A PROJECT REPORT

ON
WIND TURBINE

Submitted to: submitted by:

Mrs. Rashmi Bargoti Kshitej Malhotra

Javed Khan
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Kshitej Malhotra and Javed Khan students of class 12th E of

S.L.S DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL, has completed the research project on the topic of

wind turbine under my guidance and the project is absolutely genuine. The

references taken in the projects have been declared at the end of the report.

Mrs. Rashmi Bargoti

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Mrs. Rashmi Bargoti our Physics teacher who has always

been helping in carrying out this project activity and guiding spirit behind the

completion of this project and for putting tremendous efforts from her side to assist

me as much as possible
INTRODUCTION

A wind turbine is a device that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electrical
energy. Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal
axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging
for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Slightly
larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply
while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid.
Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are becoming an increasingly
important source of intermittent renewable energy and are used by many countries
as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. Wind was shown to
have the "lowest relative greenhouse gas emissions, the least water consumption
demands and... the most favourable social impacts" compared to photovoltaic,
hydro, geothermal, coal and gas (Evans et al., 2009).
Wind turbines operate on a simple principle. The energy in the wind turns two or
three propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft,
which spins a generator to create electricity. Click on the image to see an
animation of wind at work.

HOW WIND TURBINES WORK.

So how do wind turbines make electricity? Simply stated, a wind turbine works the
opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind
turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a
shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. View the wind turbine
animation to see how a wind turbine works or take a look inside.

Wind is a form of solar energy and is a result of the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and the rotation of
the earth. Wind flow patterns and speeds vary greatly across the United States and
are modified by bodies of water, vegetation, and differences in terrain. Humans use
this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and
even generating electricity.

The terms wind energy or wind power describe the process by which the wind is
used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic
energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for
specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert
this mechanical power into electricity.
Electricity generation

Any effective turbine will have 3 aerodynamically architecture blades. This makes
it easier to create a rotational movement every time the blades are exposed to wind.
The blades rotate a shaft which is connected to the generator(s) which in turn
create electricity. As the wind blows, the blades make lifts that are like an
airplane's wings then the blades begin rotating.

A shaft of the lowest speed will spin between 30 - 60 times per minute. Low speed
shafts are usually connected other shafts of high speed or gearbox that makes
between 1000-1800 rotations per minute. The shafts, in high speed, operate the
generator which in turn produces electricity. An electric grid is connected to the
generator. Then from the utility wind, electrical energy is sent to consumers
through distribution and transmission lines.

Mechanical strength

The wind turbine on itself also plays a very significant role in making the
generation process a success. Usually the turbine is on a firm foundation to prevent
it from uprooting. This way the turbine is protected from any strong force that may
make the turbine anticlockwise mechanism crumble.

Factors that determine the capacity of electricity

Velocity: The velocity of wind always varies; sometimes it is weak and other time
strong. Even then wind turbines only operate in moderate wind and never in too
weak or too strong wind. An ideal wind velocity for a turbine to work is between
25 and 55 mph (miles per hour). If the velocity is much lower than this then the
turbines might not work and if the velocity is over 55mph then the wind turbines
have to be switched off to prevent them from getting damaged.

Air density: The density of air determines the wind's kinetic energy. The denser the
wind the more power they possess in turning the turbines. Low attitude areas are
better as they are more than high attitude areas and therefore making them better to
station the wind turbines.

Blade radius: the larger the blade the more wind harvested and thus a blade's
diameter can substantially determine and enhance the electricity levels. Tower
height: Taller turbines are more efficient for the reasons that at higher attitudes,
there is usually lesser turbulence and more wind can be harvested at higher levels
than lower attitudes.

Types of Wind Turbines

Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups: the horizontal-axis variety, as
shown in the photo to the far right, and the vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-
style Darrieus model pictured to the immediate right, named after its French
inventor. Horizontal-axis wind turbines typically either have two or three blades.
These three-bladed wind turbines are operated "upwind," with the blades facing
into the wind.

Wind turbines can be built on land

or offshore in large bodies of water
like oceans and lakes. The U.S. Department of Energy is funding efforts that will
make innovative offshore wind technology available in U.S. waters.

Sizes of Wind Turbines

Utility-scale turbines range in size from 100 kilowatts to as large as several

megawatts. Larger wind turbines are more cost effective and are grouped together
into wind farms, which provide bulk power to the electrical grid. Offshore wind
turbines are larger, can generate more power, and do not have the same
transportation challenges of land-based wind installations, as the large components
can be transported on ships instead of on roads.

