithms 458 ‘The Fxponential Function 467 a and log. 474 Growth and Decay 482 LHopiaa’s Rule 491 Relative Rates of Growth 498 Inverse Trigonometric Functions S04 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions; Integrals $13 Hyperbolic Functions 520 First Order Differential Fquahions 529 Euler's Numerical Method: Slope Fields S41 QUESTIONS TOGUIDE YouR REVIEW S47 PRACTICE EXERCISES 54 Basic Integration Formulas 555 Integration by Pants 562Infinite Series 23 74 75 76 Contents Partial Fractions 369 ‘Trigonometric Substitutions 578 Integral Tables and CAS 583, Improper Integrals 594 QUESTIONS 1OGUIDE YOUK REVIEW 606 —-PRACTICE EXERCISES 606 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES THEORY; EXAMPLES, ATPLICATIONS 609 Limits of Sequences of Numbers 613 ‘Theorems for Calculating Limits of Scqucnces 622 Infinite Series 630 ‘The Integral Test for Series of Nonnegetive Terms 610 Comparison Tests for Series of Nonnegative Terms. 644 ‘The Katio and Koot Fests for Series ot Nonnegative terms 049 ‘Altemating Series. Absolute and Conditional Convergence 635. Power Setics 663 ‘Taylor and Maclautin Sesies 672 Convergence of Taylor Series; Error Estimates 678 Applications of Power Series 688 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES —THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 703 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 9a 92 94 95 96 97 98 99 Conic Sections and Quadratic Equations 709 Classifying Conic Sections by Fecentscity 72% ‘Quadratic Equations and Rotations 728 Parametrizations of Plane Curves 734 Calculus with Paranwetsized Curves 744 Polar Coordinates 751 Graphing in Polar Coordinates 756 Polar Equations for Conic Sections 764 Integration in Polar Coordinates 770 Questions To GuIbE Your Revicw 777 PRACTICE EXtReIsts 778 ADDITIONAL FXFRCISES—THEORY, FXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS. 783 a Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 10.4 102 103 104 105 106 07 Vectors the Piane 787 CCanesian (Rectangular) Coordinates and Vectors in Space 795 Dot Producis 806 Cross Products 815 Lines and Planes in Space 822 Cylinders and Quadsic Surfaces 829 Vinca and Spherical Coowdinates R41 QuisTioNs TO GUIDE YouR REVIEW 817 PRACTICEEXERCISES 818 ADNITIONAL EXERCISES TRARY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS. XS) Bid veconvaics 441 Vector Valued Functions and Space Cures 85 PecunesTerd 117 Mateling Patil Movion 868 Motion in Space n3 na 15 ‘Are Length and the Unit Tangent Vector'T 876 Curvature. Torsion. and the TNB Frame 881 Planetary Motion and Satellites 893 ‘QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOUR REVIEW 902 PRACTICE EXERCISES 12 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 905 vvi Contents Multivariable 12.1 Functions of Several Variabies 909 Functions and 122 iit ad ono 917 ; rea 3 Paral Derivatives 904 Partial Derivatives 42.4 isferemiabilisy,Lincarization, and Differentils 923 125 TheChain Rule 944 12.6 Partial Derivatives with Constenined Variables 952 12.7 Directional Derivatives. Gradient Vectors. and Tangent Planes 957 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 970 42.5 Lagtane Multipliers 980 12.10 Taylor's Formula 989 QUESTIONS 1U GUIDE YOUK REVIEW 993 PRACIICEEREKUISES 994 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES—THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 998, Multiple Integrals 13.1 Doubletnicls 1001 432 Areas, Moments, and Centers of Mass 1012 433 Double Integrals in Polar Form 1020 134 Thple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates 1026 13.5 Masees and Moments m Three Mimensions 154 13.6 Triple Integrals in Cvlindrical and Spherical Coordinates 1039 13.7 Substitutions in Mulipie Imesrals 1048, QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YouR REVIEW 1089 PRACTICE EXERCISES 16 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 1058 Integration in 141° Line Integrals 1061 Vector Fields 442. VectorPelds. Work, Circulation, and Fux 1007 143 Path Independence, Potential Funct 144 Giecu's Thevteus in ie Plane 1084 145 Surface Arca and Surface Integrals 1096 146 Paramotrzed Surfaces 1106 and Conservative Fields 1076 147 Stokes's Theorem — 1114 AR The Divergenrn Thannom and aTiniied Theory 1174 Quzsmions To GUIDE Your REVIEW 1134 PRACTICE EXERCISES IT