Referencing

Guidelines
Using the Harvard Referencing
System
at the
Durban University of Technology

2009
Acknowledgements
Acknowledement is given to the following sources which assisted in the compilation of this guide, and
from which many examples are used:

Mpendulo, N.N. 2008. Referencing guide: using the Harvard Referencing System. Durban University
of Technology.

Vaal University of Technology. 2004. Postgraduate guidelines: bibliographical referencing for theses,
dissertations and project reports. Vanderbijlpark: VUT Press.

Acknowledgement is also given to those whose input and assistance contributed to these guidelines:
Prof Annelie Jordaan, Subject Librarians of the DUT Library

Compiled by:
N. Muller, B. Jones and R. Naidoo.

Proofreading:
B. Jones and N. Muller

2009

2
Table of Contents
Definitions ................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Why is referencing important? ................................................................................................................................... 3
When do you reference?............................................................................................................................................. 3
General information for compiling the reference list or bibliography ....................................................................... 4
Date of publication ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Place of Publication................................................................................................................................................. 6
Publisher ................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Titles ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
General rules for in-text referencing .......................................................................................................................... 8
Paraphrasing ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
Direct quotes........................................................................................................................................................... 8
Rules for referencing, with examples........................................................................................................................ 10
Artists and artistic works ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Artists................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Art works .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Artefacts .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Authorship ................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Single author..................................................................................................................................................... 12
Multiple authorship .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Authorship unknown ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Authorship as editor ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Corporate authorship ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Brochures, pamphlets, manuals, software programmes and specifications ............................................................ 13
Collected works – chapter or contribution ............................................................................................................... 14
Conference or symposium proceedings.................................................................................................................... 14
Databases .................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Dictionaries ............................................................................................................................................................... 15
Edition ....................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Electronic sources ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
Annual reports .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Journal articles from online sources................................................................................................................. 16
Journal articles from the World Wide Web...................................................................................................... 16
WWW pages with author ................................................................................................................................. 16
WWW pages with no author ............................................................................................................................ 17
Online newspapers ........................................................................................................................................... 17
Electronic discussion lists, listservs, blogs ........................................................................................................ 17
Personal electronic communications or messages (E-mail) ............................................................................. 17
E-books ............................................................................................................................................................. 18
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 Electronic encyclopaedias ................................................................................................................................ 18
Encyclopaedias .......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Figures ....................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Government publications.......................................................................................................................................... 19
Government Gazettes ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Statutes/Acts .................................................................................................................................................... 20
Commissions of Inquiry .................................................................................................................................... 20
Councils............................................................................................................................................................. 20
Government departments................................................................................................................................ 21
Papers ............................................................................................................................................................... 21
Journal/Periodical articles ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Journal/periodical without volume or issue number ....................................................................................... 22
Lecture notes or printed handouts ........................................................................................................................... 22
Letters/interviews/ telephonic communications ...................................................................................................... 23
Maps .......................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Newspapers ............................................................................................................................................................... 24
Online images ............................................................................................................................................................ 24
Image with title................................................................................................................................................. 24
Patents ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Radio/Television broadcasts ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Secondary sources..................................................................................................................................................... 25
Theses and Dissertations........................................................................................................................................... 26
Translations ............................................................................................................................................................... 27
Video recordings ....................................................................................................................................................... 27
Example of a Reference List ...................................................................................................................................... 28
EndNote..................................................................................................................................................................... 29

4
Definitions
Author Any person or entity responsible for a particular piece of work, including editors,
compilers, composers, persons interviewed or anyone with whom there has been
personal communication.

Bibliography List of books, articles or websites, arranged in alphabetical order at the end of the work,
that have been used when preparing for, or writing an assignment, article, project, or
research paper, but which are not cited (referred to) in the written document. In
contrast, the reference list refers to all cited or in-text references.

Citation A written reference to a specific piece of work or portion of a work.

Copyright Copyright is a legal right giving the originator of a work exclusive rights to it, usually for a
limited time. Generally, it is “the right to copy”, but also gives the copyright holder the
right to be credited for the work (http://dictionary.oed.com).

Corporate author An organization or group of persons (including associations, institutions, companies,

governments, or religious bodies) that is identified by a particular name and acts as an
entity responsible for a particular body or piece of work. Examples are Durban University
of Technology (DUT), Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Students’ Representative
Council (SRC).

Ellipsis (…) The omission mark which identifies that words have been omitted from a direct
quotation.

Grey/gray literature “Documentary material which is not commercially published or publicly available, such as
technical reports or internal business documents” (http://dictionary.oed.com).

In-text referencing This is when the author inserts, at the appropriate places in his/her work, the surname of
the person whose original information has been cited and the year of that publication.
E.g. According to Jones (2009) this referencing guide is important for academic purposes.
Or: Jones (2009) states that this referencing guide is important for academic purposes.
Or: This referencing guide is important for academic purposes (Jones, 2009).

Journals see Periodicals.

List of references List of the in-text references, arranged in alphabetical order with full bibliographic details
at the end of your document. See also Reference list.

Paraphrasing The restatement of the information that you are using but described in your own words.

Periodicals This refers to journals, magazines or newspapers. This type of material is published
periodically, e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, bi-monthly.

