Introduction To Social Work 12th Edition Farley Test Bank

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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank

for

Farley, Smith, and Boyle

Introduction to Social Work

Twelfth Edition

prepared by

Anita Sharma
University of Louisiana at Monroe

Pearson Education
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Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006, 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River,
NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. The contents, or parts
thereof, may be reproduced with Introduction to Social Work, Twelfth Edition by O. William Farley,
Larry Lorenzo Smith, and Scott W. Boyle, provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may
not be reproduced in any form for any other purpose without written permission from the copyright
owner. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to
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ISBN-10: 0-205-84048-5
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-84048-9
 CONNECTING CORE COMPETENCIES SERIES

Connecting Core Competencies:

A Workbook for Social Work Students
Quienton Nichols, Kennesaw State University
Available in 2 versions:
MySocialWorkLab and Printed Workbook
MySocialWorkLab version:
Contains hundreds of questions that test student
knowledge of CSWE’s core competencies!
Bundle with any Pearson Social Work text at no extra
charge;also sold standalone.
A complete etext of the Nichols workbook (see below) with-
• Audio file of the text
• Note-taking & Highlighting features
Numerous Videos illustrating CSWE’s Core Competencies
with assessement
75+ cases with assessment
Career interviews
Assessment that feeds into your Gradebook so you can track student progress
And More

Printed Workbook version:

Contains hundreds of questions that test student knowledge
of CSWE’s core competencies!
Bundle with any Pearson Social Work text; also sold standalone.
Each chapter covers one of CSWE’s 10 core competencies
and includes:
Detailed explanation of the competency
Assessment questions that test student knowledge and
mastery of skills in the competency-
• multiple choice questions
• What Would You Do?: Case Vignette Scenarios and questions
• reflective essay questions

www.pearsonhighered.com/showcase/swcccs/workbook
MySocialWorkLab website helps students develop and
master the skills articulated in CSWE’s core competencies.
Features include:
NEW! Hundreds of assessment questions, organized by each of the
10 competencies. Most are written in a similar format as on the
licensing exam.
Complete eText with audio files and chapter tests
Numerous videos demonstrate the skills in CSWE’s core competencies.
MySocialWorkLibrary—75 case studies, each with accompanying assessment
A Gradebook that allows you to monitor student progress on all assessment
questions on the site
MySearchLab—a collection of tools that aid students in mastering research
assignments and papers
And much more!

MySocialWorkLab can be bundled at no extra cost with any Pearson

social work text. Contact your sales representative for details.
Contents
Sample Syllabus vii

Chapter 1 What is Social Work? 1

Chapter 2 The Evolution of Social Welfare and Social Work in the United States 9

Chapter 3 Education for Social Work 18

Chapter 4 Generalist Practice and Introductory Theory 26

Chapter 5 Social Work Practice with Individuals 34

Chapter 6 Social Work Practice with Groups 42

Chapter 7 Social Work Practice with Communities 49

Chapter 8 Administration and Research 57

Chapter 9 Mental Health Services 66

Chapter 10 Social Work in Health Care 75

Chapter 11 Social Work in Schools 82

Chapter 12 Social Security and Public Welfare 90

Chapter 13 Family and Child Welfare Services 99

Chapter 14 Correctional Services 107

Chapter 15 Services for Older Americans 115

Chapter 16 Drug Abuse and Social Work 123

Chapter 17 Services with Minorities 131

Chapter 18 Social Work in Rural Areas 139

Chapter 19 Case Management 146

Chapter 20 Social Work: A Maturing Profession 154

Chapter 21 Social Work Prevention and Enrichment 161

Chapter 22 Social Work and the Future 168

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

v
 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL WORK

Professor: Phone:
Office Number/Location: Email:
Office Hours: Course Meeting Times:

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course provides an overview of the social work profession and discusses the roles and
functions of professional social workers in a variety of fields of social work practice. Students
are introduced to the uniqueness of the profession, the Social Work Code of Ethics, and the
history of Social Work profession. The course includes information on issues relating to
diversity and special populations.

STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES

Upon successful completion of this course, students will demonstrate the ability to:
• Recognize the distinguishing characteristics of the social work profession.
• Identify and define the roles and functions of professional social workers in a variety of
fields of practice.
• Identify and clarify the knowledge and value components of professional social work
practice.
• Differentiate between a personal and a professional value system.
• Identify the role of professional social workers with diverse, special, and at-risk
populations.
• Trace the history of the social work profession.

REQUIRED TEXT
Farley, O. W., Smith, L .L., Boyle, S.W. (2012) Introduction to Social Work (12th ed.). Boston,
MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Recommended Texts
Suppes, M. A. (2009). The Social Work Experience: An Introduction to Social Work and Social
Welfare (5th Ed). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

DuBois, B. L. & Miley, K. K. (2011). Social Work: An Empowering Profession (7th Ed).
Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

vii
ASSIGNMENTS

1. Distinguishing Characteristics of the Social Work profession

This assignment is based on the information provided in chapter One of the required text book,
“Introduction to Social Work” (Farley et at). Draw a 4 column table and label each column and
row as given below. Complete each cell so that you can show how social work is different from
other professions/disciplines

SOCIAL SOCIOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHIATRY

WORK

PROFESSIONAL
DEGREE/S
REQUIRED

PRIMARY FOCUS/
PHILOSOPHY OF
THE PROFESSION

ROLE/S OF THE
PROFESSIONALS
WORKING IN
THIS FIELD

PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS

METHODS OF
PRACTICE

2. Time-Line Team Project:

Divide the class into groups of four. Ask them to read Chapter Two (The Evolution of Social
Welfare and Social Work in the United States). Ask each team to
(1) select a team leader to coordinate the team members
(2) divide the chapter equally among team members

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

viii
 (3) ask each team member to read their assigned section,
(4) ask each team member to write a 200 word summary of their assigned reading and
submit it as an individual assignment
(5) prepare a chronological timeline of 20 significant events in the history of social work
and social welfare in the United States. The timeline needs to be prepared by the entire
team, as a group, and to be submitted by the team leader.

3. Web-based Assignment on Professional Organizations:

Google the web-sites for the following organizations: National Association of Social Workers
(NASW), Council on Social Work Education (CSWE), Your state’s Social Work Licensing
body. Explore these web-sites and respond to the following questions:

(1) What are the benefits of becoming members of NASW and CSWE?
(2) What type of information can you find on each of these three websites (write a
paragraph for each organization)?
(3) What type of license will you become eligible for after receiving a Bachelor’s
degree in social work?
(4) Which website provides information about the Social Work Code of Ethics?
Please order a copy for yourself.
(5) Find out when was the last time CSWE accredited the baccalaureate Social Work
program at your university.

4. Community Organization Assignment

To complete this assignment, read chapter Seven. Choose one case history from the three
provided at the end of the chapter and respond to the following questions:

(1) Identify the problem/need that needed to be addressed in this case history.
(2) What steps were taken to address this problem/need?
(3) If you were involved in this project, would you have used a different approach?
(4) Why and what would you have done differently?
(5) Can you identify some of the underlying principles of community organization in
this case history?

5. Role and Functions of professional social workers:

Visit a local social service agency that provides services in any of the following fields of
practice: family and child welfare, addictions, health care, mental health, disabilities, services for
older individuals, services for minority populations, and correctional services. Choose an agency
that employs a professional social worker. Set up an appointment with the social worker for an
interview and find responses to the following questions:

(1) What are the services provided by the agency?

(2) What are the various functions of the social worker in this agency?

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

ix
 (3) What qualifications (including licenses) would be needed for a social worker to
get employed by this agency?
(4) How does this agency get funded?
(5) What are the factors that would determine the salary-range of a social worker in
this agency?

6. Fields of Practice Assignment

The primary objective of this assignment is to help students understand the role and functions of
social workers in various fields of social work practice. Ask the students to select any one
chapter from chapters 9 to 19 in the required textbook and follow the instructions given below:

(1) Select any one chapter from chapters 9 to 19. Each chapter describes a “field of
practice.”
(2) Summarize the various types of services that are provided to clients in that “field
of practice.”
(3) Explain the role and functions of social workers in that “field of practice.”
(4) Give an example of a local agency that provides services in the “field of practice”
selected by you for this assignment.

