Communication and Computing Systems – Prasad et al.

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Demand response from residential air conditioning load

using smart controller

Aadesh Kumar Arya, Saurabh Chanana & Ashwani Kumar

National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT: Now-a-days the needs of air conditioning systems are exponential increases, but AC is
consumed the major part of energy in residential and commercial buildings. The energy optimization and
reducing the consumer’s bill is main component of Smart Grid. So Demand response is main component
of Smart Grid. With demand response the power consumption is reduced of Residential Air Condition-
ing. In this paper, the smart controller is designed using fuzzy logic tool box in MATLAB to achieve the
condition of Demand Response (DR).

Keywords: Smart Controller, Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS), Demand Response and Air Conditioning
System

1 INTRODUCTION Kumar Arya et al. 2013). Now-a-days, Indian are

Now-a-days, the demand of residential and com-
mercial air conditioning system is increasing due
to high rate of population and global warming.
The production of energy is very low in compare
to energy consumption (A. H. Osman et al. 2014).
The main target of researchers, scientists and
academicians of all over word is to create the smart
appliances and reduced energy consumption. The
Energy Management Systems (EMS) are best
method to reduce the peak energy consumption in
the interest of utilities and consumers (K. Le et al.
2007; J. Chen et al. 1995). The Demand Response
(DR) systems are the part of energy manage-
ment systems. For the equilibrium between the
utility and the customers in power system, DR is
required. The utility can send signals to the cus-
tomers to indicate a need to reduce demand. On
receiving the price signal from utility, customer can
take an appropriate action based on his preferences
and needs. A variety of DR programs have been
explained in (M. H. Albadi and E. F. El-Saadany
et al. 2007).
To develop and maintain the modern economy
and society, the economical, social and environmen-
tal sustainability are required in the energy sector.
The smart appliances are the important compo-
nent of Smart Grid. By using the smart appliances,
the electricity consumption can be reduced at the
consumer’s end. The consumption of energy is very
less in smart appliances. The advantages of smart
appliances are not limited to making life easier, but
very much helpful in energy saving also (Aadesh
commonly used air conditioning systems in homes,
industries and public places for the comfort-
able zone (H. Nasution, H. Jamaluddin and J. M.
Syeriff et al. 2011). There are various techniques
to make the smart for the appliances viz. Fuzzy
Logic System (FLS) and Artificial Neural Network
(ANN). These tools are very important in the inter-
est of engineers, scientist and researcher to develop
the smart appliances viz. Air Conditioner (AC),
Electric Water Heater (EWH), and microwave oven
etc. All peoples are aware from the fuzzy logic sys-
tem. The main purpose of the fuzzy logic system is
to build an intelligent controller, in which human
thinking is embedded. By adopting these tech-
niques, the consumers can reduce the electricity bill
and researchers can serve to the society. Demand
Response (DR) and Demand Side Management
(DSM) are very useful to control the energy con-
sumption and reduce the electricity bill. The intel-
ligent controller was fist time implemented based
on fuzzy logic system (King et al, 1977). The block
diagram represent the process of fuzzy logic con-
troller which shown in Figure 1.
In the modeling of Fuzzy Logic Controller
(FLC), the main issue is the tuning of membership
function fuzzy rules. The tuning of membership
function and fuzzy rules is depending on the
human’s knowledge and experience.
1.1 TCA thermal model
Home appliances can be classified into three groups:
(a) adjustable thermostat devices, (b) controllable