Plagiarism “The submission, without acknowledgement of written, visual or oral material, or an

idea, originally produced by someone else, purporting to be one’s own work. For
example, copying directly from any text (including the Internet) without using quotation
marks and proper referencing; presenting someone else’s ideas using one’s own words

1
 but without proper attribution” (DUT Rule Book for Students, 2008).
Refer also to the University’s Plagiarism Policy available at http://library.dut.ac.za.

Published source A work, whether printed or electronic, that is made available to the public.

Quotation/quote A group of words or a short piece of writing from a book, an article, a speech, or any
written document that has been repeated in exactly the same way as stated by the
original person.

Reference list An alphabetical list, by author’s surname, of all in-text references used in a particular
work.

Secondary source This is when the original source of the information cannot be found. The online Oxford
English Dictionary defines secondary as “Subsidiary, auxiliary; that is used only in the
second resort, or that serves to assist something else.” (http://dictionary.oed.com/).

Source A person, a book, or any other work that provides information.

Unpublished source A work that has not been published.

Work A person’s writings or compositions, for example, an assignment, computerized

presentation, a whole book, article, dissertation, thesis, report, musical composition, or
painting.

2
Introduction
The purpose of this Durban University of Technology (DUT) reference guide is to explain how to cite in-text
referencing and how to write up your reference list. It is also aimed to give you a clear understanding of the
method required for acknowledging sources of information in your written work. There are many different
referencing conventions; the DUT has standardized on the Harvard Referencing System and this guide outlines
the steps that you need to take to ensure that the presentation of your references (both in-text and in the
reference list) is academically presentable and correct.

Why is referencing important?

It is good academic practice meaning you are acknowledging the original author/s ideas as theirs and not
your own.
It shows the breadth and depth of the literature you have read. This is important for academic writing.
It shows how you have built on the ideas and thoughts of other people.
It enables the reader of your work to find the information you have used so they can verify your
information.
The reader is able to read the literature to which you have referred.
Plagiarism can be avoided if you know how to reference correctly.

In summary, referencing is a method of acknowledging the sources of information and the ideas that you have
used in your work, in a way that identifies their source.

When do you reference?

The academic discipline of writing requires two instances of referencing. The first is when you paraphrase
someone’s words or ideas or use a quote in the text of your work. This is known as in-text referencing or in-text
citing. For in-text referencing you will need to record the author’s surname followed by the date. The second is
when you list all the works that you have referred to (cited) in the body of your work. This is known as the list of
references (or reference list) which contains full details of all the in-text citations (see diagram below for
information that you need to record).

So, when you are reading the literature in your field, you need to ensure that you note the full details, including
the page numbers from which the information is taken. Although page numbers are not always cited, it is good
practice during your research to write them down so that you can find the reference again easily. See the
different requirements for various media below:

Books Journal articles
• Surname and initial of • Surname and initial of
Author/ editor Author of article
• Year of publicaton • Year of publication
• Title • Title of the article
• Edition (if not the 1st) • Title of the journal
• Place of publication • Volume and issue number
of the journal
• Name of publisher
• Page numbers of the article
Electronic
information
• The same details as for a
book or a journal article
• In addition, note the date
you accessed the
information
• Note the web address of
the information (URL)

3
General information for compiling the reference list or bibliography
All in-text references must be included in an alphabetical list, by author’s surname, at the end of the
work. As stated earlier, this is known as the Reference List.
A bibliography is a list of all works you used in preparation of the work, but which were not necessarily
cited/referred to (see Definitions).
This list must not be numbered. A full description
One line is left open between each reference. means giving the
information as shown
When there is no author, use the title (Examples are given below). in the diagram above
References must be a full description of the in–text references.
If there is more than one publication by the same author, arrange the works in chronological order, from
the most recent to oldest.
In your reference list/bibliography the following abbreviations are accepted:
o & (ampersand) appears between the names of authors but only where these appear in
Brackets, in in-text referencing
o (ed.) editor
o (eds.) editors
o col. column
o comp(s). compiler/compilers
o ed. edition
o et al. and others
o n.d. or s.d. no knowledge of the date (no date / sine anno)
o no. number
o par. paragraph
o s.l. no place of publication (sine loco)
o s.n. publisher is unknown (sine nomino)
o vol. volume

Example of a title page of a book:

Title

Sub-title. The sub-title

follows the title, separated
by a colon, e.g. Title: sub-
title

The authors of the book

The publisher. This

information is not always
found on the title page.

The places of publication.

Also not always found on
the title page.
4
Example of the back (verso) of the title page of a book:

Date of publication.

Publisher. Use the first provided.

Place of publication - London

Example of a journal title page/cover

Title of journal

Year
Volume and issue number
Authors of article

Title of article

Page numbers of article

5
Date of publication
The date of publication of the work usually appears on the verso of the title page of the work (the imprint
page)
If no date is given for a publication, use an approximate date following the examples below:

Publication date unknown or uncertain Example of convention to use

one or the other date is correct 1982 or 83
the probable date 1982?
the approximate date c.1982
when the decade is known but not the year 198-
when there is no knowledge of the date at all (sine s.a. or n.d.
anno/no date)

Place of Publication
The place of publication is given in the language in which you are writing, for example, isiZulu or
Afrikaans.
Give only the first place appearing on the title page.
If no place can be traced, the abbreviation s.l. (sine loco) is used.
The place of publication is the town/city. However, for the United States of America, the State should
also be included. See the table below for the abbreviations to be used.

