EVAPORATION

GROUP III

MEMBERS

1. Gea Ravna Putra Daffani (17.01.003)

2. A.Alfiyyah Tenriawaru (17.01.009)
3. Ulfa Ul Ahdi (17.01.015)
4. Mochammad Zabarjad (17.01.022)
5. Benjamin Tampubolon (17.01.028)

POLITEKNIK LPP YOGYAKARTA

2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EVAPORATION ................................................................................................................ 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... 2
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II EVAPORATION ......................................................................................... 5
II.1 EVAPORATION ..................................................................................................... 5
A. EVAPORATION PROCESS .............................................................................. 5
B. FUNCTION OF EVAPORATOR ...................................................................... 5
C. HOW DOES EVAPORATOR WORK............................................................... 6
D. STEAM, CLEAR JUICE, AND CONDENSAT CIRCULATION .................... 7
II.2 INSTRUMENT IN EVAPORATOR ....................................................................... 9
II.3 TYPE OF EVAPORATOR .................................................................................... 12
II.4 SYSTEM OF EVAPORATOR .............................................................................. 13
CHAPTER III MISCELLANEOUS INTO ABOUT EVAPORATION........................... 15
 PREFACE

In modern industrial era’s many of factories have a modern tools to help a

processing a raw materials to be ready to use. One of tools is an Evaporator.
Evaporator is a one of many tools used in industrial process such as in Petroleum
process, food and drink factory, palm oil process, sugar factory and etc.

Evaporator in sugar factory basically is a tools to help a evaporate water content

in a liquid for incrase a brix or viscocities of solution. If we enter in evaporator
vessel we can find a part part which built to be a unit evaporator such as
tube,heater,separator and stack to discard a incondensable gas. Mostly, evaporator
design insugar factory in java use a calandria evaporator or Robert evaporator type.
The Evaporator get energy to heat a liquid from a saturated steam by boiler stations.

Evaporator work with a steam enter to evaporator vessels with temperature

some 120℃ with 1Kg/cm2 pressure. The steam will be evaporate a water
containing on liquid and result of the evaporator is condensate and syrup with
viscocoties in 30-32 baume or 60-64 Brix.

Liquid will be enter in evaporator required with minimum CaO that is under
1000mgCao/L contain or others chemical product can cause of scalling in tube. If
did scalling in tube it can be a reduce of efficiency of heat transfer from steam
(vapour) to tube with liquid.

In evaporator, liquid especially clear juice from sugar factory must be control
by the temperature ph and quantities. Because if not controlled it can be inverted
by acid condition, temperature over high and level juice in tube is full (flooading).

So to prevent scalling in evaporator, evaporator must be cleaning by the

scrapper to increase the efficiency of evaporation.
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Evaporation is a key unit operation in a sugar mill and is the principal factor
that determines its energy efficiency. It is the major user of steam in concentrating
clarified juice to a dissolved solids content of about 65 to 68 %. The way the evapo-
rator station is configured determines the amount of steam that the factory requires
and so the ar- angement of the evaporators is a most important consideration.
Multiple effect evaporation enables the steam requirement to be reduced and the
bulk of evaporation of water is done by this means. The limit on syrup concentration
is the approach to saturation at which point crystallization starts. In theory this
would limit the RDS to about 72 % , but in practice a safety margin of at least two
units is chosen, to allow some leeway in control and to allow for some cooling of
syrup in storage without con tent of about crystallization occurring.
 CHAPTER II
EVAPORATION
II.1 EVAPORATION
A. EVAPORATION PROCESS
Evaporation Station is a station that produces a process of evaporation of
air in the juice, so that the air contained in the juice will evaporate and will only
contain sugar. So, evaporation is a mixed process by utilizing the boiling point
of the fluid mixture and the change in the liquid phase into vapor, this process
takes place if the liquid (juice) is given heat energy.

In sugar factory evaporator will evaporate most of the air contained in

dilute juice (± 70%) without damaging sucrose by being carried out as
efficiently as possible to compensate for the juice which is overcome with a
thickness of 28-30°Boume.

