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Thank you!
Wijeweera D.A.P.
RU/E/2007/194
Faculty of Engineering,
University of Ruhuna.
1
PREFACE
This report on industrial training prepared by myself was done so not only as an
exercise to fulfill a part of the training requirements set out by NAITA, but also as a
testimony on the actual industrial training I had. Hereby, a detailed account of my
training programmed at Lanka Electricity Company (PVT) LTD is included.
The idea behind this compilation is that any one going through this report should get a
comprehensive understanding of all technical and management aspects of my training.
In making this a reality, I tried my best to keep to the guidelines stipulated by NAITA.
This is succeeded by my own training experience, which is detailed to the most
possible extent.
This report contains the entire experience and knowledge I’ve achieved from Lanka
Electricity Company (PVT) LTD. The first chapter introduces the company overview
where as the second and third chapters focus on Technical and management
experiences.
I finally hope that this humble and honest effort of mine will meet the expectations of
the University.
2
CONTENTS
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................. 1
PREFACE.......................................................................................................................2
CONTENTS...................................................................................................................3
LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................5
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 1...................................................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................7
1.1 Overview 7
1.1.1 Lanka Electricity Company (PVT) LTD.......................................................................7
1.1.2 History of LECO........................................................................................................8
1.1.3 Present Status of LECO.............................................................................................9
1.2 LECO Distribution system 10
1.3 The Vision & Mission 12
1.4 LECO Quality Policies 12
1.4.1 Organization Structure of LECO..............................................................................13
CHAPTER 2.................................................................................................................15
Training Experiences - Technical.................................................................................15
2.1 Introduction – Training Schedule 15
2.2 11kV Line Equipments 15
2.2.1 Conductors.............................................................................................................15
2.2.2. DDLO, Cut outs & LBC 16
2.2.3 Surge arresters.......................................................................................................18
2.2.4 FDS (Fuse disconnector Switch).............................................................................19
2.2.5 Load Break Switch..................................................................................................19
2.2.6 Auto Reclosers & Sectionalizers.............................................................................20
2.2.7 Transformers..........................................................................................................22
3
2.2.8 CT/PT Unit..............................................................................................................23
2.2.9 Insulators...............................................................................................................24
2.3 Energy Meters 25
2.3.1 Main Components of Induction Type Meters.........................................................26
CHAPTER 3.................................................................................................................27
Training Experiences - Management........................................................................... 27
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Construction Manuals and Cost Manuals 27
3.3 PRONTO system 28
3.4 Cost Estimation 29
3.4.1 Cost Estimation Example........................................................................................29
3.5 Tariff & Billing 31
3.5.1 Comparison of Domestic tariff when exceeding 90 units for 30 days.....................32
3.5.2 Assignment on Tariff Calculation............................................................................33
3.6 Procurement Procedure 33
3.7 Earthing Procedure (Safety) 34
3.8 Distribution Control Centre 36
3.8.1 DCC Responsibilities...............................................................................................36
3.8.2 Reports Produced By DCC......................................................................................37
3.8.3 System Performance Indices..................................................................................37
CHAPTER 4.................................................................................................................39
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION...................................................................................39
4.1 Summary 39
4.2 Conclusion 39
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................41
ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................42
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................44
APPENDIX I................................................................................................................45
4
LIST OF TABLES
5
LIST OF FIGURES
6
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
As my second compulsory session of industrial training of the Engineering degree
program, I was appointed at Lanka Electricity Company (PVT) LTD. This training
was arranged for 12 weeks from 02-08-2010 to 21-10-2010. During this period I was
assigned in Engineering division, Branch office Nugegoda, Maharagama Depot,
control section and meter test lab and the transformer workshop. This report consists
of the experience & knowledge that I got during the training period.
7
1.1.2 History of LECO
Lanka Electricity Company (PVT) LTD (LECO) is a private limited liability company
registered under the Companies Act No 17 of Sri Lanka for distribution of electricity.
Initially, LECO was founded to answer the problem of voltage drop and to provide a
better reliable supply to the consumers.
