Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Centrifugal
Vane
Reciprocating
General Compression
Edited by Foxit Reader
Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009
For Evaluation Only.
Flow Conditions
Fluid Properties
Compressibility
Gas compressibility greatly affects compressor capacity
performance
Establish compressibility factor at each individual
intake conditions (Some manufacturers use average
value betn intake & discharge condn)
Correct the gas volume at each intake conditions (for
multistage) using corresponding compressibility
factor
Cont’d
Corrosive nature
Corrosiveness will influence the selection of materials of
construction, seals and lubrication etc.
Moisture
Moisture content (condensable vapor) of any percent shall be taken
into consideration in compressor volume calculation
Special conditions
• Limiting temperature before polymer formation, chemical
reaction, explosive conditions and excess heat for lubrication
materials should be cited.
• Limiting pressure drop betn stages (due to pass through piping,
cooling equipment and/or condensate knock-out equipment)
should be specified.
• 3-5 psig is allowable in most cases; special cases may limit this
value to 0.5 to 1.0 psig. (Larger the pressure drop, larger will be
the horsepower of the driver)
Edited by Foxit Reader
Reciprocating Compressor
Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009
For Evaluation Only.
Piston rings are rings mounted on the piston that seal against the
cylinder wall and allow the piston to develop required pressures.
There are usually at least two rings per cylinder for low pressure
applications; six or more for high pressure services.
Cast iron, bronze, aluminum, and carbon (graphite) are common ring
materials.
Figure: Piston Rod, Piston and Piston Ring
E. Cylinders
(oF)
Gas mixture consists of gases A, B, C…….. with mole fractions ya, yb,
yc,……….
1. Piston Displacement
Piston displacement is the actual volume of the cylinder
displaced as the piston travels its stroke from the
start of the compression (condition (1)) to the end of
the stroke (condition (3)) expressed as ft3 of volume
displaced per minute (ft3/minute).
For single-acting cylinder
PD = Aps(rpm)/1,728
Va = PD (EV)
PD: Piston displacement
Ev=Volumetric efficiency
Va=Actual volume
4. Clearance Volume
This is the total volume remaining in the cylinder at the
end of the piston stroke.
This consists of the volume between the end of the
piston and the cylinder head, in the valve ports and
the volume in the suction valve guards and the
discharge valve seats.
Volumetric efficiency
increases with a
decrease in clearance
volume
5. Percent Clearance
Percent clearance is the volume % of clearance volume
to total actual piston displacement.
a. Compression ratio
b. Compressibility of the gas at inlet and discharge conditions,
c. Compression valve friction and leakage.
d. Nature of the gas,
e. Leakage across the piston rings during compression
stroke.
f. Loss through intake and discharge valves.
g. Moisture or condensable in the gas being compressed.
h. Clearance volume of cylinder.
8. Mechanical Efficiency
Ratio of compressor cylinder indicated horsepower to brake
horsepower
9. Piston Speed
Depends on experience and manufacturers’ recommendation:
Hydrogen chloride and chlorine service use cylinders with either (a)
cast iron liners or (b) carbon piston rings, a speed of around 600
ft per min is acceptable.
10. Horsepower
Horsepower is the work done in a cylinder on the gas by
the piston connected to the driver during the
complete compression cycle.
Theoretical HP:
The theoretical horsepower is that required to
isentropically (adiabatically) compress a gas through a
specified pressure range.
Indicated HP:
The indicated horsepower is the actual work of
compression developed in the compressor cylinder(s) as
determined from an indicator card.
Brake horsepower (bhp) is the actual horsepower input at the
crankshaft of the compressor drive. It does not include the losses in
the driver itself, but is rather the actual net horsepower that the
driver must deliver to the compressor crankshaft.
HP Calculation
11. Temperature Rise (Adiabatic)
The relation between the suction and discharge
temperatures of a gas during any single compression
step is:
Spec For Reciprocating Compressor
Centrifugal Compressor