Brhane Girmay

Final Internship Report 2010 E.
MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
Ethiopian Institute of Technology Mekelle
Civil Engineering Department
FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT

Hosting Company
Defense Construction Enterprise
Asphalt Road Project Mekelle – Dengolat – Samre – Fnarawa
Prepared By: Brhane Girmay

Identification Number: eit-m/ur/161765/2006
Section: 03
School Advisor: Ins. Sesen Tekleyohan

Company Supervisor: Atakilty Kiros
Date of Submission: February/03/2018
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Final Internship Report 2010 E.C
Declaration
During my internship work in the Mekelle – Dengolat – Samre – Finarawa asphalt road project I
have gained a good experience, observation and achievements. In this case, I would like to
declare as this internship report is my own work.
Name Signature Date
Student; Brhane Girmay……………………………
Approval of mentor; Sesen Tekleyohans……………
Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page I

Acknowledgement
First and fore most I would like to thank for my almighty GOD for his keeping throughout my
life and my family who support me to reach at this level.
I would like to give my greatest acknowledgment for Mekelle University and Defense
Construction Enterprise as they give me an opportunity to participate in the internship program
and improving practical knowledge in the road construction respectively.
I would also like a great appreciation for my advisor Sesen Tekleyohans for her good approach
and advice and also supervisor Atakilty, who guide us in a good manner to participate and follow
the construction process.
Finally, I want to acknowledge for site engineer Yohanse, material engineer Masresha and all of
the remaining employees Forman, lab technician, office worker and labour who show me ways
of conducting to the activities and their willing to answer my question during the four stay of my
internship program.
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Abstract
Generally discus about this internship report is to write what I have observed any specific tasks
performed and gained practical knowledge from the road construction processes during my
internship period at Defense Construction Enterprise.
In the first part of my internship report, I have stated a lot of information about the back grounds
of my internship hosting companies related to the history and objective of the companies, its
main products and services, the overall organization and work flow, missions and visions with
the help of internet service and communicating to the professional mans.
On the next section it discus about the overall experience and knowledge I have gained from the
internship. It stars by describing what look like the flow work of the site. It also tells about
the work tasks that are observed and executed at the site and the challenge that I had
faced during the construction process and their remedial measures.
In the third part of my report briefly explains about the overall benefits I gained from my
internship. It includes with improving my theoretical knowledge, practical skills, problem
solving capabilities, team playing skills, leadership skills and work ethics.
Finally, I put my conclusion and recommendation for my company based on what I have
observed in the construction activities.
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Table of Content
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................... I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................... II
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. III
LIST OF FIGURE ..................................................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF TABLE ..................................................................................................................................... VII
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1 BACK GROUND OF DEFENSE CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE .......................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMPANY ................................................................................. 1
1.2.1 Objective of the company ..................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Vision of the company ........................................................................................................... 2
1.2.3 Mission of the company ........................................................................................................ 3
1.2.4 The core values of the company ........................................................................................... 3
1.3 THE MAIN SERVICE OF THE COMPANY AND ITS CUSTOMER .......................................... 3
1.3.1 The main service of the company......................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 The customers of the product ............................................................................................... 3
1.4 OVERALL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPANY ................................................................ 5
CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................................... 7
2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP TECHNICAL EXPERIENCE.............................................................. 7
2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 7

2.2 WORK FLOW AND ORGANIZATION OF THE ROAD PROJECT........................................... 7
2.2.1 Responsibilities of each employees....................................................................................... 9
2.3 OBSERVED ACTIVITIES AND TASKS .............................................................................. 11
2.4 PRACTICAL TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES THAT I HAVE OBSERVED ................................... 12
2.4.2 Site work task ...................................................................................................................... 28
2.4.3 Office work task .................................................................................................................. 37
2.5 WORK PIECE OR WORK TASKS I HAVE BEEN EXECUTING ........................................... 37
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2.6 PROCEDURES I HAVE BEEN USING WHILE PERFORMING MY WORK TASKS................. 37

2.7 CHALLENGES THAT I HAVE FACED AT THE WORK TASK ............................................. 38
2.8 REMEDIAL MEASURE OF THE CHALLENGE .................................................................. 39
CHPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 40
3 OVERALL BENEFIT GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP .............................................................. 40
3.1 IN TERMS OF UPGRADING MY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE ........................................ 40