Due to the poor management and lack of proper engineering application, local
government authorities failed to maintain their electricity distribution networks with
the rapid growth of urban population. As they were unable to generate sufficient
revenue their dues to Ceylon Electricity Board were not settled properly. All these
resulted in the collapse of the electricity supply system within many local authority
areas. The government, recognizing the weaknesses of Local Authority operations
such as unreliability of supplies, voltage drops, high electrical losses, unsatisfactory
revenue collection procedures as well as a general lack of investment in system
improvements, appointed a presidential Committee to come up with solutions to the
below the issues.
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1.1.3 Present Status of LECO
Today, the service areas of LECO spread in the costal belt of 4 districts. Though this
is an area with high population density LECO could be able to minimize their losses
up to 6% and it is an extra ordinary achievement of a distribution system of Asian
region as well as south region.
Now LECO launches its operation through 7 branches. They are Negambo,
Nugegoda, Kotte, Moratuwa, Kelaniya,Kaluthara and Galle. Though the LECO area is
very small compare to the area of the country, LECO facilitates more than 15% of the
power distribution.
NUGEGODA BRANCH
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Branch Name Customer Service Center
Negambo Negambo, seeduwa, Ja- Ela
Kelaniya Dalugama, Mahara, Kandana, Wattala
Nugegoda Nugegoda, Maharagama, Boralesgamuwa
Moratuwa Moratuwa North, Moratuwa South,
Panadura, Koralawella, Keselwatta
Kotte Pitakotte, Kotikawatta, Kolonnawa
Kalutara Kalutara, Payagala, Aluthgama
Galle Galle, Hikkaduwa, Ambalangoda
10
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LECO takes power from the Primary substations, and then the power is transmitted to
LECO areas via 11kV 3 wire feeders which are radially interconnected. So in a case
of an interruption LECO is able to minimize the interrupted customers as the feeders
are interconnected. Then in the load centers, Distribution transformer is kept to step
down the 11kV to 400V and to distribute it to the consumers. The sectionalized
switching regimes at feeders are configured for rapid fault location and isolation. The
11kV feeders are routed mostly along road corridors and other such access routes. The
automatic reclosing and feeder sectionalizing protection regimes implemented on
these feeders are designed to improve supply reliability
Vision
Enjoy being the light for lives of people through innovative eco-friendly business
Mission
To provide the best energy solutions to the society through continuous innovation
The name Lanka Electricity Company (Private) Limited shall stand for
quality, and the company is committed to be the best electricity distributor in
Sri Lanka.
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1.4.1 Organization Structure of LECO
14
CHAPTER 2
2.2.1 Conductors
Most of the times LECO uses bare conductors for the 11kV lines. But in some cases
LECO uses Arial bundled cables and armored cables also according to the situation.
Bare Conductors
15
For the Bare Conductors, LECO uses AAC conductors. Since LECO uses 11kV as a
sub transmission network and span between poles are minimized as LECO area is an
urban area, LECO hardly uses AAAC or ACSR cables. Conductor sizes and their
current ratings ate shown below. (Source – Construction Manual)
Table 2.2 – Bare Conductor Sizes and maximum current carrying capacities
In LECO, Hornet cable is used in the main feeders. When a spur is divided from a
feeder then Wasp cable is used. For further extensions Fly cable is used.
16
Figure2.1 – DDLO in open condition Figure 2.2 – LBC with arc chute
interrupter
17
strain pin serves to carry the tension exerted when the fuse link is installed in a fuse
cutout, and as a heat conductor to the soldered junction. The ceramic tube serves as a
heat absorber. The heater coil generates heat at a rate which is proportional to the
square of the current. This heat is absorbed by the ceramic material and transmitted to
the soldered junction via the metallic strain pin. When a certain value of current flows
for a specific length of time, sufficient heat is generated and transmitted to the
soldered junction to cause melting of the solder, and the separation of the fuse
link, and the interruption of the circuit.
The fast current-responsive element is constructed like the single element in a
conventional fuse link. Operation of the fuse link in time periods of less than 4
seconds is conventional.