ANNITIONAI.EXFRCISES—IHEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 1137 Appendices 1 Mathematical Induction AL A2 roofs of Limit theorems in Secon 12 Ad AB Complen Numbers A-7 AA Sino’ One-Thid Rule A ‘AS Cuthy’sMean Value Thoorom andthe Stronger Form of PHepta's Rule A 18 AG Limits That Arise FroquenlyA-20 AT The Distributive Law for Vector Cross Products A.P1 AS Determinants and Cramer's Role A-7? ‘AQ balers Icorem andthe Increment Theorem A-29 Answers A35 Index Ft ABrief Table of integrals TtCAS Explorations and Projects (Listed by chapter and section) Preliminaries Pe How the grap of y= flan) is ulfected by oging a Huw the graph uf fia) —A sin (2NBHa~ + responds to changes in A, B, and D Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity 1.1 Comparing graphical catimats of limits with CAS symbolic limit ealeulatons 1.4 xploing the formal definition of mit hy ning deltas forspectne epsilons graphically 1.6 Observing the conversence of secant ins to tangent lines Chapter2 Derivatives 2.1 Given (2) find f(s) asa limit. Compare the graphs of f and” and plot selected tangents with tangent fines Chapter 3 Applications of Derivatives 31 Finding absnlte extrema hy analyzing fand f” ‘numerically and graphically 3.7 Estimating the error in a linearization by plouing f(x), Ua), and [/(a) = La Chapter 4 Integration 44 Tindhe average value of f(s) and the point or points where ite assumed 45 Exploring Riemann sums and their limite 4/4) Investigating the relationship of Fis) = [24 det0 sand rn by Analyzing Fx (one Chapter 5 Application of Integrals 5.1 Finding intersections of curves 55 Are length estimates Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions 6.1_ Graphing inverse functions and their derivatives 6.12 Exploring differential equations graphically and numeri- cally with slope fields and Euler approximations Chapter 7 Techniques of integration 75 Using a CAS to integrate. An example of a CAS-tesistant amtegral Expioring the convergence of improper integrals Chapter 8 Infinite Series 1 Exploring the convergence of sequences. Compound interest with deposits and withdrawals, The logistic difference equation and chaotic behavior 8.5 Exploring > (1/tn"sin?nn.a series whose conver- sence or divergence hus not yet been determined. 2 Compan Zantions’ ica, quali, aan eu: approximations Chapter 9 _ Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 9.5 Exploring the geometry of curves that are defined impli ily or explicitly by parametric equations. Numerical estimates ofthe lengths of nonelementary paths 9.8 How the graph of r=kel | +¢.c0s His affected by changes, ime and k, How the ellipse r= att = e*V1 +e.c08 #) responds to changes ia ad & Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 10.6 Viewing quattic surfaces frum different positious 10.7 Equations of sphercs in eylindrcal, spherial, and rectan- gular coordinate aystoms: Coordinate conversions and surface plots Chapter 11. Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space 11.1 Plotting tangents to space curves. Exploring the general elix 11.4 Finding and plouing circles of curvature in the plane. Finding x, s, T, N, and B for curves in space Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 12.4 Plotting surfaces c= y and associated fovel caves, Inmplict and parametrized surfaces 12.8 Classifying critical points and identifying extreme valuce using information gathered from surface plots, level curves, and discriminant values 12.9. Implementing the method of Lagrange multipliers for functions of three and four independent variables Chapter 13 Multiple Integrals 13.3 Changing Cartesian integrals into equivalent polar integrals for evaluation 13.4 Evaluating triple integrals over solid regions Chapter 14 Integration in Vector Fields tate Nef od 14.2 Estimating the work done by a vactor field along a given, path in space 14.4 Applying Green’s theorem to find counterclockwise ‘circulation viill To the Instructor This Is a Major Revision Throughout the 40 ycars that i has been in prin, Thomas/Finney has been used to Suppor a Variety Of teaching iethods from traditional tG cApeiaicnial, Th response tothe many exciting currents in teaching calculus in the 1990s, the new edition isthe oat ext siFiney evet. We have bull on the Uatiional sucngiiis uf te buvk—cacel icuativs, vaniviy