3.2 IN TERMS OF IMPROVING PRACTICAL SKILLS .............................................................. 40
3.3 IN TERMS OF IMPROVING MY TEAM PLAYING SKILLS ................................................. 41
3.4 IN TERMS OF IMPROVING MY LEADERSHIP SKILLS ...................................................... 41
3.5 IN TERMS OF UNDERSTANDING WORK ETHICS ............................................................. 42
3.6 IN TERMS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS .................................................................. 42
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................................... 43
4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................................. 43
4.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 43

4.2 RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................................................... 44
REFERANCE ........................................................................................................................................... 45
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List of Figure
Figure 1 products of Defense construction Enterprises ............................................................ 4
Figure 2 the number of employees in DCE ................................................................................. 5
Figure 3 observed activities ........................................................................................................ 11
Figure 4 modified compaction ................................................................................................... 14
Figure 5 penetration for CBR test ............................................................................................. 15
Figure 6 Soaked CBR Vs dry density........................................................................................ 18
Figure 7 Swelling Vs dry density ............................................................................................... 18
Figure 8 Casugrand test ............................................................................................................. 20
Figure 9 Liquide limit Vs number of blow ............................................................................... 21
Figure 10 particle size distribution ............................................................................................ 22
Figure 11 Aggregate Crusher .................................................................................................... 23
Figure 12 Specific gravity of aggregate determination ........................................................... 24
Figure 13 Material used for slump test ..................................................................................... 25
Figure 14material of Cubic test ................................................................................................. 26
Figure 15 procedure of asphalt mix design............................................................................... 27
Figure 16 Equipment used for subbase ..................................................................................... 29
Figure 17 Curb stone placement ................................................................................................ 30
Figure 18 Side drainage structure ............................................................................................. 31
Figure 19 Pipe production .......................................................................................................... 32
Figure 20 Pipe installation.......................................................................................................... 32
Figure 21 cutoff wall ................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 22 providing formwork for bottom slab concrete........................................................ 33
Figure 23 Batching plant ........................................................................................................... 34
Figure 24 Prime Coat Spraying ................................................................................................. 34
Figure 25 Asphalt plant production .......................................................................................... 35
Figure 26 Method of guiding for asphalt paver ....................................................................... 36
Figure 28 my task at surveying .................................................................................................. 38
Figure 27 my task at reinforcement .......................................................................................... 38
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List of Table
Table 1 Analysis of Moisture-Density Relations Of Soils ( AASHTO T180)......................... 13
Table 2 compaction determination for CBR test ..................................................................... 16
Table 3 Moisture Determination for CBR ................................................................................ 17
Table 4 CBR Penetration Determination ................................................................................. 17
Table 5 Swell Determination ...................................................................................................... 17
Table 6 Plastic Limit Determination ......................................................................................... 19
Table 7 Liquid Limit Determination ......................................................................................... 20
Table 9 sieve size analysis ........................................................................................................... 22
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CHAPTER ONE
1 Back ground of Defense Construction Enterprise
1.1 Introduction
Defense Construction Enterprise is one of the enterprises in Ethiopia which is established in

2010 at Addis Ababa. The company is now involved in the construction of roads, building and
irrigation and dam infrastructure’s at various at part of Ethiopia
My internship program that I had been involved in the company was called Mekelle-Dongolat-
Samre-Finarawa asphalt road project which is located in region Tigray. This project covers
around 94 kilo meter highway length which is contracted with an amount of 1.6 billion birr to be
finished within three years from its commencement period of Nov/2006 E.C up to the
completion period of Nov/2009 E.C.
1.2 Brief history of the company