18
of surge current to earth. Upon passage of the overvoltage condition, the arrester
returns to its initial condition once again, conducting only minimal leakage current.
19
Figure 2.5 – Load Break Switch (Source – Google images)
Figure 2.6 – Auto Recloser (left) a sectionalizer (right) (Source – Google Images)
Auto recloser can be used either alone or with sectionalizers in series. If an auto
recloser is used alone then it will only be useful to in the case of a temporary failure
(e.g. In the case of a tree branch touching the line). But when sectionalizers use series
20
with the auto recloser, then it will isolate permanent faults also. Consider figure
below.
21
2.2.7 Transformers
LECO uses only step down transformers either as distribution sub stations or bulk
substations. At present LECO uses seal type transformers and earlier LECO used
conservator tank type transformers. The distribution transformer and bulk transformer
step down the 11kV to 400V.
22
Figure 2.9 – Winding Arrangement (Left) & the Representation of Dyn11
Below shows the relevant fuse links for protecting the transformer from HV side.
Transformer capacity (kVA) 50 100 160 250 400 630
11kV full load current (A) 2.6 5.2 8.4 13.1 21.0 33.1
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Figure 2.11 – Two watt meter method for 3phase 3 wire supply
In W1 meter,
P1 = IR x VRB
In W2 meter,
P2 = IY x VYB
=IY x (VYN - VBN)
By adding above 2 equations,
P = P1 + P2
= IRVRN + IYVYN – VBN (IY + IR)
But IR + IT +IB = 0
So, P = IRVRN + IYVYN+IBVBN
2.2.9 Insulators
Insulators are intended to support or separate electrical conductors without passing
current through themselves. They are made out of dielectric materials as ceramic or
polymer. There are various type of insulators according to their usage. The insulators
commonly used in 11kV system are,
1. Pin insulators
2. Post insulators
3. Tension Disc insulators
24
Pin Insulators – Pin Insulators (Fig 2.12 – source – Google images) are almost
always deployed in the open air, when wet is a major consideration. To combat this
problem, pin insulators feature skirts or wide shells to increase the surface distance
between the conductor and the pin
Post Insulators – Post insulators (Fig 2.12 – source – Google images) are taller than
pin insulators. These are used for construction especially in the coastal areas the
feeder segments likely to be straight.
Tension Disc Insulators – Disc Insulators (Fig 2.12 –source – Google images) are
used in termination and section poles to bare the tension and also used in the deviation
of feeder direction in large angles.
Figure 2.12 – Pin Post and Tension Disc Insulators (Left to Right)
25
2.3.1 Main Components of Induction Type Meters
Current coil
Each phase has a current coil in series with the load. The line that has high current
flaw must have the CTs in accordance .If it is a single phase only have one coil
Breaking magnet
This is used to control the disk rotation. This is a permanent magnet located closer to
the disc. If it is not a load the disk must not be rotated
Mechanical register
Standard type register has five number wheels, light weight and made to rotate
smoothly.
Bearing
Jewel or magnetic bearings are used. The rotating disk is mounted on the
bearing while making free rotation
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CHAPTER 3
3.1 Introduction
LECO has a large number of consumers and LECO is obliged to provide their
maximum service to them. For that, they have a proper efficient system, which the
specified targets and goals are defined and the responsibility is clearly divided. So
each and every employee of LECO has set of tasks and he the person who responsible
for that. In this chapter, the administrative and office practices of LECO.
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(Equipment selection chart) charts, foundation selection charts,
insulator selection charts and cross arm
capability chart.
Volume 4 Drawings of all the equipments used in
(Equipment drawings) construction process such as cable cutters,
T-offs and terminal lugs etc.
Table 3.1 – Construction manuals and their Contents
Cost manuals are very useful in estimation processes. Cost manuals include,
Material costs of items and their item code
Labour costs for their defined tasks.
Estimated costs for standardised jobs.
By using these cost manuals we can estimate the cost of a project very quickly and it
is very efficient due to minimum errors. Since these cost manuals are updated time to
time there is not any danger of calculating estimates lesser than actual value.
