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SOLUCION:
Solución:
y = 𝐶1 senx + 𝐶2 x
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 cosx + 𝐶2
𝑦 ′′ = - 𝐶1 senx
y = 𝐶1 senx + 𝐶2 … (3)
(1 + x ctgx)𝑦 ′′ - x𝑦 ′ + y = 0
b) y = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 x 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 es solución de 𝑦 ′′′ - 𝑦 ′′ - 𝑦 ′ + y = 8𝑒 𝑥
Solución:
y = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 x𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 x𝑒 𝑥 - 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 4x𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 x𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4x𝑒 𝑥 + 4x𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
+ 4x𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 … (1)
y = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 x𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 … (4)
𝑦 ′′′ - 𝑦 ′′ - 𝑦 ′ + y = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 x𝑒 𝑥 - 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4x𝑒 𝑥 +
4𝑒 𝑥
- 4x𝑒 𝑥 - 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 - 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 - 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 - 𝐶2 x𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑥 - 4x𝑒 𝑥 - 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 +
𝐶2 x𝑒 𝑥
𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ - 𝑦 ′′ - 𝑦 ′ + y = 8𝑒 𝑥
Hallar la solución particular para x = 0, y = 3 (esto es la ecuación de la curva integral que pasa por
(0,3))
SOLUCION:
y = 2x + C𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2 + C𝑒 𝑥 … (1)
-y = - 2x - C𝑒 𝑥 … (2)
𝑦 ′ - y = 2 + C𝑒 𝑥 - 2x - C𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ - y = 2 – 2x
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1
𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 … (1)
𝑦 ′ - 3𝑦 ′ + 2y = 2x – 3
0 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ⟶ 𝐶2 = - 𝐶1
0 = 𝐶1 e - 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 1 ⟶ 𝐶1 e(e – 1) = 1
1 1
𝐶1 = 𝑒(𝑒−1) 𝐶2 = − 𝑒(𝑒−1)
𝑒𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
Y = 𝑒(𝑒−1) − 𝑒(𝑒−1) + x
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝐶 ⟶ 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝐶
𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑦 ′ = - 𝐶1 senx + 𝐶2 cosx
𝑦 ′′ + y = 0
𝑦 = A cos(x+ B)
𝑦 ′ = - A sen(x+ B)
𝑦 ′′ = - A cos(x + B) … (3)
𝑦 = A cos(x+ B) … (4)
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ = - A cos(x+ B) + A cos(x+ B)
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ = 0
y = A cos(x+ B)
𝐶1 = A cosB y 𝐶2 = - A senB
𝑦2
6. Demostrar que ln(𝑥 2 ) + ln(𝑥 2 ) = A + x se puede escribir así 𝑦 2 = B𝑒 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑦2
ln(𝑥 2 )+ ln(𝑥 2 ) = A + x
𝑦2
ln(𝑥 2 . 𝑥 2 ) = A + x
ln(𝑦 2 ) = A + x
𝑒 𝐴+𝑥 = 𝑦 2
𝑒 𝐴. 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑦2
Reemplazamos en 𝑒 𝐴. 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑦2
⟶ B𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑦 2
x√1 − 𝑦 2 – y √1 − 𝑥 2 = B
SOLUCION:
Derivamos:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
√1−𝑥 2
− =0
√1−𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥√1−𝑦 2 −𝑑𝑦√1−𝑥 2
=0
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 = 0
Integramos:
∫ √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
x√1 − 𝑦 2 - y√1 − 𝑥 2 = 0
SOLUCION:
ln(1 + y) + ln(1 + x) = A
ln(1 + y)(1 + x) = A
ln(1 + x + y + xy) = 0
𝑒 𝐴 = 1 + x + y + xy
𝑒 𝐴 – 1 = x + y + xy
𝑒𝐴 – 1 = C
⟶ x + y + xy = C
SOLUCION:
senhy + coshy = Cx
𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 −𝑦
+ = Cx
2 2
𝑒 𝑦 = Cx
ln Cx = y
ln C + ln x = y
y = ln(x) + A
1. Se define una curva por la condición que cada uno de sus puntos (x, y) su pendiente es igual al
doble de la suma de las coordenadas del punto. Exprese
SOLUCION:
𝑦
La pendiente es m = 𝑥
𝑦
= 2(x + y)
𝑥
𝑦
= 2x + 2y
𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 2yx
2𝑥 2
𝑦 = 1−2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥(1−2𝑥)−2𝑥 2 (−2)
=
𝑑𝑥 (1−2𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥(1−𝑥)
= (1−2𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
2. Cien gramos de azúcar de caña que están en agua se convierten en dextrosa a una
velocidad que es proporcional a la cantidad que aún no se ha convertido. Hallase la
ecuación diferencial que exprese la velocidad de conversión después de “t” minutos.
SOLUCION:
Sea “q” la cantidad de gramos convertidos en “t” minutos, el número de gramos aun no
𝑑𝑞
convertidos será “(100 – q)” y la velocidad de conversión vendrá dada por = k (100 –
𝑑𝑡
q), donde k es la constante de proporcionalidad.
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = A𝑥 2 + Bx + C
𝑦 ′ = 2 Ax + B
𝑦 ′′ = 2ª
𝑦 ′′′ = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑥) + 𝐵 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = − 𝑎 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎𝑥) + 𝑎 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑥)
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0
5. Obténgase la ecuación diferencial asociada con la primitiva 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = A 𝑒 2𝑥 + B𝑒 𝑥 + C … (1)
y𝑒 −𝑥 = A𝑒 𝑥 + B + C 𝑒 −𝑥
Derivamos respecto a “x “
𝑦 ′ 𝑒 −𝑥 - y𝑒 −𝑥 = A𝑒 𝑥 - C𝑒 −𝑥 … (2)
𝑦 ′′ - 2𝑦 ′ - 𝑦 ′ + 2y = 2C
Derivamos
𝑦 ′′′ - 3𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 1 1 1 𝑦
|| 3𝑒
3𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 ′
𝑦 | 6𝑥 3 2 1 𝑦′
2𝑥 𝑥 |=𝑒 |9 𝑦 ′′
|=0
9𝑒 3𝑥 4𝑒 𝑒 𝑦 ′′ 4 1
27𝑒 3𝑥 8𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 ′′′ 27 8 1 𝑦 ′′′
𝑦 ′′′ - 6𝑦 ′′ + 11𝑦 ′ - 6y = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = C 𝑥2+ 𝐶2
𝑦 ′ = 2Cx
𝑦 ′′ = 2C
𝑦 ′′′ = 0
SOLUCION:
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
x – a = √𝑟 2 − 𝑦 2
1 −2𝑦𝑦 ′
1–0=2
√𝑟 2 −𝑦2
−𝑦𝑦 ′
1=
√𝑟 2 −𝑦 2
√𝑟 2 − 𝑦 2 = −𝑦𝑦 ′
𝑟 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑦 2 (𝑦 ′ )2
(1 + (𝑦 ′ )2) = 𝑟 2
𝑦 2 = 4p(x + a)
𝑦2
= 4p
(𝑥 + 𝑎)
Derivamos:
2𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑎)−𝑦 2 𝑥′
(𝑥 + 𝑎)2
=0
2𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑎) − 𝑦 2 𝑥 ′ = 0
𝑦 2 𝑥 ′ = 2𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑎)
PRACTICA 2
I.Separación de variables.
Resolver:
1. 𝑥 3 dx + (y + 1)2 dy = 0
SOLUCION:
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(y + 1)2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
𝑥 4 (y + 1)3
+ =𝑘
4 3
2. 𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 1) 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
(𝑦 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 + 1)
𝑥2 𝑦2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
𝑥−1 𝑦+1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ +∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫
(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥−1 (𝑦 + 1) (𝑦 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∫(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ + ∫(𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 + ∫ =𝑐
𝑥−1 𝑦+1
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + − 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑦 + 1| = 𝑐
2 2
3. 4𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
SOLUCION:
(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
+ 2 =0
𝑦 (𝑥 − 4𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ +∫ = ∫0
𝑦 ((𝑥 − 2)2 − 22 )
1 𝑥−4
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝑙𝑛 | |=𝑘
4 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑥(𝑦 − 3) 4𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦
𝑦−3 4
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑦 − 3𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 4𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 − 3𝑙𝑛|𝑦| − 4𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐
5. (𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1−𝑦 1+𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2
−∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0
𝑦−1 1+𝑥
[(𝑦 2 − 1) + 1] [(𝑥 2 − 1) + 1]
−∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘
𝑦−1 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
− ∫(𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ + ∫(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫
𝑦−1 𝑥+1
𝑦2 𝑥2
− − 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑦 − 1| + − 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| = 𝑘
2 2
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥+1
− (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑙𝑛 | |=𝑘
2 𝑦−1
𝑑𝑦
6. 𝑥√1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑥√1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥√1 + 𝑦 2 𝑦(√1 + 𝑥 2 )
+ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
(√1 + 𝑦 2 )(√1 + 𝑥 2 ) (√1 + 𝑦 2 )(√1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
√1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑦 2
√1 + 𝑥 2 + √1 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
7. (1 + 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
− =0
𝑦 1 + 𝑥3
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ −∫ = ∫0 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 1 → 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1 + 𝑥3 3
𝑑𝑢
𝑙𝑛𝑦 − ∫ =𝑘
3𝑢
𝑦
𝑙𝑛 | 1| = 𝑘
3
(𝑥 + 1)3
𝐸𝑛 𝑥 = 1 𝑦 𝑦 = 2
2
𝑙𝑛 |23 | = 𝑘
2
𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛|2|
3
3
𝑒 𝑘 = √4
3
𝑐 = √4
8. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦
+ =0
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦(𝑒 𝑥 + 1) (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦
𝑒𝑥
+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑒𝑥 + 1
𝑙𝑛|𝑒 𝑥 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦| = 𝑐
𝑒𝑥 + 1 𝑒𝑥 + 1
𝑙𝑛 | |=𝑐 𝑒𝑐 = = 𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 600
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑒3 + 1
𝑘= = 2(1 + 𝑒 3 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠600
9. 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ =0
𝑥 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∫ +∫ = ∫0
𝑥 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| = 𝑘 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 → 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑦
𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑙𝑛𝑦| = 𝑘
𝑙𝑛|𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑦| = 𝑘
𝐸𝑛 𝑦 = 1 𝑦 𝑥 = 1
𝑒 𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛1
𝑐=0
10. 𝑑𝑝 = 𝑝𝑡𝑔𝜃𝑑𝜃
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑝
= 𝑡𝑔𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑝
𝑑𝑝
∫ = ∫ 𝑡𝑔𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑝
𝑙𝑛|𝑝| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃|
𝑙𝑛|𝑝| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃| = 𝑐
𝑙𝑛|𝑝||𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃| = 𝑐 |𝑝||𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃| = 𝑘
𝑝=1 ∧ 𝜃=0
1=𝑘
Resolver:
SOLUCION:
𝑥+𝑦 =𝑧
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑧𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑧 − 4)𝑑𝑦 = 0
(3𝑧 − 4)𝑑𝑧
− 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2𝑧 − 4
(3𝑧 − 4)𝑑𝑧
∫ − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0
2𝑧 − 4
1 2
∫( + 3) 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑥 = 𝑘
2 𝑧−2
3
𝑙𝑛|𝑧 − 2| + 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 𝑘
2
2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2| + 3𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑘
2. (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝑦 ′ = 𝑎2
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑎2 𝑥+𝑦 =𝑧
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2 ( − 1) = 𝑎2 = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑧 2 (𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑥) = 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑎2 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑧2
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑧 2
𝑧2
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑧 2
𝑧2 −𝑎2
∫( + 1 − 1) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑧 2 𝑎2 + 𝑧 2
1 𝑧 𝑥+𝑦
−𝑎2 ( ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ −𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
3. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐)
SOLUCION:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 𝑧
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑎+𝑏( ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑧
= ( − 𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑧
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑥𝑎
( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑧
𝑏 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 − 𝑎𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 − (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑧
∫ − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑧
4. 𝑦 ′ + 1 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑧𝑛
+1= 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑝
𝑑𝑧 𝑧𝑛
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑧 𝑝
𝑧𝑛 + 𝑧𝑝
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑧𝑛
(1 + 𝑧 𝑝−𝑛 )𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑝−𝑛
𝑧 𝑝−𝑛+1
∫ 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑧 + =𝑥+𝑐
𝑝−𝑛+1
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑝−𝑛+1 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑝−𝑛+1
𝑥+𝑦+ =𝑥+𝑐 ⇒𝑦+ =𝑐
𝑝−𝑛+1 𝑝−𝑛+1
5. 𝑥𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦) = 𝑎2
SOLUCION:
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 3 = 𝑎2 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧
𝑧
𝑧 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 𝑧 = 𝑎2 𝑦=
𝑥
𝑑𝑧
𝑥( )−𝑧
2
𝑧 ( 𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦 2 𝑧 = 𝑎2
𝑥2
𝑑𝑧 (𝑥𝑦)2 𝑧
𝑧2𝑥 ( ) − 𝑧3 + = 𝑎2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑧
𝑧 2 𝑥𝑑𝑧 − 𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑎2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
∫ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑎2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0
𝑧 3 𝑎2 𝑥 2
− =𝑐
3 2
6. (𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑥𝑑𝑧
(𝑧) − +1=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑧𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑧 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
(𝑧 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
∫ =∫ = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 + 1| = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑧+1
7. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑡𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 1
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑧
− 1 = 𝑡𝑔(𝑧) − 1 𝑥+𝑦 =𝑧
𝑑𝑥
𝐷𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
− 𝑑𝑥 = 0 = −1
𝑡𝑔𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷𝑧
∫ − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0
𝑡𝑔𝑧
𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑧| − 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦)| − 𝑥 = 𝑐
SOLUCION:
2𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 3
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 2 → 3 + = ⇒ = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 2
(2𝑧 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑧 3
(2𝑧 − 1) + 𝑧 ( − )=0
2𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑧 − 3𝑑𝑥
(2𝑧 − 1) + 𝑧 ( )=0
4𝑑𝑥
(2𝑧 − 1)4𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 − 3𝑧𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 = −
5𝑧 − 4
1 5𝑧𝑑𝑧 1 5𝑧
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ ( + 1 − 1) 𝑑𝑧
5 5𝑧 − 4 5 5𝑧 − 4
1 4
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − [∫ 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑑𝑧]
5 5𝑧 − 4
4 𝑧
𝑥 = − 𝑙𝑛|5𝑧 − 4| − + 𝑐
5 5
9. cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
SOLUCION:
cos(x + y) dy 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=1+ = −1
xsen(x + y) dx 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
− 𝑡𝑔𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ − ∫ 𝑡𝑔𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 0
𝑥
1
𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 𝑙𝑛 | |=𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
𝑙𝑛|𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦)| = 𝑐
SOLUCION:
𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = → = − 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑧
(𝑧 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥
𝑧(𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑥(1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) =0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑧(𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑧 𝑧
+ 𝑥(1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) ( − 2) = 0
𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑧(𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 𝑧3
+ (1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) ( ) − (𝑧 + 1) ( ) − = 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧 𝑧3
(1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) ( ) − = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2 )𝑑𝑧
𝑧3 (1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ − =0
𝑥 𝑧3 𝑥
(1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
∫ 3
−∫ = ∫0
𝑧 𝑥
−1
𝑧 −2
𝑙𝑛|𝑧| − 𝑧 − − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐
2
1 1
𝑙𝑛|𝑥𝑦| − − 2 2 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥𝑦 2𝑥 𝑦
1 1
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| − − 2 2=𝑐
𝑥𝑦 2𝑥 𝑦
SOLUCION:
𝑦(1 − 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑧
= 𝑦=
𝑥(1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧
2
𝑦(1 − 𝑧) 𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑧
𝑥 ( )= −𝑧 =
𝑥(1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑧(1 − 𝑧) 𝑥𝑑𝑧
= −𝑧
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑥
2𝑧 𝑥𝑑𝑧
=
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 (1 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧
− =0
𝑥 2 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 1 (1 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧
∫ − ∫ = ∫0
𝑥 2 𝑧
1
𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − (𝑙𝑛|𝑧| + 𝑧) = 𝑐
2
𝑥 𝑧
𝑙𝑛 | 1 | − = 𝑐
2
𝑧2
𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝑙𝑛 | 1| − =𝑐
2
(𝑥𝑦)2
1
𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦
𝑙𝑛 ( ) − =𝑐
𝑦 2
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 ⇒ = − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑥3𝑧
(1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ( − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥
(1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (𝑧 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
(1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (𝑧 − 1) =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
(1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) + 𝑥 2 (𝑧 − 1) ( − 2) = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧
(1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) + 𝑥 2 (𝑧 − 1) − 𝑧(𝑧 − 1) = 0
𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑧 − 1)𝑑𝑧 − (𝑧 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑧 − 1
+ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥 2−𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑧−1
∫ +∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥 2−𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
∫ +∫ − ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥 2−𝑧
𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑛|2 − 𝑧| − 2 = 0
1
𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝑙𝑛|2 − 𝑥𝑦| = 0
𝑦
𝜋
13. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ′ = 0 𝑦 ′ = 2 2𝑘
SOLUCION:
𝜋
𝑦 ′ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 𝑦 ′ = (2𝑘 + 1) 𝑘𝜖𝑧
2
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
= (2𝑘 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋
𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑘 + 1)𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(2𝑘 + 1)𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋
𝑦= (2𝑘 + 1)𝑥 + 𝑐
2
′
14. 𝑒 𝑦 = 1
SOLUCION:
′
𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛1
𝑑𝑦
𝑦′ = 0 =0 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑦=𝑐
15. 𝑙𝑛𝑦 ′ = 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
16𝜋
16. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1 = 0 𝑦→ ; 𝑥 → +∞
3
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦 + =0
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ = ∫0
𝑥2
1
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 − =𝑐 𝑥→∞
𝑥
3
16𝜋 1 − √3 1
𝑠𝑒𝑛 ( )− =𝑐 ⇒ = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 −
3 𝑎 2 𝑥
17. 𝑡𝑔𝑦 ′ = 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑦 ′ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥 − ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
2
PRACTICA 3
I.Funciones homogéneas:
1. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑦 3
SOLUCION:
= 𝜆3 (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑦 3 )
𝑓 𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑛 = 3
𝑥
2. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 𝑡𝑔 (𝑦)
SOLUCION:
𝑥𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(1𝑥, 1𝑦) = (1𝑦)2 𝑡𝑔 ( ) = 12 𝑦 2 𝑡𝑔 ( )
𝑥𝑦 𝑦
𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑛 = 2
3
3. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3
SOLUCION:
3
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = √(𝜆𝑥)3 − (𝜆𝑦)3
3
= 𝜆 √𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3
𝑓 𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑛 = 1
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
4. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦
SOLUCION:
(1𝑥)2 − (1𝑦)2 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝑓(1𝑥, 1𝑦) = = 10 ( )
(1𝑥)(1𝑦) 𝑥𝑦
𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑛 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎
6. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑓(1𝑥, 1𝑦) = 𝑒 1𝑥
𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎
𝑥
7. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑦
SOLUCION:
𝜆𝑥
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝑒 𝜆𝑦 = 𝑦 0 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦
𝑓 𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑛 = 1
8. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )3/2
SOLUCION:
3 3
𝑓(1𝑥, 1𝑦) = [(1x)2 + (1y)2 ]2 = 13 (x 2 + y 2 )2
𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑛 = 3
9. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 6
SOLUCION:
𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎
𝑦 𝑥
10.𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 – 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦
SOLUCION:
𝜆𝑦 𝜆𝑥
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = (𝜆𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛 ( ) − (𝜆𝑦)𝑠𝑒𝑛 ( ))
𝜆𝑥 𝜆𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆 (𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛 ( ) − 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛 ( ))
𝑥 𝑦
II.Si 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 es homogénea, demostrar que 𝑦 ≤ 𝑣𝑥 se separan las
variables consideremos una ecuación diferencial ordinaria homogénea.
