Student book answers

Chapter 2

P1 2.1 Waves
In-text questions A amplitude, wavelength, frequency
B parallel to the direction of the wave
C incident wave

Activity Spot the word

a amplitude b compression

Summary 1 energy, amplitude, wavelength, reflect, superpose (5 marks)

questions 2 In a compression, the links of the spring are close together. In a rarefaction, they are
far apart. (2 marks)
3 QWC question. Example answers (6 marks):
Microwaves produced in the oven reflect from the inside surfaces.
Microwaves superpose and add up or cancel out.
You would get parts of the food that get cooked or burnt where the microwaves add up.
Parts of the food would be uncooked where the microwaves cancel out.

P1 2.2 Sound and energy transfer

In-text questions A vibrations
B 340 m/s
C solids, liquids, and gases

Activity How fast?

a Table should have two columns, with headings ‘material’ and ‘speed (m/s)’.
b A bar chart because one of the variables is categoric.
Stormy night
a 1.32 km
b There would be no time difference between seeing the lightning and hearing the
thunder.

Summary 1 vibrating, vibrate, solids, gases, vacuum (5 marks)

questions 2 The particles in a gas are further apart than the particles in a liquid.
The vibration is not passed on so quickly. (2 marks)
3 Example answers (6 marks):
Light travels much faster than sound.
So the light reaches you first.
It takes about 0.03 seconds for the sound to reach you.
The speed of sound is about 300 m/s.
It would take 0.000 000 03 seconds for light to reach you.
The speed of light is 300 million m/s.
So light is about 1 million times faster than sound.
The time it takes light to reach you is about a millionth of the time it takes sound to
reach you.

P1 2.3 Loudness and pitch

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 Student book answers
Chapter 2

In-text questions A amplitude

B frequency

Activity Conversions
a 0.02 kHz–20 kHz
b 1 kHz–123 kHz
Summary 1 amplitude, frequency, hertz, audible (4 marks)
questions 2 Human hearing range is 20–20 000 Hz. Dolphins hear frequencies much higher than
humans but cannot hear as low frequencies as humans. (2 marks)
3 QWC question. Example answers (6 marks):
Vocal chords vibrate to produce sound.
Sound waves are made when air is squashed and stretched.
Pitch depends on frequency.
To make a higher note her vocal chords vibrate more times per second.
That makes the frequency of a sound wave higher.
Loudness depends on amplitude.
To make a louder note her vocal chords vibrate with a bigger amplitude.
That makes the amplitude of a sound wave bigger.

P1 2.4 Detecting sound

In-text questions A ear drum
B One of: inserting a sharp object, exposure to a very loud sound, wax build-up

Activity What protection?

Example: somebody wears the ear defenders, another person reduces a loud sound
until the person with the ear defenders cannot hear it. Change ear defenders and
repeat. The independent variable is the ear defenders. The control variables are
person, distance to loudspeaker, frequency of sound. Repeat with different people and
compare the results.

Summary 1 ear drum, ossicles, oval window, cochlea, hairs, cochlea, auditory nerve, decibels,
questions damaged, diaphragm (10 marks)
2 Not permanent: ear wax, perforated ear drum, ear infection.
Permanent: listening to loud music, head injury. (2 marks)
3 QWC question. Example answers (6 marks):
Both detect vibration.
Both produce an electrical signal.
The ear contains bones/membranes/liquid and the microphone does not.
The ear amplifies the sound and the microphone does not.
The ear contains cells that produce a signal and the microphone does not.
A microphone contains magnets and wire and the ear does not.
A microphone can be attached to an amplifier and the ear already amplifies sound.
The ear drum in the ear is like the diaphragm in the microphone.

P1 2.5 Echoes and ultrasound

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 Student book answers
Chapter 2

In-text questions A A reflection of sound.

B sounds above 20 000 Hz
C One of: to make an image of a fetus/find the depth of the ocean/find fish/find
cancer/destroy kidney stones.

Activity How deep?

Total distance travelled = 1.6 s × 1500 m/s = 2400 m
So the distance to the bottom = 2400 m ÷ 2 = 1200 m

Summary 1 reflection, time, distance, absorb, communicate, hunt, image, kidney stones,
questions depth (9 marks)
2 To image a newborn baby by ultrasound waves reflecting off the fetus, with the
differing time taken to detect the echo is used to build an image of the fetus. (2
marks)
3 Example answers (6 marks):
Fix a transmitter and receiver to a boat.
Use ultrasound not sound. Ultrasound is more focused than sound.
Use a transmitter to send out a pulse of ultrasound.
Time how long it takes to hear the echo.
Work out the distance.
Divide by two.
Ignore later echoes as they could be from the sea floor.
Characteristics of a reflected wave change dependent on the material it is
reflected from.

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 Student book answers
Chapter 2

P1 Chapter 2 Summary
End-of-chapter 1 Diagram with correct label of amplitude and correct label of wavelength. (2 marks)
questions 2a Diagram with the same wavelength but larger amplitude. (1 mark)
b Diagram with the same amplitude but smaller wavelength. (1 mark)
3 400 (1 mark)
4a it reflects (1 mark)
b They add up or cancel out. (2 marks)
5a The oscillation is at 90o to the direction of travel. (1 mark)
b The oscillation is parallel to the direction of travel. (1 mark)
6 Credit a sensible situation, such as a concert. (1 mark)
7a C (1 mark)
b B (1 mark)
c The particles in C are closer together than the particles in A. The particles in A are
closer together than the particles in B. Sound travels better through materials where
the particles are closer together. (3 marks)
8a How does the intensity of a sound vary with distance from the source? (1 mark)
b Independent – distance from sound source; dependent – loudness of sound;
controls – frequency and loudness of sound from source (1 mark)
c line graph (1 mark)
9 This is a QWC question. Students should be marked on the use of good English,
organisation of information, spelling and grammar, and correct use of specialist
scientific terms. The best answers will have scientific ideas clearly and correctly
organised to give a detailed description of sound travel (maximum of 6 marks).
Examples of correct scientific points:
The loudspeaker vibrates/moves in and out.
This squashes and stretches the air.
This is a longitudinal wave, with compressions (where air molecules are close
together) and rarefactions (where they are far apart).
The wave travels through the air as the molecules pass on the vibration.
The wave is guided into your auditory canal by the pinna.
This makes your ear drum vibrate.
This makes the ossicles vibrate.
This makes the oval window vibrate.
This makes the liquid in the cochlea vibrate.
Produces an electrical signal.
The signal travels up your auditory nerve to your brain.

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This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.
 Student book answers
Chapter 2

Answer guide for the Sound campaign

Developing
1–2 marks
• Includes basic ideas related to
each situation e.g., vibrating
source, older people don’t
hear higher frequencies,
barriers reflect sound, loud
sounds can damage hearing.
• Lacks organisation and detail.
Secure
3–4 marks
• Includes more complex ideas
e.g., defines wave properties,
links frequency to pitch and
amplitude to loudness, defines
ultrasound and how images
are produced.
• Lacks some detail and
organisation.
Extending
5–6 marks
• Includes complex ideas related to
each situation e.g., changes in
cochlea to hearing in old age,
explanation of scanning in terms
of echoes and linking to distance,
reduction of risk of damage by
using material to shield houses
from the road.
• The written passage is
organised and detailed.

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This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.