7. Examinations:

In addition to doing the class assignments, students will be given three exams during the
semester including the final exam. Each exam will cover one third of the course material and will
be given as a “unit” exam.

GRADING
Below is a chart of the possible points or percentages that can be achieved for each assignment.

Assignment Possible Points

Distinguishing Characteristics of the Social Work profession 50
Time-Line Team Project 50
Web-based Assignment on Professional Organizations 50
Community Organization Assignment 50
Role and Functions of professional social workers 50
Fields of Practice Assignment 50
Exam One 100
Exam Two 100
Exam Three 100

Total Possible Points 600

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

x
Letter Equivalents (Include + or – grades depending on your university’s grading system)

A= 540 to 600 (90% to 100%) B= 480 to 539 (80% to 89.9%)

C= 420 to 479 (70% to 79.9%) D= 360 to 419 (60% to 69.9%)

F= 359 and below (59.9% and below)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

xi
Course Outline

Week Assignments Due

1. Read Chapter One At the end of 2nd week
2. Complete Assignment
Weeks One and Two One (Distinguishing
Characteristics of the Social
Work profession)
1. Read Chapter Two At the end of 2nd
2. Complete Assignment week
Week Three
Two (Time-Line Team
Project)
1. Read Chapter Three Assignment 3 and Exam
One are due at the end of
2. Read Chapter Four
5th week
Weeks Four and Five 3. Assignment Three (Web-
based assignment)
4. Exam One
1. Read Chapter Five At the end of 7th week
2. Read Chapter Six
3. Read Chapter Seven
Weeks Six and Seven
4. Complete Assignment
Four (Community
Organization Assignment)
1. Read Chapter Nine Exam Two is due at the end
of 10th week
2. Read Chapter Ten

Weeks Eight, Nine, and Ten 3. Read Chapter Eleven

4. Read Chapter Twelve
5. Exam Two
1. Read Chapter thirteen At the end of 13th week
2. Read Chapter Fourteen
3. Read Chapter Fifteen
Weeks Eleven, Twelve, and
4. Read Chapter Sixteen
Thirteen
5. Assignment Five (roles
and functions assignment)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

xii
 1. Read Chapter At the end of 16th week
Seventeen
2. Read Chapter Eighteen
3. Read Chapter Nineteen
Weeks Fourteen, Fifteen,
and Sixteen 4. Read Chapter Twenty
5. Assignment Six (Fields of
Practice assignment)

1. Read Chapter Twenty- The Final exam is due in the

one 17th week
2. Read Chapter Twenty-
Week Seventeen two
3. Final Exam

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

xiii
Chapter 1
What is Social Work?

CHAPTER SUMMARY
However fast-moving and uncertain today’s world may be, people are still at
its core. People have problems that invite professional assistance: personal,
family, and community. Social welfare is an important aspect of the modern
way of life. Social work is a profession that focuses particularly on helping
people solve their personal, family, and community problems through
enhancing social functioning. It emphasizes human values and the intrinsic
worth of all people. The basic functions of social work are (1) restoration of
impaired social functioning, (2) provision of social services, and (3)
prevention. Social work shares some knowledge and skills with sociology,
psychiatry, psychology, and counseling, but it possesses distinguishing
characteristics that set it apart from these disciplines. Social work is moving
ahead as a progressive profession in the helping services arena.

CORE COMPETENCIES IN THIS CHAPTER

Competencies in bold are addressed significantly in this chapter.

Human
Professional Ethical Critical Diversity in
Rights
Identity Practice Thinking Practice
& Justice

Engage,
Research
Human Policy Practice Assess,
Based
Behavior Practice Contexts Intervene,
Practice
Evaluate

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
After completing the chapter, students will be able to:
• Define Professional Social Work and Social Welfare
• Identify the underlying principles and assumptions of social work
profession.
• Identify the distinguishing characteristics of professional social work
• Identify practice settings for careers in social work
• Distinguish between social work and other disciplines that contribute to
social work knowledge-base and skills.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1
Introduction To Social Work 12th Edition Farley Test Bank
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SUGGESTED DISCUSSION PROMPTS



1. Discuss some of the distinguishing characteristics that make social
work a unique profession.
2. Discuss how social work is different from other human services
professions such as sociology, psychology, counseling, and psychiatry.
3. Discuss why social work practice is considered an “art” with a scientific
and value foundation.
4. Discuss the statement “social work practice values are not necessarily
or altogether those universally or predominantly held or practiced in
society.”
5. Discuss how social workers “help clients help themselves.”

