Passage 2 : Topic : Relationship Banking

One of the more discernible trends in the Supporting Detal 1 :

financial - service industry in recent times has been
the adoption of programs designed to encourage The expression most commonly used to
more personalized relationships between an describe this type of program is relationship
institution's employees and its clients, particularly banking
those clients who are major depositors. The
expression most commonly used to describe this Supporting Detail 2 :
type of program is "relationship banking". A good
In relationship banking the emphasis is on
definition is provided in the 1985 book Marketing
Financial Services:
establishing a long term

1. In relationship banking the emphasis is on

establishing a long-term
2. multiple - service relationship; on
satisfying the totality of the client's Paragraph 2, Main Idea : The diffrence of
3. financial service needs; on minimizing the relationship banking
need or desire of clients to
4. splinter their financial business among Supporting Detail 1 :
various institutions.
Implicit within any ... will likely be substantially
Implicit within any definition of relationship different from those of another individual or
banking is recognition that the financial -service group
requirements of one individual or relatively
homogeneous group will likely be substantially
different from those of another individual or group.
A successful relationship banking program is'
therefore dependent in a large part on the Paragraph 3, Main Idea : Personalized
development of a series of financial - service
Relationship
"packages" each designed to meet the needs of
identifiable homogeneous groups. Supporting Detail 1 :
Another dimension of relationship banking is Another dimension of relationship banking is
the development of highly personalized the development of highly personalized
relationships between employee and client. In most
relationships between employee and client
financial institutions today the client is serviced by
any employee who happens to be free at the time Supporting Detail 2 :
regardless of the nature of the transaction.
Personalized relationships are therefore difficult to In most financial institutions today the client is
establish. In a full relationship banking program, serviced by any employee who happens to be
however, the client knows there is one individual free at the time regardless of the nature of the
within the institution who has intimate knowledge transaction. Personalized relationships are
of the client's requirements and preferences therefore difficult to establish.
regarding complex transactions. Over time, the
client develops a high level of confidence in this
employee. In short, a personalized relationship
evolves between client and employee.
Passage 4 :
Chemistry did not emerge as a science
until after the scientific revolution in the
seventeenth century and then only rather slowly
and laboriously. But chemical knowledge is as old as
history, being almost entirely concerned with the
practical arts of living. Cooking is essentially a
chemical process, so is the melting of metals and
the administration of drugs and potions. This basic
chemical knowledge, which was applied in most
cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless
dependent on previous experiment. It also served
to stimulate a fundamental curiosity about the
processes themselves. New information was always
being gained as artisans improved techniques to
gain better results.
The development of a scientific approach to
chemistry was, however, hampered by several
factors. The most serious problem was the vast
range of material available and the consequent
difficulty of organizing it into some system. In
addition, there were social and intellectual
difficulties, chemistry is nothing if not practical;
those who practice it must use their hands, they
must have a certain practical flair. Yet in many
ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily
the province of a slave population. The thinker or
philosopher stood apart from this mundane world,
where the practical arts appeared to lack any
intellectual content or interest.
The final problem for early chemical science
was the element of secrecy. Experts in specific
trades had developed their own techniques and
guarded their knowledge to prevent others from
stealing their livelihood. Another factor that
contributed to secrecy was the esoteric nature of
the knowledge of alchemists, who were trying to
transform base metals into gold o' were concerned
with the hunt for the elixir that would bestow the
blessing of eternal life. In one sense, the second of
these was the more serious impediment because
the records of the chemical processes that early
alchemists had discovered were often written down
in symbolic language intelligible to very few or in
symbols that were purposely obscure.
Topic : History of Chemistry
Supporting Detal 1 :
Chemistry did not emerge as a science until
after the scientific revolution in the
seventeenth century and then only rather
slowly and laboriously.
Supporting Detail 2 :
But chemical knowledge is as old as history,
being almost entirely concerned with the
practical arts of living.
Paragraph 2, Main Idea : Difficulties of the
Development
Supporting Detail 1 :
The development of a scientific approach to
chemistry was, however, hampered by several
factors
Supporting Detail 2 :
The most serious problem was the vast range
of material available and the consequent
difficulty of organizing it into some system
Paragraph 3, Main Idea : Problem in Early
Chemistry
Supporting Detail 1 :
The final problem for early chemical science
was the element of secrecy. Experts in specific
trades had developed their own techniques
and guarded their knowledge to prevent
others from stealing their livelihood
Supporting Detail 2 :
Another factor that contributed to secrecy was
the esoteric nature of the knowledge of
alchemists, who were trying to transform base
metals into gold o' were concerned with the
hunt for the elixir that would bestow the
blessing of eternal life.
Passage 6 :
The railroad industry could not have grown
as large as it did without steel. The first rails were
made of iron. But iron rails were not strong enough
to support heavy trains running at high speeds.
Railroad executives wanted to replace them with
steel rails because steel was ten or fifteen times
stronger and lasted twenty times longer. Before the
1870's, however, steel was too expensive to be
widely used. It was made by a slow and expensive
process of heating. Stirring, and reheating iron ore.
Then the inventor Henry Bessemer discovered
that directing a blast of air at melted iron in a
furnace would burn out the impurities that made
the iron brittle. As the air shot, through the furnace,
the bubbling metal would erupt in showers of
sparks. When the fire cooled, the metal had been
changed, or converted, to steel. The Bessemer
converter made possible the mass production of
steel. Now three to five tons of iron could be
changed into steel in a matter of minutes.
Just when the demand for more and more
steel developed, prospectors discovered huge new
deposits of iron ore in the Mesabi Range, a 120-
mile-long region in Minnesota near Lake Superior.
The Mesabi deposits were so near the surface that
they could be mined with steam' shovels.
Barges and steamers carried the iron ore
through Lake Superior to depots or: the southern
shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. With
dizzying speed Gary, Indiana, and Toledo,
Youngstown, and Cleveland, Chic, became major
steel-manufacturing centers Pittsburgh was the
greatest steel city of all.
Steel was the basic building material of the
industrial age. Production skyrocketed from
seventy-seven thousand tons in 1870 to over eleven
million tons in 1900.
Topic : Growth of Railroad Industry
Supporting Detal 1 :
The railroad industry could not have grown as
large as it did without stee.
Supporting Detail 2 :
Before the 1870's, however, steel was too
expensive to be widely used.
Paragraph 2, Main Idea : Invention of Steel
Supporting Detail 1 :
As the air shot, through the furnace, the
bubbling metal would erupt in showers of
sparks. When the fire cooled, the metal had
been changed, or converted, to steel
Paragraph 3, Main Idea : Discovery of Iron Spot
Supporting Detail 1 :
... prospectors discovered huge new deposits
of iron ore in the Mesabi Range, a 120-mile-
long region in Minnesota near Lake Superior
Paragraph 4, Main Idea : Transport of Iron Ore
Supporting Detail 1 :
Barges and steamers carried the iron ore
through Lake Superior to depots or: the
southern shores of Lake Michigan and Lake
Erie. With dizzying speed Gary, Indiana
Paragraph 5, Main Idea : Production & Uses of
Steel
Supporting Detail 1 :
Steel was the basic building material of the
industrial age. Production skyrocketed from
seventy-seven thousand tons in 1870 to over
eleven million tons in 1900.