in applica tions—to produve a Mexibe text that contains all de elements needed 10 teach the nau deren kinds uf eouses dat exist wu. ‘Abuok does not make a course: The instructor and the students do. With this in mind we have added features to Thomas/Finney 9th edition to make it the most flex- ible callus teaching resource yet. © The exercises have been reorganized t facilivate assigning a subset of the material ina section. ‘The grapher explorations, all accessible with any graphing calculator, many suitable for in-class and group work, have been expanded. New Compuier Aigebia Sysicm (CAS) explorations and projects éh quire a CAS have been included. Some of these can be done quickly while cllicts teyuite several hours, All ate suitable for either individual or group work. You will find a list of CAS exercise topics following the Table of Contents. * ‘Technology Connection notes appear throughout the text suggesting exper ‘ments students might do with a grapher to supplement their understanding of a given topic. These notes are meant to encourage students to think of thair grapher as a cacnally available tool, lik pencil * We revised the entire first semester and large parts of the second and third ‘semesters to provide what we believe is a cleaner, more visual, and more ac- ccessible book With all these changes, we have not compromised our belief that the fundamental 5 Students Will Find Even More Support for Creative Problem Solving ‘Throughout this book, we have included examples and discussions that encourage students to think visually and numerically, Almost every exercise set has easy toTothe instructor ix Teinlogy et es Ya exit wih aa oo] ferro eeepc Tioxiauntal tines abuve aud Lelow de propused lint. Adjust Ue range OC ade | | i | =] om the yuan. Thats 9 J. mid-level exercises that require students to generate and interpret graphs a a tool for understanding mathematical or real-world relationships. Many sections also contain a few more challenging problems to extend the range of the mathematically curious, This edition has more than 2800 figures to appeal to the students” geometric intuition. Drawing lessons aid students with difficult 3- | dimensional sketches, enhancing their ability to think in 3-space. In this | edition we have inereaed the use of visualization intemal tothe seus | sion, The by | when we feel that pictures and text together will convey ideas better | than words alone. l 32 Reson 3 fnetion from it dete 2) Use te folowing ifrmaion wo sap he untinF over the coe nal (-3, 51 1) The ep of Fic de of vel ene ied A) The graph sts the pin (-2.9. i) The dtu ff athe ep tn in Fig. 2.13 len of exposition ic shared by art in the body of the text ‘Throughout the text, students are asked to experiment, investigate, and explain. Writing exercises are placed throughout the text. In addi tion, cack chapter end contains a list of questions that ask students to re view and summarize what they have learned, Many of these excreises ‘make good writing assignments. 213 The derivative graph fr Exerc 32, 1) Repeat pt) sing that he graph sts t (2,0) te ied a2.) \ \ fe | Se | | T X / \ VATU Aa | LAT | * 1.49 epoang mys spot argent ines, Students Will Master Techniques Problem Solving Strategies We believe that the students learn best when prove- dura techniques ate laid out as clearly «9 possible. To this end we have revisited the summaries of the steps used to solve problems, adding some where nevessary,delet- ing some where thought provess tater tha lique was at issue, and making each one clear and useful. As always, we are especially careful that examples in the (ext follow the steps outlined by the discussion tee Exercises Every exercise set has been reviewed and revised. Exercises are now grouped by topic, with special sections for grapher explorations. Many sections alsoX Tothe instructor have a set of Computer Algebra System (CAS) Explorations and Projects, new fea- ture for this edition. Within each group, the exercises are graded and paired. Within this framework, the exercises generally follow the order of presentation of the text. Exercises that require a calculator or computer are identified by icons: calcu. ‘graphing utility (such as graphing calculator) exercise, and &Com puter Algebra System exercise. ET ikden Behavior Seine