State Abbreviation State Abbreviation

Alabama Ala. Montana Mont.
Alaska Ak. Nebraska Nebr.
Arizona Ariz. Nevada Nev.
Arkansas Ark. New Hampshire N.H.
California Calif. New Jersey N.J.
Colorado Colo. New Mexico N.Mex.
Connecticut Conn. New York N.Y.
Delaware Del. North Carolina N.C.
District of Columbia D.C. North Dakota N.D.
Florida Fla. Ohio Oh.
Georgia Ga. Oklahoma Okla.
Hawaii Hi. Oregon Oreg.
Idaho Id. Pennsylvania Pa.
Illinois Ill. Rhode Island R.I.
Indiana Ind. South Carolina S.C.
Iowa Ia. South Dakota S.D.
Kansas Kans. Tennessee Tenn.
Kentucky Ky. Texas Tex.
Louisiana La. Utah Ut.
Maine Me. Vermont Vt.
Maryland Md. Virginia Va.
Massachusetts Mass. Washington Wash.
Michigan Mich. West Virginia W.Va.
Minnesota Minn. Wisconsin Wis.
Mississippi Miss. Wyoming Wyo.
Missouri Mo.

Publisher
A colon (:) separates the place of publication and the publisher, e.g. London: Facet Publishing.
If no publisher is given, the abbreviation s.n. (sine nomino) may be used.
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 Initials of publishers are usually omitted. E.g. J.L. van Schaik is referenced as Van Schaik.
Initials are only used if it is necessary to distinguish between different publishers, e.g. W.H. Allen and J.A.
Allen.

Titles
Note that the titles of published works are always italicized.
o This means that the titles of unpublished works are never italicized.
For journals, the title of the journal is always italicized.
o But the title of a journal article is never italicized.
The title of a journal must not be abbreviated. For example, the British Medical Journal is not abbreviated
to BMJ.
Only the first word and proper nouns of a journal article title begin with an upper case letter.
All relevant words of the journal title begin with an upper case letter.
Where there is no author of an article, use the title as the main entry.
Journal title
Example: Reference List

Jones, T. 1990. Anorexia nervosa. British Medical Journal, 29(4): 23-28.

Article title which is not italicised

Volume number Page numbers
Issue
number

7
General rules for in-text referencing
For both paraphrasing and direct quotation, page numbers are included if a direct quotation or
paraphrase of a concept/idea/expression from a specific page is used.

Example:

“Instant messaging, or IM, is a form of real-time, virtually instantaneous communication between two or
more people using a textual format” (Bradley, 2007:134).

Bradley (2007:134) uses his definition of instant messaging to describe that it is a way of communicating
instantly between people but using a method that is in electronic written form.

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing an author, use the method for recording the author and publication date as shown
below:

Example:

Research shows that there are other, some more preferable, resources than Pageflakes (Bradley, 2007).

Bradley (2007) found that that there are other resources that are more preferable to Pageflakes.

Direct quotes

When an exact quotation is used where the source is given at the beginning or the middle of the
sentence, place the full stop (which indicates the end of the sentence) inside the quotation marks.

Example:

Swart (1989:4) states that it is the policy of an academic library ‘to meet the education needs and
research needs of the lecturers and students.’

The policy of an academic library is ‘to meet the education needs and research needs of the lecturers
and students.’ (Swart, 1989:4) and it is this context that…

If the source of the direct quotation is given at the end of the sentence, then the full stop is placed after
the bracket.

Example:

‘An academic library must also provide in the education needs and research needs of the lecturers and
students’ (Swart, 1989:4).

When using a direct quote but not using it entirely, use the ellipsis to indicate where words are omitted.

8
Example:

Swart (1989:4) states that an academic library ‘supports the objectives of the academic institution of
which it forms part…An academic library must also provide in the education needs and research needs of
its special user group.’

When using a direct quote where there are errors in spelling, phrase or punctuation use the word [sic]
after the error to show that this is not your error.

Example:

“…the Ministry will ensure that the new funding formula for higher education responds to such needs for
academic development programmed *sic+, including …” (South Africa, 1997b:23).

The correct word

is ‘programmes’

If a quotation exceeds 30 words or is longer than two lines, the quotation is indented on both the left and
the right margins. No quotation marks are used in the quote.

Example:

The South African Higher Education landscape, after the democratic elections of 1994, saw various
strategies being employed to effect significant change in that sector, with the rationale that the
restructured landscape would be:

socially just and equitable in its distribution of resources and opportunities, … meet
the requirements of longterm sustainability and … enhance the productivity of the
system through effectively and efficiently meeting the teaching, skills development
and research needs of the country (Macozoma, 2002:1).

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Rules for referencing, with examples

Artists and artistic works

Artists

Example: In-text The first time an artist is mentioned in the text, provide his/her full names and dates of birth
and death. Thereafter, use only the artist’s surname.

Gerald Sekoto (1913-1993)…

In the case of a living artist, cite as follows:

Veena Naidoo (1971), a Durban artist…

Art works
If the art work is represented in the text, it is referred to as a Figure.
The title of the art work is given in italics.
Art works are not contained in the Reference List, but are itemized under the heading List of Figures,
which appears after the Table of Contents.
Remember, however, that the information source from which the art work was obtained, must appear in
the Reference List.