SUGGESTED CHAPTER ACTIVITIES AND ASSIGNMENTS

1. This is a type of “pretest” activity. On the first or second day of class,
ask students to write down what they “think” (in their opinion) a
“professional” social worker does or is expected to do in an agency
setting. The goal of this assignment is to assess students’ initial
understanding of social work as a “profession.”
2. Ask students to identify as many elements as possible in their “total”
environment to help them understand how various factors have an
impact on their lives. The goal of this activity is help students
understand why social work emphasizes on the “total person” in the
“total environment.”
3. Ask students to identify any 5 personal strengths and 5 personal
limitations (including personal values that they hold) that will help and
hinder their professional social work career.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2

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More news on internet:
Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of all mechanical
waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound,
ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an
acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be
called an acoustical engineer. The application of acoustics is present in almost all
aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control
industries.

Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world, and
speech is one of the most distinctive characteristics of human development and
culture. Accordingly, the science of acoustics spreads across many facets of human
society—music, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and more.
Likewise, animal species such as songbirds and frogs use sound and hearing as a
key element of mating rituals or marking territories. Art, craft, science and
technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other
fields of knowledge. Robert Bruce Lindsay's 'Wheel of Acoustics' is a well
accepted overview of the various fields in acoustics.[1]

The word "acoustic" is derived from the Greek word ἀκουστικός (akoustikos),
meaning "of or for hearing, ready to hear"[2] and that from ἀκουστός (akoustos),
"heard, audible",[3] which in turn derives from the verb ἀκούω (akouo), "I
hear".[4]

The Latin synonym is "sonic", after which the term sonics used to be a synonym
for acoustics[5] and later a branch of acoustics.[6] Frequencies above and below
the audible range are called "ultrasonic" and "infrasonic", respectively.

Contents
1 History
1.1 Early research in acoustics
1.2 Age of Enlightenment and onward
2 Fundamental concepts of acoustics
2.1 Definition
2.2 Wave propagation: pressure levels
2.3 Wave propagation: frequency
2.4 Transduction in acoustics
3 Acoustician
3.1 Education
4 Subdisciplines
4.1 Archaeoacoustics
4.2 Aeroacoustics
4.3 Acoustic signal processing
4.4 Architectural acoustics
4.5 Bioacoustics
4.6 Electroacoustics
4.7 Environmental noise and soundscapes
4.8 Musical acoustics
4.9 Psychoacoustics
4.10 Speech
4.11 Ultrasonics
4.12 Underwater acoustics
4.13 Vibration and dynamics
5 Professional societies
6 Academic journals
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 Further reading
10 External links
History
Early research in acoustics

The fundamental and the first 6 overtones of a vibrating string. The earliest records
of the study of this phenomenon are attributed to the philosopher Pythagoras in the
6th century BC.
In the 6th century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras wanted to know
why some combinations of musical sounds seemed more beautiful than others, and
he found answers in terms of numerical ratios representing the harmonic overtone
series on a string. He is reputed to have observed that when the lengths of vibrating
strings are expressible as ratios of integers (e.g. 2 to 3, 3 to 4), the tones produced
will be harmonious, and the smaller the integers the more harmonious the sounds.
If, for example, a string of a certain length would sound particularly harmonious
with a string of twice the length (other factors being equal). In modern parlance, if
a string sounds the note C when plucked, a string twice as long will sound a C an
octave lower. In one system of musical tuning, the tones in between are then given
by 16:9 for D, 8:5 for E, 3:2 for F, 4:3 for G, 6:5 for A, and 16:15 for B, in
ascending order.[7]

Aristotle (384–322 BC) understood that sound consisted of compressions and

rarefactions of air which "falls upon and strikes the air which is next to it...",[8] a
very good expression of the nature of wave motion.