SOLUCION:
𝑦 1 𝑦
𝑀 (1, ) = 𝑘 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) ⇒ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑀 (1, )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑀 (1, ) = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑀(1, 𝑢) = 𝑥 𝑘 𝜑(𝑢), 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑢 =
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
Es decir: 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑘 𝜑(𝑢), 𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑦 1 𝑦
𝑁 (1, ) = 𝑘 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) ⇒ 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑁 (1, )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑁 (1, ) = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑁(1, 𝑢) = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑁(1, 𝑢) = 𝑥 𝑘 𝜑(𝑢), 𝑢 =
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
Es decir: 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑘 𝜑(𝑢), 𝑢 = 𝑥 … (𝑢)
Simplificando:
1 𝑥
𝜆= ,𝑢 =
𝑦 𝑦
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 (𝑢 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 4 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − 3𝑥 3 𝑢3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 3 (𝑢 + 1 − 3𝑢3 )𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 4 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑢2
∫ − 3∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐶
𝑥 (1 + 𝑢 − 3𝑢3 )
1 2𝑦 3
𝐶 = 𝐿𝑛𝑥 + (1 − 3 )
2 𝑥
2. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − √𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
SOLUCION:
(𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 … (𝑎)
Sea: 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
En (a):
√1 − 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
∫ =∫ + 𝐿𝑛𝐶
𝑥 √1 − 𝑣 2
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑥
2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 0
2 𝑑𝑥
∫ − ∫ 𝑐𝑡𝑔ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝐶
3 𝑥
2 𝑦
𝐿𝑛𝑥 − 𝐿𝑛 (𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ ) = 𝐶
3 𝑥
4. (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 (𝑣 − 1)𝑑𝑣
∫ =∫ 2 + 𝐿𝑛𝐶
𝑥 (𝑣 + 2𝑥 + 2)
1
𝐿𝑛𝑥 + 𝐿𝑛(𝑣 2 + 2𝑥 + 2) = −2𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑇𝑔(𝑣 + 1) = 𝐿𝑛𝐶
2
𝑥√𝑣 2 + 2𝑥 + 2
𝐿𝑛 ( ) = 2𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑇𝑔(𝑣 + 1)
𝐶
𝑥+4
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 2 𝑒 4 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑇𝑔 ( )
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
5. (1 + 2𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑦 (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 … (1)
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝐿𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦. +𝑈 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
De (1):
𝑑𝑥 2𝑒 𝑢 (−1 + 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢
=𝑦 +𝑈
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 2𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 2𝑒 𝑢 )
∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑈
𝑦 (2𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑈)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
− [ − 𝐿𝑛 (1 + 2𝑒 𝑦 ) + 𝐿𝑛 (2𝑒 𝑦 )] = 𝐶
𝑦
6. (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
(𝑣 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
∫ =∫ 2 + 𝐿𝑛𝐶
𝑥 (𝑣 + 2𝑣 + 1)
1
𝐿𝑛𝑥 + = 𝐿𝑛𝐶
𝑣+1
𝑥 𝑥
𝐿𝑛 ( ) + =0
𝑐 𝑥+𝑦
𝑥
−
𝑥 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
7. (𝑦 + √𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ −∫ =𝐶
𝑥 √𝑢2 − 1
𝑥 𝑥 2
𝐿𝑛𝑥 − 𝐿𝑛( + √(( ) − 1) = 𝐶
𝑦 𝑦
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝐿𝑛𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥
∫ + ∫ 𝐿𝑛𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝐿𝑛𝐶
𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ + ∫ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝐶
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑦 2
𝐿𝑛𝑥 + . 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 ( ) − 𝐿𝑛 (1 + ( ) ) = 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑥 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ +∫ 1 =0
𝑥 2 𝑢
𝑒 +𝑢 𝑒
𝑢
𝑢
𝑢𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑦
𝐿𝑛𝑥 = − ∫ 1 𝑢=
𝑥
𝑎 𝑒𝑢 + 𝑢2 𝑒 𝑢
𝑦
𝑥 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐿𝑛𝑥 = − ∫ 1
𝑎 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑢2 𝑒 𝑢
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
11. (𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )) + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = cos (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢𝑑𝑥 ′ + 𝑥𝑑𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑥
Resolver:
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 3 = 0 𝑦=1
⇒ ℎ𝑘
{ , 𝑃( , )
−2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 6 = 0 𝑥=1 11
𝑥 =𝑧+ℎ , 𝑦 =𝑤+𝑘
𝑥 =𝑧+ℎ , 𝑦 =𝑤+1
𝑑𝑤 (2𝑢 − 5)
𝑧 = 𝑢. 𝑤 ⇒ ∫ +∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐶
𝑤 (2𝑢2 − 7𝑢 − 4)
SOLUCION:
𝑠𝑒𝑎: 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + ℎ ; 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑘 ; ℎ = 1 ; 𝑘 = 0
En (m):
(1 − 4𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥0 + 𝑥0 (1 + 4𝑣)𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥0 (1 + 4𝑣)
∫ +∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝐿𝑛𝑐
𝑥0 (1 − 4𝑣 2 )
1 1 + 2𝑣 1
𝐿𝑛𝑥0 + 𝐿𝑛 ( ) − 𝐿𝑛(1 − 4𝑣 2 ) = 𝐿𝑛𝐶
4 1 − 2𝑣 2
𝑦0
𝑥0 = 𝐶 (1 − 2 ( ))
𝑥0
𝑦
𝑥 = 𝐶 (1 − 2 ( )) + 1
𝑥−1
SOLUCION:
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + ℎ , 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑘
ℎ − 4𝐾 = 9
ℎ = 1 ; ℎ = −2 ⇐ {
4ℎ + 𝐾 = 2
(𝑥0 + 1 − 4(𝑦0 − 2) − 9)𝑑𝑥 + (4(𝑥0 + 1) + (𝑦0 − 2) − 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥0 (𝑣 + 4)
∫ +∫ 2 =𝐶
𝑥0 𝑣 +1
1
⇒ 𝐿𝑛𝑥0 + 𝐿𝑛(𝑣 2 + 1) + 4𝐴𝑟𝑐(𝑡𝑔𝑣) = 0
2
𝑦+2
√(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 𝐾𝑒 4𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔(𝑥−1)
4. (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 − (𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5)𝑑𝑥 = 0
SOLUCION:
(𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5)𝑑𝑥 – (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 2 ; 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 1
𝑑𝑥0 (𝑣 − 1)𝑑𝑣
∫ −∫ 2 = 𝐿𝑛𝐶
𝑥0 𝑣 − 3𝑣
1 1 𝑣−3
𝐿𝑛𝑥0 − 𝐿𝑛(𝑣 2 − 3𝑣) − 𝐿𝑛 ( ) = 𝐿𝑛𝐶
2 6 3
𝑥0 = 𝐶(𝑣 3 − 𝑏𝑣 2 + 9𝑣)1/3
𝐶 1
𝑥−2= [9(𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑦 − 1) − 6(𝑥 − 2)(𝑦 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)3 ]3
𝑥−2
5. (4𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝑧 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑧 𝑥−1 )𝑑𝑧
2𝛼 − 1 = 𝛼 − 1 ⇒ 𝛼 = −2
𝑦 = 𝑧 −2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑧 −3 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑢𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑥
(2𝑢2 − 6)𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ 3
+∫ =0
(2𝑢 − 2𝑢) 𝑥
1
√ −1
1 1 √𝑦𝑥
𝐿𝑛 + 𝐿𝑛 (( − 1)) − 3𝐿𝑛
2 √𝑦𝑥 1
√𝑦𝑥
( )
6. (𝑦 4 − 3𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
Sea 𝑦 = 𝑧 𝛼 , 𝛼 ∈ ℝ ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝛼𝑧 𝛼−1 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 2 = 𝑦 4 + 𝑘𝑦 6
SOLUCION:
𝑠𝑒𝑎: 𝑥 2 = 𝑚 ; 𝑦 2 = 𝑛
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑚 ; 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑛
𝑚 = 𝑚0 + 2 ; 𝑛 = 𝑛0 + 1
𝑑𝑛0 (2𝑣 + 3)
2∫ +∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝐿𝑛𝐶
𝑚0 𝑣 +1
3 v−1
2𝐿𝑛𝑚0 + ln2 (𝑣 2 − 1) + ln ( ) = LnC
2 v+1
(𝑛0 − 𝑚0 )2
= 𝐶2 = 𝐾
𝑛0 + 𝑚0
𝑦2 − 𝑥2 + 1
=𝐾
𝑦2 + 𝑥2 + 3
8. 𝑇𝑔2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝐶
𝑧 1
𝑥− − 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑧 = 𝐶
2 4
4𝑥 − 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝑠𝑒𝑛2(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 4𝑋 = 𝐾
9. 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 − 4𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
Sea 𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 + 4𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = (𝑢2 − 4)𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑢2 −4
1 𝑢−2
ln ( )=𝑥+𝑘
4 𝑢+2
1 𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 2
ln ( )+𝑐 =𝑥
4 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 2
SOLUCION:
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
(2𝑢 + 3𝑣 − 7) − (3𝑢 + 2𝑣 − 8) =0
2 2
(2𝑢 + 3𝑣 − 7)𝑑𝑢 − (3𝑢 + 2𝑣 − 8)𝑑𝑣 = 0
Sean:
𝐿1 = 2𝑢 + 3𝑣 − 7 = 0
𝐿2 = 3𝑢 + 2𝑣 − 8 = 0
2𝑢 + 3𝑣 − 7 = 0 𝑢=2
{ ⇒{ ⇒ 𝑃(2, 1)
2𝑢 + 2𝑣 − 8 = 0 𝑣=1
𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑛:
𝑢 = 𝑧 + 2 ,𝑣 = 𝑤 + 1
2𝑑𝑧 2𝑛 + 3 3 𝑛−1
∫ +∫ 2 𝑑𝑛 = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑧 2 (𝑛2 − 1) + 𝑙𝑛 | |=𝑘
𝑧 𝑛 −1 2 𝑛+1
𝑤
Como 𝑛 = , 𝑤 = 𝑣 − 1 = 𝑦 2 − 1, 𝑧 = 𝑢 − 2 = 𝑥 2 − 2
𝑧
4 4 2
3 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 + 1
2
𝑙𝑛|𝑦 − 𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3| + 𝑙𝑛 | 2 |=𝑘
2 𝑦 + 𝑥2 − 3
PRACTICA 4
que:
M(x;y) N(x;y)
=
y x
SOLUCION:
𝑀(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
= 𝑀(𝑥;𝑦) ; = 𝑁(𝑥;𝑦)
𝑦 𝑥
𝑀 𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
= ( )
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
𝑁 𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
= ( )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
( )= ( )
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
𝑀 𝑁
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖ó𝑛 𝑅.
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑥
= 𝑀(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑥 𝑥0
𝑁(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑓
𝑦 (𝑥;𝑦)
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎
𝑥
𝑁(𝑥;𝑦) = (∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) )
𝑦 𝑥0 (𝑥;𝑦)
𝑥 ′
= ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦 𝑥0 (𝑥;𝑦)
𝑥
′
=∫ 𝑀(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑥0 𝑦
𝑀(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑁(𝑥;𝑦)
𝑃𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑦 𝑥
𝑥
′
𝑥
′
∫ 𝑀(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) = ∫ 𝑁(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑥0 𝑦 𝑥0 𝑦
′
= 𝑄(𝑥;𝑦) − 𝑄(𝑥0 ;𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒:
′
𝑄(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑄(𝑥;𝑦) − 𝑄(𝑥0 ;𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑦)
′
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑄(𝑥0 ;𝑦)
𝑥 𝑦
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = ∫ (𝑥; 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁(𝑥0 ;𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑥0 𝑦 𝑦0
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑜 𝑙𝑎
1. (x 2 + y 2 + x)dx + x
SOLUCION:
3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑁
𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟í𝑎:
𝑀 𝑁
= = 12𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜: =𝑀
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) ′
𝑁= = 3𝑦 2 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑔(𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2
𝑦
′
𝑔(𝑦) = 0 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝐶
2. (3𝑒 3x y − 2x)dx + 𝑒 3x dy = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑀 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥 ; 𝑁 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑀 𝑁
= = 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) ′
𝑁= = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦
′
𝑔(𝑦) = 0 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐾 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒)
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑒 3𝑥 . 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
SOLUCION:
𝑀 𝑁
= = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) ′
𝑁= = −𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦
𝑦
′
𝑔(𝑦) = 0 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶
SOLUCION:
2 2
𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥 ; 𝑁 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑀 𝑁 2
= = 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = ∫(2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) 2 ′ 2
𝑁= = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑒𝑥
𝑦
′
𝑔(𝑦) = 0 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶
2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
SOLUCION:
𝑀 = 6𝑥 5 𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 5 𝑥 3 ; 𝑁 = 3𝑥 6 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 4 𝑦 4
𝑀 𝑁
= = 18𝑥 5 𝑦 2 + 20𝑥 3 𝑦 4
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑥 6 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 5 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) ′
𝑁= = 3𝑦 2 𝑥 6 + 5𝑦 4 𝑥 4 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦
′
𝑔(𝑦) = 0 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑥 6 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 5 + 𝐶
SOLUCION:
𝑀 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑦 ; 𝑁 = 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1
𝑀 𝑁
= =3
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
1 4
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)
2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) ′
𝑁= = 3𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1
𝑦
′ 𝑦2
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑦 − 1 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = −𝑦
2
𝑥4 𝑦2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = + 3𝑥𝑦 + −𝑦+𝐶
2 2
2 2
7. (𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
2 2
𝑀 = 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 ; 𝑁 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = ∫(𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) 2 ′
𝑁= = 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦
′
𝑔(𝑦) = −3𝑦 2 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = −𝑦 3 + 𝐶
2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑦 3 + 𝐶
SOLUCION:
𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 ; 𝑁 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥
𝑀 𝑁
= = 4𝑥𝑦 + 2
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = ∫(2𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) ′
𝑁= = 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥
𝑦
′
𝑔(𝑦) = 0 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶
SOLUCION:
𝑀 𝑁
= = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 2𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) ′
𝑁= = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦
′
𝑔(𝑦) = 0 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶
SOLUCION:
𝑀 𝑁
= = 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) ′
𝑁= = 3𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦
′
𝑔(𝑦) = 0 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1
11. (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
1 1
𝑀 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛 + ; 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 +
𝑥 𝑦
𝑀 𝑁
= = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
1
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) ′
𝑁= = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦
′ 1
𝑔(𝑦) = ; 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦
SOLUCION:
𝑦 𝑥
𝑀= + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑦; 𝑁 = + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑦2
𝑀 𝑁 1 1
= = +
𝑦 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑦2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
𝑦
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = ∫ ( + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
1 + 𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑥 ′
𝑁= = + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
′ 1
𝑔(𝑦) = ; 𝑔(𝑦) = +𝐶
𝑦
III. Parte 3
Resolver:
1. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑀 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 ; 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑀 𝑁
= 2𝑦 =𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑦 1
= = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑀 𝑁
= 2𝑥𝑦 = = 2𝑥𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥3
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = + + + 𝑔(𝑦)
4 2 3
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) ′
𝑁= = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑥2
𝑦
′
𝑔(𝑦) = 0 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = +𝐶
𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥3
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = + + +𝐶
4 2 3
2. (1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑀 = 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 ; 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑥)
𝑀 𝑁
= 2𝑦 =𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑦 1
= = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥 =
𝑥2
1 1
2
(1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑀 𝑁
= −1 = = −1
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
1
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = ∫ ( − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑥3
−1
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) ′
𝑁= = −𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) =𝑦−𝑥
𝑦
′ 𝑦2
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑦 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = +𝐶
2
−1 𝑦2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = − 𝑥𝑦 + +𝐶
𝑥 2
3. (2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑒 4 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 4 𝑒 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑒 4 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 ; 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 4 𝑒 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥
𝑀
= 8𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 4 + 2𝑥𝑦 4 𝑒 4 + 6𝑦 2 + 1
𝑦
𝑀
= 2𝑥𝑦 4 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 3
𝑦
1 1
4
(2𝑥𝑦 4 𝑦 4 𝑒 4 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 4 (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑒 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦
𝑀 𝑁
= 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 −2 − 3𝑦 −4 = = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 −2 − 3𝑦 −4
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
2𝑥 1
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = ∫ ( 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + + ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦 𝑦3
2 𝑦
𝑥2 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑒 + + 3 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦 𝑦
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) −3𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 3𝑥
𝑁= = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 − 4 + 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑥2𝑒𝑦 − 2 − 4
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
′
𝑔(𝑦) = 0 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶
𝑥2 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 + + + +𝐶
𝑦 𝑦3
y
4. x dx + (y 3 − lnx)dy = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑀 1 𝑁 −1
= =
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑀 1 2
= = = 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
2𝑑𝑦 1
∫ 𝑦
𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 =
𝑦2
1 𝑦 1
2
. 𝑑𝑥 + 2 (𝑦 3 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑀 −1 𝑁 −1
= 2 = =
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
1
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑦
′ 𝑦2
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑦 ; 𝑔(𝑦) = +𝐶
2
𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑦 2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = + +𝐶
𝑦 2
SOLUCION:
𝑀 𝑀
= 4𝑦𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 3 + 2 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 2
𝑦 𝑦
2
𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
2 2
𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 4 𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 (𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑀 2 2 2 2
= 4𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 4𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 2𝑒 𝑥
𝑦
𝑀 2 2 2 2 2
= 4𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 4𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 2 − 4𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑒 𝑥
𝑦
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦)
=𝑀
𝑥
2 2 2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = ∫( 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 3 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 + ℎ(𝑥)
2
𝑒 𝑥 𝑦4 2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = + 𝑒𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 + ℎ(𝑥)
2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 4
2
2 ′
𝑀= = + 𝑒𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 + ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥 2
2 2 2 2 2
= 2𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2 + 4𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 4 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑦
2 2 2 2 2
−𝑒𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 3𝑒 𝑥 2 2𝑒 𝑥
ℎ(𝑥) = − + − 𝑒𝑥 𝑦 + − + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 −
2 2 2𝑥 2 4 𝑥
2 2
𝑥2
𝑒 𝑥 𝑦4 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦
+𝑒 𝑦 + +
2 𝑥
2
𝑒 𝑥 𝑦4 2 2
𝑓(𝑥;𝑦) = + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 + ℎ(𝑥)
2
IV. Factores integrantes por simple inspección:
SOLUCION:
2
𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 … . 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 −
3
2 1
− (𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥) + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑒𝑛
3 𝑥3𝑦3