Example: In-text

In Sekoto’s Study for The Donkey Cart …

If this art work is represented in the text, then follow the example below:

Figure 5: Sekoto, Gerald. 1946. Study for The Donkey Cart. Pencil on paper.

Example: Reference List

Sekoto, Gerald. 1946. Study for The Donkey Cart. Pencil on paper [online]. Available at
http://www.iziko.org.za/sang/exhib/sekoto.html [Accessed 25 September 2008].

Example: List of Figures

(The List of Figures appears after the Table of Contents)

Figure number Title Artist Date of work Page number on which
image appears in your work
Figure 5 Study for the donkey cart Gerald Sekoto 1946 page 23

10
Artefacts
Example: In-text

Ceramic stoneware glazed with metal attachments as in Tasker’s (2002) artefact …

Example: Reference list

Artist/technologist/innovator/researcher name. Year. Artefact description. Town: Institution.

Tasker, A.R. 2002. Communion vessel 1. Vanderbijlpark: Vaal Triangle Technikon.

Authorship
Some general guidelines:

References to different works by the same author are listed chronologically from most current to oldest.

Example: In-text

Swart (2004, 1999, 1994) repeatedly refers to …

References to multiple works by different authors are listed chronologically from most current to oldest.

Example: In-text

Koen (1995), Van Dyk (1994), and Swart and Venter (1989)…

When referring to two authors with the same surname with different initials who published in the year,
their initials must be used when referring to them in the text to distinguish between them.

Example: In-text

Research shows that teenagers are… (Jones, S. 1990:9)

Studies highlight brothers and sisters … (Jones, T. 1990:12)

Example: Reference List

Jones, S. 1990. Adolescence. New York: Wiley.

Jones, T. 1990. Sibling rivalry. Journal of Child Psychology, 5(2):12-16.

When you reference more than one work by an author for the same year, distinguish these works by
adding a, b or c in lower-case letters after the dates.

Example: In- text

According to Venter (1996a:46) information on the Internet must be carefully evaluated.

11
Venter (1996b) states that readers of the Internet must pay close attention to its reliability.

Example: Reference List

Venter, H. 1996a. Introduction to the Internet. Cape Town: Tafelberg.

Venter, H. 1996b. Evaluating information on the Internet. Journal for Computer Science, 2(4):14-18.

Single author

Example: In-text

“Instant messaging, or IM, is a form of real-time, virtually instantaneous communication between two or more
people using a textual format” (Bradley, 2007:134).

Bradley (2007:134) uses his definition of instant messaging to describe that it is a way of communicating instantly
between people but using a method that is in electronic written form.

A questionnaire method was chosen for this small research because this study required a high response rate
(Oppenheim, 2004).

Example: Reference list

Bradley, P. 2007. How to use Web 2.0 in your library. London: Facet Publishing.

Oppenheim, A.N. 2004. Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement. London: Pinter
Publications.

Multiple authorship

If there are up to three authors, all the authors are always cited and should be listed in the order in which
they appear.
If there are more than three authors, use their surnames the first time the in-text reference appears, but
in subsequent in-text references only reference the surname of the first author, followed by “et al.”
(meaning “and others”).

Example: In-text

Research has found that coral has a porous structure and because it is similar to bone, it can be used to repair
broken jaws, backbones and limbs (Barbor, Boyle, Cassidy and Senior, 1997). [First time cited]

Barbor et al. (1997) further suggest that … [Subsequent times cited]

Example: Reference list

Barbor, M., Boyle, M., Cassidy, M., Senior, K. 1997. Biology. London: Collins Educational.

12
 Authorship unknown

This will apply to most dictionaries and encyclopaedias.

Where the author is unknown or authorship cannot be established, the title of the work is used, followed
by the date.

Example: In-text

According to The concise South African dictionary (1999)…

Example: Reference list

The concise South African dictionary. 1999. Cape Town: Macmillan.

Authorship as editor

Example: In-text

According to Jardine (1988)…

Example: Reference list

Jardine, F. (ed.) 1988. The education of the gifted child. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Corporate authorship

When referencing a corporate author, the name of the corporate author is typed in UPPER CASE. If the
reference is to a department of the corporate author, this is given in lower case.

DURBAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY. 2008. Rule book for students.

Corporate
author
DURBAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY. Department of Postgraduate Support and Development. 2008.
Handbook for postgraduate students.
Department of the
Corporate Author

Brochures, pamphlets, manuals, software programmes and specifications

These appear as Appendices which are numbered sequentially e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B or Appendix
1, Appendix 2 and so on.
Appendices are placed at the back of the work, after the Reference list.
Similar to ‘List of Tables’, ‘List of Figures’, ‘List of Images’, the ‘List of Appendices’ appears after the
‘Table of Contents’ page.
Appendices are not listed in the reference list/bibliography.

13
Example: In-text

The software coding used for this report is… (Appendix 1).

The respondents signed the Informed Consent Form (Appendix 1).

Collected works – chapter or contribution

The page numbers of the contributor’s work must be given.

Example: In-text

In his seminal contribution on writers and class culture, Evans (1986:10-16) …

Example: Reference list

Evans, D. 1986. Writer’s workshop and the working class culture. In Thompson, J. (ed.) Adult learners in a new
South Africa. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 10-16.

