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SURVEYING 1

Correction Applied for Measurements of B’


Distances 5. Reduction to Sea Level
B
h h2
1. Temperature Correction CSL = B'
Ct = ± K (T2 – T1) L1
R R2 h
B = B’ + CSL
K = coefficient of linear expansion R
T2 = temperature during measurement h = altitude between B and B’
T1 = temp when the tape is standard length B = horizontal distance at sea level
L1 = standard length of the tape B’ = corrected horizontal distance
Ct = correction when the length is L1 R = radius of the earth
CSL = reduction to sea level
2. Pull Correction
P P L
Cp = ± 2 1 1 Normal Tension:
AE
P2 = pull during measurement 0.204 A E
PN
P1 = pull when the tape is standard length PN P1
L1 = standard length of the tape
A = cross-sectional area of tape PN = normal tension
E = modulus of elasticity P1 = pull when the tape is standard length
Cp = correction when the length is L1 A = cross-sectional area of tape
E = modulus of elasticity
3. Sag Correction

Units of Measurements

L 1 tally = 10 pins
1 link = 1 foot
1 pin = 100 links
w 2L3 1 perch = 1 rod
Cs = - 1 rod = 16.5 feet
24P2
1 vara = 33 inches
P = pull during measurement
w = weight of tape per unit length
L = unsupported length of the tape Errors and Mistakes
Cs = correction when the distance between
support is L
V2
4. Slope Correction Probable Error = ± 0.6745
n(n 1)

S
h
V2
Standard Deviation = ±
n 1

H standard deviation
Standard Error = ±
h2 n
Cs = -
2S
V = residual
H = S - Cs
= recorded value – mean value

h = difference in elev bet ends points n = no. of trials


S = corrected distance along sloping distance
Cs = correction due to slope
H = corrected horizontal distance
SURVEYING 2

Leveling

B
A h
C
h2
FS h1
BS
B
D1 D2
A
mean sea level (el. 0)
el. A + BS – FS = el. B
Derive equation considering the effect of curvature
and refraction correction:
e
D2
h h2 (h1 h2 ) 0.067 D1 D2
D1 D2
TR
B
Compass Surveying
A
TN
B MN
B.S. = backsight reading
F.S. = foresight reading
e = error in line of sight
T.R. = true reading

Curvature and Refraction Correction


W E
A
A C

K h


B

S
Curvature and Refraction Correction:
h = 0.067 K2 = east declination
where:
h = combined curvature & refraction Magnetic Bearing of AB: N W
correction, in meters
K = distance between A & B, in km True Bearing of AB: N W

Bearing = an angle of the line from North or South of not


0
more 90 .

Azimuth = an angle of the line from South in clockwise


direction.
SURVEYING 3

Latitude and Departure 2 2


LEC L D
N
D
B tan
L
ΣL = algebraic sum of latitude
Lat
d ΣD = algebraic sum of departure

W E Note: For a closed traverse, the algebraic sum of


Dep
A latitude (ΣL) is zero and the algebraic sum of
departure (ΣD) is zero.

Correction of Linear Error of Closure

1. Compass Rule
Dis tan ce
Correction in Lat Error in Lat
S Perimeter

Latitude = Distance x Cosine of Bearing Dis tan ce


Correction in Dep Error in Dep
Lat = d x cos θ Perimeter

Departure = Distance x Sine of Bearing


2. Transit Rule
Dep = d x sin θ Latitude
Correction in Lat Error in Lat
Arithmetic Sum of Lat
Sign Convention:
North Latitude & East Departure are positive
South Latitude & West Departure are negative Departure
Correction in Dep Error in Dep
Arithmetic Sum of Dep

Linear Error of Closure


How to apply the correction?

Latitude Correction:
if the sum of North Lat is greater than the
sum of South Lat the correction is negative.
if the sum of North Lat is less than the sum of
South Lat the correction is positive.

Departure Correction:
if the sum of East Dep is greater than the
sum of West Dep the correction is negative.
if the sum of East Dep is less than the sum of
LEC West Dep the correction is positive.
θ
ΣL
Linear Error of Closure: LEC

ΣD
SURVEYING 4

Area of Closed Traverse Area of Irregular Boundaries

1. Area by Double Meridian Distance


Area by Trapezoidal Rule:
Computation of Double Meridian Distance (DMD)
1. DMD of the first course is equal to the
departure of that course.
2. DMD of any other course is equal to the DMD
of the preceding course, plus the departure of h2 h4
the preceding course, plus the departure of the h1 h3
course itself.
3. DMD of the last course is numerically equal to
the departure of the last course but opposite in
d d d
sign.
h1 h2 h2 h3 h3 h4
Line Lat Dep DMD 2A = DMD x Lat A (d ) (d ) (d )
2 2 2
AB +35.51 +48.05 +48.05 + 1711.06
BC -27.61 +64.73 +160.83 - 4440.46 Area by Simpson’s One -Third Rule:
CD -66.94 -37.31 +188.25 -12601.46
DA +58.94 -75.47 +75.47 + 4448.20
2A = 10882.72
A = 5441.36

2. Area by Double Parallel Distance


h2 h4
h1 h3
Computation of Double Parallel Distance (DPD)
1. DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude d d d
of that course.
2. DPD of any other course is equal to the DPD
of the preceding course, plus the latitude of the d h3 h4
preceding course, plus the latitude of the A h1 4h2 h3 (d )
3 2
course itself.
3. DPD of the last course is numerically equal to
the latitude of the last course but opposite in
sign. Hydrographic Surveying

Line Lat Dep DPD 2A = DPD x Dep Volume of water in reservoir:


1–2 -18.63 -11.77 -18.63 +219.275
2–3 +8.03 -5.96 -29.23 +174.211 a) End area method
3–4 +4.81 -1.36 -16.39 +22.290 A1 A2
4–1 +5.79 +19.09 -5.79 +110.531 V (L)
2
2A = 305.245
A = 152.622
b) Prismoidal Formula
3. Area by Triangles L
V A1 4 Am A2
6

4. Area by Coordinates
1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
A
2 y1 y 2 y3 y 4 y1
SURVEYING 5

Stadia Surveying Degree of curve : D


1145.916
R arc basis
D

V 10
R chord basis
D
sin
2

B Tangent Distance: T

A I T
H tan
2 R

External Distance: E
Horizontal distance
f E + R = OV
H S cos2 (f c ) cos
i
Middle Ordinate: M
Vertical distance
f sin 2 M + OB = R
V S (f c ) sin
i 2
Length of Curve: Lc
where:
S = stadia intercept
f i = stadia constant Lc 2 R
f I 3600
= stadia interval factor
i
Compound Curves
Simple Curves
V

E T
T

M
PC B T1 PCC T2
PT
T1 T2
I
2 PC
R R PT
I
I2
O R1 R2
I1
R = radius of curve
T = tangent distance
E = external distance
M = middle ordinate
I = central angle of curve
PC = point of curvature
PT = point of tangency

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