In about 20 BC, the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius wrote a treatise on the
acoustic properties of theaters including discussion of interference, echoes, and
reverberation—the beginnings of architectural acoustics.[9] In Book V of his De
architectura (The Ten Books of Architecture) Vitruvius describes sound as a wave
comparable to a water wave extended to three dimensions, which, when interrupted
by obstructions, would flow back and break up following waves. He described the
ascending seats in ancient theaters as designed to prevent this deterioration of
sound and also recommended bronze vessels of appropriate sizes be placed in
theaters to resonate with the fourth, fifth and so on, up to the double octave, in
order to resonate with the more desirable, harmonious notes.[10][11][12]

During the Islamic golden age, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048) is believed to
postulated that the speed of sound was much slower than the speed of
light.[13][14]

Principles of acoustics have been applied since ancient times : A Roman theatre in
the city of Amman.
The physical understanding of acoustical processes advanced rapidly during and
after the Scientific Revolution. Mainly Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) but also Marin
Mersenne (1588–1648), independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating
strings (completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years
earlier). Galileo wrote "Waves are produced by the vibrations of a sonorous body,
which spread through the air, bringing to the tympanum of the ear a stimulus which
the mind interprets as sound", a remarkable statement that points to the beginnings
of physiological and psychological acoustics. Experimental measurements of the
speed of sound in air were carried out successfully between 1630 and 1680 by a
number of investigators, prominently Mersenne. Meanwhile, Newton (1642–1727)
derived the relationship for wave velocity in solids, a cornerstone of physical
acoustics (Principia, 1687).

Age of Enlightenment and onward

The eighteenth century saw major advances in acoustics as mathematicians applied
the new techniques of calculus to elaborate theories of sound wave propagation. In
the nineteenth century the major figures of mathematical acoustics were Helmholtz
in Germany, who consolidated the field of physiological acoustics, and Lord
Rayleigh in England, who combined the previous knowledge with his own copious
contributions to the field in his monumental work The Theory of Sound (1877).
Also in the 19th century, Wheatstone, Ohm, and Henry developed the analogy
between electricity and acoustics.

The twentieth century saw a burgeoning of technological applications of the large

body of scientific knowledge that was by then in place. The first such application
was Sabine’s groundbreaking work in architectural acoustics, and many others
followed. Underwater acoustics was used for detecting submarines in the first
World War. Sound recording and the telephone played important roles in a global
transformation of society. Sound measurement and analysis reached new levels of
accuracy and sophistication through the use of electronics and computing. The
ultrasonic frequency range enabled wholly new kinds of application in medicine
and industry. New kinds of transducers (generators and receivers of acoustic
energy) were invented and put to use.

Fundamental concepts of acoustics

Jay Pritzker Pavilion

At Jay Pritzker Pavilion, a LARES system is combined with a zoned sound

reinforcement system, both suspended on an overhead steel trellis, to synthesize an
indoor acoustic environment outdoors.
Definition
Acoustics is defined by ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 as "(a) Science of sound, including
its production, transmission, and effects, including biological and psychological
effects. (b) Those qualities of a room that, together, determine its character with
respect to auditory effects."

The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and reception
of mechanical waves and vibrations.
The fundamental acoustical process
The steps shown in the above diagram can be found in any acoustical event or
process. There are many kinds of cause, both natural and volitional. There are
many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from some other form into
sonic energy, producing a sound wave. There is one fundamental equation that
describes sound wave propagation, the acoustic wave equation, but the phenomena
that emerge from it are varied and often complex. The wave carries energy
throughout the propagating medium. Eventually this energy is transduced again
into other forms, in ways that again may be natural and/or volitionally contrived.
The final effect may be purely physical or it may reach far into the biological or
volitional domains. The five basic steps are found equally well whether we are
talking about an earthquake, a submarine using sonar to locate its foe, or a band
playing in a rock concert.

The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within
the domain of physical acoustics. In fluids, sound propagates primarily as a
pressure wave. In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms including
longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves.