aig i sot 1 Qorot fore herr en ne 1s the function een? ok? t check {or Graphing a Function » =ft=) Look for syne 2% fe the fintion at of a how faston? | ‘3X Analyze dominant terms Dive anal fants iw pulywnl + ne 4. Check or asymptote and removable discontinuities, 1s threo ce denna a ty pint? Whar hoppers at 8» 00? tc faa solve | | | | | | 1 ‘Menlfy cial points at dete: Compute Geta ® concave inion pons 27 Sketch th graphs genoa shape {& Evalime at special values enapoins, cra pins, inerep 8. Graph sing dominant terms, general shape, and special pins for soance, Within the exercise sets. we have practice exercises. exercises that encourage critical thinking, more challenging exercises (in subsections marked “Applications and Theory"), and exercises that require writing in Fnglish about concepts. Writing exercises ate placed hoth throughout the exercise sets, and in an end-of-chapter tea- ture called “Questions to Cinide Your Review. Chapter End At the end of each chapter are three features with questions that summarize the chapter in different ways, Questions 10 Cinide Your Review ask students to think about concepts and ver- balize their understanding without trying to calculate numenc answers. ‘These are, as always, suitable for writing exercises Practice Exercises provide a review of the techniques, ideas, and key applica- tions. Additional Exercises—Theory, Examples, Applications supply challenging ap- plications and thearetic problems that deepen the understanding af mathemati- cal ideas Applications, Technology, History—Features That Bring Calculus to Life Appiications and Exampies _ it nas deen a naiimark of this ook through the years that we illustrate applications of calculus with real data based on already familiar sit- tations or situations students are likely to encounter soon, Throughout the text, we cite sounces fo the ata anion articles from which the aptications are drawn, help- ing students understand that calculus isa current, dynamic field. Most of these appliiz. A saitoars auoiacement 10 a he volume of water as (heey 2a he oon peo pone ‘ton tea As) fhe skort ll ao ution pi and hen be Sno ae eet ee tlt A(z) tom one edo he warn te ober he Ble tere eee ments "Stns" tea 1,2 the pion pos ele fb using sop pera, ‘Son here The comtnn sine! lng tne eee (emote sions) h= BSU A boat? 61/2, enor i i Seon | : i i 1) Estimate pdm’ ghee ne ere cote foe Staton | Sumer are 0”) 3 5 6 0 Tothe instructor xt cations are directed toward science and engineering, but there are ‘many from biology and the social sciences as well. Graphing Calculator and Computer Algebra Sys- tems Explorations Virtually every section of the text contains cal cculator exercises that explore numerical pattems and/or graphing calculator exercises that ask students to generate and interpret | | tionships. Many ofthe calculator and graphing calculator exercises are suitable for classroom demonstration or for group work by stu- dents in or out of clas. Computer Algebra System (CAS) exercises have been added to every chapter, These exercises, 160 in all, have been tested on both Mathematica and Maple. A fll list of CAS exercise topics follows the Table of Contents ‘As in. previous editions, sex"'x has been defined so that its range,[0, 1/2) U (U2, 7), and derivative, Wilel Vix? ~ 1), agree with, the resuits returned by Computer Algebra Systems and sceutificeal- culators. |S Notes apeartroughut me ext encouraging students to ex- | lore with graphers, History Any student is enriched by seeing the human side of ‘mathematics. AS in earlier editions, we feature history boxes that de- scribe the origins of ideas, conflicts concerning ownership of ideas, and interesting sidelights into popular topics such as fractals and chaos, ‘he grein the tbl a for swat, which weighs A A. He mar fous of wont dom Fess 6 The Many Faces of This Book he? Dplscemen te gen in poo oma cs, ‘omg 1 ny = 22401 lng ven) Mathematics Is a Formal and Beautiful Language A good part ation of the human mind. As in previous editions we have been care- ful to say only what is true and mathematically sound. In this edition we reviewed every definition, theorem, corollary, and proof for clarity and mathematical correct- Even Better Suited to Be the Reference Text in a Reform Course Whether cal cculus is taught by a traditional