599
Figure 1. Process of fuzzy logic controller.

non-thermostatically controlled devices (c) and

non-controllable devices. Among the adjustable
thermostat controlled devices residential HVAC
systems, electric water heaters and refrigerators.
Among the non-thermostatically controlled appli- Figure 2. A typical thermal characteristic curve of an
ances washing machines or dryers. Non-control- AC load.
lable appliances cannot be scheduled; therefore,
they are modeled by a load profile that is forecast
with historical data. Figure 2 shows the thermal
dynamic behavior of a Residential Air Conditioner
(RAC) unit over time. The rising curves indicate
the RAC is “on”, and the falling curves represent
the RAC is “off ”. As the RAC unit cycles, the room
temperature rises and falls accordingly (Ning Lu
..
.......
,...,..
et al. 2004). The temperatures limit of the upper
and lower are dead band of the thermostat which
is used to regulate the power consumption of the R<>om Te mperature
TCAs. The exponential growth and the fall in turn,
between the upper temperature limit and the lower Figure 3. Block diagram for temperature controller of
temperature limit, the curve is almost linear, as air conditioner using normal thermostat.
shown in Figure 2 (N. Lu et al. 2005). The opera-
tions of all TCAs are similar.
Conventionally, the thermostatically control-
led loads operate on following logic. Let Tst be the
thermostat setting. The upper and lower limit for
the internal temperature is Tst + ΔT and Tst − ΔT,
respectively. Whenever T > Tst + ΔT and thermostat
is in OFF state, it would be switched ON; and when-
ever T < Tst + ΔT and the thermostat is in ON state,
it would be switched OFF as illustrated in Figure 2.
Sensor
We term this control as normal thermostat control.
The study of dynamic model for the tempera-
ture of a house by a thermostatically driven air Figure 4. Block diagram for temperature controlled of
conditioning load (Saurabh Chanana et al. 2013) air conditioner using fuzzy controller.
is carried out which is given below. The dynamic
model is as follows: Tg = Temperature gain of the air conditioner.
w = State of the thermostat (0 – on, 1 – off)
dT Tf T − wT
Tg τ = Effective thermal constant of the house
= (1)
dt τ The model is developed of equation (1) with
The symbols which are used in this dynamic only thermostat relay which shows by block dia-
mathematical model are following gram for temperature controlled of air conditioner
using normal thermostat in Figure 3. This model
T = Temperature of room gives the information for power consumption and
Tf = Ambient temperature consumed energy. Figure 4 shows the block dia-

600
gram for temperature controlled of air conditioner Table 2. Classification of change in temperature ΔT.
with intelligent/fuzzy controller and also provides
the same information. Input variable Range Fuzzy set

Error temperature 0–1 SMALL

0–9 MEDIUM
2 METHODOLOGY
1–10 LARGE
2.1 Modeling of Residential Air Conditioning
(RAC) load
Table 3. Status of RAC.
Figure 4 Shows the Block Diagram for Tempera-
ture Controlled of Air Conditioner using Fuzzy Output variable Range Fuzzy set
Controller.
This block diagram described that the Residen- Status of AC 0–0.5 OFF
tial Air Conditioner (RAC) is installed in room (ON, OFF & MID) 0.5–1.0 ON
for comfort environment. Firstly, the sensor read 0.1–1.0 MID
the room temperature than intelligent controller
(Fuzzy Controller) provides the required tempera-
ture to the relay of RAC and The RAC worked as 2.2.4 Output variables
per atmosphere. The simulation model is required The smart controller having one output variable
to obtain the best outcome of RAC with/without status of RAC (ON and OFF). The status of RAC
implementation of the intelligent controller. To is described by three membership functions viz.
develop the simulation model, dynamic model is ON, OFF and MID point as shown in Table (3).
required.

2.2 Fuzzy membership function 3 RESULT

To design the shapes of membership functions, the In this research, The RAC SIMULINK modeling
membership function editor are required for each is obtained by mathematical model. To reduce the
membership variable in fuzzy logic tool box (Lotfi peak demands, reduce the power consumption
A. Zadeh, 1999, 2001). For the input and output and energy saving. We considered a smart residen-
variables of smart controller of Residential Air tial building having three unit of RAC of differ-
Conditioner (RAC), the membership functions are ent rating viz. 2 kw, 2.5 kw and 3 kw. The results
defined as follows are carried out by using SIMULINK software in
MATLAB. Two different cases are studied, Case
2.2.1 Input variables 1: RACs with a normal thermostat Case 2: RACs
The smart controller having two input variables, with fuzzy logic model. The specifications of RAC
temperature error and change in temperature. are shown in Table (4).
2.2.2 Temperature error Case 1: Residential Air Conditioning Load with
The temperature error is described by three mem- Normal Thermostat Control
bership functions viz. small, medium and large as In this case, the SIMULINK model of three RACs
shown in Table (1). is run for 24 hrs with normal thermostat with dif-
ferent duty cycle. The Fig. 10 shows the ambient
2.2.3 Change in temperature (ΔT) temperature. The Figures (11)–(13) shows the
The difference between room temperature actu- internal room temperature. The power demand
ally and user temperature, are represented by four and hourly energy consumption is shown in the
membership functions negative, small, medium, Figures 14 and 15 respectively.
large as shown in Table (2).
Case 2: Residential Air Conditioning Load with
RACs with fuzzy logic controller
Table 1. Classification of error temperature. In this case, the same RACs SIMULINK model is
run for same time but with smart controller (fuzzy
Input variable Range Fuzzy set
controller). The membership functions, fuzzy rules
Change in −0.4–0.1 NEGATIVE and surface views are shown in the Figures (5)–(9)
temperature (e) −0.1–0.1 SMALL respectively. The Figs. (16)–(18) shows the internal
0.85–0.2 MEDIUM
room temperature. The power demand and hourly
0.1–0.5 LARGE energy consumption is shown in the Figs. (19) and
(20) respectively.