2 (𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥) 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
− + =0
3 𝑥3𝑦3 𝑥3𝑦3
1 2
∫𝑑( − ) + ∫ 𝑑(2𝑙𝑛𝑦) = 𝐶
𝑥𝑦 3
1 1
+ 2𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶
3 (𝑥𝑦)2
SOLUCION:
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦
+ 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
1 𝑑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
+ 𝑑(𝑦 4 ) = 0
2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
1 𝑑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
∫ + ∫ 𝑑(𝑦 4 ) = 0
2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
1
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 | + 𝑦 4 = 𝐶
2
3. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
SOLUCION:
SOLUCION:
1
𝑆𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠: 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
2
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
+ =0
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
1 𝑑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
∫ + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
1 1
− +𝑥 =𝐶
2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
5. 𝑥(𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥) + √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑥(𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥) √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
+ =0
𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3
1 𝑥(𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥) 1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
− + (− ) =0
2 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 2 𝑥
1⁄ 1
∫ 𝑑(1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) 2 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑥
1⁄ 𝑙𝑛|𝑥|
(1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) 2 − =𝐶
2
6. (𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
(𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥)
(𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦) + =0
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
1 𝑦
∫ 𝑑 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + ∫ 𝑑 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔 ) = 𝐶
2 𝑥
1 2 𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔 = 𝐶
2 𝑥
7. 𝑥(4𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑦) + 𝑦 3 (3𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑑𝑦) = 0
SOLUCION:
4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3𝑦 3 2𝑥
∫ (4 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( + 5𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
5
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 3 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 3 = 𝐶
3
PRACTICA 5
I. Ecuaciones lineales:
RESOLVER:
𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑄(𝑥) = 4𝑥
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
2 2 2
𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → 2𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [∫ 2𝑑𝑢 + 𝑐]
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐]
2
𝑦 = 2 + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
− ( ) 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑃(𝑥) = −
𝑥
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 [∫ 𝑥 −1 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 [∫ (𝑥1 + 3 − ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑥
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 [ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐]
2
1 3
𝑦= 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦
3. (𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2(𝑥 − 2)3
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= + 2(𝑥 − 2)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑦 1
− (𝑦) = 2(𝑥 − 2)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 2
1
𝑃(𝑥) = −
𝑥−2
𝑄(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 2)2
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 − ∫(−𝑥−2)𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫(−𝑥−2)𝑑𝑥 2(𝑥 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2) [2 ∫(𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)[𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 𝑐(𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
4. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥 = 5𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ; 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = −4
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥
𝑄(𝑥) = 5𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 [5 ∫ −𝑑𝑢 + 𝑐]
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥[−5𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐]
−4 = −5 + 𝑐
𝑐=1
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 2 3
+( 3 − )𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 3
+( 3 − )𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2 3
𝑃(𝑥) = ( 3 − )
𝑥 𝑥
𝑄(𝑥) = 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
2 3 2 3
− ∫( 3 − )𝑑𝑥 ∫( 3 −𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑦=𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 𝑥 1𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
−2 +3𝑙𝑛𝑥 −2 −3𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
−2 3 −2
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 [∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
−2 −2 𝑑𝑢 −2
𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 −3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → − = 𝑥 −3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
−2 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 [∫ − 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑐]
2
−2 1 −2
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 [∫ − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐]
2
1 −2 −2
𝑦 = − 𝑥 3 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦
6. (𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦
SOLUCION:
𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 ⟶ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 1 𝑑𝑦
=1−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑦 (1 − )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑧
𝑧𝑦 (1 − ) = −𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑧)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
𝑧−𝑧 =𝑧−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑧𝑑𝑧
=𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 2
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑐1
2 2
𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 / 𝑐 = 2𝑐1
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦
(𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
7. 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑡𝑔2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑐𝑡𝑔2𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦
− 2𝑦𝑐𝑡𝑔2𝑥(𝑦) = 1 − 2𝑐𝑡𝑔(2𝑥) − 2𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑃(𝑥) = −2𝑐𝑡𝑔(2𝑥)
𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
1 1 1
𝑦 = (𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥) [ 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥| − 2 (− csc(2𝑥)) − 2 (− 𝑐𝑡𝑔(2𝑥)) + 𝑐]
2 2 2
1
𝑦 = (𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥) [ 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥| + csc(2𝑥) + 𝑐𝑡𝑔(2𝑥) + 𝑐]
2
1
𝑦= 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥. 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥| + cos(2𝑥) + 𝑐 + 1
2
1
𝑦= 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥. 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥| + cos(2𝑥) + 𝑘 / 𝑘 =𝑐+1
2
𝑑𝑦
8. 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑥) = 2
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑣 = 𝑒
2
1
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 [( (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 − ∫(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥) + 𝑐]
2
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑣 = 𝑒
2
1 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 [( (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 − ( (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 2𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥)) + 𝑐]
2 2 2
1 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 [ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 − (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐]
2 2 4
1 3
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 [ 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − ) + 𝑐]
2 2
1 2
𝑦= (𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐 𝑒 −2𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦
9. 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (3𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 1)
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 1 3𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 1
−( ) 𝑦 = 𝑥2 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
−1
𝑃(𝑥) =
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
3𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 1
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 ( )
𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
−1 −1 3𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 − ∫𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑙𝑛𝑥
3𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑙𝑛𝑥| [∫ 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛|𝑙𝑛𝑥| 𝑥 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑙𝑛𝑥
1 3𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 1
𝑦 = (𝑙𝑛𝑥) [∫ ( ) 𝑥 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
3𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 1
𝑦 = (𝑙𝑛𝑥) [∫ 𝑥 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑥3
𝑦 = (𝑙𝑛𝑥) [∫ 𝑑 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑥3
𝑦= (𝑙𝑛𝑥) ( + 𝑐)
𝑙𝑛|𝑥|
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦
10. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙 ′ (𝑥)𝑦 − 𝜙(𝑥)𝜙 ′ (𝑥) = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝜙 ′ (𝑥)𝑦 = 𝜙(𝑥)𝜙 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝜙 ′ (𝑥)
′ ′
𝑦 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝜙 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝜙 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝜙(𝑥)𝜙 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑢 = 𝜙(𝑥) → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜙 ′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝜙(𝑥) 𝜙 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 → 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝜙(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝜙(𝑥) − 1 + 𝑐 𝑒 −𝜙(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 1
11. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦+2𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑦
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 + 2𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
− 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑦 (𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛 x)
𝑑𝑦
𝑃(𝑦) = −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦
𝑄(𝑦) = 2𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑦
𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 → 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑥) = −𝑐𝑡𝑔(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥)
𝑦 = (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥) [∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝜋 𝜋2
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑥 = ; 𝑦= +1
2 4
𝜋2 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
+ 1 = ( ) 𝑠𝑒𝑛 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 + 1 + 𝑐. 𝑠𝑒𝑛
4 2 2 2 2 2
𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋
+1= + +1+𝑐
4 4 2
𝜋
𝑐=−
2
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦
13. (1 + 𝑥 2 ) ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 ) − 2𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝜋
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑦 → 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑥 → −∞
2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 1 2𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
−( 2 2
)𝑦 = 2
−( )
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 )𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 )
2𝑥
𝑃(𝑥) =
(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥2)
1 2𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑄(𝑥) = − ( )
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
2𝑥 2𝑥 1 2𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
−∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 2 )𝑙𝑛(1+𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑦=𝑒 (1+𝑥 2 )𝑙𝑛(1+𝑥 2 ) [∫ 𝑒 (1+𝑥 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 )
2 )] 2 )] 1 2𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛[𝑙𝑛(1+𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛[𝑙𝑛(1+𝑥 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 )
1 1 2𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 ) [∫ ( ) ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 )
1 2𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 ) [∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
(1 + 𝑥 )𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑙𝑛2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
2 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 ) [∫ 𝑑 ( ) + 𝑐]
𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 ) [ + 𝑐]
𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝜋
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑦 → − ; 𝑥 → −∞
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑥 −2 −2
𝑐 = (𝑦 − )= − =0−0
𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 2 ) ∞ ∞
𝑐=0
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦
14. 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥, 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑦 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑥 → ∞
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑥) = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
2 2 2
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 [∫(𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥. 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 [∫ 𝑑(𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥) + 𝑐]
2 2
𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐. 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
15. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 −𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑦 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑃(𝑦) = 1
𝑄(𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐]
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑦 [∫ 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐]
1
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑦 [ 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐]
2
1 𝑦
𝑦= 𝑒 + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑦
2
II. Ecuaciones de bernulli:
Resolver:
𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 5
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −5 − 𝑦𝑦 −5 = 𝑥𝑦 5 𝑦 −5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −5 − 𝑦 −4 = 𝑥 … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥
Luego, hacemos:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦 −4 ⟶ = −4𝑦 −5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 −5
4𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Reemplazando en (𝛼)
−1𝑑𝑧
−𝑧 =𝑥
4𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
+ 4𝑧 = −4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
De la ecuación general:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 [−4 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑢=𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑣 = 𝑒 4𝑥
4
1 1
𝑧 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 [−4(4 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥) + 𝐶]
1
𝑧 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 [−𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 + 4 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐶]
1
𝑧 = −𝑥 + 4 + 𝐶𝑒 −4𝑥
1
𝑦 −4 = −𝑥 + 4 + 𝐶𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 4 = 0
𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑥𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦 4
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −4 + 2𝑥𝑦. 𝑦 4 = −𝑥𝑦 4 𝑦 −4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −4 + 2𝑥𝑦 −3 = −𝑥 … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦 −3 → = −3𝑦 −4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 −4
3𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝛼):
−1𝑑𝑧
+ 2𝑥𝑧 = −𝑥
3𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
− 6𝑥𝑧 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑢 = −3𝑥 2 → 𝑑𝑢 = −6𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 −1
𝑧 = 𝑒 3𝑥 [3 ∫( 𝑑𝑢) 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶]
6
2 −1
𝑧 = 𝑒 3𝑥 [ 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 𝐶]
2 −1 −3𝑥 2
𝑧 = 𝑒 3𝑥 [ 𝑒 + 𝐶]
2
−1 2
𝑧= + 𝐶𝑒 3𝑥
2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑦 −3
−1 2
𝑦 −3 = + 𝐶𝑒 3𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 1 1
3. + 3 𝑦 = 3 (1 − 2𝑥)𝑦 4
𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑦 −4 + 𝑦. 𝑦 −4 = (1 − 2𝑥)𝑦 4 . 𝑦 −4
𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝑑𝑦 1 −3 1
𝑦 −4 + 𝑦 = (1 − 2𝑥) … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦 −3 → = −3𝑦 −4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 −4
3𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1 → 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 [(2𝑥 − 1)𝑒 −𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 [−(2𝑥 − 1)𝑒 −𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = −2𝑥 + 1 − 2 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑥
𝑧 = −2𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑦 −3
𝑦 −3 = −2𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. + 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −2 + 𝑦. 𝑦 −2 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑦 2 . 𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −2 + 𝑦 −2 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥) … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦 −1 → = −𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝛼):
−𝑑𝑧
+ 2𝑧 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
− 𝑧 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 [∫(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 [−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑦 −1
𝑦 −1 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑥
5. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − [𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 3 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 3 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
− 𝑥 𝑦 = (1 + lnx)𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 −3 − 𝑦. 𝑦 −3 = (1 + lnx)𝑦 3 . 𝑦 −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 −3 − 𝑥 𝑦 −2 = (1 + lnx) … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦 −2 → = −2𝑦 −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 −3
2𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝛼):
−1𝑑𝑧 1
− 𝑧 = (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)
2𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑧 2
+ 𝑧 = −2(𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
2 2
𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2(𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
1
𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = ( )𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑣 = 𝑥3
3
1 1 1
𝑧 = 𝑥 −2 [−2(3 𝑥 3 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 9 𝑥 3 + 3 𝑥 3 ) + 𝐶]
−2 4
𝑧 = 𝑥 −2 [( 3 𝑥 3 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 9 𝑥 3 + 𝐶)]
−2 4
𝑧= 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 −2
3 9
−2 2
𝑧= 𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶𝑥 −2
3
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑦 −2
−2 2
𝑦 −2 = 𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶𝑥 −2
3
6. 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑦3
+( )𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑦 −3 + (𝑥) 𝑦. 𝑦 −3 = 2 𝑦 3 . 𝑦 −3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑦 −3 + ( ) 𝑦 −2 = … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦 −2 → = −2𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 −3
2𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝛼):
−1𝑑𝑧 1 1
− 𝑧=
2𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑧 2
+ 𝑧 = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
De la ecuación general:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
−2 −2
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (−𝑑𝑥) + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑥 2 [− ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 −1 +C)
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑦 −2
𝑦 −2 = 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
7. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦+𝑦 3
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦3
− 𝑥𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 − 𝑥2𝑦 = 𝑦3 … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑥2 → = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
=𝑥
2𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝛼):
1𝑑𝑧
− 𝑧𝑦 = 𝑦 3
2𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑧
− 2𝑦𝑧 = 2𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ −2𝑦𝑑𝑦 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ −2𝑦𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶]
2 2
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑦 [∫(2𝑦 2 . 𝑦)(𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶]