Defense Construction Enterprise establishment has mainly been undertaking various
infrastructural projects to satisfy of national defense infrastructural needs. So the company
capable of constructing different projects such as residential, warehouse and any other buildings,
and now has ventured in to real-estate development with the construction of bridge and road
projects in different part of the country.
Defense Construction Enterprise was established in 2010 by Ethiopian ministry of council

regulation NO 185/2010 as public enterprise and national defense as supervising authority of the
enterprise. The authorized capital of the Enterprise is Birr800, 000 ,000. /Eight hundred million
Birr /of which birr 276,438,724.00/ Two hundred seventy six million four hundred thirty eight
thousand seven hundred twenty four Birr is paid up in cash and in kind. . The company is
registered in Ethiopia and its head quarter is located in Addis Ababa.
The construction activities carried out by the Department during those days were carried out by
own or military force using the capital budget allocated annually by the Government. In 2001,
the Ministry of National Defense planned to construct 11 Military Brigade Camps in different
parts of the Country, whereby the Ministry acquired different Construction Machineries and
Vehicles for this purpose.
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Before to its establishment as an Enterprise, it was structured as an Engineering Department

under the Ministry of National Defense responsible for the construction of Army Hospitals,
Depot, Camps, access roads and other infrastructure activities owned by the Ministry of National
Defense. The construction firm is registered to undertake construction of roads and structures
category the highest grade.
Now a day the company has successfully accomplished different construction works estimated at
hundreds of millions of birr for the federal government, regional government, and the private
sectors of Ethiopia. Currently the company is undertaking a number of construction activities in
different parts of the country.
Moreover, it is making its utmost efforts in implementing its role for the vast progresses of
construction of infrastructure underway in the national which as a result enable the national plan
of development and transformation meet its objectives
1.2.1 Objective of the company
The main objective of the company is;
 To participate in any construction activity mainly to satisfy the National Defense.
 Participate in the socio economic development of our country without any discrimination.
 To realize the aforementioned goal to increase the skills, abilities and competencies of its
human resources and establish well organized construction business
 To ensure the productivity and profitability without any corruption.
 To provide an opportunity of work for the citizen of the country.
 Create environment friendly working condition by reducing and gradually eliminating
activities and wastes having adverse effect on the environment and thus contribute its
share in the global effort towards combating environmental degradation;
1.2.2 Vision of the company
Becoming the leading and most sought after company in our continent in the development of
mega and challenging defense infrastructure and related construction works with accepted
construction standards. And also to be the premier choice for all construction works in Ethiopia
and competitive actor undertaking all types of construction work internationally.

1.2.3 Mission of the company

Besides satisfying the infrastructural needs of National Defense with competent human skill and
modern construction technology, our company strives to use its extra capacity in the
development of various infrastructures in domestic and neighboring countries and becoming
most sought after construction work performer at high level of quality, cost and time while
enhancing the economic development of the nation.
1.2.4 The core values of the company

Defense Construction Enterprise conducts all activities in conformity with established
international standards and legal requirements. Some of the core values are;
 Follow the rule of law

 Primarily satisfaction of the customer
 Become quick, quality and productivity.
 Responsible and accountable
1.3 The main service of the company and its customer
1.3.1 The main service of the company

Defense Construction Enterprise is registered as grade one general contractor and is composed
by highly qualified professional and is facilitated with modern technology machineries and
vehicles. As it is level one governmental organization it participates in many governmental and
private projects. Some of the products of this company are listed blow;
 Construction Building Services

 Asphalt Road infrastructure
 Irrigation and Dam Projects
 Real Estate & apartments
1.3.2 The customers of the product
Before the organization of defense construction enterprise the product uses only militaries
society, after organized the company give services both militaries and civilians society. In
general as mention on the product of the company; building service, apartments, dams, highways
and other civil infrastructure are finally served by the militaries and civil societies.

Some of the products of Defense construction Enterprises are;
Agula-Berhale-Dalo 75 km Bisheftu 17.1 km Asphalt Road

Asphalt Road Project located in Project
Afar
Three Star Hotel Project located in Mekelle Hospital Project Located in

Shire
Gode- Hilala Dam

Apartment Project located in Awash Arba
Project
Figure 1 products of Defense construction Enterprises

In addition to the product and service of the company, Defense construction Enterprises has a
number of employees at the head quarter and projects.
The following graph shows number of employees currently the company regular staff, temporary
workers and permanent employees with their educational level and gender at the head quarter of
the company’s and various projects.
Figure 2 the number of employees in DCE
1.4 Overall organization of the company

Organizational structure activities are tasks such as task allocation, coordination and supervision,
which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. It can also be considered as
the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its
environment.
Defense construction Enterprises is a well-structured and adequately staffed organization capable

of handling a number of projects at a time. The company uses the combined knowledge and
experience of personnel, from directors to skilled workers, for consistent quality project delivery.
The qualified, well-trained and committed workforce also enables it to uphold project schedules.