601
Table 4. Specification of RACs.

Rating Thermal Thermal

of RAC gain Tg constant τ

RAC-1 2 kw 20 1000
RAC-2 2.5 kw 19 1100
RAC-3 3 kw 21 900

0.5 0.4 0.3 0 .2 0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4

Tempfrror
OettaT

Figure 9. Surface view.

Figure 5. Membership function for error temperature.

Figure 10. Variation of ambient temperature with

time.

OS

.. • .. 3 .. 2 ... 0 0'
_,__T_.
0 ~----------~----~~~~~--------~
02 03 o• OS )() -,. .,- . - r-
:5 -- ~-.- -
:0
Figure 6. Membership function for change in temperature. 15o~~~~.~4~
S~6~7~1~9~1~0~1~1~1Z~13~1~41~S~1~6~1~7~1~1~1~9~:0~~~~~:~
l ~:4~
H>.rs

Figure 11. Variation of room temperature with time of

AC-1 for case-1.

0I 02 03 o• OS 01 07 01 09
-vOIIIbii"SSAA...OIAC"

Figure 7. Membership function for status of RAC.

Figure 12. Variation of room temperature with time of

' ::"'"'> I
b !Z:SI AC-2 for case-1.
!:s> I
Is- I
I Z:S:!
ts IV ~
1%$1 35 I t I I I I I I I I I I I

r :-'-;-- ~~ :
~ ~I I I I I I I I I I I I
IS I 1\

: ;z-t

l
I 30 / ; : :\ : : : : : : :
I
I
......
Z"l :: /~ ~ __ ~ l ___ ~ ~~:;- ~J0{0H~H./MI~I~Y _~ _:_~ l-:; _
I Zs>i
J. J. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111 2 1 3 141 5 1 6 17 18 19202 1222324

Figure 13. Variation of room temperature with time of

Figure 8. Fuzzy rule base. AC-3 for case-1.

602
 ....,..
..
... ,....,,....,....,.....,.....,.."T""T""T"'"T"''T""'T""T""1,......,....,.""T""'T'""'T'"T""T"'"T"''T""'T"",......,

Figure 20. Variation of energy consumption with time

Figure 14. Variation of power consumption with time in case-2.
in case-1.
On compare, the power demand and energy
I
- & ....
1 1 I 1
-·-~-~- ~ --·- -~-- . . . . .
I 1 I 1 1 I o I
- .... -..
o
- & -
I
- · - ~- ~-~- •I•
consumption in both cases. With smart controller,
I
I t 1
1
I 1
1
I 1
I
I 1
1
1
-.-.-~- - 0 - , - - 0 - -~--.- --
I 1 I 1 1 I
I
1 1
1
I
I
I
t
I
I
I
t the RACs consumed less power in 24 hrs over nor-
~J~I~~I ~:~
-'
1

I o o
I

I 0 I
I
- & . . . - ·-~-~-~ - -~-.I
o
I I I I I I

o I o I o
mal thermostat. And also energy is saved in 24 hrs
I
•-r•-
t 1
• .,.
I 1
-
I I
• ., •
1
I I I I
. , . . . . . . , • •1 .
I o I I
over normal thermostat.

4 CONCLUSIONS
Figure 15. Variation of energy consumption with time
in case-1.
In this paper, the main aim of the research is
energy saving and reduced power consumption of
Residential Air Conditioning (RAC) with smart
controller of RAC using fuzzy logic. Three unit of
RAC of different rating and with different set of
room temperature are operated by two controller,
viz. normal thermostat and smart controller. The
Graph Result showed that the power consumption
reduced and energy is saved in compared to nor-
Figure 16. Variation of room temperature with time of mal thermostat.
AC-1 for case-2.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research paper is made possible through the

help and support from College of Engineering
Roorkee, Roorkee. We acknowledge to the Admin-
istration of College of Engineering Roorkee, Roor-
kee, Uttarakhand, India for providing the support.
Figure 17. Variation of room temperature with time of
AC-2 for case-2.

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