Together these construction manuals and cost manuals are very powerful documents
which highly help to improve the efficiency of the LECO. It is very essential to keep
that type of essential data as documents since all the employees can use these data as a
reference and it improves the efficiency of the whole system.
28
3.4 Cost Estimation
For the various reasons, LECO have to do various estimations. As examples,
New service connection
Erection of new line,
Providing a bulk supply
Rehabilitations etc.
29
Figure 3.1 – Site plan of a proposed bulk substation
The customer already has a 3 phase 60A connection. But he needed to improve it to a
bulk substation. Old connection was taken from the LV line shown in figure. But to do
this task, the existing LV line had to be converted to 11kV+LV line. Below Shows the
necessary steps to be done and the necessary details for the estimation.
40m of LV line have to be converted to 11kV+LV line
If number of poles to be erected is greater than the number of poles which
gives from cost manual then add the cost of additional poles
Cost of 11/500 PS poll, labour cost and cost for the concrete have to be added
for the transformer pole.
Since the cost of LV bundle cable is included in the standardized cost of
11kV+LV line and there is an existing line, the cost of LV bundle cable has to
be deducted.
Add the cost of the 100kVA bulk substation.
Cost of 3 phase meter has to be deducted since the existing 3 phase meter will
be returned to stores.
30
2. Religious purpose
3. General purpose
4. Industrial purpose
5. Hotel purpose
6. Street lighting
See the appendix 1 to study the tariff rates.
Basically LECO has a billing cycle of 30 days and revenue officers visit each and
every consumer and take the meter reading and submit the bill to the consumer.
31
3.5.1 Comparison of Domestic tariff when exceeding 90 units for 30 days
For 90 units,
Cost For 0 -30 units = 3x30
= Rs.90.00
Cost For 30-60 units = 4.70x30
= Rs.141.00
Cost For 60-90 units = 7.50x30
= Rs.225.00
Fix cost = Rs.120.00
Discount (as no of units<90) = Rs.30.00
Total bill = Rs.546.00
For 91 units,
Cost For 0 -30 units = 3x30
= Rs.90.00
Cost For 30-60 units = 4.70x30
= Rs.141.00
Cost For 60-90 units = 7.50x30
= Rs.225.00
Cost For 90-91 units = 16x1
= Rs.16.00
Fuel adjustment charge = 0.3x(90+141+225+16)
= Rs.141.60
Fix cost = Rs.180.00
Total bill = Rs.793.50
Hence we can see that there will be a price difference of Rs.247.50 between 90 units
and 91 units.
32
3.6 Procurement Procedure
Since LECO doesn’t produce any items within the company all necessary items have
to be taken from the outside market. Sometimes it may be local market or sometimes
it may be from the foreign market. LECO provides an essential service to the
customer. So in the case of a breakdown or any failure LECO must have all the
necessary items in their stores in order to take the quickest reaction. So LECO doesn’t
enjoy the lacking of enough stocks. So a minimum re order level is introduced. When
the numbers of items in the stores are lesser than the reorder level, then the necessary
actions must be taken to maintain the stores without lacking of stocks.
33
Figure 3.2 – Procurement Procedure of LECO
34
Figure 3.3 – Earthing Procedure of LECO
35
Monitoring an analysis of the power failures and provide instructions to the
field staff /power dispatcher to the restore power supply without delay.
Accepting and disseminating operational information in the form of daily and
monthly reports
Preparation of daily and monthly outage reports and therein recommendations
for the remedial measures are forwarded to the higher management
Assist customers who seek assistance
Coordinating with CEB during source supply outages and other operational
matters
36
SAIDI - System Average Interruption Duration Index
Average total duration of interruption of supply that a consumer experience in the
period,
SAIDI = sum of {no. of interrupted consumers*interruption duration}
Total no. of consumers
37
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Summary
In this final industrial training, I was assigned to LECO. LECO is the only private
power distributor in Sri Lanka. LECO region is defined as the coastal area of
Negambo to Galle. LECO provides their service to their consumers through 7
branches. Instead of 33kV network as CEB, LECO uses 11kV network in their area.