Acoustics looks first at the pressure levels and frequencies in the sound wave and
how the wave interacts with the environment. This interaction can be described as
either a diffraction, interference or a reflection or a mix of the three. If several
media are present, a refraction can also occur. Transduction processes are also of
special importance to acoustics.

Wave propagation: pressure levels

Main article: Sound pressure

Spectrogram of a young girl saying "oh, no"

In fluids such as air and water, sound waves propagate as disturbances in the
ambient pressure level. While this disturbance is usually small, it is still noticeable
to the human ear. The smallest sound that a person can hear, known as the
threshold of hearing, is nine orders of magnitude smaller than the ambient
pressure. The loudness of these disturbances is related to the sound pressure level
(SPL) which is measured on a logarithmic scale in decibels.

Wave propagation: frequency

Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of
frequencies, partly because this is how our ears interpret sound. What we
experience as "higher pitched" or "lower pitched" sounds are pressure vibrations
having a higher or lower number of cycles per second. In a common technique of
acoustic measurement, acoustic signals are sampled in time, and then presented in
more meaningful forms such as octave bands or time frequency plots. Both of
these popular methods are used to analyze sound and better understand the acoustic
phenomenon.

The entire spectrum can be divided into three sections: audio, ultrasonic, and
infrasonic. The audio range falls between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. This range is
important because its frequencies can be detected by the human ear. This range has
a number of applications, including speech communication and music. The
ultrasonic range refers to the very high frequencies: 20,000 Hz and higher. This
range has shorter wavelengths which allow better resolution in imaging
technologies. Medical applications such as ultrasonography and elastography rely
on the ultrasonic frequency range. On the other end of the spectrum, the lowest
frequencies are known as the infrasonic range. These frequencies can be used to
study geological phenomena such as earthquakes.

Analytic instruments such as the spectrum analyzer facilitate visualization and

measurement of acoustic signals and their properties. The spectrogram produced
by such an instrument is a graphical display of the time varying pressure level and
frequency profiles which give a specific acoustic signal its defining character.

Transduction in acoustics
An inexpensive low fidelity 3.5 inch driver, typically found in small radios
A transducer is a device for converting one form of energy into another. In an
electroacoustic context, this means converting sound energy into electrical energy
(or vice versa). Electroacoustic transducers include loudspeakers, microphones,
hydrophones and sonar projectors. These devices convert a sound pressure wave to
or from an electric signal. The most widely used transduction principles are
electromagnetism, electrostatics and piezoelectricity.

The transducers in most common loudspeakers (e.g. woofers and tweeters), are
electromagnetic devices that generate waves using a suspended diaphragm driven
by an electromagnetic voice coil, sending off pressure waves. Electret microphones
and condenser microphones employ electrostatics—as the sound wave strikes the
microphone's diaphragm, it moves and induces a voltage change. The ultrasonic
systems used in medical ultrasonography employ piezoelectric transducers. These
are made from special ceramics in which mechanical vibrations and electrical
fields are interlinked through a property of the material itself.

Acoustician
An acoustician is an expert in the science of sound.[15]

Education
There are many types of acoustician, but they usually have a Bachelor's degree or
higher qualification. Some possess a degree in acoustics, while others enter the
discipline via studies in fields such as physics or engineering. Much work in
acoustics requires a good grounding in Mathematics and science. Many acoustic
scientists work in research and development. Some conduct basic research to
advance our knowledge of the perception (e.g. hearing, psychoacoustics or
neurophysiology) of speech, music and noise. Other acoustic scientists advance
understanding of how sound is affected as it moves through environments, e.g.
Underwater acoustics, Architectural acoustics or Structural acoustics. Others areas
of work are listed under subdisciplines below. Acoustic scientists work in
government, university and private industry laboratories. Many go on to work in
Acoustical Engineering. Some positions, such as Faculty (academic staff) require a
Doctor of Philosophy.