𝑡 = −𝑦 2 → 𝑑𝑡 = −2𝑦𝑑𝑦
2
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑦 [∫(−𝑡)(𝑒 𝑡 )(−𝑑𝑡) + 𝐶]
2
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑦 [∫ 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶]
𝑢=𝑡 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 → 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑡
2
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑦 [(𝑡𝑒 2 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶]
2 2 2
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑦 [(−𝑦 2 𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝐶)]
𝑧 = −𝑦 2 − 1 + 𝐶
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑥2
𝑥 2 = −𝑦 2 − 1 + 𝑐
8. 𝑦 2 (𝑦 6 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥
SOLUCION:
(𝑦 8 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
= 8
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦8
+ 𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦8
𝑥 + 𝑥2 = … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑥2 → = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
=𝑥
2𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝛼):
1𝑑𝑧 𝑦 2 𝑦8
+ 𝑧=
2𝑑𝑦 2 2
𝑑𝑧
+ 𝑦2𝑧 = 𝑦8
𝑑𝑦
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑒− ∫ 𝑦 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑦 𝑦 8 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶]
−1 3 1 3
𝑦
𝑧=𝑒 3 [∫(𝑦 6 . 𝑦 2 ) (𝑒 3𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶]
−1 3
𝑧 = 𝑒 3 𝑦 [9 ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶]
−1 3 1 3 1 2
𝑦
𝑧=𝑒 3 [9𝑒 3𝑦 ( 𝑦 6 − 𝑦 3 + 2) + 𝐶]
9 3
−1 3
𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦 6 − 6𝑦 3 + 18 + 𝐶𝑒 3
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑥 2
−1 3
𝑥 2 = 𝑦 6 − 6𝑦 3 + 18 + 𝐶𝑒 3 𝑦
𝑥3𝑦
9. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑥3
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 3
+ =
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3
𝑥 −3 + 𝑦 𝑥 −3 = 𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑦 2
−3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −2 1
𝑥 + = … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑥 −2 → = −2𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
−1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 −3
2𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝛼):
−1𝑑𝑧 1 1
2𝑑𝑦
+𝑦𝑧 = 2
𝑑𝑧 −2
+ 𝑧=1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
De la ecuación general:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
−2 −2
− ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑧=𝑒 𝑦 [∫ 𝑒 (−𝑑𝑦) + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑦 2 [− ∫(𝑦 −2 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑦 2 (𝑦 −1 + 𝐶)
𝑧 = 𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑥 −2
𝑥 −2 = 𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑦 4 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
= + −
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 −𝑦 4 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
− (3𝑥 − )𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 4 −4
𝑦 −4 −( − ) 𝑦. 𝑦 −4 = 𝑦 .𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 −3 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑦 −4 −( − )𝑦 = … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3 𝑥
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦 −3 → = −3𝑦 −4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
−1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 −4
3𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝛼):
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
1 1 3𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫(𝑥−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫(𝑥−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (− 𝑑𝑥) + 𝐶]
𝑥
3𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (− 𝑑𝑥) + 𝐶]
𝑥
−3𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥 −1 [∫( )( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑥 𝑒
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥 −1 [−3 ∫( ) + 𝐶]
𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥 −1 [−3 ∫( (−𝑑𝑢) + 𝐶]
𝑒𝑢
1
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥 −1 [3 ∫( (𝑑𝑢) + 𝐶]
𝑒𝑢
𝑡 = 𝑒𝑢 → 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 → 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡𝑑𝑢
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥 −1 [3 ∫ 𝑡 −2 (𝑑𝑢) + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥 −1 [𝑒 −3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑥 −1 𝑒 −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑦 −3
𝑦 −3 == 𝑥 −1 𝑒 −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥3
11. 3x − 2𝑦 = 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦 −2
− 3𝑥 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 −2 2
𝑥 2 −2 2
𝑦 − 𝑦. 𝑦 = 𝑦 .𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3
2
𝑑𝑦 2 3 𝑥 2
𝑦 − 𝑦 = … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦3 → = 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝛼):
1𝑑𝑧 −2 𝑥2
+ 3𝑥 𝑧 =
3𝑑𝑥 3
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
−2 −2 𝑥2
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫( 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 3𝑥 −𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥) + 𝐶]
3
2 1 −2
𝑧 = 𝑥 3 [ ∫(𝑥 2 ) (𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥) + 𝐶]
3
2 4
1
𝑧 = 𝑥 3 [3 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
2 1 3 7
𝑧 = 𝑥 3 [ . 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
3 7
2 1 7
𝑧 = 𝑥 3 [ . 𝑥 3 + 𝐶]
7
2
1
𝑧 = 7 𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 3
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑦3
1 2
𝑦 3 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 3
7
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 3 = −𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 −3 − 𝑦. 𝑦 3 = − 𝑦 3 . 𝑦 −3
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 −2
𝑦 −3 − 𝑦 =− 1 … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
Luego hacemos:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 −1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦 −2 → = −2𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
Reemplazando en (𝛼):
−1𝑑𝑧 1
− 2𝑥 𝑧 = −1
2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 1
+ 𝑧=2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
De la ecuación general:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
1 1
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫(𝑥𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 (2𝑑𝑥) + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑥 −1 [2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑥 −1 [𝑥 2 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 −1
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑦 −2
𝑦 −2 = 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑦
13. 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
+ 2 𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦. 𝑦𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥 𝑦𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑦 + =
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑦 +( )𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥 2
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 −1𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦 −2 → = −2𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝛼):
1𝑑𝑧 1 1
+ (2𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥)𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
+ (𝑐𝑡𝑔𝑥)𝑧 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 [∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑧 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥(𝑥 + 𝐶)
𝑧 = 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑦2
𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1
14. + 𝑥+1 = − 2 (𝑥 + 1)3 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦.𝑦 2 −1
𝑦 −2 + 𝑥+1 = (𝑥 + 1)3 𝑦 2 𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑦 −2 +( )𝑦 −1 = − (𝑥 + 1)3 … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1 2
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 −𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑦 −1 → = −𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝛼):
−𝑑𝑧 1 −1
+ (𝑥+1)𝑧 = (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑧 −1 1
+( )𝑧 = (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1 2
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
−1 −1 1
𝑧 = 𝑒 − ∫𝑥+1𝑑𝑥 [∫ 𝑒 ∫𝑥+1𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
2
1
𝑧 = (𝑥 + 1) [ ∫(𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
2
𝑢 =𝑥+1 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑧 = (𝑥 + 1) [ ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + 𝐶]
2
1
𝑧 = (𝑥 + 1) [6 𝑢3 + 𝐶]
1
𝑧 = (𝑥 + 1) [ (𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐶]
6
1
𝑧 = (𝑥 + 1)4 + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)
6
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜: 𝑧 = 𝑦 −1
1
𝑦 −1 = 6 (𝑥 + 1)4 + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)
PRACTICA 6
Resolver:
1. 𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝛼1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝛼2 𝑒 −𝑥 = 0 … (1)
𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜:
𝛼1 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝛼2 𝑒 −𝑥 = 0 … (2)
(1) + (2)
2𝛼1 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝛼1 = 0
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (2)
𝛼2 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝛼1 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝛼2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝛼3 𝑒 −𝑥 = 0 … (1)
𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜:
𝛼1 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 𝛼2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝛼3 𝑒 −𝑥 = 0 … (2)
(1) + (2)
2𝛼1 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝛼2 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝛼1 + 2𝛼2 = 0
𝛼3 𝑒 −𝑥 = 0
𝛼3 = 0 ˄ 𝛼1 ≠ 𝛼2 ≠ 0
SOLUCION:
𝛼1 𝑥 + 𝛼2 2𝑥 + 𝛼3 𝑥 2 = 0 … (1)
𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜:
𝛼1 + 2 𝛼2 + 2 𝛼3 𝑥 = 0 … (2)
𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜:
2 𝛼3 = 0 … (3)
𝛼3 = 0
𝛼1 + 2𝛼2 = 0
𝛼1 ≠ 𝛼2
SOLUCION:
𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜:
𝐸𝑛 (2) 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑥)
(3) + (4)
1
1
1
𝛼1 𝑎 = 0 1
𝛼1 = 0 ˄ 𝛼2 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝛼1 (1) + 𝛼2 (𝑥) + 𝛼3 (𝑥 2 ) = 0
𝐷𝐸𝑅𝐼𝑉𝐴𝑁𝐷𝑂:
𝛼2 + 2𝛼3 𝑥 = 0
𝐷𝐸𝑅𝐼𝑉𝐴𝑁𝐷𝑂:
𝛼3 = 0
𝛼2 = 0
𝛼1 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝛼1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑏𝑥) + 𝛼2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥) = 0
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝛼1 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑏𝑥) + 𝛼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥) = 0
𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜:
𝑏 𝛼1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥) − 𝑏𝛼2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑏𝑥) = 0 … (2)
𝑎(1) 𝑥 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑏𝑥)
𝑎(2) 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥)
(1) + (2)
𝑏 𝛼1 = 0
𝛼1 = 0 ˄ 𝛼2 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝛼1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝛼2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼3 𝑒 𝑐𝑥 = 0 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜
𝛼1 𝑎2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝛼2 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼3 𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑥 = 0 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜
𝛼1 𝑎2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝛼2 𝑏 2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼3 𝑐 2 2𝑐𝑥 = 0
(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥(2) + 3 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠
𝛼1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝛼2 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼3 𝑒 𝑐𝑥 = 0
0 + 𝛼2 (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑒 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛼3 (𝑐 − 𝑎)𝑒 𝑐𝑥 = 0
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑎 ≠ 𝑐 ⋀ 𝑐 ≠ 𝑏
𝛼2 (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑒 𝑏𝑥 = 0 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑏 ≠ 𝑎
⇒ 𝛼2 = 0
𝛼1 2𝑎𝑥 = 0 → 𝛼1 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝐿𝑛𝑥 ≠ 0
𝛼1 + 𝛼2 𝑥 + 𝛼3 𝑥 2 = 0 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜
0 + 𝛼2 + 2𝛼3 𝑥 = 0 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜
0 + 0 + 2𝛼3 = 0
⇒ 𝛼3 = 0; 𝛼2 = 0 𝑦 𝛼1 = 0
WRONSKIANO
I. Hallar el wronskiano de los siguientes conjunto de funciones:
Resolver:
1. 1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 , … … , 𝑥 𝑛−1 / 𝑛 > 1
SOLUCION:
𝟏 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 … 𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟑𝒙𝟐 … 𝒏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟔𝒙 … (𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝒙𝟑
0 0 0 6 … … … … … … … … … ….
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ = 1! 2! 3! … … . (𝑛 − 1)! ≠ 0
0 0 0 0 0 (𝑛 − 1)1!
⇒ 1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 , … … . 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝒘 = 𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑! … … (𝒏 − 𝟏)!
𝑒 𝑛𝑥
2. 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , ,𝑛 𝜖 𝕫⋀𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
,𝑚
SOLUCION:
2𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑛𝑥
| 𝑚𝑥 | = 𝑛 𝑒 (𝑚+𝑛)𝑥 − 𝑚 𝑒 (𝑚−𝑛)𝑥 = (𝑛 − 𝑚)𝑒 (𝑚+𝑛)𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑛 ≠ 𝑚
𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑥
2𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑛𝑥
| 𝑚𝑥 | ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , 𝑒 𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝐼. 𝑤 = (𝑛 − 𝑚)𝑒 (𝑚+𝑛)𝑥
𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑥
3. 𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑥, cosh 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
| | = 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 ℎ𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛2 ℎ𝑥 = −1 ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝐼.
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑥
4. 𝑥, 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
| | = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑠𝑖 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥, 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝑂.
𝑠𝑖 𝑥 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑥, 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝐼.
𝑤 = 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
5. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥, 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
| 𝑥 |
𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
= −𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) = −𝑒 2𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑤 = −𝑒 2𝑥
6. 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
SOLUCION:
|1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 | =
−2𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥 −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
= −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
=0
𝑤=0
7. 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 −2𝑥
| −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 | = 𝑒 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
−𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒
⇒ 𝑒 −𝑥 ; 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝐼.
𝑤 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
8. 1, 𝑒 −𝑥 , 2𝑒 2𝑥
SOLUCION:
1 𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥 1 𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥
|0 −𝑒 −𝑥 4𝑒 2𝑥 | = |
0 −𝑒 −𝑥 4𝑒 2𝑥 | = −12𝑒 −𝑥
0 𝑒 −𝑥 8𝑒 2𝑥 0 0 12𝑒 2𝑥
⇒ 1, 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝐼.
𝑤 = −12𝑒 −𝑥
9. 2, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
SOLUCION:
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 −2𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥
|0 −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 −2𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥 | = 2 | |
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
0 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= 2(4𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
= 2; 𝑥 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝐼.
𝑤 = (−2𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)3
SOLUCION:
= −3𝑒 −6𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −6𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥 ± 3𝑒 −6𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑥2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −6𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥
= 2𝑒 −6𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑛2 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥) = 2𝑒 −6𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑤 = 2𝑒 −6𝑥
Para demostrar que son L.I. basta probar que la determinante es distinta de cero.
Resolver:
1. 𝑙𝑛𝑥, 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
| 1 | = 𝑙𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛2 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 1
𝑥
⇒ 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝐼.
2. 1, 𝑒 −𝑥 , 2𝑒 2𝑥
SOLUCION:
1 𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥 1 𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥
|0 −𝑒 −𝑥 4𝑒 2𝑥 | = |0 −𝑒 −𝑥 4𝑒 2𝑥 | = −12𝑒 𝑥 ≠ 0
0 𝑒 −𝑥 8𝑒 2𝑥 0 𝑒 −𝑥 12𝑒 2𝑥
3. 𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ, 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ
SOLUCION:
1 1
𝑥2 𝑥3 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
|1 1 1 −1 | = 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 6 = − 𝑥 6 ≠ 0 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥 −2 𝑥 3 3 2 6
2 3
4. 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑏𝑥, 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥/𝑏 ≠ 0
SOLUCION:
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
| 𝑎𝑥 |=
𝑎𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑏𝑥𝑒 𝑎𝑥
5. 1, 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥, 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
SOLUCION:
1 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
|0 2𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 | = | |
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
0 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥2𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 12𝑠𝑒𝑛3 𝑥 =
SOLUCION:
7. √1 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥
SOLUCION:
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 1
|−2√1 − 𝑥 2 √ 2
| = 1−𝑥 + = =
1 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
2
≠ 0; 𝑥 ≠ 1 ⋀ 𝑥 ≠ −1
8. 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥/2, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1 𝑥
2
|1 | = −2𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥⁄2 − cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2 2
cos 𝑥/2 −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
2
𝑥
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝐼.
2
9. 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 4 , 𝑥 8
SOLUCION:
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥8 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥8 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥8
|2𝑥 4𝑥 3 8𝑥 7 |=|
0 2𝑥 3 6𝑥 7 |=|
0 2𝑥 3 6𝑥 7 |
2 12𝑥 2 56𝑥 6
2 12𝑥 56𝑥 6
0 10𝑥 2 56𝑥 6
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥8
=|0 2𝑥 3 6𝑥 7 | = 48𝑥 6 𝑥 3 𝑥 2 = 48𝑥11
0 10𝑥 2 24𝑥 6
10. 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑒𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
|𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
2𝑥𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 2 |=|0 𝑒𝑥 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 |
𝑒𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2𝑒 + 2𝑥𝑒 + 2𝑥𝑒 + 𝑥 𝑒2 𝑥
0 2𝑒 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
=|0 𝑒𝑥 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 | = 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 ≠ 0
0 0 2𝑒 𝑥
⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝐼.
Resolver:
SOLUCION:
𝛼1 𝑓1 + 𝛼2 𝑓2 = 0 ⇒ 𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 0 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 ∈ [−1,0]
𝛼1 0 + 𝛼2 𝑥 2 = 0 𝛼2 = 0
Luego como 𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝛼1 (𝑥 − 2)2 + 0 ⇒ 𝛼1 = 0
Wroskiano en [−0, 2]
0 (𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 − 2)2 0
𝑤=| |=0 𝑤=| |=0
0 2(𝑥 − 2) 2(𝑥 − 2) 0
SOLUCION:
SOLUCION:
−𝑥 2 , 𝑠𝑖 − 1 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥|𝑥| = {
𝑥 2 , 𝑠𝑖 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
Entonces:
𝛼𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 0
𝛼−𝛽 =0
{ ⇒ 𝛼=0 ∧ 𝛽=0
𝛼+𝛽 =0
𝑓1 𝑦 𝑓2 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝐼.
𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑜:
DEMOSTRACIONES:
SOLUCION:
𝑦 II − 𝑦 I − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑟2 − 𝑟 − 2 = 0
𝑟 −2
𝑟 1
(𝑟 − 2)(𝑟 + 1) = 0
𝑟=2 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟 = −1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑟 4 − 𝑟 3 − 3𝑟 2 + 5𝑟 − 2 = 0
1 −1 −3 5 −2
1 1 0 −3 2
1 0 −3 2 0
1 1 1 −2
1 1 −2 0
1 1 2
1 2 0
(𝑟 − 1)3 (𝑟 + 2) = 0
𝑟1 = 1, 𝑟2 = 1, 𝑟3 = 1, 𝑟4 = −2
𝑦0 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐4 𝑒 −2𝑥
PRACTICA 7
I. Ecuaciones diferenciales lineales homogéneas.
Resolver las siguientes ecuaciones diferenciales.
