Residential Materials

LCTE

Coatings
 Residential Materials
LCTE
Coatings
Protective and decorative coatings are a
common aspect of construction work. In
this session you will learn of the major types and
uses of these materials.
• There is a glossary of terms at the end of this
unit to help you with terms you may not be
familiar with.
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Surface preparation
The application of protective and/or decorative
coatings has certain limitations. The performance of
any coating material is related directly to the
thoroughness and quality of the preparation of the
surface prior to application of the coating.

It is essential that the surface be thoroughly cleaned.

• Dirt, mildew, chemicals, oil, grease, scale, rust,
marking compounds, efflorescence, and powdery
residues of all kinds must be removed.
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Cleaning materials
Cleaning materials vary according to the type of
surface to be cleaned and the material to be
removed. Soap, detergents, and solvent-type
cleaners as well as wire brushes, scrapers,
sandpaper, abrasives and sandblasting equipment
are all used in various situations. Some surfaces will
require a special cleaner.
For example, galvanised metal should be cleaned
with an acetic-acid wash before priming. The surface
of structural steel should be treated with a
phosphoric-acid solution after it has been washed, to
make it chemically clean and suitable for painting.
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Primers
Primers are materials which we used as a first or
base coat for many surfaces, to help cover
discolouration's on the surface and to provide a better
bonding base for the subsequent coating. The
material used as a primer will vary, depending on
the type of base surface.
• Aluminium surfaces should be primed with a zinc
chromate primer. Primers containing lead pigments
should not be used for aluminium.
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Copper surfaces do not require special primers to
prevent corrosion the blue-green patina is formed
during early exposure and acts as an inhibitor for
further oxidation. However, if the copper surface is to
be painted, conventional metal primers may be used,
after the surface has been cleaned.
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• Galvanised metal may be primed with any good
metal primer if it is first treated with the acetic acid
wash.
• Structural-steel surfaces may require any one of a
number of primers, depending on the type of
exposure to which the surface will be subjected.
• Steel which will be exposed to abnormal conditions,
such as chemicals, condensation, or high humidity
should be treated with a primer with hard-drying
characteristics, such as an epoxy metal primer
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• Concrete surfaces should be sealed against water
penetration from below before they can be painted
successfully. All concrete floors less than two years
old or floors which have been trowelled smooth with
a steel trowel should be etched with acid before
painting. A solution made up of one part
concentrated muriatic acid and three parts water
may be used.
• This type of treatment provides for better adhesion
of paint and also neutralises the alkalinity of the
surface. Following this, the prime coat should be an
alkali resistant chlorinated rubber paint
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• Concrete-block surfaces, dry and alkali-free, which
are to be painted, require a flexible latex filler type
of primer.
• Plaster and stucco surfaces that are dry and non-
alkaline may be primed with a latex emulsion sealer
or an oleoresinous primer sealer.
• Wood surfaces require any one of the several
different types of primer, depending on the type of
wood and on the final finish to be applied.
• Brick and stone surfaces may require a clear
surfacing material to prevent moisture penetration,
preserve the original colour, or to facilitate future
maintenance.
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Paints
• While traditionally paint has been a material with an
oil as one of its chief ingredients, oil-based paint
are being supplemented by alkyd paint, resin
emulsion paint, metallic paint and luminescent
paint.
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Oil paints
The fundamental components of an oil-base paint
are:
• body
• vehicle
• pigment
• thinner
• drier.
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Body of a paint
The body of a paint is that solid, finely ground
material which gives the paint the power to hide, as
well as colour, a surface. In white paints the body is
also the pigment. The products most widely used for
paint body are white lead, zinc oxide, lithopone, and
titanium white.

White lead, basic carbonate of lead or basic sulphate

of lead, were the most widely used paint body on the
market. However, white lead is poisonous.
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Lead in Paints
Before 1970, paints containing high levels of lead
were used in many Australian houses. Exposure to
lead is a health hazard. Even small amounts of dust
or chips of paint containing lead, generated during
minor home repairs, can be a health risk.
Zinc White replaces lead -The recommended amount
of lead in domestic paint has declined from 50%
before 1965, to 1% in 1965. In 1992, it was reduced
to 0.25%, and in 1997 it was further reduced to 0.1%.
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Paint vehicle
• The paint vehicle is a non-volatile fluid in which the
solid body material is suspended. The vehicle
should consist of from 85 to 90 percent drying oil
the remainder being thinner and drier. The drying
oils include linseed oil, soybean oil, fish oil,
dehydrated castor oil, tung oil, perilla oil, and
oiticica oil. Sometimes some synthetic resins are
added to these to produce a harder film.
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Pigments
• Pigments are the materials which give the
paint its colour. Colour pigments are classified
into two basic groups, natural pigments and
synthetic or manufactured pigments.