Conference or symposium proceedings

A conference is treated as a corporate author.
If the publication as a whole is referred to, give the name, dates and location of the conference.
If a specific contribution is referred to, give the author’s surname, initials and title of presentation. This is
followed by an “In” reference giving the details of the conference proceedings as a whole.
The titles of published proceedings are italicized; the titles of unpublished proceedings are not italicized.

Example: In-text

Specific contribution but unpublished:

Cronje (1961:73) contends that integration is the keystone to the whole learning process.

Vahed (2008:56) asserts that traditional learning does not always promote learner comprehension of the subject
matter and she therefore developed the “Muscle Mania” multi media game (MMG) to enhance learners’
understanding.

Published proceedings:

In his paper, Optimization criteria for public transportation services, Lewandowski (in Schneider, 2001),
postulates that transport systems in the 21st century …

Example: Reference list

Unpublished proceedings:
Cronje, F.J.C. 1961. A modern didactic view of the learning process. In South African Society for the Promotion of
Education. A few modern pedagogical principles for education. Papers read at the Third Annual Congress of
14
SASPE held in Pretoria on 29 and 30 September 1961. Pretoria.

Vahed, A. 2008. “Muscle Mania” multi media game: exploring the effectiveness of this learning intervention.
Paper delivered at the 1st Southern African conference on the first-year experience, Stellenbosch, South Africa 8 –
10 September 2008.

Published proceedings:

Schnieder, E. 2001. Control in transportation systems 2000 : a proceedings volume from the 9th IFAC Symposium,
Braunschweig, Germany, 13-15 June 2000. Oxford: Pergamon.

Databases
See Electronic sources

Dictionaries
Example: In-text

According to the Oxford English Dictionary (2008: 1136) the meaning of ‘paucity’ is ‘smallness of quantity or size’.

“Gratuity” is the practice of giving money for a quality service rendered (Beaver, 2005:172).

Example: Reference list

Oxford English Dictionary. 2008. Paucity. Oxford: Claredon Press.

Beaver, A. A dictionary of travel and tourism terminology. Gratuity. 2nd ed. Oxford: CABI Publishing.

Edition
Editions are the number of times the book has been reproduced
This is not to be confused with (ed.) or (eds.), the abbreviations for Editor or Editors.
Only editions after the first edition are given, e.g. 2nd, 3rd, 7th
Information about reprints or impressions is not required

Example: In-text

The edition is not given in an in-text reference.

Example: Reference list

This is the editor This is the edition

Jardine, F. (ed.) 1990. The education of the gifted and talented child. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

15
Electronic sources
These include online resources such as Internet and World Wide Web (WWW).
You must indicate whether the work is from a CD-ROM, DVD or an online source. This is known as the
medium of the work/information.
The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is given instead of the place of publication and the name of the
publisher.
When citing online references it is important to give the date on which the source was accessed. In this
context the document may change or may move to a different address.
Remember to refer to the diagram on page 3 for requirements of electronic referencing.

Annual reports

Example: In–text

The directors of Pick n Pay (2008) highlighted that the company’s figures for the year…

Example: Reference list

Company. Year. Title [online]. Available at: url [Accessed date]. This is the URL. The word
processing software
automatically splits this over
Pick n Pay. 2008. Annual report 2008 [online]. Available at: http://picknpay-
two lines as it is considered
ir.co.za/financials/annual_reports/2008/index.html [Accessed 6 January 2009]. as one word

Journal articles from online sources

Example: Reference list

Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. Title of article. Journal Title [Type of medium], Vol(issue):pages. Available at: url
[Accessed date].

Lumpkin, A. 2008. Teachers as role models: teaching character and moral virtues. Journal of Physical Education,
Recreation and Dance [online], 79(2):45-50. Available at: http://proquest.umi.com [Accessed 28 February 2008].

Journal articles from the World Wide Web

Example: Reference list

Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. Title of article. Journal Title [Type of medium], Vol(issue):pages. Available at: url
[Accessed date].

Timberlake, K. 2002. The role of the Internet in education. Australian Journal of Education [online], 25(5):23-30.
Available at: http://www.indiana.edu.au/intro/role.html [Accessed 24 March 2004].

WWW pages with author

Example: Reference list

Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. Title [Type of medium]. Available at: url [Accessed date].

Dube, G. 2003. How to chair meetings [online]. Available at:

http://www.essex.ac.uk/staffdev/c/management/char.html [Accessed 12 March 2004].

16
WWW pages with no author

Example: Reference list

Title [Type of medium]. Year as appears on site. Available at: URL [Accessed date].

HIV/ AIDs statistics in South Africa [online]. 2004. Available at:

http://www.gov.za/documents/2000/aidsplan2000.pdf [Accessed 3 May 2004].

Online newspapers

For electronic newspaper articles insert a comma between [type of medium] and the date.

Reference list
Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. Title of article. Title of newspaper [type of medium], Month and day: page
number/s. Available at: url [Accessed date].
Tangayi, F. 2003. Surviving in the era of epidemics. Mail and Guardian [online], February 3:12. Available at:
http://www.mg.co.za [Accessed 10 February 2003].

Electronic discussion lists, listservs, blogs

In the examples below, Sabilist is the name of the listserv on which this information was found.