a) Raíces reales distintas
Resolver:
1. 𝑦 II + 2𝑦 I − 15 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 – 15 = 0 ⟶ (𝑟 – 3) (𝑟 – 5) = 0
𝑟 − 3 𝑟 = 3 ˄ 𝑟 = −5 𝑟𝑎í𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝑟 5
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −5𝑥
2. 𝑦 III + 𝑦 II − 2𝑦 I = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 3 + 𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 = 0
𝑟(𝑟 2 + 𝑟 − 2) 𝑟1 = 1, 𝑟2 = 0, 𝑟3 = −2 ⇒ 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟 +2
𝑟 −1
𝑟(𝑟 + 2)(𝑟 − 1)
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 0𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −2𝑥
3. 𝑦 II − 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟2 – 1 = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 +𝑥
4. 𝑦 II + 𝑦 I − 6𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟2 + 𝑟 − 6 = 0
𝑟 +3 𝑟1 = 2, 𝑟2 = −3 ⇒ 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟 −2
(𝑟 + 3)(𝑟 − 2) = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥
5. 𝑦 II − 3𝑦 I + 2𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 2 − 3𝑟 + 2 = 0
𝑟 −2 𝑟1 = 2, 𝑟2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟 −1
(𝑟 − 2)(𝑟 − 1)
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥
6. 𝑦 III − 2𝑦 II − 𝑦 I + 2𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟1 = 2, 𝑟2 = 1, 𝑟3 = −1 ⇒ 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟 3 − 2𝑟 2 − 𝑟 + 2 = 0
(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 − 2) = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑥
7. 𝑦 III − 𝑦 II − 12𝑦 I = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 2 − 12𝑟 = 0
𝑟(𝑟 2 − 𝑟 − 12) = 0 𝑟1 = 4, 𝑟2 = 0, 𝑟3 = −3 ⇒ 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟 −4
𝑟 3
𝑟(𝑟 − 4)(𝑟 + 3) = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 0𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −3𝑥
8. 𝑦 III − 𝑦 II + 11𝑦 I − 6𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥
9. 𝑦 II − 4𝑦 I + 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑟 2 – 4𝑟 + 1 = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 (2+√3)𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 (2−√3)𝑥
10. 2𝑦 III − 7𝑦 I − 2𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
−2+√2 −2−√2
𝑦 = 2𝑟 3 − 7𝑟 − 2 = 0 𝑟1 = 2, 𝑟2 = , 𝑟3 = ⇒ 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 2
2 2 0 −7 −2
0 0 4 8 +2
0 2 4 +1 0
(𝑟 − 2)(2𝑟 2 + 4𝑟 + 1)
−4 ± √16 − 4(2)(1)
𝑟=
2(2)
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
−2+√2 −2−√2
( )𝑋 ( )𝑋
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 + 𝑐3 𝑒
b) Raíces múltiples
Resolver:
1. 𝑦 III − 3𝑦 II + 3𝑦 I − 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 3 − 3𝑟 2 + 3𝑟 – 1 = 0 ⟶ (𝑟 − 1)3 = 0 , 𝑟 = 0 , 𝑟𝑎í𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 3
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑟 2 + 6𝑟 + 9 = 0
(𝑟 + 3)2 = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥
3. 𝑦 IV − 𝑦 III − 9𝑦 II − 11𝑦 I − 4𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
= 4
𝑟𝑎í𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 3
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑒 4𝑥
5. 𝑦 𝐼𝑉 − 6 𝑦 ′′′ + 12𝑦 ′′ − 8𝑦 ′ = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟(𝑟 3 − 6𝑟 2 − 12𝑟 – 8) = 0 𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = 2
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥
6. 𝑦 II − 4𝑦 I + 4𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑟 = 2 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑧 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 2
𝑦 = 𝑟 2 − 4𝑟 + 4 = 0
(𝑟 − 2)2 = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
7. 𝑦 III + 3𝑦 II + 3𝑦 I + 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟3 + 3𝑟 2 + 3𝑟 + 1 = 0
𝑟3 + 1 + 3𝑟(𝑟 + 1)
(𝑟 + 1)( 𝑟 2 – 𝑟 + 1) + 3𝑟(𝑟 + 1)
(𝑟 + 1)( 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 + 1) = (𝑟 + 1)3 ⟶ 𝑟 = −1
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥
8. 𝑦 IV − 4𝑦 III + 6𝑦 II − 4𝑦 I + 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑟 4 − 4𝑟 3 + 6𝑟 2 − 4𝑟 + 1 = 0
1 1
−4 +6 −4 1
1 −3 3 −1
1 1 −3 3 −1 0
1 −2 1
1 1 −2 1 0
1 −1
1 −1 0
(𝑟 − 1)4
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐4 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥
9. 𝑦 𝐼𝑉 − 8𝑦 ′′ + 16𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 4 − 8𝑟 2 + 16 = 0
(𝑟 2 − 4)2 = 0
(𝑟 + 2)(𝑟 – 2) = 0
𝑟 = −2 𝑟𝑎í𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 2
𝑟 = 2 𝑟𝑎í𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 2
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
10. 𝑦 IV − 4𝑦 III + 6𝑦 II − 4𝑦 I + 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑟 4 − 4𝑟 3 + 6𝑟 2 − 4𝑟 + 1 = 0
c) Raíces complejas
Resolver:
1. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟2 + 1 = 0 ⟶ 𝑟 2 = −1
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
2. 𝑦 II − 2𝑦 I + 10𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 + 10 = 0
−(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4(1)(10)
𝑟=
2(1)
2 ± √−36
𝑟= = 1 ± 3𝑖
2
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛3𝑥
3. 𝑦 II + 4𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟2 + 4 = 0
𝑟 2 = −4 ⟶ 𝑟 = ±2𝑖 𝑟𝑎í𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥
4. 𝑦 II + 25𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 2 + 25 = 0
02 ± √02 − (4)(1)(25)
𝑟= = ±5𝑖
2(1)
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥
5. 𝑦 II − 4𝑦 I + 13𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 2 − 4𝑟 + 13 = 0
6. 𝑦 IV + 𝑦 III + 2𝑦 II − 𝑦 I + 3𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 4 + 𝑟 3 + 2𝑟 2 − 𝑟 + 3 = 0
𝑟2 2𝑟 3 → 3𝑟 2
𝑟2 −𝑟 1 → 𝑟2
−2𝑟 2 4𝑟 2
(𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 + 3)(𝑟 2 − 𝑟 + 1) = 0
𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 + 3 = 0 ⋁ 𝑟2 − 𝑟 + 1 = 0
−2 ± √22 − 4(1)(3) −(−1) ± √(−1)2 − 4(1)(1)
2(1) 2(1)
1 √3
𝑟 = −1 ± √2𝑖 ± 𝑖
2 2
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
1 √3 1 √3
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 ( 𝑥) + 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑥 cos(√2𝑥) + 𝑐4 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛(√2𝑥)
2 2
7. 𝑦 II + 𝑦 I + 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟2 + 𝑟 + 1 = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
1 √3 √3
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2
8. 𝑦 II − 2𝑦 I + 2𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 + 2 = 0
−2 ± √22 − 4(1)(2)
= 𝑟1 = −1 + 𝑖
2(1)
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 cos(𝑥) + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
9. 𝑦 II − 2 𝑦 I + 4𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 + 4 = 0
−2 ± √(−2)2 − 4(1)(4)
𝑟 = ⟶ 𝑟 = 1 ± √3𝑖
2(1)
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(√3𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛(√3𝑥)
1. 𝑦 III + 4𝑦 I = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 3 + 4𝑟 = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶3 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑥)
2. 𝑦 III − 𝑦 II + 𝑦 I − 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟3 − 𝑟2 + 𝑟 − 1 = 0
𝑟 2 (𝑟 – 1) + 𝑟 – 1 = 0
(𝑟 – 1)( 𝑟 2 + 1) = 0 𝑟 = 1, 𝑟 = +𝑖, 𝑟 = −𝑖 , 𝑟𝑎í𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
3. 𝑦 IV – 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟4 − 1 = 0
(𝑟 2 + 1)( 𝑟 2 − 1) = 0 𝑟 = 𝑖, 𝑟 = −𝑖, 𝑟 = 1, 𝑟 = −1 𝑟𝑎í𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
4. 𝑦 IV + 2𝑦 II + 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 4 + 2𝑟 2 + 1 = 0
(𝑟 2 + 1)2 = 0 𝑟 = 𝑖, 𝑟 = −𝑖
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
5. 𝑦 VI + 6𝑦 IV + 9𝑦 II + 4𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
(𝑟 2 + 1)( 𝑟 4 − 𝑟 2 + 1) + 3(2𝑟 4 + 3𝑟 2 + 1) = 0
(𝑟 2 + 1)( 𝑟 4 − 𝑟 2 + 1) + 3(2𝑟 2 + 1) ( 𝑟 2 + 1) = 0
(𝑟 2 + 1)( 𝑟 4 + 5𝑟 2 + 4) = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝐶1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶5 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐶6 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)
6. 𝑦 III + 3𝑦 II + 3𝑦 I + 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 3 + 3𝑟 2 + 3𝑟 + 1 = 0, (𝑟 + 1)3 = 0
𝑟 = −1 𝑟𝑎í𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 3
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥
7. 𝑦 III − 𝑦 II + 𝑦 I − 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟3 − 𝑟2 + 𝑟 − 1 = 0
𝑟 2 (𝑟 − 1) + 𝑟 – 1 = 0 (𝑟 + 1)2 = 0
(𝑟 – 1)( 𝑟 2 + 1) = 0 𝑟 = −1, 𝑟 = 1 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 2
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
8. 𝑦 III − 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟3 − 1 = 0
(𝑟 – 1)(𝑟 2 + 𝑟 + 1) = 0
𝑟2 + 𝑟 + 1 = 0
−1 ± √(1)2 − 4(1)(4) −1 √3
𝑟 = 𝑟 = ± 𝑖 𝑟 = 1
2(1) 2 2
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
−𝑥 √3𝑥 −𝑥 √3𝑥
𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) + 𝐶3 𝑒 2 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 ( )
2 2
10. 𝑦 IV – 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟4 – 1 = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
11. 𝑦 III − 𝑦 II − 3𝑦 I − 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 3 − 𝑟 2 − 3𝑟 − 1 = 0
(𝑟 + 1 )( 𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 – 1) = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥(1+√2) + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥(1−√2)
12. 𝑦 III + 4𝑦 II + 4𝑦 I = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 3 + 4𝑟 2 + 4𝑟 = 0
𝑟(𝑟 2 + 4𝑟 + 4) = 0
𝑟(𝑟 + 2)2 = 0 𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = − 2 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 2
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
13. 𝑦 IV – 14𝑦 II − 2𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 4 – 14𝑟 2 − 2 = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 (7+3√3) + 𝐶2 𝑒 −(7+3√3) + 𝐶3 𝑒 (7−3√3) + 𝐶4 𝑒 −(7−3√3)
14. 𝑦 IV – 2𝑦 III + 𝑦 II + 2𝑦 I − 2𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
𝑟 4 − 2𝑟 3 + 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 − 2 = 0
(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 – 1)( 𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 + 2) = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
15. 4𝑦 IV – 5𝑦 II − 9𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎
4𝑟 4 – 5𝑟 2 − 9 = 0
4𝑟 2 9 (4𝑟 2 + 9) (𝑟 2 − 1) = 0
3
𝑟2 −1 𝑟 = ± 1, 𝑟 = ± 𝑖
2
𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
3 3
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶4 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2
PRACTICA 8
I. Ecuaciones diferenciales lineales no homogéneas de coeficientes constantes.
1. 𝑦 II + 3𝑦 I = 3
SOLUCION:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥
homogénea es: 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 𝑦𝑝
Es decir:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑥
2. 𝑦 II − 2𝑦 I − 15𝑦 = −15𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 13
SOLUCION:
−15𝐴 = −15 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
2𝐴 − 2𝐵 − 15𝐶 = −13 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
Es decir:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 4 − 3𝑟 2 − 4 = 0 → (𝑟 2 − 4)(𝑟 2 + 1) = 0
De donde 𝑟1 = −2, 𝑟2 = 2, 𝑟3 = 𝑖 𝑦 𝑟4 = −𝑖
Para la solución particular se debe tener en cuenta el 1er caso de donde se tiene: 𝑦𝑝 =
−4𝐴 = −4 → 𝐴 = 1
−4𝐵 = 0 → 𝐵 = 0
−60𝐴 − 4𝐶 = 0 → 𝐶 = −15
−36𝐵 − 4𝐷 = −4 → 𝐷 = 0
120𝐴 − 18𝐶 − 4𝐸 = −4 → 𝐸 = 0
24𝐵 − 12𝐷 − 4𝐹 = 0 → 𝐹 = 0
4. 𝑦 II + 3𝑦 I = 𝑒 𝑥
SOLUCION:
1
Como 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 3(𝐴𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ 𝐴 = 4
𝑒𝑥
Luego la solución particular 𝑦𝑝 = y la solución general de la ecuación no homogénea
4
es:
𝑒𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 𝑦𝑝 Es decir: 𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 4
5. 𝑦 II − 4𝑦 I = 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)𝑒 4𝑥
Es decir: 𝑦𝑝 = (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥)𝑒 4𝑥 y la solución general de la ecuación diferencial no
1
homogénea es: 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 𝑦𝑝 → 𝐴 = 0; 𝐵 = 8
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4𝑥 + ( 𝑥) 𝑒 4𝑥
8
6. 𝑦 II + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)
7. 𝑦 II − 4𝑦 I + 8𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
SOLUCION:
homogénea es:
8. 𝑦 II − 𝑦 I − 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
SOLUCION:
El polinomio característico es: 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 − 2 = 0, de donde: 𝑟1 = −1, 𝑟2 = 2 luego
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 → 𝐴 = − 2 ; 𝐵 = 4
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 𝑦𝑝 Es decir: 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
2 4
9. 𝑦 III − 4𝑦 I = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 2
SOLUCION:
forma:
Reemplazando:
12𝐴 + 8𝐵 = 0 − 5𝐷 = 0 6𝐸 − 4𝐺 = 0
16𝐴 = 1 − 12𝐸 = 1
5𝐶 = 1 − 8𝐹 = 0
1 3 1 1 1
De donde: 𝐴 = 16 , 𝐵 = 32 , 𝐺 = 5 , 𝐷 = 𝐹 = 0, 𝐸 = − 12 , 𝐺 = − 8, es decir
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥) + − −
32 5 12 8
10. 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
SOLUCION:
Particular es:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 4𝑝
11. 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2
SOLUCION:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦𝑃′′ = 6𝐴𝑥 + 2𝐵 𝐶 = −2
𝑥3
Por lo tanto: 4𝑝 = − − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
3
𝑥3
La solución es: 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 𝑦𝑝 → 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 − − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
3
12. 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 5𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝐴= 0
𝑦𝑃′ = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵, 𝐵 = −1
4
𝑦𝑃′′ = 2𝐴 𝐶=
5
4
Por lo tanto: 4𝑝 = −𝑥 + 5
13. 𝑦 ′′′ − 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 + 1
SOLUCION:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 +𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥
−1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝐴=
2
𝑦𝑃′ = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵, 𝐵 = −1
𝑦𝑃′′ = 0
−𝑥 2
Por lo tanto: 4𝑝 = −𝑥
2
La solución general de la ecuación diferencial no homogénea es:
𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 𝑦𝑝 → 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 − −𝑥
2
14. 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 4(𝑥 − 1 )
SOLUCION:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥)
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝐴= 0
𝑦𝑃′′ = 2𝐴 𝐶=0
Por lo tanto: 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 𝑦𝑝 → 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥) + 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝐴= 1
𝑦𝑃′′ = 2𝐴 𝐶=0
Por lo tanto: 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 𝑦𝑝
16. 𝑦 ′′′ + 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2
SOLUCION:
𝑟1 = −1 + 𝑖, 𝑟2 = −𝑖, 𝑟3 = +𝑖 , 𝑟 2 (𝑟 + 1) + (𝑟 + 1) → (𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 2 ) = 0
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝐴= 1
𝑦𝑃′′ = 2𝐴 𝐶 = −4
𝑦𝑃′′′ = 0
Por lo tanto: 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 𝑦𝑝
17. 𝑦 𝐼𝑉 + 4𝑦 ′′ = 8(6𝑥 2 + 5)
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 4 + 4𝑟 2 = 0 ⟶ 𝑟 2 (𝑟 2 + 4) = 0
𝑟1 = 0 + 𝑖, 𝑟2 = 0, 𝑟3 = −2𝑖 , 𝑟4 = 2𝑖
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 4 + 𝐵𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2 , 𝐴= 1
𝑦𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 24𝐴
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 𝑦𝑝
𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2
SOLUCION:
(𝑟 − 1)3 = 0
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦𝑃′ = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵,
𝑦𝑃′′ = 2𝐴
𝑦𝑃′′′ = 0
0 − 3(2𝐴) + 3(2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) − 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐶 = 4 − 𝑥 2
−𝐴 = −1 𝐴=1
−6𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 𝐶 = 4 𝐶=8
Es decir:
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8
19. 2𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 18𝑥 − 4𝑥 2
SOLUCION:
𝑥⁄
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝐴= 1
𝑦𝑃′′ = 2𝐴 𝐶=1
Luego: 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 1
20. 𝑦 𝐼𝑉 − 2𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5
SOLUCION:
𝑟1 = 1, 𝑟2 = 1, 𝑟3 = −1 , 𝑟4 = −1
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦𝑃′ = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑦𝑃′′ = 2𝐴
𝑦𝑃′′′ = 0
𝑦𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑔 + 𝑦𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶3 + 𝐶4 ) + 𝑥 2 − 1
II.Variación de parámetros:
′
1. 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑝
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 𝑦′ = 𝑝 𝑦′ =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
+ 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 → = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑝𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
𝑝 = 𝐿𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥| + 𝑝 + 𝑐1
2
2. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑝
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 𝑝 𝑦 ′′ =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
+ 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 → = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑝𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑝 = 𝑡𝑔𝑥 − 𝑝 +𝑐
2
5. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = cot 𝑔(𝑥)
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 + 1 = 0 De donde: r = ± i
Solución complementaria:
𝑌𝑒 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥
El wronskiano:
𝑌 𝑌2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑊= | 1 |= | | = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
𝑌′1 𝑌′2 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Solución general:
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 + 𝜇1 𝑦1 + 𝜇1 𝑦2 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ln [tan 2] + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ln [tan ]
2
6. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = sec 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 + 1 = 0 De donde: r = ± i
Solución complementaria:
𝑌𝑒 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥
El wronskiano:
𝑌 𝑌2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑊= | 1 |= | | = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
𝑌′1 𝑌′2 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
7. 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 4 cot 2𝑥
SOLUCION:
Solución complementaria:
El wronskiano:
𝑦1 𝑦2 cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥
𝑤 = |𝑦′ 𝑦′2 | = |−2 sin 𝑥 | = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
1 2 cos 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)𝑦1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜇2 = ∫
𝑤
𝜇2 = ln[tan 𝑥] + cos 2𝑥
Solución general:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 + 𝜇1 𝑦1 + 𝜇2 𝑦2
SOLUCION:
Con raíces reales e imaginarias, las soluciones son: 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 y 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥, luego la solución
complementaria es:
Donde:
𝑦1 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 Y 𝑦1 = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑤 = | −𝑥 |
−𝑒 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑤 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜇′1 = − ; 𝜇′2 =
𝑤 𝑤
Luego:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝜇1 𝑦1 + 𝜇2 𝑦2
9. 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 𝑥 −2 𝑒 −2𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 + 4𝑟 + 4 → (𝑟 + 2)2 = 0 → 𝑟 = −2
Con raíces reales repetidas, las soluciones son: 𝑒 −4𝑥 y 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 , luego la solución
complementaria es:
𝑦𝑒 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜇1 = − ; 𝜇2 =
𝑤 𝑤
Luego:
10. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 1 + 1 = 0 De donde: r = ± i
Con raíces reales imaginarias, las soluciones con: cos x y sen x , luego la solución
complementaria:
𝑌𝑒 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥
𝑌 𝑌2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑊= | 1 |= | | = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
𝑌′1 𝑌′2 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Luego:
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑡 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 − 𝑡2 1 1
𝑢2 = − ∫ ( 2
) 𝑑𝑡 = + 𝑡 = + cos 𝑥
𝑡 𝑡 cos 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝 + 𝜇1 𝑦1 + 𝜇2 𝑦2
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 1 + 1 = 0 De donde: r = ± i
Con raíces reales imaginarias, las soluciones con: cos x y sen x , luego la solución
complementaria:
𝑌𝑒 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥
