Week05 Consonants 3

3.
MANNER of articulation
• How and to what extent the airstream is

English Phonetics and Phonology blocked (completely, incompletely).
Lecture 3: Consonants (introduction)

(continued)
KAMIYAMA, Takeki
takeki.kamiyama@univ-paris8.fr
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 2
Manners of articulation Manners of articulation
Complete Complete
closure closure
p b t d k g
Incomplete Incomplete
closure
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 Kelly (2000)3 closure
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama Wells & House (1995)
English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 Kelly (2000)4
Plosives (or stops): Plosives (or stops):
the case of the bilabial plosives the case of the bilabial plosives
Upper lip Upper lip
articulators articulators
Lower lip t Lower lip t
• 4 phases • 1. Closure phase: one articulator moves

toward another, or two articulators move
toward each other, so as to form a stricture that
allows no air to escape from the vocal tract.
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 5 4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 6
Plosives (or stops): Plosives (or stops):

the case of the bilabial plosives the case of the bilabial plosives
Upper lip Upper lip
• 2. Hold phase: a total stricture is formed. No • 3. Release phase: as the articulators (the
air escapes from the vocal tract. Air is upper and lower lips) move apart, the airstream
compressed behind the stricture and the air is released in a small burst (called plosion).
pressure rises.
Plosives (or stops):
Plosives (or stops):
the case of the bilabial plosives
the case of the bilabial plosives
• Phases 1-3
Upper lip
articulators
Lower lip t
• 4. Post-release phase : the articulators (the

upper and lower lips) move further away.
or ‘hold’
Clark & Yallop (1995)

Manners of articulation Fricatives:

the case of the alveolar fricatives
Alveolar ridge
Complete
closure articulators
Tongue tip or t
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h blade
• Phase 1: one articulator moves toward

another, or two articulators move toward each
other, so as to form a stricture with a very
narrow passage.
Incomplete
closure
English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 Kelly (2000)11 4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 12
Fricatives: Fricatives:
the case of the alveolar fricatives the case of the alveolar fricatives
Alveolar ridge Alveolar ridge
Tongue tip or t Tongue tip or t

blade blade
• Phase 2: the airstream passes through the • Phase 3: the articulators (the tongue blade
narrow passage between the articulators, and the alveolar ridge) move away.
creating a continuous hissing sound (heard as
friction) caused by turbulent airflow.
Fricatives:
the case of the alveolar fricatives Manners of articulation
Complete
closure
tʃ dʒ
Clark & Yallop (1995) Incomplete

4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 15 closure
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 Kelly (2000)16
Affricates: Affricates:
the case of the palato-alveolar the case of the palato-alveolar
affricates affricates
- hard palate - hard palate
Tongue blade t Tongue blade t
• Affricate: plosive (stop) + fricative. • 1. Closure phase: one articulator moves

toward another, or two articulators move
toward each other, so as to form a stricture that
allows no air to escape from the vocal tract.
Affricates: Affricates:
the case of the palato-alveolar the case of the palato-alveolar
affricates affricates
- hard palate - hard palate
Tongue blade t t Tongue blade ʃ t
• 2. Hold phase: a total stricture is formed. No • 3. Friction phase: the articulators move apart,
air escapes from the vocal tract. Air is but not as rapidly as in plosives. They stay
compressed behind the stricture and the air close enough to create a turbulent airflow,
pressure rises. causing a hissing sound as in a fricative.
Affricates:
the case of the palato-alveolar Manners of articulation
affricates
Alveolar ridge
- hard palate
Complete
articulators closure
Tongue blade t
m n ŋ
• Phase 4: the articulators (the tongue blade and
the alveolar ridge) move away.
Incomplete
English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 22
Kelly (2000)
Nasals Nasals
Nasal vowels Nasal consonants
• The soft palate (velum) is

• The soft palate lowered so that the airsteam
(velum) is lowered will pass through the nasal
cavity, but not through
so that the airsteam
will pass through the oral cavity because
the nasal cavity. of a complete stricture
at some point in the
oral cavity.
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama
P. Ashby (1995)
English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 23 4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama
P.English
Ashby (1995)
Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 24
Nasals: Nasals:
the case of the bilabial nasal the case of the bilabial nasal
Pharyngeal wall Pharyngeal wall
Velum Velum
Upper lip Upper lip
• Phase 1: the velum is lowered as the

• phases
articulators (lips) approach each other.
Nasals: Nasals:
the case of the bilabial nasal the case of the bilabial nasal
Pharyngeal wall Pharyngeal wall
Velum Velum
Airflow through
the nasal cavity
Upper lip Upper lip
Lower lip No airflow through t Lower lip t

the oral cavity
• Phase 2: air flows out through the nose, but • Phase 3: the velum is raised again (if the following
not from the mouth. sound is oral) as the articulators (lips) come apart.
Approximants:
Manners of articulation
the case of the palato-alveolar (post-
alveolar) approximant
Back of the
Complete
alveolar ridge
closure
articulators
Tongue tip t
r j w • The articulators come close, but not enough to

create turbulence: there is no hissing sound.
Incomplete
closure
Kelly (2000) 4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 30
• Compare:
Manners of articulation
Approximants Fricatives
Complete
closure
t t
narrow enough to
generate turbulence approximant l
Incomplete
Kelly (2000)
Lateral approximants:
the case of the alveolar lateral • Compare:
approximant
Alveolar ridge
articulators
Tongue blade t
• The articulators come close and make a

complete closure in the centre of the vocal tract, r l
but air escapes through one or both sides: there
is no hissing sound. Catford (1988)
Manners of articulation: summary
(or stop)
Consonants on the IPA chart
(lateral
approximant)
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 Kelly (2000)35
folds

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3.

• How and to what extent the airstream is

Lecture 3: Consonants (introduction)

Manners of articulation Manners of articulation

Lower lip t Lower lip t

• 4 phases • 1. Closure phase: one articulator moves

Plosives (or stops): Plosives (or stops):

Lower lip t Lower lip t

• 4. Post-release phase : the articulators (the

Clark & Yallop (1995)

Manners of articulation Fricatives:

• Phase 1: one articulator moves toward

Tongue tip or t Tongue tip or t

Clark & Yallop (1995) Incomplete

Tongue blade t Tongue blade t

• Affricate: plosive (stop) + fricative. • 1. Closure phase: one articulator moves

Tongue blade t t Tongue blade ʃ t

• The soft palate (velum) is

Upper lip Upper lip

Lower lip t Lower lip t

• Phase 1: the velum is lowered as the

Lower lip No airflow through t Lower lip t

r j w • The articulators come close, but not enough to

• The articulators come close and make a

Manners of articulation: summary

Consonants on the IPA chart

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