Concept of is to increase the reliability and the efficiency through “Large number of
short feeders and large number of distribution substations.”
In order to provide a reliable service o the consumers, LECO has a properly organized
system. Each and every procedure is documented specifically and each and every
hierarchical level has assigned to pre defined tasks. That helps enormously to run the
system smoothly. Construction manuals, cost manuals, safety manuals, Specifications,
procurement procedures, GIS procedures, safety procedures, interruption procedures,
New connection and disconnection procedures, financial delegations, maintenance
procedures, PRONTO system, load flow analysis, load forecasting, etc, all together
help to improve the quality of the service to the customers.
The technological concepts used in LECO are suitable for the modern world. LECO
always make sure to use quality products for their distribution lines in order to assure
the safety and decrease the interruptions. Almost always type tested certified
equipments are used in the system. All these above mentioned things are experienced
by me within the 3 months of my industrial training.
4.2 Conclusion
I’ve got a good opportunity to have my second compulsory session of industrial
training in Lank Electricity Company (PVT) LTD. LECO is the Sri Lanka’s sole
private power distributor in Sri Lanka. LECO is honored ISO quality awards for its
outstanding performance and robust growth in this sector.
38
During this valuable period I was able to take so many experiences about the
distribution network of Sri Lanka and I could be able to collect faculty of knowledge
with in these three months of my industrial training.
Here I should mention that I was able to get a special opportunity to work together
technicians as well as engineers and share their knowledge and experiences. Those
things gave me a really good training as an engineering undergraduate.
Since LECO directly deals with consumers, I could be able to get the knowledge
about how to deal with them. But it would be better if LECO would change their
training schedule a little bit in order to get more practical knowledge on technical side
in the sites etc.
However I had a good training session at LECO with in my final industrial training.
So, it helps me to gain a better experience and work made my training valuable and
successful.
39
REFERENCES
1. http://www.ceb.lk/Tariff/tarrif%202008.htm
2. http://www.hntddl.com/english/abc%20cable01.asp?
gclid=CLy09P2gmaUCFQUb6wodSWphIQ
3. HUBBEL Cutouts (Standard, Linkbreak & Loadbreak)and Cutout-Arrester
Combinations manual
4. CHANCE fuse links manual
5. COOPER surge arrester manual
6. Construction Manuals of LECO
7. Cost Manuals of LECO
40
ABBREVIATIONS
41
APPENDIX
42
APPENDIX I
Religious Purpose
For those who consume -
up to 30 units per month 2.5 60
in excess of 30 and up to 60 units per month 3.7 90
in excess of 60 and up to 90 units per month 3.7 90
in excess of 90 and up to 120 units per month 9 180
in excess of 120 and up to 180 units per month 10 180
above 180 units 12.5 240
General Purpose
GP1 15 240
GP2 13.8 3000 750
GP3 13.6 3000 675
Industrial Purpose
I-1 10.5 240
I-2 9.3 3000 675
I-3 9.1 3000 650
I-2(TD) peak 24.6 3000 650
43
off peak 8.4
I-3(TD) peak 23 3000 650
off peak 8
Hotel Purpose
H-1(GP) 15 240
H-2(GP) 13.8 3000 750
H-2 (I) 9.3 3000 675
Fuel Adjustment Charge 30% on all unit charges except DP & RP consumers
consuming less than 90 units per month
* Notice is hereby give in terms of section 52(3) of the Ceylon Electricity Board Act
No. 17 of 1969 that is decided to give a discount of Rs. 30/- for Domestic purpose and
Religious purpose category consumers using electricity less than 90 units per 30 day
billing period with effect from 10th Nov 2008
* The fuel adjustment charge applicable to Industrial Category and Hotel Tariff -
Industrial Category consumers has been exempted of 15% with effect from 1st
January 2009 to 09th November 2009
* Save and except the above, all tariff charges and fees published in the Gazette
Extraordinary of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka No.1572/25 dated
24th October 2008 remain unchanged
44