Organization structure of Defense Construction Enterprise

Human Purchase
Finance Equipment Equipment
Resource and
Support Administrati Maintenan
General Supplies
Process on and ce Team
Service Support
Loges tic
Support Process
Process
Support Process Building

Manager Equipment
Manager
Manage
General
Audit
Planning and
Infrastructure Sector
Programing
Service
Building and Road, Irrigation

Real estate and Dam
Manager Manager
Road,
Irrigation
and Dam
Project

CHAPTER TWO
2 Overall Internship Technical Experience
2.1 Introduction
Internship is one method of making opportunity for university students to have a valuable work
experience and get to know with the real world activities.
Prior to my internship period, primarily I took an internship letter from my university and it is
approved by Defense Construction Enterprise to participate in their activities. Then I tried to
know how the activities of company were going on and the name of professional man I need to
be conducted. During my internship work, I conducted with the laboratory activities for about
two month and then I did in the site and office works. In this part, it discusses detail about the
basic things I gained technical experience from the laboratory, site and office works.
2.2 Work flow and organization of the road project

To enhance and maximize ones project construction, each member of the working section must
cooperate and work together as a team. A good project management will maximize efficient
resource utilization, development of effective communication and mechanization for resolving
conflicts among participants and proper coordination and control the entire process.
During my internship period, I have observed how the contractor, DCE, and consultant, RDDC,
work jointly for the asphalt road project. They perform all work in coordinate mean that the
contractor construct and perform the required activity based on the prepared drawing and the
consultant supervises the work in each step to ensure the best construction according to the
specification. If the activity performed is not satisfied to the required specification, the consultant
orders the contractor to do it again or set a time for the consistency of the constructed structure.
The general work flow of the road project is carried out with the coordinate of the four heads;
Construction Engineer Head, Equipment and Administration Head , Finance & Administration
Head and Office Engineer Head. The procedural work of these heads are stated by the
application of chart, at the over view of this page.

Work Flow of the Site
Daily lab our

Quantity Surveyor
Technical reporter
Material Engineer
Chief Surveyor
Data Coordinator Laboratory Technician
Daily lab our
Office Engineer Head Quantity Survey
Equipment administration Head
Finance & Administration Head

haser
Quantity Survey Supply & Purchaser
Quantity Survey Quantity Survey
Time keeper
Time Keeper haser
haser Project
Security
Manager
Operator
Construction Engineer Head Time Keeper
Site Engineer
Operator Quantity Survey Bar bender

Surveyor
Structure Work Forman
Daily lab our Quantity Survey Quantity Survey

Earth Work Forman
Quantity Survey Quantity Survey Quantity Survey

Grade Checker Carpenter
Quantity Survey haser Quantity Survey
Daily lab our Daily lab our
Quantity Survey haser
haser Daily lab our
Daily lab Survey
Quantity our Quantity Survey
Quantity Survey
Quantity Survey
Quantity Survey Data Collector Quantity Survey
haser Quantity Survey haser
Quantity Survey Quantity Survey Quantity Survey
haser haser
Quantity Survey
haser

2.2.1 Responsibilities of each employees

Project manager;- The project manager plays a vital role in the planation, organization,
coordination and supervision of the activities of the assigned project. So he manages the whole
part of the project and some of the specific tasks are;
 Preparing meetings, with different section heads for reviewing schedules, evaluate
performances, to better understanding of problems and solutions
 Carries out detailed planning and scheduling of the project site fore their execution.
 Managing the project team, risk and conflicts.
 Prepares progress reports and submits it to supervisor
 Establish the different crews and supervise their performance.
 Controls and checks construction works for compliance with design specification and
desired quality of material and workman ship.
 Approve the schedule and budget of the project.
Office Engineer;- Provides technical information to others working on a project to ensure that
the work complies with all engineering standards, codes, specifications, and design instruction.
The work is performed with the following tasks;-
 Prepare and submit necessary document for construction project.
 Prepare structural and architectural drawing for construction project.
 Analyze the data’s to prepare payments and take offs.
 Receive and checks for measurement data submitted from the site.
 Make a report to the project engineer and provide it to surveyor, Forman or any other
participate in the construction site.
 Receive and confirms project site reports related to variance and amendment.
Site Engineer;- Manages, coordinate and supervise the man power and construction activities on
the site with the following detail activities;-
 Prepare equipment, material and any other required tools, and checks their availability.
Participate in the planning and scheduling of the construction method of works.
 Check the excavation and earthworks according to specification and drawings.
 Properly follows the given times schedule in order to avoid any delaying on the project
completion time.