lecture or entirely in labs with individual and group learning which focuses on numeric and graphical experimentation, ideas and tech- niques need to be articulated clearly. This book provides the exercises for computer and graphet experiments and yroup Tearning and, in a aditional format, the summa- tiv of the lesson—the formal statement of the mathematics and the clear presenta- tion of the technique. Siudenis Will Learn trom Tis Book for Many Years to Come Imore material than any one instructor would want to teach. We do ths inten Students can continue to learn calculus from this book iong after the class has ended. It provides an accessible review of the calculus a student has already studied. Its a resource for the working engineer or scientist.xii To the instructor Content Features of the Ninth EditionTo the Instructor Supplements for the Instructor OmniTest* in DOS-Based Format: This casy-tw-use software is developed ex- clusively for Addison-Wesley by ips Publishing, a leader in computerized testing and assessment, Among its features ate the following. + DOS interface is eayy (o learn und operate, The windows look-alike inter- face makes it easy tw choose and control the items as well as the format for cach test. © You can easily create make-up exams, customized homework assign- ments, and multiple test forms to prevent plagiarism. OmniTest? isxiv Tothe instructor algorithm driven—meaning the program can automatically insert new wun bers into the same equation—creating hundreds of variations of that equa- tion. The numbers are constrained to keep answers reasonable. This allows you to crenten vitally endless supply of parallel versions ofthe same test. ‘This new version of OmniTest also allows yom to “lock in” the values shown in the model problem, if you wish xed by section tothe text. Within the section, you can se- editor—complete with mathematical notation. Instructor’s Solutions Manual _ by Maurice D. Weir (Naval Postgraduate Schwu)) ‘This two-volume supplement contains the worked-out solutions for all the exercises in the text. Answer Book contains short angwers to mast exercises in the text. Supplements for the Instructor and Student ‘Student Study Guide by Maurice D. Weir (Naval Postgraduate Schwol), Orga nized to correspond with the text. this workbook in semiprogrammed font in- creases smudent proficiency with study tips and additional practice. Student Solutions Manual hy Maurice D. Weir (Naval Postgraduate Schoo}. ‘This manual is designed for the student and contains carefully worked-out solutions to al ofthe odd-numbered exercises inthe text, Differential Equations Primer A short, supplementary manual containing ap- proximately a chapter’s-worth of material. Available should the instmictar choose t0 cover this material within the calculus sequence. Technology-Related Supplements Analyzer’ This program is a tool for exploring functions in calculus and! many omer aiscipines. 1t can graph a function of a singie varabie and overiay graphs of other functions. It can differentiate, integrate, or iterate a function, It can find roots, maxima and minima, and mflection points, as well as vertical asymptots. In addi tion, Analyzer" can compose functions, graph pola and parametric equations. make audues i eunyes-andurnta.snimatedssaogwoies. vit anang,nprametets. I. eX- ploits the unique flexibility ofthe Macintosh wherever possible, allowing input 1 be either numeric (rom the Keyboard) ar graphic (with a mouse). Analyzer" mins on “Macintosh 1, Pius, oF here. The Calculus Explorer Consisting of 27 programs ranging from functions to vee- tor fields, this software enables the instructor and student to use the computer as an “electronic challhoard.” The Explorer is highly interactive and allows for manipula tion of variables and nalization of mathematical relationships that are not intuitively obvious. The Explorer provides user-friendly operation through an easy to-use menu-driven system, extensive on-line document2- tion, superior graphics capability, and fast operation. An accompanying manual in-Tothe instructor xv cludes sections covering each program, with appropriate examples and exercises. Available for IBM PC/compatibles. InSight A caleulus demonstration software program that enhances understanding, of calculus concepts graphically. The