B. FUNCTION OF EVAPORATOR
In the world of industry both large and small scale, the use of evaporators
needs to be very much needed in order to produce products as desired, such as
the chemical industry and the food industry, for example the process of making
salt, raw materials of salt produced from air evapotor and evaporated to convert
air into steam and released so that only the minerals needed in the evaporator
are available. Besides that the evaporator also functions as:

1. A different kind of evaporator can be used for heating and possibly

producing a liquid to cause liquid to evaporate from the product.
2. The process can be used to remove water or liquids from liquid based
mixtures. The process of evaporation is widely used to concentrate
liquid foods, such as soup or make concentrated milk called
"condensed milk" done by evaporating water from the milk. In the
concentration process, the goal of evaporation is to vaporize most of
the water from a solution which contains the desired product.
3. The evaporator/evaporative process can be used for separating liquid
chemicals as well as salvage solvents.
 4. In the pharmaceutical industry, the evaporation process is used to
eliminate excess moisture, providing products and improving product
stability. The preservation of long-term activity or enzyme in
laboratories is greatly assisted by the evaporation process.
5. Another example of recovery from sodium hydroxide in kraft pulping.
Cutting down waste-handling costs is another major reason for large
companies to use evaporation applications. Legally, all producers of
waste must be disposed of waste using methods compatible with
environmental guidelines; these methods are costly. By removing
moisture through vaporization, the industry can greatly reduce the
amount of waste product that must be processed.

C. HOW DOES EVAPORATOR WORK

The solution containing the desired product is fed into the evaporator and
passes across a heat source. The applied heat converts the water in the solution
into vapor. The vapor is removed from the rest of the solution and is condensed
while the now-concentrated solution is either fed into a second evaporator or is
removed. The evaporator, as a machine, generally consists of four sections.

1. The heating section contains the heating medium, which can vary.
2. Steam is fed into this section. The most common medium consists of
parallel tubes but others have plates or coils typically made from
copper or aluminium.
3. The concentrating and separating section removes the vapor being
produced from the solution.
4. The condenser condenses the separated vapor, then the vacuum or
pump provides pressure to increase circulation.\
D. STEAM, CLEAR JUICE, AND CONDENSAT CIRCULATION
a. Steam Circulation
The steam circulation begins with the inclusion of used exhoust
steam with a pressure of 1 kg / cm2. Steam will enter through the
evaporator I body by spreading it to heat the pipe inside the vessel (if the
evaporator used by the calandria type). after transferring the heat, the
steam from the evaporation will be carried out and into the next body,
each steam transfer will occur changes in pressure and temperature.
b. Juice Circulation
The juice from the third juice heater will be flowed to the evaporator
through on the pipe in the vessel. the juice will fill the calandria pipe,
when the viscosity of the juice has reached its maximum number, the
valve will be opened and flowed to the next evaporation
c. Condensat Circulation
The condensate evaporator can appear because there is a phase
change from the vapor that meets the pipe in which there is liquid so that
condensation occurs.
Basically at each evaporator body emits condensate with various
characters. Mostly in sugar factories in java condensate of evaporator
used as a imbibition water, water injection, added water in boiler, and
sweet water. Example:
1st Vessel Evaporator : condensate from 1st vessel evaporator used
to imbibition water, sweet water because characteristic of condensate acid
and temperature condensate relative highly some a 60-70℃
2nd Vessel Evaporator : condensate from 2nd vessel evaporator used
to imbibition water and sweet water because characteristic of condensate
acid and temperature condensate relative highly some a 50-60℃
3rd Vessel Evaporator : condensate from 3rd vessel evaporator used
to added water in boiler and water injection because characteristic of
condensate relative neutral and temperature condensate midely some a 40-
50℃
 4th vessel Evaporator : condensate from 4th vessel evaporator used
to added water in boiler and water injection because characteristic of
condensate relative neutral and temperature condensate midely some a 40-
50℃.

