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FOURIER SERIES
π
− 1, − π 〈 x 〈 − 2
π π
f(x) = 1, − 〈 x 〈
2 2
π
− 1, 2 〈 x 〈 π
The square wave shown is an even function since it is symmetrical about the f(x) axis.
∞
Hence, the Fourier series is given by: f(x) = a 0 + ∑a
n =1
n cos nx
π {∫ }
1 π 1 π /2 π
π∫
a0 = f ( x) d x = 1d x + ∫ −1d x
0 0 π /2
=
1
π
{[ x] π /2
0
+ [ − x ] π /2 =
π
} π
1
[ (π) + [(– 2π) – (– π)] ] =0
an =
2
π ∫
π
0
f ( x) cos nx d x =
2
π {∫ π /2
0
1cos nx d x + ∫
π
π /2 }
−1cos nx d x
2 2sin(π / 2)n 4 nπ
= = sin
π n π n 2
When n is even, a n = 0
4
When n is odd, a n = for n = 1, 5, 9,...
πn
−4
and an = for n = 3, 7, 11,...
πn
4 −4 4
Hence, a 1 = , a3 = , a5 = , and so on
π 3π 5π
Hence the Fourier series for the above waveform is given by:
4 1 1 1
f(x) = cos x − cos 3 x + cos 5 x − cos 7 x + ...
π 3 5 7
t +π, −π 〈 t 〈 0
f(t) =
t −π, 0 〈 t 〈 π
The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since it is symmetrical about the origin, the
∞
function is odd, and f (t ) = ∑ bn sin nt
n =1
π∫π
b=
n f (t ) sin nt d=
t (t + π ) sin nt d t + ∫ (t − π ) sin nt d t
− −π 0
π
1 t cos nt sin nt π cos nt t cos nt sin nt π cos nt
0
= − + − + − + + by integration by parts
π n n2 n −π n n2 n 0
π cos nπ π cos nπ
− + 0 +
1 π −π cos(−nπ ) π cos(−nπ ) n n
= 0 + 0 − − − +0− +
π n n n π
− 0 + 0 +
n
1 − x, − π 〈 x 〈 0
3. Determine the Fourier series defined by f(x) = which is periodic of period
1 + x , 0 〈 x 〈 π
2π.
The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since it is symmetrical about the f(x) axis, the
∞
function is even, and ) a0 + ∑ an cos nx
f ( x=
n =1
1 π 1 π
=a0 =
2π ∫ −π
f ( x) d x
π ∫ 0
f ( x) d x due to symmetry
π
1 π 1 x2 1 π2 π
= ∫ (1 + x) d x = x + = π + − ( 0 ) =
1+
π 0 π 2 0 π 2 2
π {∫ }
1 π 1 0 π
π∫π
a=
n f ( x) cos nx d=
x (1 − x) cos nx d x + ∫ (1 + x) cos nx d x
− −π 0
0 π
1 sin nx x sin nx cos nx sin nx x sin nx cos nx
= − − + + + by integration by parts
π n n n 2 −π n n n 2 0
1 1 cos(−nπ ) cos nπ 1
= 0 − 0 − 2 − 0 − 0 − +
+ + − + +
n 2
0 0 0 0
π n n2 n2
1 1 cos(−nπ ) cos nπ 1 2
= − 2 + + =− ( cos nπ − 1) since cos(–nπ) = cos nπ
π n n2 n2 n2 π n2
When n is even, an = 0
2 4
When n = 1, a1 = ( −1 − 1) =−
π (1) 2 π
2 4
When n = 3, a3 = ( −1 − 1) =−
π (3) 2 π (3) 2
2 4
When n = 5, a5 = ( −1 − 1) =− and so on
π (5) 2 π (5) 2
∞
π 4 4 4
) a0 + ∑ an cos nx =
f ( x= +1 − cos x − cos 3 x − cos 5 x − ...
n =1 2 π π (3) 2 π (5) 2
π 4 1 1
i.e. f(x) = +1− cos x + 2 cos 3 x + 2 cos 5 x + ...
2 π 3 5
4. In the Fourier series of Problem 3, let x = 0 and deduce a series for π2/8
π 4 cos 0 cos 0
hence, 1= +1− cos 0 + 2 + 2 + ...
2 π 3 5
π 4 1 1 1
i.e. 1= +1− 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
2 π 3 5 7
π 4 1 1 1
i.e. − =− 1 + + + + ...
2 π 3 5 7
2 2 2
π2 1 1 1
and =+
1 + + + ...
8 32 52 7 2
5. Show that the Fourier series for the triangular waveform shown is given by:
8 1 1 1
y= sin θ − sin 3θ + sin 5θ − sin 7θ + ...