program consists of ten simulations. Each pre sents an application and takes the user through the solution visually. The format is interactive. Available for IBM PC/compatibles. Laboratories for Calculus I Using Mathematica By Margaret H6ft, The Univer sity of Michigan-Dearborn. An inexpensive collection of Mathematics lab experi ‘ments consisting of material usually covered in the first term of the calculus se- quence. Math Explorations Series Each manual provides problems and explorations in calculus, Tnlended for self-paced and laboratory settings, these books are ant excel Tent complement to te text Exploring Calculus with a Graphing Calculator, Second Edition, by Char- lene E. Beckmann and Ted Sundstrom of Grand Valley State University. Exploring Calculus with Mathematica, by James K. Finch and Millianne Lehmann of the Unversity ot San Franersca, tary Academy at West Point. Exploring Calculus wi William E, Boyce, and Wil Exploring Calculus with Analyzer*, by Richard E. Sours of Wilkes Univer- sity. Exploring Calculus with the IM PC Version 2.0, by John B. Praleigh and Lewis I, Pakula of the University of Rhode Island.xvi To the instructor Acknowledgments We sont hike to express me thanks forthe many valable contrt= butions ofthe people who reviewed this book a it developed dough its various stages: Manuscript Reviewers Erol Barbut, University of Idaho George Raley, Duquesne University ‘homas K. Caplinger, Memphis State Unweraty Curis L. Card, Blac Hlls Sate University Jaanes C, Chesla, Grand Rapids Community Coliege PM, Dearing, Clemson University “Maureen H. Fenrick, Mankato State University Stuart Goldenberg, CA Polytechnic Stae University Johnny L. Henderson, Auburn University James V. Herod, Genrgia Institute af Technology Paul Hess. Grand Rapids Community College Alice J. Kelly, Sana Clara University Jeuel G. LaTonte, Clemson University Pamela Lowry, Lawrence Technological University John E. Martin, Il, Santa Rosa Junior College James Martino, Jolne Hopkine Universit James R. MeKinney, Califrnia State Polytechnic University Jeff Morgan. Texas A & M University F.J. Papp, University of Michigan—Dearborn Peter Ross, Suna Clara University Rouben Rostamian, University of Maryland—Baltimore County William L. Siegmann, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute John R. Smart, University of Wisconsin Madison Dennis € Smolarski, 8.1, Santa Clara University Hohhy N. Winters, Pitshurgh State Unversity Technology Notes Reviewers ua pin, Universizy of Wyoming Robert Flagg, University of Southern Maine Jeflrey Stephon Fox, University of Colorado at Boulder James Martino, Johns Hopkins University Carl W. Moms, University of Missouri—Columbia Robert G. Stein, California State University—San Rernardino Accuracy Chechers Steven R. Finch, Massachusetts Bay Community College Paul R. Lorezak, MathSoft, ne John R. Martin, Tarrant County Junior College Ieflrey D. Oldham, Stanford University Exercises In addition. we thank the following people who reviewed the exer- ued many of the cise sels for conten ad bance and Com (eresting uew exeicises: Aparna W. Higgins, University of Dayton Willian Higgins, Wienberg University ‘Leanara F. Klosinsk Santa (lara University David Mann, Naval Postgraduate School Kirby C. Smith, Texas A & M University Kirby Smith was aso a pre-evision reviewer and we wish fo ‘thank him for his many helpful suggestions. ‘We would like to express our appreciation o David Canrigh ‘Naval Postgraduate Schou, fr his advice and his wontibutions to the CAS exercise sets, and Gladwin Bartel, at Otero Junior Col- lege, for his many helpful cuggestions. Answers ‘We would ike to thank Cynthia Hutcherson tor providing answers for exercises in some of the chapters in this edition, We also ap- ‘reciate the work of an oustanding team vf graduate students at Stanford University, who checked every answer in the text for ac- ‘curacy: Miguel Abreu, David Cardon, Tanya Kalich, Jeffrey D. ‘Oldham, and Julie Roskies. Jeffrey D. Oldham aso tested all the CCAS exercises, and we thank him for his many helpful sugges- tions. Other Contributors We ate paiticulatly grateful Maurice D. Weit, Naval Postgradu- ate School, who shared his teaching ideas throughout the prepara- tion ofthis book. He produced the final exercise cots an sant encovragement and