Water
Injection

Condensor

I I I I

Exhaust
Steam

Juice Syrup

Condensat

Nb;
Blue = Steam Circulation
Orange = Juice Circulation
Green = Condensat Circulation
II.2 INSTRUMENT IN EVAPORATOR

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1. Man hole
For entry and exit of people on completion
2. Steam pipe tools
As a steam heating input channel to the evaporator wall.
3. Steam juice dispensing pipe
For the outlet of the steam room for the next body and for the condenser.
4. Separator
To catch the spark - a splash of sap carried by steam (carry over).
5. Pipe Returns Juice
For the return channel, the sap is caught by the separator to the room.
6. Water return pipe
To equalize the pressure of the steam room with outside water.
7. Amoniac Pipe
To remove uncontaminated gases so as not to interfere with heat transfer.
8. Glass estimator
 To control the level of the room in the room.
9. Heating steam room
As a place for the process of moving heat from steam heating to heating
pipes.
10. The dilute sap inlet pipe
As a channel for the entry of runny sap that will be evaporated.
11. Juice outlet pipe
As the outlet channel the room goes to the next evaporator body.
12. Pipe drain
As the outlet of the drain water when the evaporator body is cleaned.
13. Funnel and outlet pipe
As the water inlet channel to clean the vaporizer body.
14. Funnel and outlet pipe
As the outlet for evaporation of the juice in the mental pipe to the next
evaporator body.
15. Condensate discharge pipe
To remove condensate produced as a result of condensation in the heating
steam room.
16. Pressure safety pipe
To exert pressure when there is excessive pressure on the heating steam
room.
17. Sight glass
To control the condition of the roomie in the room both the level and the
work of the vaporizer.
18. Hot steam thermometer
To measure the temperature of the body of the vaporizer.
19. Room room thermometer
To measure the temperature of the vapor body shell.
20. Steam heating manometer
To measure the pressure of a heating chamber (Kalandria).
21. Nira steam manometer
 To regulate the room pressure of the vaporizer body.
22. Pipe juice
For the circulation of roomie in the chamber the body of the vaporizer
during the heating process.
23. Pipe of the soul
To get the roomie from the room to the room the roomie roomie next
evaporator
24. Pipe soda
To drain soda into the room the body of the vaporizer when cleaned.
II.3 TYPE OF EVAPORATOR
1. Robert evaporators
The vertical tube calandria evaporators were first introduced in about 1850
by Robert. They were widely adopted and are still the most commonly used
evaporator. They make use of tubes 38 to 51 mm in diameter, with tube lengths
in the range of 1.5 to 3.5 m. Recently there has been a trend to use somewhat
longer tubes in an attempt to increase the heating surface in a vessel of a given
diameter. Most calandrias have a downtake, normally in the center of the
vessel, to improve circulation and heat transfer and provide a convenient place
to locate the juice outlet from the vessel. Care must be taken to distribute the
feed into the vessel uniformly under the calandria. The flashing of the entering
liquid promotes circulation and heat transfer, and it can be used to advantage.
2. Kestner or long tube rising film evaporator.
Particularly when large evaporator sizes are considered, the Kestner
evaporator can sometimes provide a more compact and cheaper evaporator
arrangement through the use of longer tubes, in the range of 6 to 7.5 m long.
However the Kestner has to have a separate entrainment separator vessel,
although this is a smaller diameter vessel. In some cases two or more Kestners
in the same effect can discharge vapor into the same entrainment separator
vessel. Kestner evaporators are most commonly used as first or second effect
vessels when large heating surface areas for extensive vapor bleeding are
required.
3. Falling film tubular evaporators.
These evaporators have some of the same advantages as the Kestner
evaporator, namely the use of long tubes and more compact vessels. However,
they require uniform and adequate wetting of the tubes and so need the
complication of juice recirculation and a distribution system feeding equal
quantities of juice to every tube.
4. Rising film plate evaporators
Thesé al similar in construction to plate heaters, with a series of plates
contained in a frame. Latest designs consist of two adjacent plates welded
 together to constitute the steam passages, with the juice passages formed
between adjacent steam plates separated by gaskets. Juice is fed in at the bottom
and starts to boil within the plate pack as it rises. The mixture of liquid and
vapor exiting from the plate pack passes to a vessel in which the liquid
separates from the vapor and some form of entrainment sep arator is installed.
These evaporators give high heat transfer rates, have a low holdup of juice
and provide a compact installation. Another version of these plate heaters
incorporating a plate pack inside an evaporator vessel has not found much
utility.