Example: In-text

According to Dany (2003) electronic information resources are defined…

Example: Reference list

Author’s Surname, Initials. Day Month Year. Subject of message. Discussion list [online]. Available at: E-mail
address [Accessed date].

Dany, J. K. 10 June 2003. Re: Electronic information resources. Sabilist [online]. Available at:
sabilist@mailman.sabinet.co.za [Accessed 17 June 2003].

Personal electronic communications or messages (E-mail)

Example: In-text

Thobani (2004) indicated that the subject of Internet access remains …

Example: Reference list

Sender’s Surname, Initials. (sender’s E-mail address), Day Month Year. Subject of message. E-mail to Recipient’s
Initials and Surname (recipient’s E-mail address) [Accessed date].

Thobani, D.S. (thobas@dut.ac.za), 10 June 2004. Access to the Internet. E-mail to C.J. Funda (cjfunda@dut.ac.za)
[Accessed 10 June 2004].

17
E-books

Example: Reference list

Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. Title of book [type of medium]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available at:
URL/website address [Accessed date].

Burton, R. 2007. Anatomy of melancholy [online]. Adelaide: eBooks@adelaide. Available at:

http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/ [Accessed 11 February 2008].

Electronic encyclopaedias

Example: In-text reference

According to Stam and Stam (1994), libraries in the Middle ages were…

Neurotransmitters are defined as… (Wikipedia 2008).

Example: Reference list

Stam, D.H. and Stam, D.C. 1994. Libraries of the Middle Ages. In Encarta’95. *CD-ROM]. Microsoft.

Wikipedia. 2008. Copyright [online]. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright [Accessed 8 December

2008].

Please Note:
Although reference to Wikipedia and online information has been made, there is no guarantee that the
information you find is correct. Please always be mindful that information that you find on the Internet could be
written by anyone and as it has not necessarily been peer reviewed, i.e. confirmed as correct, you may be using
incorrect or invalid information. Wikipedia does not have formal peer reviewed processes which means that
some of the entries may contain misleading information.

Be careful to use the English

or the American spelling as it
Encyclopaedias appears on the work.

In-text
According to the Oxford World Encyclopedia (1998:1255), gold and other metal products are chief South African
exports.

Reference list

Oxford World Encyclopedia. 1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

18
Figures
Figures are listed on a separate page which appears after the Table of Contents page.

In the text, a figure appears as:

Example: List of Figures

(This appears after the Tables of Contents).

List of Figures
Figure 1.1: The Industrial Energy Management Cycle 4
Figure 2.1: Diesel Engine – Ideal Limited-Pressure Cycle 17

Government publications

Government Gazettes

Example: In-text

In the Standards and Requirements Regarding Control of Export of Groundnuts: Amendment (Republic of South
Africa, 2003) …

Example: Reference list

Country. Year. Title. (Notice number) Government Gazette number: Day and month.

If this is given.

Republic of South Africa. 2003. Standards and Requirements Regarding Control of Export of Groundnuts:
Amendment. (Notice 23 of 2003) Government Gazette no. 23717: 17 January.

19
Statutes/Acts

Example: In-text

According to the National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000 (Republic of South Africa, 2000), the
young people of today are…

Example: Reference list

Republic of South Africa. 2000. National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000. Pretoria: Government
Printer.

Commissions of Inquiry

Titles of Commissions of Inquiry are different from other titles in that all the significant words of the title
have an initial capital letter.

Example: In-text

No chairperson:
In its Commission of Inquiry into Public Violence and Intimidation (1993), the Commission determined that …

Chairperson:
According to the Commission of Inquiry (Katz 1994) the tax system…

Example: Reference list

No chairperson:
Republic of South Africa. Commission of Inquiry into Public Violence and Intimidation. 1993. Final Report.
Pretoria: Government Printer.

Chairperson:
Katz, M.M., Chairperson. 1994. Interim report of the Commission of Inquiry into Certain Aspects of the Tax
Structure of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Councils

Example: In-text

The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) (2003) undertakes research …

Example: Reference list

Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). 2003. Annual report. Pretoria.

20
Government departments

Example: In-text

In its guide for health care professionals in rural areas… (Department of Health, 2002).

Example: Reference list

Department of Health see Republic of South Africa. Department of Health.

Republic of South Africa. Department of Health. 2002. A guide for primary health care professionals working in
rural areas. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Papers

Green Papers

Example: In-text

It has been reported that education at a tertiary level is in the process of changing … (Republic of South Africa,
1996)

Example: Reference list

Republic of South Africa. (1996). Green paper on higher education transformation. Pretoria: Government
Printer.

White Papers

Example: In-text

According to the White Paper (Republic of South Africa 1995: 21) higher education…

In its discussion of renewable energy options for South Africa… (Republic of South Africa, 2004).

Example: Reference List

Republic of South Africa. Department of Education. 1995. White Paper on education and training. Government
Gazette no. 16312, 15 March.

Republic of South Africa. Department of Minerals and Energy. 2004. White Paper on the renewable energy policy
of the Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette no. 26169, 14 May.

21
Journal/Periodical articles

Example: In-text

Previous studies have shown that elderly people are motivated to join exercise groups (Means, 2003).

Example: Reference list

Surname, Initials. Year. Title of article. Title of journal, volume number (issue number): page numbers of article.