𝑌 𝑌2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑊= | 1 |= | | = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
𝑌′1 𝑌′2 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Luego:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝 + 𝜇1 𝑦1 + 𝜇2 𝑦2
12. 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)−2
SOLUCION:
Con raíces reales repetidas, las soluciones son: 𝑒 𝑥 y 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , luego la solución complementaria
es:
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑌 𝑌2 𝑒𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑊 = | ′1 | = | | = 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑌1 𝑌′2 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
Resolviendo se obtiene:
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜇′1 = ; 𝜇′2 =
𝑤 𝑤
Luego:
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜇1 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑤 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 +1)2 = − 𝑒 𝑥 +1 → 𝜇1 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 +1
𝑒 𝑥 +1
𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝜇1 = − ∫
𝑒𝑥 + 1 𝑒𝑥 + 1
𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑒 +1 𝑒 +1 𝑒 +1
𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝜇2 = ∫ =∫ 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2
= − 𝑥
𝑤 𝑒 (𝑒 + 1) 𝑒 +1
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝜇1 𝑦1 + 𝜇2 𝑦2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
+ 𝑒 𝑥
ln(𝑒 𝑥
+ 1) −
𝑒𝑥 + 1 𝑒𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑒 2𝑥
13. 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 1+𝑒 2𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 − 3𝑟 + 2 = 0 → (𝑟 − 2)(𝑟 − 1) = 0 → 𝑟 = 1; 𝑟 =2
Con raíces reales repetidas, las soluciones son: 𝑒 𝑥 y 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 , luego la solución complementaria
es:
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑌 𝑌2 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 | = 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑊 = | ′1 ′ |=| 𝑥
𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑒 2𝑒 5𝑥
Resolviendo se obtiene:
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜇′1 = ; 𝜇′2 =
𝑤 𝑤
Luego:
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜇1 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ = − tan−1 𝑒 𝑥
𝑤 𝑒 (1 + 𝑒 5𝑥 ) 1 + 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜇2 = ∫
𝑤
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 (1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )
1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫
1 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥
= 𝑥 − ln(1 + 𝑒 5𝑥 )
1+𝑒 2
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝜇1 𝑦1 + 𝜇2 𝑦2
𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 −1 𝑥 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − 𝑒 tan 𝑒 + 𝑥𝑒 − ln(1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )
2
14. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 + 1 = 0 De donde: r = ± i
Con raíces imaginarias, las soluciones son: cos(x) y sen(x) , luego la solución complementaria:
𝑌𝑐 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥
𝑌 𝑌2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑊= | 1 |= | | = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
𝑌′1 𝑌′2 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Puesto que la solución particular toma la forma:
Resolviendo se obtiene:
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜇′1 = ; 𝜇′2 =
𝑤 𝑤
Luego:
1 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥 − + = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥 −
2 cos 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥 − = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
2 cos 𝑥 2
15. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 + 1 = 0 De donde: r = ± i
Con raíces imaginarias, las soluciones son: cos(x) y sen(x) , luego la solución complementaria:
𝑌𝑐 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥
𝑌 𝑌2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑊= | 1 |= | | = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
𝑌′1 𝑌′2 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Resolviendo se obtiene:
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜇′1 = ; 𝜇′2 =
𝑤 𝑤
Luego:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝜇1 𝑦1 + 𝜇2 𝑦2
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 + 1 = 0 De donde: r = ± i
Con raíces reales imaginarias, las soluciones son: 𝑒 𝑥 y 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , luego la solución complementaria
es:
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑌 𝑌2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑊 = | ′1 | = | |= 1+1= 2
𝑌1 𝑌′2 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒 −4𝑥 sin(𝑒 −𝑥 )
Resolviendo se obtiene:
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜇′1 = ; 𝜇′2 =
𝑤 𝑤
Luego:
𝑢 = 𝑧 3 → 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 → 𝑢 = ∫ sin 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = − cos 𝑧
𝑧3 3
𝑢2 = − cos 𝑧 + [𝑧 2 sin 𝑧 − 2 ∫ 𝑧 sin 𝑧 𝑑𝑧]
2 2
𝑧3 3
𝑢2 = − cos 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 sin 𝑧 − 3𝑧 cos 𝑧 + 3 sin 𝑧
2 2
𝑒 −3𝑥 3
𝑢2 = − cos(𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 sin(𝑒 −𝑥 ) − 3𝑒 −𝑥 cos(𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 3 sin(𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2
Luego la solución general de la ecuación diferencial:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝜇1 𝑦1 + 𝜇2 𝑦2
𝑒 −𝑥 cos(𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 +
2
𝑒 −2𝑥 3
− cos(𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin(𝑒 −𝑥 ) − 3 cos(𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 3𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2
17. 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑒 −𝑥 )
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 − 3𝑟 + 2 = 0 → (𝑟 − 2)(𝑟 − 1) = 0 → 𝑟 = 1; 𝑟 =2
Con raíces reales repetidas, las soluciones son: 𝑒 𝑥 y 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 , luego la solución complementaria
es:
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑌 𝑌2 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 | = 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑊 = | ′1 ′ |=| 𝑥
𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑒 2𝑒 5𝑥
Resolviendo se obtiene:
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜇′1 = ; 𝜇′2 =
𝑤 𝑤
Luego:
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 2𝑥 cos(𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝜇1 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos(𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑤 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝜇2 = − ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos(𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑤 𝑒 3𝑥
Hacemos 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑥 → 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos(𝑒 −𝑥 )
18. 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 + 1 = 0 De donde: r = ± i → 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑌 𝑌2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑊 = | ′1 ′ |=| |= 1+1= 2
𝑌1 𝑌2 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
Resolviendo se obtiene:
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜇′1 = ; 𝜇′2 =
𝑤 𝑤
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 1
𝜇1 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [1 − cos 2𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝑤 2 4
1 1 1 1
𝜇1 = − 𝑒 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4 4
1 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝜇1 = − 𝑒 + [cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥]
4 20
𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 1
𝜇2 = ∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [1 − cos 2𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝑤 2 4
1 1 1 𝑒𝑥
𝜇2 = − 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 𝑥 − [−cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥]
4 4 4 20
1 1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 − + cos 2𝑥
2 10
𝑥2
19. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 2
SOLUCION:
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 + 1 = 0 De donde: r = ± i → 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑌 𝑌2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑊 = | ′1 ′ |=| |= 1+1= 2
𝑌1 𝑌2 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥
Resolviendo se obtiene:
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜇′1 = ; 𝜇′2 =
𝑤 𝑤
Luego:
𝑥2
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 2 𝑒 2 𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑥2
𝜇1 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑤 2 2
Integramos por partes:
𝑥2 𝑥2
−𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑥 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥;
𝑢 = 𝑥𝑒 → 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑥𝑒 𝑣= ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒2
1 𝑥2 𝑥2 1 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑢1 = [𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2 − ∫(1 − 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥] = [𝑥𝑒 2 −𝑥 + ∫(1 − 𝑥)𝑒 2 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
2 2
1 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝜇1 = [𝑥𝑒 2 −𝑥 + 𝑒 2 −𝑥 ]
2
𝑥2
𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥2𝑒 2 𝑒 𝑥 1 𝑥2
2 2 𝑥
𝜇2 = ∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑤 −2 2
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥;
Integramos por partes: 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑒 → 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑥𝑒 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒
2 2
1 𝑥2 𝑥2 1 𝑥2 𝑥2
+𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑥 2
𝑢1 = − [𝑥𝑒 𝑒 − ∫(1 − 𝑥)𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥] = − [𝑥𝑒 2 − ∫(1 − 𝑥)𝑒 2 +𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
2 2
1 𝑥2 𝑥2
+𝑥
𝜇1 = − [𝑥𝑒 2 − 𝑒 2 +𝑥 ]
2
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑥 + 𝜇1 𝑦1 + 𝜇2 𝑦2
𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2
20. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥
SOLUCION:
Solución complementaria:
𝑌𝑐 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥
El wronskiano:
𝑌 𝑌2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑊= | 1 |= | | = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
𝑌′1 𝑌′2 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Luego:
𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
𝑢=𝑥 → 𝑣 = ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 =
2
𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 1 sin 2𝑥
𝜇2 = − [𝑥 − ]
2 4 2
𝐄𝐂𝐔𝐀𝐂𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐄𝐒 𝐃𝐄 𝐄𝐔𝐋𝐄𝐑
1. x 2 y 2 + xy ′ − y = 0
SOLUCION:
dy dy d2 y d2 y dy
Sea x = 𝑒 t t = lnx, además = 𝑒 −t ; 2 = 𝑒 −2t = 𝑒 −2t ( 2 − )
dx dt dx dt dt
d2 y dy dy
𝑒 2t 𝑒 −2t ( 2 − ) + 𝑒 t 𝑒 −t − y = 0, simplificando
dt dt dt
d2 y
− y = 0, ecuación diferencial homogénea de coeficientes constantes.
dt 2
Sea P(r) = r 2 − 1 = 0r1 = 1, r2 = −1,
C2
y = C1 x +
x
2. x 2 y ′′ + 2xy ′ − 2y = 0
SOLUCION:
dy dy d2 y d2 y dy
Sea x = 𝑒 t = lnx, además
t
=𝑒 −t
; =𝑒 −2t −2t
=𝑒 ( 2− )
dx dt dx 2 dt dt
d2 y dy dy
𝑒 2t 𝑒 −2t ( 2 − ) + 2𝑒 t 𝑒 −t − 2y = 0, simplificando
dt dt dt
d2 y dy
+ − 2y = 0, ecuación diferencial homogénea de coeficientes constantes.
dt 2 dt
Sea P(r) = r 2 + r − 2 = 0r1 = −2, r2 = 1,
y = C1 x −2 +C2 x
3. x 2 y ′′ + xy ′ + 9y = 0
SOLUCION:
dy dy d2 y d2 y dy
Sea x = 𝑒 t t = lnx, además = 𝑒 −t ; 2 = 𝑒 −2t = 𝑒 −2t ( 2 − )
dx dt dx dt dt
d2 y dy dy
𝑒 2t 𝑒 −2t ( 2 − ) + 𝑒 t 𝑒 −t + 9y = 0, simplificando
dt dt dt
d2 y
+ 9y = 0
dt 2
Sea P(r) = r 2 + 9 = 0r1 = +3i ∶ r2 = −3i
r1 = + i ∶ r2 = − i
y la solución general de esta ecuación es:
3. 4x 2 y ′′ − 8xy ′ + 9y = 0
SOLUCION:
dy dy d2 y d2 y dy
Sea x = 𝑒 t = lnx, además
t
=𝑒 −t
; =𝑒 −2t −2t
=𝑒 ( 2− )
dx dt dx 2 dt dt
d2 y dy dy
4𝑒 2t 𝑒 −2t ( − ) − 8𝑒 t −t
𝑒 + 9y = 0, simplificando
dt 2 dt dt
d2 y dy
4 2 − 12 + 9y = 0
dt dt
3 3
Sea P(r) = 4r 2 − 12r + 9 = 0r1 = , r2 = ,
2 2
Luego la solución es:
3⁄ t 3
y(t) = C1 𝑒 2 +C2 t𝑒 ⁄2t ,
de donde:
3⁄ 3
y = C1 x 2 +C2 x ⁄2 lnx
5. x 2 y ′′ + 2xy ′ + 7y = 0
SOLUCION:
dy dy d2 y d2 y dy
Sea x = 𝑒 t t = lnx, además = 𝑒 −t ; 2 = 𝑒 −2t = 𝑒 −2t ( 2 − )
dx dt dx dt dt
2t −2t
d2 y dy dy
𝑒 𝑒 ( 2 − ) − 3𝑒 t 𝑒 −t + 7y = 0, simplificando
dt dt dt
d2 y dy
2
− 4 + 7y = 0
dt dt
6. x 3 y ′′′ − 2 x 2 y ′′ − 17xy ′ − 7y = 0
SOLUCION:
dy dy d2 y d2 y dy
Sea x = 𝑒 t t = lnx, además = 𝑒 −t ; 2 = 𝑒 −2t = 𝑒 −2t ( 2 − )
dx dt dx dt dt
d3 y −3t
d3 y d2 y dy
3
= 𝑒 ( 3
− 3 2
+2 )
dt dt dt dt
d3 y d2 y dy d2 y dy dy
𝑒 3t 𝑒 −3t ( 3 − 3 2 + 2 ) − 2𝑒 2t 𝑒 −2t ( 2 − ) − 17𝑒 t 𝑒 −t − 7y = 0
dt dt dt dt dt dt
simplificando
d3 y d2 y dy
− 5 − 13 − 7y = 0
dt 3 dt 2 dt
Sea P(r) = r 3 − 5r 2 − 13r − 7 = 0r1 = −1, r2 = −1, r3 = 7
SOLUCION:
dy
Sea x + 2 = 𝑒 t t = ln(x + 2) ;
dt
dy dy d2 y d2 y dy
además = 𝑒 −t ; 2 = 𝑒 −2t ( 2 − )
dx dt dx dt dt
2t −2t
d2 y dy dy
𝑒 𝑒 ( 2 − ) + 3𝑒 t 𝑒 −t − 3y = 0, simplificando
dt dt dt
d2 y dy
2
+ 2 − 3y = 0
dt dt
Sea P(r) = r 2 + 2r − 3 = 0r1 = 1, r2 = −3,
y = C1 (x + 2)+C2 (𝑥 + 2)−3
SOLUCION:
Sea 2 x + 1 = 𝑒 t t = ln(x + 2) ;
dy dy d2 y d2 y dy
además = 2𝑒 −t ; 2 = 4𝑒 −2t ( 2 − )
dx dt dx dt dt
2t −2t
d2 y dy dy
𝑒 . 4𝑒 ( 2 − ) − 2𝑒 t . 2𝑒 −t + 4y = 0, simplificando
dt dt dt
d2 y dy
4 2 − 8 + 4y = 0
dt dt
Sea P(r) = 4r 2 − 8r + 4 = 0r1 = 1, r2 = 1,
SOLUCION:
Sea x − 1 = 𝑒 t t = ln(x − 1) ;
dy dy d2 y d2 y dy
además = 𝑒 −t ; 2 = 𝑒 −2t ( 2 − )
dx dt dx dt dt
d2 y dy dy
𝑒 2t . 𝑒 −2t ( 2 − ) + 8𝑒 t . 𝑒 −t + 12y = 0, simplificando
dt dt dt
d2 y dy
2
+ 7 + 12y = 0
dt dt
Sea P(r) = r 2 + 7r + 12 = 0r1 = −3, r2 = −4,
Luego la solución es: y(t) = C1 𝑒 −3t +C2 𝑒 −4t , de donde
SOLUCION:
Sea x − 2 = 𝑒 t t = ln(x − 2) ;
dy −t
dy d2 y −2t
d2 y dy
además =𝑒 ; =𝑒 ( 2− )
dx dt dx 2 dt dt
2t −2t
d2 y dy dy
𝑒 .𝑒 ( 2 − ) + 5𝑒 t . 𝑒 −t + 8y = 0, simplificando
dt dt dt
d2 y dy
+ 4 + 8y = 0
dt 2 dt
Sea P(r) = r 2 + 4r + 18 = 0r1 = −2 + 2i, r2 = −2 − 2i,
11. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥(6 − ln 𝑥)
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sea 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 → 𝑡 = ln 𝑥 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ; = 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2𝑡 . 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 2 − ) − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 (6 − 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Simplificando:
𝑑2 𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 (6 − 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2
Ecuación diferencial no homogénea de coeficientes constantes:
Como
𝑑2 𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 (6 − 𝑡) ; entonces (2𝐴)𝑒 𝑡 + 2(𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵)𝑒 𝑡 + (𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵)𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 (6 − 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2
1 7
2𝐴𝑡 + 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 6 − 𝑡 ; 𝐴=− ; 𝐵=
2 2
𝑡 7
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑦𝑝 = − + ; 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑠: 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
2 2
𝑡 7
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶1 cos 𝑡 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑡 − +
2 2
1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos ln 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin ln 𝑥 − 2 (ln 𝑥 − 7)
12. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 9𝑦 = 𝑥 3
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sea 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 → 𝑡 = ln 𝑥 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ; = 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2𝑡 . 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 2
− ) − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 − 9𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑡 + 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Simplificando:
𝑑2𝑦
− 9𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑡 + 1; 𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 − 9 = 0, 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑟1 = 3 ; 𝑟2 = −3
Reemplazando:
𝑑2𝑦
− 9𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑡 + 1
𝑑𝑡 2
3𝐴𝑒 3𝑡 + 3𝐴𝑒 3𝑡 + 9𝐴𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 − 9(𝐴𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 + 𝐵) = 𝑒 3𝑡 + 1
Simplificando:
6𝐴𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 − 9𝐵 = 𝑒 3𝑡 + 1
1 1
𝐴= ; 𝐵=− , 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
6 9
𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 1
𝑦𝑝 = − ; 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
6 9
3𝑡 −3𝑡
𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒 + −
6 9
3 −3
𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + −
6 9
14. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 2 ln 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sea 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 → 𝑡 = ln 𝑥 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ; = 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2𝑡 . 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 2 − ) − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 + 2𝑦 = 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Simplificando:
𝑑2 𝑦 3𝑑𝑦
− + 2𝑦 = 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 + 3𝑟 + 2 = 0, 𝑟1 = −2 ; 𝑟2 = −1
Reemplazando:
0 + 3𝐴 + 2(𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵) = 2𝑡
3 3
2𝐴𝑡 + 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 2𝑡 → 𝐴 = 1 ; 𝐵 = − ; 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑡 −
2 2
3
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑌𝑝 → 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑡 −
2
3
𝐷𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 −2 + 𝐶2 𝑥 −1 + ln 𝑥 −
2
15. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = −(16 ln 𝑥)𝑥 −1
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sea 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 → 𝑡 = ln 𝑥 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ; = 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2𝑡 . 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 2 − ) − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 − 3𝑦 = −16𝑡𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Simplificando:
𝑑 2 𝑦 2𝑑𝑦
− − 3𝑦 = −16𝑡𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 − 3 = 0, 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑟1 = 3 ; 𝑟2 = −1
Simplificando:
𝐴=2 𝐵=1
𝑌𝑝 = (2𝑡 2 + 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑡
16. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = sin(ln 𝑥 3 )
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 → 𝑡 = ln 𝑥 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠: = 𝑒 −𝑡 ; 2 = 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 2 − )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2𝑡 . 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 2 − ) − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 + 9𝑦 = sin 3𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Simplificando:
𝑑2𝑦
+ 9𝑦 = sin 3𝑡 … . (𝛼)
𝑑𝑡 2
Sea: 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 + 9 = 0 ; 𝑟1 = 3𝑖 ; 𝑟2 = −3𝑖
𝑦𝑝′′ = 3(𝐵 cos 3𝑡 − 𝐴 sin 3𝑡) + 3(𝐵 cos 3𝑡 − 𝐴 sin 3𝑡) + 9𝑡(−𝐴 cos 3𝑡 − 𝐵 sin 3𝑡)
Reemplazando en (𝛼):
𝑑2 𝑦
+ 9𝑦 = sin 3𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
3(𝐵 cos 3𝑡 − 𝐴 sin 3𝑡) + 3(𝐵 cos 3𝑡 − 𝐴 sin 3𝑡) + 9𝑡(−𝐴 cos 3𝑡 − 𝐵 sin 3𝑡)
+ 9𝑡(𝐴 cos 3𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 3𝑡) = sin 3𝑡
Simplificando:
−6𝐴 = 1 ; 6𝐵 = 0
1
𝐴=− ; 𝐵=0
6
1 −𝑡 cos 3𝑡
Entonces: 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑡 (− 6 cos 3𝑡 + 0) = 6
𝑡 cos 3𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 → 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶1 cos 3𝑡 + 𝐶2 sin 3𝑡 −
6
De donde:
ln 𝑥 cos 3 ln 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos 3 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 3 ln 𝑥 − 6
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sea 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 → 𝑡 = ln 𝑥 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ; = 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑡 2 − 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑦 3𝑑𝑦
+ + 2𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 + 12𝑒 𝑡 …..α
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑦𝑝′ = 2𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵 + 𝐷𝑒 𝑡
𝑦𝑝′′ = 2𝐴 + 𝐷𝑒 𝑡
Reemplazando en α:
2𝐴 + 𝐷𝑒 𝑡 + 3(2𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵 + 𝐷𝑒 𝑡 ) + 2(𝐴𝑡 2 + 𝐵𝑡 + 𝐶 + 𝐷𝑒 𝑡 ) = 2𝑡 … ….