• Natural pigments are

obtained from animal,
vegetable and mineral
sources.
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Thinners
• These days, most paints are water based and
water is the solvent. Thinners are volatile solvents,
materials which have a natural affinity for the
vehicle in the paint. They cause the paint to flow
better and evaporate when the paint is applied.
• One of the most common thinners for oil-based
paints is turpentine, made by distilling gum from a
number of pine trees.
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Driers
• Driers are organic salts of various
metals, such as iron, zinc, cobalt,
manganese, and calcium, which
are added to the paint to
accelerate the oxidation and
hardening of the vehicle.
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Fire-retardant paint
• Fire-retardant paint does not make a building
fireproof, but it does make it more difficult for a fire
to spread.
• Another type releases a vapour, usually water or
carbon dioxide, when heated and thus tend to
smother the fire in the immediate area. These are
called non-intumescent fire-retardant coatings.

• Watch the video link on Moodle for a demonstration

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Polyester-epoxy coatings
• The need for heavier-bodied paint materials,
particularly for use on masonry and concrete walls,
for greater protection under a variety of extreme
conditions, and for greater versatility has led to the
development of polyester-epoxy coatings which
contain a much higher percentage of solids than
conventional paints.
• This consists of a high-solids vinyl filler material, to
be applied directly over a concrete block or other
masonry surface, and a high-solids, pigmented
polyester-epoxy topcoat .
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Varnishes
• Varnishes constitute a group of more-or-less
transparent liquids which are used to provide a
protective surface coating in much the same way
as paints do. At the same time they allow the
original surface to show but add a lustrous and
glossy finish to it.
• All varnishes have basically the same components
as paints, body, vehicle, thinner, and drier.
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Enamels
• When pigment is added to a varnish, the result is
an enamel. Any of the varnish types can be used,
and the durability of the enamel depends to a large
extent on the quality of the pigment.
Shellac
• Shellac is the only liquid protective coating
containing a resin of animal origin. The resin comes
from the lac insect of India and Southeast Asia, and
is deposited on the branches of trees.
• The main disadvantages of shellac are that it will
discolour under strong sunlight, and water
containing alkali causes it to soften and whiten.
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Lacquers
• The material which we know today as lacquer is a
comparatively new product made from synthetic
materials to take the place of varnish for clear
finishes. Most modern lacquer is based on
nitrocellulose used in combination with natural or
synthetic resins and plasticisers.
• These ingredients are dissolved in a mixture of
volatile solvents which evaporate, leaving a film to
form the protective coating.
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Stains
• Stains are materials used to apply colour to wood
surfaces. They are intended to impart colour
without concealing or obscuring the grain and not
to provide a protective coating.
• They may be used to accentuate the colour
contrast of a wood grain, to even up colour
differences or to imitate expensive wood colours on
surfaces which lack desirable colour or grain.
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Fillers
• Fillers are finishing materials which are used on
wood surfaces, particularly those with open grain,
to fill the pores and provide a perfectly smooth,
uniform surface for varnish or lacquer. Filler is also
used to impart colour to the wood pores and so
emphasise the grain.
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Glossary
• Alkyd: any of a group of thermoplastic synthetic resins
• Chalking: development of a chalk-like surface
• Crazing: formation of minute cracks on the surface
• Intumescent: heat causes puffing, creating an insulating layer
• Non-intumescent: heat causes the release of vapour that tends to extinguish fire
• Ochre: an earthy ore of iron
• Oiticica: one of a family of South American trees
• Perilla: a member of an Asiatic mint plant family
• Rutile: containing a little iron
• Sienna: an earthy substance containing oxides of iron
• Styrene: an unsaturated hydrocarbon
• Titanium white: a white pigment containing the element titanium
• Umber: a brown earth containing manganese and iron oxide.
• Viridian: a chromic oxide
• Volatile solvent: a solvent which vaporises easily
Questions?