π2 32 52 72
1529 © 2014, John Bird
The function is periodic of period 2π
The equation of the function between 0 and π/2 is of the straight line form y = mθ + c where
1 2
gradient, m = = and intercept, c = 0
π /2 π
2θ
Hence, equation of the line between 0 and π/2 is y =
π
The equation of the function between π/2 and 3π/2 is of the straight line form y = mθ + c where
2 2 2
gradient, m = = − When θ = π, and y = 0 and since y = mθ + c then 0 = − π+c
−π π π
2θ
from which, c = 2. Hence, equation of line between π/2 and 3π/2 is y = − +2
π
The equation of the function between 3π/2 and 2π is of the straight line form y = mθ + c where
1 2 2
gradient, m = = When θ = 2π, and y = 0 and since y = mθ + c then 0 = (2π) + c
π /2 π π
2θ
from which, c = –4. Hence, equation of line between 3π/2 and 2π is y = −4
π
The triangular wave is an odd function since it is symmetrical about the origin
∞
Hence, the Fourier series is given by: f(θ) = ∑ ( b n sin nθ) i.e. a 0 = a n = 0
n =1
2 π 2 π /2 2θ π 2θ
bn =
π ∫ 0
f ( x) sin nx d x =
π ∫ 0 π
sin nθ d θ + ∫ π /2 −
π
+ 2 sin nθ d θ
π /2 π π
2 2 θ cos nθ sin nθ 2 θ cos nθ sin nθ 2 cos nθ
− + − − + −
π π n n 2 0 π n n 2 π /2 n π /2
2 2 cos nπ 2 cos nπ / 2
– −
π n n
4 1 4 π 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 8
Thus, b 1 = −0 + − + 0 − − − = − + + =
π2 12 π 2 1 12 π 1 π 2 π π 2 π π 2
4 π 4 π π 2 2 2 1 3 4
− − − − + = + − =
π 2 4 π 2 2 4 π 2 2 π π π
b2 = 0 = b 4 = b 6 = b 8 , and so on
4 1 4 π 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 8
b3 = − 2 − 2 + 2 − − = − 2 2 − − + =
−
π 3 π 3 3 π 3
2 π 3 3π π 2 32 3π π 2 32
4 1 4 π 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 8
b5 = −0 + 2 − 2 + 0 − 2 − − = 2 2 − + + =
π
2 5 π 5 5 π 5 π 5 5π π 2 52 5π π 2 52
8
It follows that b 7 = and so on
π 72
2
∞
8 8 8 8
Thus, y= ∑b
n =1
n sin nθ =
π2
sin θ −
π 2 32
sin 3θ +
π 2 52
sin 5θ −
π 2 72
sin 7θ + ...
8 1 1 1
i.e. y= sin θ − sin 3θ + sin 5θ − sin 7θ + ...
π2 32 52 72
1. Determine the half-range sine series for the function defined by:
π
x, 0 〈 x 〈 2
f(x) =
0, π 〈 x 〈 π
2
The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since a half-range sine series is required, the
∞
function is symmetrical about the origin and f ( x) = ∑ bn sin nx
n =1
{ }
π /2
2 π 2 π /2 2 x cos nx sin nx
bn =∫
π 0
f ( x) sin nx d x =∫ x sin nx d x =
π 0 π
−
n
+
n 2 0
by integration by parts
π nπ nπ
cos sin
2 2
− ( 0 )
= − 2 + 2
π n n2
π π π
cos sin 2
2 1 2
Hence, b1 = − 2 2+ 2
= 0 + 2 = ,
π 1 12
π 1 π
π
cos π
2 2 sin π 2 π 2 π
b2 = − + = + 0 = ,
π 2 22 π 4 π 4
π 3π 3π
cos sin
2 2 2 + 2 2 1 2
b3 = − = 0− 2 =
− ,
π 3 32 π 3 π (3) 2
2. Obtain (a) the half-range cosine series and (b) the half-range sine series for the function
π
0, 0 〈 t 〈 2
f(t) =
1, π 〈 t 〈 π
2
(a) The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since a half-range cosine series is
∞
required, the function is symmetrical about the f(t) axis and ) a0 + ∑ an cos nt
f (t=
n =1
1 π 1 1 π 1
[t ] π /2 =
π
π ∫π
a0 = 1d t = π − =
/2 π π 2 2
nπ nπ
π sin 2sin
2 π 2 sin nt 2
π ∫π /2
an = 1cos nt d t = = 2 2
0− =−
π n π /2 π n π n
When n is even, an = 0
π 3π 5π
2sin 2sin 2sin
2 =2 2
2 = 1 2 =2 1
and a1 =
− − , a3 =
− , a5 =
− − , and so on
π π 3π π 3 5π π 5
∞
1 2 2 1 2 1
Thus, a0 + ∑ an cos nt =
f (t ) = − cos t + cos 3t − cos 5t + ...