II.4 SYSTEM OF EVAPORATOR

Unlike single-stage evaporators, these evaporators can be composed of up
to seven evaporator stages (effects). The energy consumption for single-effect
evaporators is very high and is most of the cost for an evaporation system.
Putting together evaporators saves heat and thus requires less energy. Adding
one evaporator to the original decreases energy consumption to 50%. Adding
another effect reduces it to 33% and so on. A heat-saving-percent equation can
be used to estimate how much one will save by adding a certain number of
effects.
The number of effects in a multiple-effect evaporator is usually restricted
to seven because after that, the equipment cost approaches the cost savings of
the energy-requirement drop.

1. The Single Effect Evaporator

The typical evaporator is made up of three functional sections: the heat

exchanger, the evaporating section, where the liquid boils and evaporates, and
the separator in which the vapour leaves the liquid and passes off to the
condenser or to other equipment. In many evaporators, all three sections are
contained in a single vertical cylinder. In the centre of the cylinder there is a
steam heating section, with pipes passing through it in which the evaporating
liquors rise. At the top of the cylinder, there are baffles, which allow the
vapours to escape but check liquid droplets that may accompany the vapours
from the liquid surface. A diagram of this type of evaporator, which may be
called the conventional evaporator

2. Multiple-Effect Evaporator
A.multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an
apparatus for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.In a
multiple-effect evaporator, water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held
at a lower pressure than the last. Because the boiling temperature of water
decreases as pressure decreases, the vapor boiled off in one vessel can be used
to heat the next, and only the first vessel (at the highest pressure) requires an
external source of heat. While in theory, evaporators may be built with an
arbitrarily large number of stages, evaporators with more than four stages are
rarely practical except in systems where the liquor is the desired product such
as in chemical recovery systems where up to seven effects are used. Multiple-
effect evaporation plants in sugar beet factories have up to eight effects. Six
effect evaporators are common in the recovery of black liquor in the kraft
process for making wood pulp.
There are 4 of multiple effect evaporator : Double effect evaporator, Triple
effect evaporator, Quadruble effect evaporator and Quintuple effect evaporator
 CHAPTER III
MISCELLANEOUS INTO ABOUT EVAPORATION

General problem in Evaporator. Basically in operation of evaporator in sugar

industry have a various problem. The problem is incrustations in calandria tube.
Incrustations formed by two ways:
1. A deposit of oil carried by the steam from steam engine.
2. A clear juice contain a Cao with high percentage. Averrage Cao contain
in clear juice under 1000mg/L
And The Trobleshooting of this case is a cleaning of tube in evaporator. Why
the tube in evaporator must be clean? Because if the tube in evaporator too dirty,
that is can be reduces the performance of evaporator for evaporate the water
contains in clear juice.
For Cleaning the tubes of evaporator can do with :
1. Mechanical Cleaning by scrapers or rotary cleaners
2. Chemical Cleaning by pumping soda and acid

1. Mechanical Cleaning
Mechanical cleaning is effected with the aid of electric descalers. This tool is
equipped an electric motor which may be plugged in to powerpoint provided close
to the evaporator. This motor has a flexible shaft some 6m in length. Enclosed in a
protective sheath, and terminating in a tool with serrated rollers. Which it drives at
high speed. These rollers are loose on their axes so that centrifugal force presses
them aginst the wall of the tube. Which permits a given tool to clean tubes of
slightly differing deiameters.

Figure 1 Serrated Rollers in Terminating flexibally shaft

 Figure 2 Mechanical Descalers (Motor and Flexible Shaft)

2. Chemical Cleaning
Chemical cleaning is one of process to cleaning scale in tube of evaporator by
chemical product. This process consist of boiling a solution of NaOH or HCL in
vessel. The methods vary greatly: partically always soda is employed, sometimes
soda and acid in turn.
Soda dissolves mainly the oxalates,sulphates and silicates. Hydrochloric acid
dissolves especially the carbonates, sulphites and the phospates.
In general case soda added with 32-33 Baume and for HCL a strength below
2%. In java methods the practice was to boil first with a solution of 2-5% of caustic
soda followed by one of 0,25% of HCL, and it was stated that more concentraded
solution did not give any better result. However. In Australia, it has been found
that the time necessary to obtain a satisfactory result depend on the concentration:
one hour at 2% , 1 ¾ hour at 1,5%, 3 hour at 1% and below 1% the action became
very weak.