Means, K.M., O’Sullivan, P.S., Rodell, D.E. 2003. Psychosocial effects of an exercise program in older persons who
fall. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 40(1): 49-58.

Journal/periodical without volume or issue number

Use the date or any other descriptor, e.g., “Spring”.

Where there is no volume or issue number, a comma (not a colon) is placed after the title of the journal.
This indicates that the page numbers follow.

Example: In-text

Boulder’s (1997) analysis of structural requirements for …

Glatt (1980) indicates that Scotland has always had a more serious drinking problem than England.

Example: Reference list

Boulder, J. 1997. The city and the Olympic games: what next? Architect and Builder, Spring: 33-40.

Glatt, M.M. 1980. Recent books on the abuse of alcohol and alcoholism. British Book News, 133-137.

Lecture notes or printed handouts

When you receive handouts from your lecturers and the notes contain no references, ask for the
references. This will enable you to explore the topic further; it also shows where the lecturer obtained
his/her information and follows good academic practice in that he/she is not implying it is his/her own
information. Having obtained the original source of information, it will enable you to research it. This will
also increase your breadth of reading.
The title is not italicized.

Example: In-text

I have used the calculations supplied by Dlala (2001) to …

22
Example: Reference list

Lecturer’s Surname, Initials. Date of issue. Title. Name of issuing body.

Dlala, K. 2001. Electrical Engineering notes. Durban University of Technology.

Letters/interviews/ telephonic communications

The following details must be provided:
Surname and initials of interviewee/author of communication
Year
Designation of person
Name of organization
Place of origin
Date of letter/ interview/communication

Example: In-text

In a personal interview, the researcher asked Mr Bailes (1998) …

According to Van der Merwe (1979), mampoer was already being distilled in the Marico area as early as 1841.

Example: Reference list

Name of person interviewed. Year. Name of interviewer. Place, Town/city where interview occurred, Day Month.

Balfour, R. 2003. Interviewed by S. Sigenu. Telkom Head Office, Durban, 3 February.

Bailes, N. 1998. Interview with Mr Nigel Bailes, Sales Manager, Barcode Systems Africa, Johannesburg, 20
October.

Van der Merwe, J.J. 1979. Verbal communication with the author. Zeerust (Cassette recording in possession of
the author).

Maps
The originator may be the cartographer, compiler, editor, surveyor, maker, etc.

Example: Reference list

Originator’s name. Date. Title, Scale. Place of publication: Publisher.

Map Studio. n.d. Locality map: KwaZulu-Natal. 2nd ed., 1:600 000. Cape Town: Map Studio.

23
Newspapers
Example: In-text

Author known:
According to Knowler (2008), ATM fraud is rife in South Africa, and it affects people of all ages, cultures and
economic backgrounds.

Author unknown:
… and this is a primary concern of health practitioners (Why AIDS is increasing at an alarming rate in our country
2003).

Example: Reference list

Author known:
Knowler, W. 2008. ‘Tis not the season for folly. Daily News, 17 November: 6.

Author unknown:
Why AIDS is increasing at an alarming rate in our country. 2003. Sunday Times, 12 June: 4-5.

Online images
Refer to Artists and art works, regarding List of Figures.

Image with title

Example: In-text

If one looks at The lunar interior (1999) …

Example: List of References

Name of image [image]. Year, Name and place of the sponsor of the source. Available at: url [Accessed date].

The lunar interior [image]. 1999, PlanetScapes US. Available at:

http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/moonint.jpg [Accessed 13 February 2008].

Patents
Patents are entered under the name/s of the inventor/s.
If applicable, the name of the patentee and the number of the patent is given.
The patentee is the patent holder and may be a company/organization or individual.
If the patent is registered in the name of the company (patentee) and the name/s of the inventor/s are
not known, enter the reference under the name of the company.

24
Example: In-text

The patent of Marson, Wad, Zpp and Dodds (1991) is used for …

The Technikon Pretoria furnace assembly patent (1995) is an example of research…

Example: Reference list

Where the inventor is the holder of the patent:

Marson, S.L., Wad, S.A., Zpp, C.M. and Dodds, D.R. 1991. Method for membrane reactor resolution of
stereoisomers. (US patent 5,007,217).

Name of inventor is unknown:

Technikon Pretoria. 1995. Furnace assembly. (SA patent 94/7624).

Radio/Television broadcasts

Example: In-text

According to the TV programme Asikhulume (2004)…

According to a news broadcast (Eight o’clock news, 2002), youngsters …

Example: Reference list

Television programme:

The rate of new HIV/AIDS infections in KwaZulu-Natal is decreasing. 2004. Asikhulume (SABC 1). 10 January,
18.30.

Radio broadcast:

Eight o’clock News. 2002. (Radio Metro). 20 February, 20.00.

Secondary sources
It is not usually seen as scientifically acceptable to use secondary sources, so attempts should be made to find the
original work.
Secondary sources are used only when all avenues to find the original have been exhausted.

Example: In-text
Butterfield is the
original source;
Butterfield (as quoted by Johnson and Medinnus, 1974) found that …
Johnson &
Medinnus’s work is
Butterfield, as cited by Johnson and Medinnus (1974), found that … the secondary source

25
Example: Reference list

Johnson, R.C. and Medinnus, G.R. 1974. Child psychology: behaviour and development. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley.