Subdisciplines
These subdisciplines are a slightly modified list from the PACS (Physics and
Astronomy Classification Scheme) coding used by the Acoustical Society of
America.[16]

Archaeoacoustics
Main article: Archaeoacoustics

The Divje Babe flute

Archaeoacoustics is the study of sound within archaeology. This typically involves
studying the acoustics of archaeological sites and artefacts.[17]

Aeroacoustics
Main article: Aeroacoustics
Aeroacoustics is the study of noise generated by air movement, for instance via
turbulence, and the movement of sound through the fluid air. This knowledge is
applied in acoustical engineering to study how to quieten aircraft. Aeroacoustics is
important to understanding how wind musical instruments work.[18]

Acoustic signal processing

See also: Audio signal processing
Acoustic signal processing is the electronic manipulation of acoustic signals.
Applications include: active noise control; design for hearing aids or cochlear
implants; echo cancellation; music information retrieval, and perceptual coding
(e.g. MP3 or Opus).[19]
Architectural acoustics
Main article: Architectural acoustics

Symphony Hall Boston where auditorium acoustics began

Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics) involves the scientific
understanding of how to achieve a good sound within a building.[20] It typically
involves the study of speech intelligibility, speech privacy, music quality, and
vibration reduction in the built environment.[21]

Bioacoustics
Main article: Bioacoustics
Bioacoustics is the scientific study of the hearing and calls of animal calls, as well
as how animals are affected by the acoustic and sounds of their habitat.[22]

Electroacoustics
See also: Audio Engineering and Sound reinforcement system
This subdiscipline is concerned with the recording, manipulation and reproduction
of audio using electronics.[23] This might include products such as mobile phones,
large scale public address systems or virtual reality systems in research
laboratories.

Environmental noise and soundscapes

Main article: Environmental noise
See also: Noise pollution and Noise control
Environmental acoustics is concerned with noise and vibration caused by
railways,[24] road traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment and recreational
activities.[25] The main aim of these studies is to reduce levels of environmental
noise and vibration. Research work now also has a focus on the positive use of
sound in urban environments: soundscapes and tranquility.[26]
Musical acoustics
Main article: Musical acoustics

The primary auditory cortex is one of the main areas associated with superior pitch
resolution.
Musical acoustics is the study of the physics of acoustic instruments; the audio
signal processing used in electronic music; the computer analysis of music and
composition, and the perception and cognitive neuroscience of music.[27]

Psychoacoustics
Main article: Psychoacoustics
Psychoacoustics explains how humans respond to sounds.[28]

Speech
Main article: Speech
Acousticians study the production, processing and perception of speech. Speech
recognition and Speech synthesis are two important areas of speech processing
using computers. The subject also overlaps with the disciplines of physics,
physiology, psychology, and linguistics.[29]

Ultrasonics
Main article: Ultrasound

Ultrasound image of a fetus in the womb, viewed at 12 weeks of pregnancy

(bidimensional-scan)
Ultrasonics deals with sounds at frequencies too high to be heard by humans.
Specialisms include medical ultrasonics (including medical ultrasonography),
sonochemistry, material characterisation and underwater acoustics (Sonar).[30]

Underwater acoustics
Main article: Underwater acoustics
Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of natural and man-made sounds
underwater. Applications include sonar to locate submarines, underwater
communication by whales, climate change monitoring by measuring sea
temperatures acoustically, sonic weapons,[31] and marine bioacoustics.[32]

Vibration and dynamics

Main article: Vibration
This is the study of how mechanical systems vibrate and interact with their
surroundings. Applications might include: ground vibrations from railways;
vibration isolation to reduce vibration in operating theatres; studying how vibration
can damage health (vibration white finger); vibration control to protect a building
from earthquakes, or measuring how structure-borne sound moves through
buildings.[33]

Professional societies
The Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
The European Acoustics Association (EAA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Institute of Acoustics (IoA UK)
The Audio Engineering Society (AES)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Noise Control and Acoustics Division
(ASME-NCAD)
International Commission for Acoustics (ICA)
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aeroacoustics (AIAA)
International Computer Music Association (ICMA)
Academic journals
Main category: Acoustics journals
Acta Acustica united with Acustica
Applied Acoustics
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA)
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Express Letters (JASA-EL)
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
Journal of Sound and Vibration (JSV)
Journal of Vibration and Acoustics American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Ultrasonics (journal)