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Units of Measurements
L 1 tally = 10 pins
1 link = 1 foot
1 pin = 100 links
w 2L3 1 perch = 1 rod
Cs = - 1 rod = 16.5 feet
24P2
1 vara = 33 inches
P = pull during measurement
w = weight of tape per unit length
L = unsupported length of the tape Errors and Mistakes
Cs = correction when the distance between
support is L
V2
4. Slope Correction Probable Error = ± 0.6745
n(n 1)
S
h
V2
Standard Deviation = ±
n 1
H standard deviation
Standard Error = ±
h2 n
Cs = -
2S
V = residual
H = S - Cs
= recorded value – mean value
Leveling
B
A h
C
h2
FS h1
BS
B
D1 D2
A
mean sea level (el. 0)
el. A + BS – FS = el. B
Derive equation considering the effect of curvature
and refraction correction:
e
D2
h h2 (h1 h2 ) 0.067 D1 D2
D1 D2
TR
B
Compass Surveying
A
TN
B MN
B.S. = backsight reading
F.S. = foresight reading
e = error in line of sight
T.R. = true reading
☃
B
S
Curvature and Refraction Correction:
h = 0.067 K2 = east declination
where:
h = combined curvature & refraction Magnetic Bearing of AB: N W
correction, in meters
K = distance between A & B, in km True Bearing of AB: N W
1. Compass Rule
Dis tan ce
Correction in Lat Error in Lat
S Perimeter
Latitude Correction:
if the sum of North Lat is greater than the
sum of South Lat the correction is negative.
if the sum of North Lat is less than the sum of
South Lat the correction is positive.
Departure Correction:
if the sum of East Dep is greater than the
sum of West Dep the correction is negative.
if the sum of East Dep is less than the sum of
LEC West Dep the correction is positive.
θ
ΣL
Linear Error of Closure: LEC
ΣD
SURVEYING 4
4. Area by Coordinates
1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
A
2 y1 y 2 y3 y 4 y1
SURVEYING 5
V 10
R chord basis
D
sin
2
B Tangent Distance: T
A I T
H tan
2 R
External Distance: E
Horizontal distance
f E + R = OV
H S cos2 (f c ) cos
i
Middle Ordinate: M
Vertical distance
f sin 2 M + OB = R
V S (f c ) sin
i 2
Length of Curve: Lc
where:
S = stadia intercept
f i = stadia constant Lc 2 R
f I 3600
= stadia interval factor
i
Compound Curves
Simple Curves
V
E T
T
M
PC B T1 PCC T2
PT
T1 T2
I
2 PC
R R PT
I
I2
O R1 R2
I1
R = radius of curve
T = tangent distance
E = external distance
M = middle ordinate
I = central angle of curve
PC = point of curvature
PT = point of tangency