Theses and Dissertations

If a thesis is published, it is treated as a book.
If a thesis is not published, the following information must be provided, in addition to the usual author
title and date details:
o Name of qualification
o Name of educational institution
o Location of the institution
If the location (town/city) forms part of the institution’s name, the location is not included
The titles of unpublished theses are not italicized.
Use the terms Mini-dissertation, Thesis, Dissertation etc. as they appear in the work.
It is suggested that abbreviated qualifications are given as follows (this is not an exhaustive list):
o B.Tech.
o D.Phil.
o D.Tech.
o LLD.
o LLM.
o M.A.
o M.Sc.
o M.Tech.
o Ph.D.

Example: In-text

Naidoo (2004) states that the factors which affect attitudinal change in managers are …

Example: Reference list

Surname, Initials. Date. Title. Degree, Name of Institution, location of Institution if not obvious from the name.

Naidoo, T. 2004. An investigation into the factors that affect change in the attitudes of managers in higher
educational institutions on reaching positions of authority. M.Tech.: Commercial Administration, Durban
University of Technology.

The location of the Durban University

of Technology is Durban. Because
‘Durban’ forms part of the University’s
name, this does not have to be
specified again

Warning: Only reference dissertations or theses if you are using the author’s own findings. Many students will
reference the author of a dissertation or thesis because that work has the information that is required without
realizing that it is based on another author’s work. This means that you are incorrectly acknowledging an
idea/thought/finding belonging to someone else, in effect giving someone else the credit.

26
Translations

Example: In-text

When you visit the Basilica you will see… (Palladio c2006).

Example: Reference list

Palladio, A. c.2006. Palladio's Rome: a translation of Andrea Palladio's two guidebooks to Rome. Translated by
Vaughan Hart and Peter Hicks. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Video recordings

Example: In-text

As seen during “Towards a better life for all” (1994)…

According to Sono (1980)…

Example: Reference list

When only the title is known (no producer/compiler):

Title [video recording]. Date of production. Place: Name of distributor or supplier.

Towards a better life for all [video recording]. 1994. Johannesburg: African National Congress, Department of
Information.

When a producer or compiler is known:

Sono, J. 1980. Management in the 20th century [video recording]. Johannesburg: Mast Video Training.

27
Example of a Reference List
Andreas, S., Faulkner, C. (eds.). 1994. NLP: the new technology of achievement. London: Nicholas Brealey.

Babbie, E., Mouton, J. 2001. The practice of social research. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Bruyns, H.J. 2001. A model for managing large-scale change: a higher education perspective. South African
Journal of Higher Education, 15(2):14-21.

Burton, R. 2007. Anatomy of melancholy [online]. Adelaide: eBooks@adelaide. Available at:

http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/ [Accessed 11 February 2008].

Du Pré, R. 2006. The philosophy of a University of Technology in South Africa: an introduction. Kagisano, 5:1-23.

Du Toit, P., Heese, M., Orr, M. 1999. Practical guide to reading, thinking and writing skills. Cape Town: Oxford
University Press.

Durban University of Technology (DUT). 2007. Institutional audit 2007. Durban University of Technology.

Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). 2003. Regulations defining the scope of the profession of
Emergency Care: advanced life support. Pretoria: HPCSA.

Oxford English Dictionary [online]. Secondary. Available at: http://dictionary.oed.com/ [Accessed 2 February
2009].

McAlister, D.T., Ferrell, L. 2002. The role of strategic philanthropy in marketing strategy. European Journal of
Marketing. 36(5/6): 689-705.

Pandor, G.N.M. 2006. Letter to Professor B.C. Goba, Vice-Chancellor and Principal, Durban University of
Technology, 22 June 2006.

Republic of South Africa. 1997a. Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 [online]. Available at
http://www.che.org.za/documents/d00004/index.php [Accessed 27 May 2007].

Republic of South Africa. 1997b. A programme for the transformation of Higher Education: education White
Paper 3. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Republic of South Africa. Department of Education. 2006. Funding for foundational provision in formally
approved programmes: 2007/8 to 2009/10. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Sibinda, G. 2008. Regulatory environment analysis in the South African telecommunications industry. South
African Journal of Economics 76(2):212-227.

Spekman, R. E., Isabella, L.A., MacAvoy, T., Forbes, T. 1996. Creating strategic alliances which endure. Long
Range Planning, 29(3):346-357.

Terre Blanche, M., Kelly, K. 1999. Interpretative methods. In: Terre Blanche, M. and Durheim, K. (eds.) Research
in practice: applied methods for social sciences. Cape Town: UCT Press.

Timm, D.N. 2005. The evaluation of the Augmented Programme for ND Analytical Chemistry at the ML Sultan
Technikon for the period 1994-1999. M.Sc. thesis, University of South Africa, Pretoria.

28
EndNote
The Durban University of Technology (DUT) has a campus wide license for EndNote. EndNote is a bibliographic
citation tool that helps you organise your citations and references as well as assisting with the relevant
conventions that are followed at DUT.

To download the software go to ftp://dutlib. On this site you’ll find the software, updates and the DUT Harvard
style, together with a procedure on how to add the style to your personal library.

For various guides and online tutorials refer to http://www.endnote.com/support/.

Training is offered in the use of EndNote. These sessions will be advertised on the Library’s Website and
University noticeboards.

29