thoughtful advice, We thank Richart A. Askey, University of Wisconsin—Mat- son, David McKay, Oregon State University and Richard G. ‘Montgomery, Souther Oregon State College, fr satin dheit ‘caching ideas for this edition, ‘We are also grateful to Erich Laurence Havenstein, College ‘of DuPage, for generously providing an improved treatment of chaos in Newton's method, and to Robert Carlson, University of (Colorado, Colarade Springs tar improving the exposition sn the section on relative rates of growth of functions.Hl To the Student What Is Calculus? ‘Calentus is the mathematics of motion and change. Where there 16 motion or growth, where variable forces are at work producing acceleration, calculus isthe right math- ‘wag true in the by to apply. Calculus was frst invented to meet the mathematical needs of the scientists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, needs that were mainly mechanical in na- ‘erential ‘enabled people to define slopes of curves, to calculate velocities and accelerations of moving bodies, to find firing angles that would give cannons their greatest range, and to predict the times when planets would be closest together or farthest apart. In- tegral calculus dealt with the problem of determining a function from information about its rate of change. It enabled people to calculate the future location of a body from its present position and a knowledge of the forces acting on it, to find the areas of irregular regions in the plane, to measure the lengths of curves, and to find the volumes and masses of arbitrary solids. ‘Today, calculus and its extensions in mathematical analysis arc far reaching in- ddeed, and the physicists, mathematicians, and astronomers who first invented the subjovi would surcly be amazed and Uciigied, a» we ips you will be iv sec profusion of problemi it solves and what a range of fields now use it in the mathe= twatival models that bring understanding about the universe and the w The yoal of this edition is to present a modem view of calculus enlanved by the use of technology. Hd axound us. How to Learn Calculus Learning calculus is not the same as learning arithmetic, algebra, and geometry. In those subjects, you lear primarily how to calculate with numbers, how to simplify algebraic expressions and calculate with variables, and how to reason about points. lines, and figures inthe plane, Calculus involves those techniques and skills but de vvelops others as well, with greater precision and at a deeper level. Calculus intro duces so many new concepts and computational operations, in fact, that you will no 1. Read the text. You will not be able to learn all the meanings and connections ‘you need just by attempting the exercises. You will need to read relevant xviixvill To the student passages in the hook and work through examples step by step. Speed reading ‘will not work here You are reading and searching for detail ina step-by-step logical fashion. ‘This kind of reading, required by any deep and technical con- tent, takes attention, patience, and practice Do the homework, keeping the following principles in mind. a) Sketch diagrams whenever possible. }b) Write your solutions in 2 connected step by step logical fashion, as if you ©) Think about why each exercise is there. Why was it assigned? How is it re- lated to the other assigned exereises? 3. Use your calculator and computer whenever possible. Complete as many gra pher and CAS (Computer Algebra System) exercises as you can, even if they are rot assigned. Graphs provide insight and visual representations of important concepts and relationships. Numbers can reveal important patterns. A CAS gives you the freedom to explore realistic problems and examples that involve calculations that ate too difficult ot Fengthy (0 do by hand 4. Try on your own to write short descriptions of the key points each time you complete a section of the text If you succeed, you probably understand the ma terial. ff you do nut, you wilt now wirete diete iy yap in your uudcrsiauing ‘Learning caicuius iy a process—it dues not come ali at once. Be patient, petse- vere, ask questions, discuss ideas and work with classmates, and seek help whien you need it, right away, The rewards of learning calculus will be very satisfying, both i tellectually and professionally. GBT. Jr, State College, PA RLF, Monterey CAi ~Preliminaries Overview This chapter reviews the main things you need to know fo start ealeutis ‘The topics include the real number system, Cartesian coordinates in the plane, straight lines, paraholas, circles, functions, and trigonometry. Real Numbers and the Real Line This section reviews real numbers, inequalitics, intervals, and absolute values. Real Numbers and the Real Line Mach of calculus is hased on properties of the real number system, Real numbers: fre numbers that can be expressed as decimals, stch as 3 <0.75000.. 