2𝐴 = 2; 6𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 0; 2𝐴 + 3𝐵 + 2𝐶 = ⋯
7
𝐴 = 1 ; 𝐵 = −3 ; 𝐶 =
2
Luego:
7
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 ; 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 + + 2𝑒 𝑡
2
7
𝐷𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 −2 + 𝐶2 𝑥 −1 + 𝑙𝑛2 𝑥 − 3 ln 𝑥 + + 2𝑥
2
18. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑥𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = ln 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 → 𝑡 = ln 𝑥 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 , 2 = 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 2 − )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2𝑡 . 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 2 − ) − 3𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 ∓ 4𝑦 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 4 𝑑𝑡 + 4𝑦 = 𝑡 … (𝛼)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 − 4𝑟 + 4 = 0 ; 𝑟1 = 2 ; 𝑟2 = 2
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 ; 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑠 ∶
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵 ; 𝑦𝑝′ = 𝐴 ; 𝑦𝑝′′ = 0
0 − 4𝐴 + 4(𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵) = 𝑡
1
4𝐴 = 1 → 𝐴 = 4 ; 4𝐵 − 4𝐴 = 0 → 𝐵 = 1/4
1 1
Entonces: 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑡 − 4 ; 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
4
1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 + 4 𝑡 + 4
1 1
Donde: 𝐶1 𝑥 2 +𝐶2 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 + 4 ln 𝑥 + 4
SOLUCION:
1 + 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡
𝑡
𝑑𝑦 −𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 −2𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
→ ln 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠 = 𝑒 ; =𝑒 ( 2− )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝑡 −2𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 .𝑒 ( 2 − ) − 3𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 + 4𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑦 4𝑑𝑦
− + 4𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑡 … … . (𝛼)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 − 4𝑟 + 4 = 0, 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑟1 = 2 ; 𝑟2 = 2
𝑦𝑝′ = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑡 ; 𝑦𝑝′′ = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑡
Reemplazando en (𝛼)
𝐴𝑒 3𝑡 − 4𝐴𝑒 3𝑡 + 4𝐴𝑡𝑒 3𝑡 = 𝑒 3𝑡
𝐴 = 1 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠:
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 3𝑡 ; 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 ; 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 3𝑡
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 ∶
20. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2 ln 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑥 2 = 𝑒 𝑡 → 𝑡 = ln 𝑥 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠: = 𝑒 −𝑡 ; = 𝑒 −2𝑡
( − )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2𝑡 . 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 2 − ) − 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 + 2𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑦 3𝑑𝑦
− + 2𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑡 … . (𝛼)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑟 2 − 3𝑟 + 2 = 0, 𝑟1 = 2 ; 𝑟2 = 1
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑠 ∶
Reemplazando en (𝛼):
2𝐴𝑡 + 2𝐵 − 3𝐴 = 3𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑡
2𝐴 = 2 ; 2𝐵 − 3𝐴 = 0
3
𝐴=1 𝐵=
2
3
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑡 +
2
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
3
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡 +
2
Donde:
3
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 2 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 +
2
PRACTICA 9
Resolver:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. + – 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
(𝐷2 + 𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎2 + 𝑎 − 6 = 0
(𝑎 + 3)(𝑎 – 2) = 0
𝑎 = −3, 𝑎 = 2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 12𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥 3 − − = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
(𝐷3 − 𝐷2 − 12𝐷)𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎3 − 𝑎2 − 12𝑎 = 0
𝑎1 = 0, 𝑎2 = −4, 𝑎3 = 3
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑3 𝑦 2𝑑2 𝑦 5𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑑𝑥 3 + − − 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
(𝐷3 + 2𝐷2 − 5𝐷 − 6)𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎3 + 2𝑎2 − 5𝑎 − 6 = 0
𝑎1 = 2, 𝑎2 = −1, 𝑎3 = −3
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 + 3𝑎 − 1 = 0
𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = 𝑎3 = 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 −3 + 𝐶4 𝑒 −3
SOLUCION:
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎4 − 𝑎3 − 9𝑎2 − 11𝑎 − 4 = 0
𝑎1= 4, 𝑎2 = 𝑎3 = 𝑎4 = −1
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥
7. (𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 10)𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎2 − 2𝑎 + 10 = 0
𝑎1 = 1 − 3𝑖, 𝑎2 = 1 + 3𝑖
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛3𝑥
8. (𝐷3 + 4𝐷)𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎3 + 4𝑎 = 0
𝑎1 = 2𝑖, 𝑎2 = −2𝑖, 𝑎3 = 0
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐶3
SOLUCION:
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎4 + 5𝑎2 − 36 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑎1 = 1 − 2𝑖, 𝑎2 = 1 + 2𝑖
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 15 = 0
𝑎1 = 3, 𝑎2 = −5
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −5𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎3 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 = 0
𝑎1 = 0, 𝑎2 = 1, 𝑎3 = −2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎4 − 6𝑎3 + 13𝑎2 − 12𝑎 + 4 = 0
𝑎1= 1, 𝑎2 = 2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
SOLUCION:
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑎6 + 9𝑎4 + 24𝑎2 + 16 = 0
(𝑎2 + 1)(𝑎4 + 3𝑎2 + 16) = 0
(𝑎2 + 1)(𝑎2 + 4)2 = 0
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑦𝑔 = 𝐶1 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐶5 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶6 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
PRACTICA 10
Condición 𝑦 = 𝑦0 para 𝑥 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑦 ′ = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐴2 𝑥 2 + 𝐴3 𝑥 3 + 𝐴4 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + ⋯ (∗)
Sea:
−𝑦 = −𝐴0 − 𝐴1 𝑥 − 𝐴2 𝑥 2 − 𝐴3 𝑥 3 − 𝐴4 𝑥 4 − ⋯ − 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 − ⋯
−𝑥 2 = −𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = (𝐴1 − 𝐴0 ) + (2𝐴2 − 𝐴1 )𝑥 + (3𝐴3 − 𝐴2 − 1)𝑥 2 + (4𝐴4 − 𝐴3 )𝑥 3 +. ..
Por lo tanto:
. 𝐴1 − 𝐴0 = 0 ⟶ 𝐴1 = 𝐴0 = 𝑦0 ⟶ 𝐴1 = 𝑦0
1 1
. 2𝐴2 − 𝐴1 = 0 ⟶ 𝐴2 = 2 𝐴1 ⟶ 𝐴2 = 2 𝑦0
1 1
. 3𝐴3 − 𝐴2 − 1 ⟶ 𝐴3 = 3 (𝐴2 + 1) ⟶ 𝐴3 = 2𝑥3 (𝑦0 + 2)
1 1
. 4𝐴4 − 𝐴3 = 0 ⟶ 𝐴4 = 3 (𝐴2 + 1 ⟶ 𝐴3 = 2𝑥3𝑥4 (𝑦0 + 2)
1 1
. 𝑛𝐴𝑛 − 𝐴𝑛−1 = 0 ⟶ 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛 (𝐴𝑛−1 ) ⟶ 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛| (𝑦0 + 2) ≥ ∀𝑛 ≥ 3
𝑦0 2 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑦0 𝑥 + 𝑥 + (𝑦0 + 2)𝑥 3 + (𝑦0 + 2)𝑥 4 + ⋯ + (𝑦0 + 2)𝑥 𝑛 + ⋯
2! 3! 4!
Nota:
1 𝑦0 𝑦0 1 1 1
𝑒 𝑥 = 3! + + 𝑥 2 + 3! 𝑥 3 + 4! 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝑛! 𝑥 𝑛 +…
2! 2!
𝑦0 2 2 2 2 2 1
𝑦 = (𝑦0 + 2 − 2) + (𝑦0 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑥) + ( 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦0 + 2)𝑥 3 + ⋯
2 2 2 3!
1
+ (𝑦 + 2)𝑥 𝑛
𝑛! 0
(𝑦𝑂 + 2) 𝑦𝑜 + 2 𝑦𝑂 + 2 2 1 1
𝑦= 1+ 𝑥+ 𝑥 + (𝑦𝑂 + 2)𝑥 3 + ⋯ + (𝑦𝑂 + 2)𝑥 𝑛 + ⋯
0! 1! 2! 3! 𝑛!
2
+ (−2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 )
𝑦 = (𝑦0 + 2)𝑒 𝑥 − (2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
SOLUCION:
Sea:
𝑦0 = 𝑦 = 3, 𝑥0 = 𝑥 = 3
i) Hacemos 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2 ⟶ 𝑥 = 𝑣 + 2 ⟶ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Luego: = 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑣 2 + 𝑦 − 3 = 𝐹(𝑣, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝑣 + 𝐴2 𝑣 2 + 𝐴3 𝑣 3 + 𝐴4 𝑣 4 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 𝑣 𝑛 + ⋯ (∗)
−𝑣 2 = −𝑣 2
−𝑦 = −𝐴0 − 𝐴1 𝑣 − 𝐴2 𝑣 2 − 𝐴3 𝑣 3 − 𝐴4 𝑣 4 − ⋯ − 𝐴𝑛 𝑣 𝑛 − ⋯
.2𝐴0 − 𝐴1 = 0 ⟶ 𝐴1 = 𝐴0 − 3 = 𝑦0 − 3 ⟶ 𝐴1 = 0
. 2𝐴0 − 𝐴1 = 0 ⟶ 𝐴2 = 0
1
. 3𝐴3 − 𝐴2 − 1 = 0 ⟶ 𝐴3 =
3
1
. 4𝐴4 − 𝐴3 = 0 ⟶ 𝐴4 = 4∗3
1
. 5𝐴5 − 𝐴4 = 0 ⟶ 𝐴5 = 5 5∗4∗3
1 2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛∗(𝑛−1)∗…4∗3 ∗ (2)
2
→ 𝐴𝑛 = ∀𝑛 ≥ 3
𝑛!
Luego reemplazando en (*) tenemos lo siguientes:
1 2 2
𝑦 = 3 + 𝑣3 ∗ ( ) + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛 + ⋯
3 2 𝑛!
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐴2 𝑥 2 + 𝐴3 𝑥 3 + 𝐴4 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + ⋯ (∗)
Dónde: 𝐴0 = 𝑦0
𝑦 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐴2 𝑥 2 + 𝐴3 𝑥 3 + 𝐴4 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝐴𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 …
−2𝑥 = −2𝑥
+ 𝐴4 )𝑥 3 +…
Por lo tanto:
𝐴1 + 𝐴0 = 0 𝐴1 = −𝐴0 = −𝑦0
2𝐴2 − 2 = 0 𝐴2 = 1
1
−𝐴2 + 3𝐴3 = 0 𝐴3 =
3
1
−2𝐴3 + 4𝐴4 = 0 𝐴4 =
2𝑥3
Reemplazando:
𝑥2 2𝑥 3 2 2
𝑦 = 𝑦0 − 𝑦0 𝑥 + + 2𝑥3 + 4𝑥3 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + (𝑛+1)𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + ⋯
2
SOLUCION:
𝑣 =𝑥−1 ⟶ 𝑥 = 𝑣 + 1 ⟶ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦+𝑣+2
Luego: 𝑑𝑥 = = = 𝐹(𝑣, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑣 (𝑣+1)
Luego:
Suponiendo que la solución es de la forma:
𝑦 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝑣 + 𝐴2 𝑣 2 + 𝐴3 𝑣 3 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 𝑣 𝑛 + ⋯
Luego
(𝑣 + 1)𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 − 𝑣 − 2 = 0
−𝑦 = −𝐴0 − 𝐴1 𝑣 − 𝐴2 𝑣 2 − 𝐴3 𝑣 3 − 𝐴4 𝑣 4 − ⋯ − 𝐴𝑛 𝑣 𝑛 − ⋯
−𝑣 = −𝑣
−2 = −2
2𝐴3 )𝑣 3
Por lo tanto:
−𝐴0 − 2 + 𝐴1 = 0 𝐴1 = 3
1
2𝐴2 − 1 = 0 𝐴2 =
2
1
3𝐴3 + 𝐴2 = 0 𝐴3 = −
2𝑥3
2
4𝐴4 + 2𝐴3 = 0 𝐴4 =
2𝑥3𝑥4
6
3𝐴4 + 5𝐴5 = 0 𝐴4 = − 2𝑥3𝑥4𝑥5
(𝑛+1)𝐴𝑛
𝐴𝑛+1 = − (𝑛+1)
∀𝑛 ≥ 2
Luego:
𝑣2 𝑣3 2𝑣 4 6𝑣 5
𝑦 = 1 + 3𝑣 + − 2𝑥3 + 2𝑥3𝑥4 − 2𝑥3𝑥4𝑥5 + ⋯
2
𝑣2 𝑣3 2𝑣 4 6𝑣 5
𝑦 = 1 + 3𝑣 + − + − + ⋯x
2! 3! 4! 5!
Haciendo 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 1
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)3 2(𝑥−1)4 6(𝑥−1)5
𝑦 = 1 + 3(𝑥 − 1) + − + − +⋯
2! 3! 4! 5!
(1+𝑥 2 )𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐴2 𝑥 2 + 𝐴3 𝑥 3 + 𝐴4 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + ⋯ (∗)
Sea:
−𝑦 = 𝐴0 − 𝐴1 𝑥 − 𝐴2 𝑥 2 − 𝐴3 𝑥 3 − 𝐴4 𝑥 4 − ⋯ − 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 − ⋯
Por lo tanto:
𝐴0
2𝐴2 − 𝐴0 = 0 𝐴2 =
2
6𝐴3 = 0 𝐴3 = 0
𝐴0
3𝐴2 + 12𝐴4 = 0 𝐴4 = −
8
8𝐴3 + 20𝐴5 = 0 𝐴5 = 0
𝐴0
2𝐴6 + 𝐴4 = 0 𝐴6 = −
16
𝐴0 2 𝐴0 𝐴0
𝑦 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝑥 + (0)𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 + (0)𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6+⋯
2 8 16
6. Resolver 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0 mediante potencias de x
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=0
𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
′
𝑛=1
∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥
𝑛−2
− 𝑥 2 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥
𝑛−1
− ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 = 0
∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥
𝑛−2
− ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥
𝑛+1
− ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 = 0
∑∞ 𝑛 ∞
𝑛=0(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 1)𝐶𝑛+2 𝑥 − ∑𝑛=2(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑛−1
− ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 = 0
𝐶0
−𝐶0 + 2𝐶2 = 0 ⟶ 𝐶2 =
2
𝐶1
6 𝐶3 − 𝐶1 = 0 ⟶ 𝐶3 = 6
𝐶𝑛 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛−1
𝐶𝑛+2 = ; ∀𝑛 ≥ 2
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
Pero:
𝑛=2
𝐶2 −𝐶1 𝐶0 −2𝐶1
𝐶4 = =
3𝑥4 2𝑥3𝑥4
𝑛=3
𝐶3 −2𝐶2 𝐶 −6𝐶
1 0
𝐶5 = = 2𝑥3𝑥4𝑥5
4𝑥5
𝑛=4
𝐶4 −3𝐶3 𝐶 −4𝐶
0 1
𝐶6 = = 2𝑥3𝑥4𝑥5𝑥6
5𝑥6
𝑦 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + 𝐶4 𝑥 4 + ⋯
𝐶0 𝐶1 𝐶 2𝐶1 𝐶 6𝐶0 𝐶 14𝐶1
𝑦 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 3 + ( 4!0 − ) 𝑥 4 + ( 5!1 − ) 𝑥 5 + ( 6!0 − ) 𝑥6 + ⋯
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
𝑥 2 𝑥 4 6𝑥 5 𝑥 6
𝑦 = 𝐶0 (1 + + + − +⋯)+
2! 4! 5! 6!
𝑥 3 2𝑥 4 𝑥 5 14𝑥 6
𝐶1 (𝑥 + − − − +⋯)
3! 4! 5! 6!