n =1 2 π π 3 π 5
(b) The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since a half-range sine series is required,
∞
the function is symmetrical about the origin and f ( x) = ∑ bn sin nx
n =1
π
2 π 2 cos nt 2 nπ
bn =∫
π π /2
1sin nt d t =
π
−
n π /2
=
−
nπ
cos nπ − cos
2
2 π 2 2
Hence, b1 =− cos π − cos =− ( −1 − 0 ) = ,
π 2 π π
2 2 2
b2 = − ( cos 2π − cos π ) = − (1 − −1) = − ,
2π 2π π
2 3π 2 2
b3 =− cos 3π − cos =− ( −1 − 0 ) = ,
3π 2 3π 3π
2 2
b4 =
− ( cos 4π − cos 2π ) =
− (0 − 0) =
0,
4π 4π
2 5π 2 2
b5 =− cos 5π − cos =− ( −1 − 0 ) = ,
5π 2 5π 5π
2 2 2
b6 = − ( cos 6π − cos 3π ) = − (1 − −1) = − , and so on
6π 6π 3π
∞
2 2 2 2 2
Thus, f (t ) = ∑ bn sin nt = sin t − sin 2t + sin 3t + 0 + sin 5t − sin 6t + ...
n =1 π π 3π 5π 3π
2 1 1 1
i.e. f (t ) = sin t − sin 2t + sin 3t + sin 5t − sin 6t + ...
π 3 5 3
3. Find the half-range Fourier sine series for the function f(x) = sin2 x in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ π. Sketch
The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since a half-range sine series is required,
2 π 2 2 π1 1 π
bn =∫
π 0
sin x sin nx d x =∫
π 0 2 π ∫0
(1 − cos 2 x) sin nx d x = (sin nx − cos 2 x sin nx) d x
2 π 1
sin nx − ( sin(2 + n) x − sin(2 − n) x ) d x
π∫
=
0
2
π
1 − cos nx 1 − cos(2 + n) x cos(2 − n) x
= − +
π n 2 (2 + n) (2 − n) 0
Hence,
1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8
b1 = 1 − + +1− + = =
π 2(3) 2(1) 2(3) 2(1) π 3 3π
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b2 = − + − + − + = 0 = b4 = b6 = b8 and so on
π 2 2(4) 2(0) 2 2(4) 2(0)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 10 − 3 − 15 8
b3 = − + + − + = − − 1 = =−
π 3 2(5) 2(−1) 3 2(5) 2(−1) π 3 5 π (3)(5) π (3)(5)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 42 − 15 − 35 8
b5 = − + + − + = − − = =−
π 5 2(7) 2(−3) 5 2(7) 2(−3) π 5 7 3 π (3)(5)(7) π (3)(5)(7)
8
It follows that b7 = − and so on
π (5)(7)(9)
∞
8 8 8 8
Thus, f ( x) = ∑ bn sin nx = sin x − sin 3 x − sin 5 x − sin 7 x
n =1 3π π (3)(5) π (3)(5)(7) π (5)(7)(9)
4. Determine the half-range Fourier cosine series in the range x = 0 to x = π for the function
defined by:
π
x, 0〈 x〈
f(x) = 2
(π − x), π 〈 x 〈 π
2
The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since a half-range cosine series is required,
∞
the function is symmetrical about the f(x) axis and ) a0 + ∑ an cos nx
f ( x=
n =1
{∫ }
π /2 π
1 π /2 π 1 x 2 x 2
=a0 xd x + ∫ (π − x=
)d x + π x −
π 0 π /2 π 2 0 2 π /2
1 π 2 2 π 2 π 2 π 2
+ π − − −
π 8
=
2 2 8
1 π 2 π 2 π 2 π 2 1 2π 2 π
+ − += =
π 8
=
2 2 8 π 8 4
π {∫ }
2 π /2 π
=an x cos nx d x + ∫ (π − x) cos nx d x
0 π /2
π /2 π
2 x sin nx cos nx π sin nπ x sin nx cos nx
= + + − −
π n n 2 0 n n n 2 π /2
π nπ nπ nπ π nπ nπ
2 2
sin cos π sin sin cos
2 + 2 1 cos nπ 2 − 2 2 − 2
= −0 + 2 +0 −0 − −
π n n2 n n2 n n n 2
2 2
=
a4 ( 2 cos 2π − 1 − cos=
4π ) ( 2 − 1=
− 1) 0 ,
π (4) 2 16π
2 2 8 2
a6 = ( 2 cos 3π − 1 − cos 6π ) = ( −2 − 1 − 1) =− =− ,
π (6) 2 36π 36π (3) 2 π
a8 = 0 ,
2 2 8 2
a10 = ( 2 cos 5π − 1 − cos10π ) = ( −2 − 1 − 1) =− =− , and so on
π (10) 2 100π 100π (5) 2 π
∞
π 2 2 2
Thus, a0 + ∑ an cos nx =
f ( x) = − cos 2 x − cos 6 x − cos10 x + ...
n =1 4 π (3) 2 π (5) 2 π
π 2 cos 6 x cos10 x
i.e. f ( x) =− cos 2 x + + + ...
4 π 32 5 2