4 * = 0.33333 7 v3= 14182, ‘The dots ... in each case indicate that the sequence of decimal digits goes on forever. ‘The real numbers can be represented geometrically as points on a number line called the real line. ‘The symbol Wt donotes either the real mumber system or, equivalently, the real ine. Reai Numbers: Properties ‘The properties of the real number system fall into three categories: algebraic prop- erties, order properties, and completeness. The algebraic properties say thatthe real hues cat be added, subtacted,nnuliplie, and divided (encep by 0) produve ‘more real numbers under the usual rules of arithmetic. You cum never divide by 0 12 Preliminaries The orter properties ot real numbers are summarized in the following list The symbol = means “ilies” Notice the rules for multiplying an inequality by a number. Multiplying by 2 Positive number preserves the inequality ‘multiplying by a negative number reveries the inequality. Alo, reciprocation reverses the inequality tor numbers of the same sign. Iu, b, and ¢ are real numbers, dhen: L usboutesbte Rules for Tnequaies | ; ; | Dee a< bande > 0 = ue < be BeP a < bande <0 be < uc Special ease: a —b < a 8 ax0s!s0 | | | | | The completeness property of the real number system is deeper and harder to complete” the real number line, in the sense that there are no “holes” or “gaps” in it. Many of the theorems of calculus would fail if the real number system were not complete, and the nature of the connection is important. The topic is best saved for a more advanced course, however, and we will not pursue it Subsets of We distinguish three special subsets of real numbers. 1. The natural numbers, namely 1, 2,3. 4, 2. The integers, namely 0, £1, £2, +3... 3. ‘The rational numbers, namely the mmhers that can he expressed in the form fof a faction m,n, where m and n are integers and m £0) Fxamples are 1 4 200, 57 yy ag a 7 =F The vat that ae either tal numbers are precisely the veal nusnbers with decimal expansions a) terminating (ending in an infinite string of zeros). for example. 7 = 0.75000... = 0.75 or ) repeating (ending with a block of digits that repeats over and over), for example 2 the ar teats the & = 2.000809...= 215, Mok af mpesing Ine set of rational mimhers nas ail the slgehenie and order properties ot the real numbers but lacks the completeness property. For example, there is no rational number whose square 182; there 1s “hole” i the rational line where shold beTable 1 Types of intervals, 1 Real Numbers and the Real Line 3 Real mmbers that re not rational ar called rational numbers. They are char- acterized by having nonterminating and nonepeating decimal expansions. Fxamples are x, V2, ¥5, and 13 Intervals contains all the real numbers lying between any two of its elements. For example, he set of all real numbers 4 such that x > G is an interval, as is the set of all a such, absent, the set fails to contain every real number between —1 and 1 (For example). Geomevically, imtervals correspond (o rays aud line segments on the real Tine, along with the real line itself. Intervals of numbers corresponding to line segments are finite intervaly; intervals comesponding to rays and the real line are infinite imtervals {A finite interval is said (0 be closed if it contains both of its endpoints, half open if it contains one endpoint but not the other, and open if it contains neither endpoint. The endpoints are also called boundary points: they make up the in- terval's boundary. The remaining points of the interval are Interior points and. together make up what is called the interval’s interior, ‘Notation ah) (a.o) lao) (ab) (a,00) fa,00) (00.5) (20.6) Set Graph tracer eh) 7 > (xlaa) xix > ad {xix <5) * bir so) (set of al reat 7 sumbers)