SOLUCION:
𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2 ⟶ 𝑥 = 𝑣 + 2 ⟶ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −(𝑦 ′′ +𝑦)
Luego: 𝑑𝑥 = = = 𝐹(𝑣, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑣 𝑣+1
𝑦 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝑣 + 𝐴2 𝑣 2 + 𝐴3 𝑣 3 + 𝐴4 𝑣 4 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 𝑣 𝑛 + ⋯ (∗)
𝑣 𝑛−1 + 𝑛𝐴𝑛 𝑣 𝑛 + ⋯
𝑦 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝑣 + 𝐴2 𝑣 2 + 𝐴3 𝑣 3 + 𝐴4 𝑣 4 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 𝑣 𝑛 + ⋯
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝐴𝑛+2 )𝑣 𝑛 + ⋯
Como:
𝑦 ′′ + (𝑥 − 1)𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
Se dirá lo siguientes:
𝐴1
𝐴1 + 2 + 2𝐴2 = 0 𝐴2 = −2 − 2
2 − 𝐴1
2𝐴2 + 2𝐴1 + 6𝐴3 = 0 𝐴3 =
6
𝐴0
3𝐴2 + 12𝐴4 = 0 𝐴4 = −
8
4𝐴1
3𝐴3 + 3𝐴2 + 12𝐴4 = 0 𝐴4 =
48
4𝐴1− 20
4𝐴4 + 4𝐴3 + 20𝐴5 = 0 𝐴5 = 240
𝐴𝑛 +𝐴𝑛+1
⟶𝐴𝑛+2 = ∀𝑛 ≥ 1
(𝑛+2)
−2 − 𝐴1 2 2 − 𝐴1 3 4𝐴1 + 4) 4 4𝐴1 − 20 5
𝑦 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝑣 + ( )𝑣 + ( )𝑣 + ( )𝑣 ( )𝑣 + ⋯
2 6 48 240
𝑣2 𝑣3 𝑣4 𝑣5 𝑣2 𝑣3 𝑣4 𝑣5
𝑦 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 (𝑣 − − + + +⋯)+ + + + +⋯
2 6 12 60 2 3 12 12
Haciendo 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2 se tiene:
SOLUCION:
(1 − 𝑥)𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 0
𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=0
𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
′
𝑛=1
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
∑ 𝑛𝑐𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 ∑ 𝑛𝑐𝑛 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 2 = 0
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛=1
Luego:
𝑐1 + 𝑐0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐1 = 𝑐0
2𝑐2 − 𝑐1 + 𝑐1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐2 = 0
1
3𝑐3 − 2𝑐2 + 𝑐2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐3 =
3
(𝑛 + 1)𝑐𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑐𝑛 + 𝑐𝑛 = 0
(𝑛 − 1)𝑐𝑛
𝑐𝑛+1 = ; ∀𝑛 ≥ 3 (𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎)
𝑛+1
Para:
𝑛=3
2𝑐3 1 1
𝑐4 = = =
4 6 2.3
𝑛=4
3𝑐4 1 1
𝑐3 = = =−
5 10 2.5
𝑛=5
4𝑐5 1 1
𝑐6 = = =
6 15 3.5
𝑛=6
5𝑐6 1 1
𝑐7 = = =
7 21 3.7
𝑛=7
6𝑐7 1 1
𝑐8 = = =
8 28 4.7
𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + 4𝑐4 𝑥 4 + ⋯
1 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥6 𝑥7 𝑥8
𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐0 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + + + + +
3 6 10 15 21 28
13. 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦
SOLUCION:
∞
𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=0
𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
′
𝑛=1
∞ ∞
∑(𝑛 + 1)𝑐𝑛+1 𝑥 − 3 ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 = 0
𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
𝑐1 = 𝑐0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐1 = 𝑐0
3𝑐1 3𝑐0
2𝑐2 − 3𝑐1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐2 = =
2 2
2 + 3𝑐2 4 + 9𝑐0 (4 + 9𝑐0 )
3𝑐3 − 3𝑐2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐3 = = =
3 2.3 3!
(𝑛 + 1)𝑐𝑛+1 − 3𝑐𝑛 = 0
3𝑐𝑛
𝑐𝑛+1 = ; ∀𝑛 ≥ 3; (𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎)
𝑛+1
Para:
𝑛=3
3𝑐3 3(4 + 9𝑐0 )
𝑐4 = =
4 4!
𝑛=4
3𝑐4 (4 + 9𝑐0 )
𝑐5 = = 32
5 5!
𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 4 + ⋯
14. (𝑥 + 1)𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦
SOLUCION:
(𝑥 + 1)𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=0
𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
′
𝑛=1
∞ ∞ ∞
∑[𝑛𝑐𝑛 + (𝑛 + 1)𝑐𝑛+1 − 𝑐𝑛 ] 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑐1 − 𝑐0 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 0
𝑛=1
∞
2 )𝑥 2
𝑐1 − 𝑐0 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + (𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 − 𝑐1 )𝑥 + (2𝑐2 + 3𝑐3 − 𝑐2 ∑[𝑛𝑐𝑛 + (𝑛 + 1)𝑐𝑛+1 − 𝑐𝑛 ] = 0
𝑛=3
𝐿𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜:
𝑐1 − 𝑐0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐1 = 𝑐0
2𝑐2 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐2 = −1
2
𝑐2 + 3𝑐3 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐3 =
3
𝑛𝑐𝑛 + (𝑛 + 1)𝑐𝑛+1 − 𝑐𝑛 = 0
(𝑛 − 1)𝑐𝑛
𝑐𝑛+1 = − ; ∀𝑛 ≥ 3 (𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎)
𝑛+1
Para:
3𝑐3 2
𝑛=3 𝑐4 = − =−
4 4
4𝑐4 2
𝑛=4 𝑐5 = − =
5 3
5𝑐5 2
𝑛=5 𝑐6 = − =−
6 6
6𝑐6 2
𝑛=6 𝑐7 = − =
7 7
7𝑐6 2
𝑛=7 𝑐8 = − =−
8 8
𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 4 + ⋯
2 2 2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐0 𝑥 − 1𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 6 + ⋯
3 4 5 6
2 2 2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐0 (1 + 𝑥) − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 6 + ⋯
3 4 5 6
′
15. y ′ + xy = 0
SOLUCION:
∞
𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=0
𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
′
𝑛=1
𝑛=2
∞ ∞
∞ ∞
𝐶2 = 0
𝐶𝑛 = 𝐶𝑛−3
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
Para:
𝑛=3
𝑐0
𝑐3 =
3.2
𝑛=4
𝑐1
𝑐4 = −
4.3
𝑛=5
𝑐2
𝑐5 = − =0
5.2
𝑛=6
𝑐3 𝑐0
𝑐6 = − =
6.5 6.5.3.2
𝑛=7
𝑐4 𝑐1
𝑐7 = − =
7.6 7.6.4.3
𝑛=8
𝑐5
𝑐8 = − =0
8.7
𝑛=9
𝑐6 𝑐0
𝑐9 = − =−
9.8 9.8.6.5.3.2
𝑛 = 10
𝑐3 𝑐1
𝑐10 = − =−
10.9 9.7.6.4.3
𝑐0 3 𝑐1 4 𝑐0 𝑐1 𝑐0
𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥6 − 𝑥7 − 𝑥9
3.2 3.4 3.2.5.6 3.4.6.2 3.2.5.6.8.9
𝑥3 𝑥6 𝑥9
𝑦 = 𝑐0 (1 − + − + ⋯…)
2.3 2.3.5.6 2.3.5.6.8.9
𝑥4 𝑥7 𝑥10
+𝑐1 (𝑥 − + − + ⋯…)
3.4 3.4.5.6 3.4.6.7.8.9.10
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=0
𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
′
𝑛=1
𝑛=2
𝑛=2 𝑛=0
∞ ∞
𝑛−2
∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 + 2 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+2 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=0
∞ ∞
𝑛−2
∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 + 2 ∑ 𝐶𝑛−4 𝑥 𝑛−2 = 0
𝑛=3 𝑛=4
∞ ∞
𝑛−2
2𝑐2 + 3(2)𝑐3 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑐𝑛 𝑥 + 2 ∑ 𝐶𝑛−4 𝑥 𝑛−2 = 0
𝑛=4 𝑛=4
2𝑐2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐2 = 0
6𝑐3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐3 = 0
2𝑐𝑛−4
𝑐𝑛 = − ; 𝑛 ≥ 4 (𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎)
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
Para:
𝑛=4
𝑐0
𝑐4 = −2
4.3
𝑛=5
𝑐1
𝑐5 = −
5.4
𝑛=6
2𝑐2
𝑐6 = − =0
6.5
𝑛=7
𝑐3
𝑐7 = − =0
7.6
𝑛=8
2𝑐4 22 𝑐0
𝑐8 = − =
8.7 3.4.7.8
𝑛=9
2𝑐5 22 𝑐1
𝑐9 = − =
9.8 4.5.8.9
𝑛 = 10
2𝑐6
𝑐10 = − =0
10.9
𝑛 = 11
2𝑐7
𝑐11 = − =0
10.11
𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 4 + 𝑐5 𝑥 5 + ⋯
2𝑐0 4 2𝑐1 5 22 𝑐0 𝑥 8 22 𝑐! 𝑥 9
𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 − .𝑥 − 𝑥 + + +⋯
3.4 4.5 3.4.7.8 4.5.8.9
2𝑥 4 22 𝑥 8 23 𝑥12
𝑦 = 𝑐0 (1 − + − +⋯)+
3.4 3.4.7.8 3.4.7.8.11.12
2 5 22 𝑥 9 23 𝑥13
𝑐1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 − +⋯)
4.5 4.5.8.9 4.5.8.9.12.13
17. 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝑦 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=0
𝑦 = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
′
𝑛=1
𝑛=2
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛−2
∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 − ∑ 𝑛𝑐𝑛 𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+2 = 0
4
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛−2 𝑛−2
∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 − ∑(𝑛 − 2)𝑐𝑛−2 𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛−4 𝑥 𝑛−2 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=3 𝑛=4
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛−2 𝑛−2
2𝑐2 + 3(2)𝑐3 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐1 𝑥 − ∑(𝑛 − 2)𝑐𝑛−2 𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛−4 𝑥 𝑛−2 = 0
𝑛=4 𝑛=4 𝑛=4
Igualando:
2𝑐2 = 0 → 𝑐2 = 0
𝑐1
6𝑐3 − 𝑐! = 0 → 𝑐3 =
2.3
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑐𝑛 − (𝑛 − 2)𝑐𝑛−2 + 𝑐𝑛−4 = 0
(𝑛 − 2)𝑐𝑛−2 − 𝑐𝑛−4
𝑐𝑛 = ; 𝑛 ≥ 4(𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎)
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
Para:
𝑛=4
5𝑐5 − 𝑐3 7 𝑐3 7𝑐1 7. 𝑐1
𝑐7 = = −( ) =− =−
7.6 4 7.6 4.5.3! 7.6 7!
𝑛=8
𝑛=9
7𝑐7 − 𝑐5 17 𝑐3 17𝑐1
𝑐5 = =− =−
9.8 120 9.8 9!
𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 4 + ⋯
𝑐1 3 2𝑐0 𝑥 4 3𝑐1 𝑥 5 23 𝑐0 𝑥 6 7 𝑐1 𝑥 7 23 𝑐0 𝑥 8
𝑦 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑥 − − − +( ) +
3! 4! 5! 6! 4 7! 5.8!
2𝑥 4 8𝑥 6 𝑥8 𝑥3 𝑥 5 7. 𝑥 7
𝑦 = 𝑐0 (1 − − + 12 − ⋯ ) + 𝑐1 (𝑥 + − 3 + +⋯)
4! 6! 8! 3! 5! 7!
PRACTICA 11
Resolver:
1. Comprobar que:
𝑑𝐽𝑜(𝑥)
= −𝐽1(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
SOLUCION:
(−1)𝑛 1 𝑥 2𝑛
𝐽𝑂(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 (𝑛!)2
(2 ) `
𝑥 2 1 𝑥 4 1 𝑥 6 𝑛
1 𝑥 2𝑛
𝐽𝑂(𝑥) = 1 − ( ) + ( ) − ( ) + ⋯ + (−1) ( )
2 (2!)2 2 (3!)2 2 (𝑛!)2 2
𝑑𝐽𝑜(𝑥) 𝑥 1 𝑥 3 1 𝑥 5 1 𝑥 2𝑛+1
= −( ) + ( ) − ( ) + ⋯ (−1)𝑛+1 ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 1! 2! 2 2! .3! 2 (𝑛!)(𝑛 + 1)! 2
𝑑𝐽𝑜(𝑥) 𝑥 1 𝑥 3 1 𝑥 5 1 𝑥 2𝑛+1
= − [( ) − ( ) + ( ) − ⋯ +(−1)𝑛+1 ( ) ]
𝑑𝑥 2 1! 2! 2 2! .3! 2 (𝑛!)(𝑛 + 1)! 2
∞
𝑑𝐽𝑜(𝑥) 1 𝑥 2𝑛+1
= − ∑(−1)𝑛 ( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑛!)(𝑛 + 1)! 2
𝑛=0
𝑑𝐽𝑜(𝑥)
= −𝐽1 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
4. Probar que:
𝑥 1 1
𝑒 2(𝑡− 𝑡 ) = 𝐽𝑂 (𝑥) + 𝑡𝐽1 (𝑥) + ⋯ + 𝑡 𝑘 𝐽𝑘 (𝑥) + ⋯ + 𝐽−1 (𝑥) + ⋯
𝑡
∞
1
+ 𝑘 𝐽−𝑘 (𝑥) + ⋯ − ∑ 𝑡 𝑛 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)
𝑡
𝑛=−∞
SOLUCION:
𝑥 1 1
𝑒 2(𝑡− 𝑡 ) = 𝐽𝑂 (𝑥) + 𝑡𝐽1 (𝑥) + ⋯ + 𝑡 𝑘 𝐽𝑘 (𝑥) + ⋯ + 𝐽−1 (𝑥) + ⋯
𝑡
1
+ 𝐽 (𝑥) + ⋯
𝑡𝑘 −𝑘
𝑥 1 1
(𝑡 − ) = 𝑙𝑛(1) + 𝑙𝑛(𝐽𝑜 (𝑥)) + 𝑙𝑛(𝑡) + 𝑙𝑛(𝐽1 (𝑥)) + ⋯ 𝑙𝑛(𝐽𝑘 (𝑥)) + ⋯ + 𝑙𝑛 ( )
2 𝑡 𝑡
1
+ 𝑙𝑛(𝐽−1 (𝑥)) + ⋯ + 𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑘 ) + 𝑙𝑛(𝐽−𝑘 (𝑥)) + ⋯
𝑡
𝑥 1
(𝑡 − ) = 𝑙 𝑛(𝑗0 (𝑥). 𝑗1 (𝑥) … 𝑗𝑘 (𝑥) … . ) + 𝑙 𝑛(𝑗−1 (𝑥) … . 𝑗−𝑘 (𝑥) … . )
2 𝑡
1 1 1
+ ln(1. 𝑡. 𝑡 2 … 𝑡 𝑘 … . ) + ln( . 4 … . 𝑘 … . )
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
Hallando el equivalente en sumatorias:
∞ −1 ∞ −1
𝑥 1
(𝑡 − ) = ∑ ln(𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)) + ∑ ln(𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)) + ∑ ln(𝑡 𝑛 ) + ∑ ln(𝑡 𝑛 )
2 𝑡
𝑛=0 𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛=−∞
∞ ∞
𝑥 1
(𝑡 − ) = ∑ ln(𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)) + ∑ ln(𝑡 𝑛 )
2 𝑡
𝑛=−∞ −∞
∞
𝑥 1
(𝑡 − ) = ∑ [ln(𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)) + ln(𝑡 𝑛 )]
2 𝑡
𝑛=−∞
∞
𝑥 1
(𝑡 − ) = ∑ ln(𝑡 𝑛 . 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥))
2 𝑡
𝑛=−∞
∞
𝑥 1 1
𝑒 2(𝑡− 𝑡 ) = 𝐽𝑂 (𝑥) + 𝑡𝐽1 (𝑥) + ⋯ + 𝑡 𝑘 𝐽𝑘 (𝑥) + ⋯ + 𝐽−1 (𝑥) + ⋯ + ⋯ = ∑ ln(𝑡 𝑛 . 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥))
𝑡
𝑛=−∞
3 1
5. (𝑋 − 𝑋 2 )𝑌 ′′ + (2 − 2𝑋) 𝑌 ′ − 4 𝑌 = 0
SOLUCION:
3
𝛼 + 𝛽 + 1 = 2; 𝛾 =
2
1 1 3 1
𝑌1 = 𝐹 ( ; ; −; 𝑋) 𝛼 = 1 − 𝛽 𝛼𝛽 =
2 2 2 4
1
(1 − 𝛽)𝛽 =
4
𝑥 3𝑥 2 5𝑥 3
𝑦1 = 1 + + + +⋯
6 40 112
1
𝛽 − 𝛽2 − =0
4
1
𝛽2 − 𝛽 + =0
4
1 1
𝛽= ; 𝛼 = ; 𝛾 = 3/2
2 2
6. Resolver mediante serie:
(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦 ′′ + 4(1 − 𝑥)𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0
SOLUCION:
𝛾 = 4, 𝛼𝛽 = 2 , 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 1 = 4, 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 2, 𝛾 = 4, 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥 3 2 1 3
𝑦1 = (1 + + 𝑥 + 𝑥 ……)
2 10 5
𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒:
𝑦2 = 𝑥 −3 (1 + 2𝑥 … )
𝑥 3 2 1 3
𝑦 = 𝐴 (1 + + 𝑥 + 𝑥 … … ) + 𝐵𝑥 −3 (1 + 2𝑥 … )
2 10 5
𝑦2 = 𝑥1−𝛾 𝐹(𝛼 − 𝛾 + 1; 𝛽 − 𝛾 + 1; 2 − 𝛾; 𝑥)
1 1 √𝑥
𝑦2 = 𝑥 −2 𝐹 (0; 0; ; 𝑥) =
2 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦1 + 𝐵𝑦2
𝑥 3𝑥 2 5𝑥 2 𝐵 √𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴 [1 + + + + ⋯…] +
6 40 112 𝑥
SOLUCION:
Hacemos el cambio de variable 𝑦 = 𝑧√𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑧 √𝑥
𝑧
𝑦 ′ = 𝑧 ′ √𝑥 +
2√𝑥
𝑧′ 𝑧′ 𝑧
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑧 ′′√𝑥 + 2 +2 − 3 Reemplazando en la ecuación
√𝑥 √𝑥 4𝑥 2
𝑧′ 𝑧
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑧 ′′√𝑥 + − 3
√𝑥 4𝑥 2
𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑧′ 𝑧
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑧 ′′√𝑥 + − 3 + 𝑧 √𝑥 = 0
√𝑥 4𝑥 2
𝑧
𝑥 2 𝑧 ′′ + 𝑥𝑧 ′ − 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑧
3 = 0, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 ∀𝑥 > 0
𝑥2
𝑧
𝑥 2 𝑧 ′′ + 𝑥𝑧 ′ − + 𝑥 2 𝑧 = 0
4
𝑧
𝑥 2 𝑧 ′′ + 𝑥𝑧 ′ + (𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑧 = 0 Vemos que con el cambio de variable de 𝑦 = 𝑧√𝑥 a la ecuación
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0 se transforma en una ecuación de Bassel.