Single small turbines, below 100 kilowatts, are used for homes,
telecommunications dishes, or water pumping. Small turbines are sometimes used
in connection with diesel generators, batteries, and photovoltaic systems. These
systems are called hybrid wind systems and are typically used in remote, off-grid
locations, where a connection to the utility grid is not available.
Learn more about what the Wind Program is doing to support the deployment of
small and mid-sized turbines for homes, businesses, farms, and community wind
projects.

Types

The three primary types: VAWT Savonius, HAWT towered; VAWT Darrieus as
they appear in operation

Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis, the former
being both older and more common. They can also include blades (transparent or
not) or be bladeless. Vertical designs produce less power and are less common.

Horizontal axis

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the

main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top
of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind.
Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane,
while large turbines generally use a wind sensor
coupled with a servomotor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of
the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical
generator.

Any solid object produces a wake behind it, leading to fatigue failures, so the
turbine is usually positioned upwind of its supporting tower. Downwind machines
have been built, because they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them
in line with the wind. In high winds, the blades can also be allowed to bend which
reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance. In upwind designs, turbine
blades must be made stiff to prevent the blades from being pushed into the tower
by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a considerable distance in front
of the tower and are sometimes tilted forward into the wind a small amount.

Turbines used in wind farms for commercial production of electric power are
usually three-bladed. These have low torque ripple, which contributes to good
reliability. The blades are usually colored white for daytime visibility by aircraft
and range in length from 20 to 80 meters (66 to 262 ft). The size and height of
turbines increase year by year. Offshore wind turbines are built up to 8MW today
and have a blade length up to 80 meters (260 ft). Usual tubular steel towers of
multi megawatt turbines have a height of 70 m to 120 m and in extremes up to
160 m.

Rotational speed

The blades rotate at 10 to 22 revolutions per minute. At 22 rotations per minute the
tip speed exceeds 90 meters per second (300 ft/s). Higher tip speeds means more
noise and blade erosion. A gear box is commonly
used for stepping up the speed of the generator,
although designs may also use direct drive of an
annular generator. Some models operate at constant
speed, but more energy can be collected by variable-
speed turbines which use a solid-state power
converter to interface to the transmission system. All turbines are equipped with
protective features to avoid damage at high wind speeds, by feathering the blades
into the wind which ceases their rotation, supplemented by brakes.
Vertical axis

A vertical axis Twisted Savonius type turbine.

Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged
vertically. One advantage of this arrangement is that the turbine does not need to
be pointed into the wind to be effective, which is an advantage on a site where the
wind direction is highly variable. It is also an advantage when the turbine is
integrated into a building because it is inherently less steerable. Also, the generator
and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a direct drive from the rotor
assembly to the ground-based gearbox, improving accessibility for maintenance.
However, these designs produce much less energy averaged over time, which is a
major drawback.

The key disadvantages include the relatively low rotational speed with the
consequential higher torque and hence higher cost of the drive train, the inherently
lower power coefficient, the 360-degree rotation of the aerofoil within the wind
flow during each cycle and hence the highly dynamic loading on the blade, the
pulsating torque generated by some rotor designs on the drive train, and the
difficulty of modelling the wind flow accurately and hence the challenges of
analysing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.

When a turbine is mounted on a rooftop the building generally redirects wind over
the roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of a rooftop
mounted turbine tower is approximately 50% of the building height it is near the
optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence. Wind speeds
within the built environment are generally much lower than at exposed rural sites,
noise may be a concern and an existing structure may not adequately resist the
additional stress.

WIND TURBINE FEATURES

How do wind turbines produce energy? The functioning of a wind turbine can
be explained in function of the following phases:

 Automatic orientation

The wind turbine is automatically oriented to take maximum advantage of

the kinetic energy of the wind, from the data registered by the vane and
anemometer that are installed at the top. The nacelle turns around a crown
located at the end of the tower.

 Turning of the blades

The wind makes the blades turn, which start to move with wind speeds of
around 3.5 m/s and provide maximum power with a wind speed 11 m/s.
With very strong winds (25 m/s), the blades are feathered and the wind
turbine slows down in order to prevent excessive voltages.
 Gearbox

The rotor (unit of three blades set in the hub) turns a slow axis that is
connected to a gear box that lifts the turning velocity from 13 to 1,500
revolutions per minute.

 Generation

The gearbox transfers its energy through a fast axis that is connected to the
generator, which produces the electricity.

 Evacuation

The energy generated runs through the inside of the tower to the base. From
there, the energy runs over an underground line to the substation, where its
voltage is raised in order to inject it into the electrical grid and distribute it to
the points of consumption.

 Monitoring

All of the critical functions of the wind turbine are monitored and supervised
from the substation and the control center in order to detect and resolve any
incidents.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

The information to complete this [roject has been gatherd from the
following resources

 Lab. Manual of our class

 www.wikipedia.com
 https://energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work
 https://www.acciona.com/renewable-energy/wind-power/wind-
turbines/