 Interpret the work order, technical drawing and specifications to the subordinate.
 Ensure that the construction process is in the standard condition or not, and performance
of the equipment and their quality.
Surveyor;- related with the studying of the topographical feature of the road project.
 He prepare contour of the project by taking data from the field.

 Layout and identify the required position and direction for what to be done.
 Check the direction, distance and level of the constructed task to be accepted.
Forman;- Has a many year’s experience and knowledge about the technical construction process
of the work, and works cooperatively with the site engineer and daily labour. In our construction
project there were two types of Forman, the one who control the earth work construction and the
other one with the structural parts. The specific tasks of the Forman’s are;
 He control and manage the skilled daily workers
 Ensure that work is carried out based on the plan and schedule.
 Executing construction works, by interpreting the specification and drawing plans.
 Maintain attendance of employees under supervision.
 Prepare and submits periodic work progress.
Bar bender:- Prepare the reinforcement and placing of bar for man hole and culvert structures
according to their designed plan.
Carpenter:- Participates in the construction of wood structures for supporting steel form work
different structural components like man hole and culvert structures.
Daily labour;-Participates in the activities done at the site that serves an assistant to the
technician workers.
Data collector;- Collect data’s about the daily work activities including the type and amount of
material used, the type and number of workers participated on the work.
Administrator;- The main activity of the Administrator is solving conflicts between employees,
administrating the working environment and communication with the local government.
Financial:- Carry out salary of the employees and finance the purchasing of materials.
Time Keeper - Control the time of the workers from start to the finishing.

 registers ordinary time amount ,overtime works and report summary of a working times
Cashier;- give a payment to all cashier.
Equipment Administration- Manage the activities of all rentals and owned equipment and
provides maintenance service for machines and equipment’s by using data collectors and data
coordinators and time keepers.
Operators:- Operate, fix and maintain different machineries on the site like, vibrator and mixer.
Material Engineer;- Work in the laboratory that make investigation for the quality of material to
be used for construction purpose.
Lab Technicians;- are working under the Materia Engineer. The main responsibility of Lab
Technician is, testing of the material to be used in the road project and check them as they satisfy
to the requirement after construction.
2.3 Observed activities and tasks
Lab Work Site Work Office Work
Compaction Test Survey Work Cost Evaluation

CBR test
CBR Test Subbase Work
CBR test
Atterberg Limit Base coarse Work
CBR test
Sieve Analysis Structural Part
Quality of Agg Prime Coat

CBR test CBR test
Cubic test Asphalt Paving
CBR test
Mix Design Asphalt
CBR test Figure 3 observed activities

2.4 Practical technical activities that I have observed
2.4.1 Laboratory work task

The Professional mans that serve in the laboratories are material engineer-Masresha and
Temesgen who make a detail calculation and checking the samples which is tested by the Lab
technician-Awot and Fre.
Laboratory work is just an investigation of the strength of material we use in the road way such
as; soil, aggregate, asphalt and cement through the different mechanism of tests.
2.4.1.1 Modified compaction test

Compaction means to press soil particles tightly together by expelling air from void spaces b/n
the particles compaction increase soil unit weight, shear strength and decreases the soil
compressibility and permeability.
Objective The main objective is determination of then maximum dry density of the soil under
the optimum moisture content of the soil.
Apparatus; mold with removal collar and base, oven, balance, hammer, can and tirrimer.
Procedure for modified compaction test
 Around one quintal of soil came from the site to lab and dry it through air.
 Then the soil the air dried is quartered which represent the whole soil sample and sieved
with 20mm sieve size
 Add the required amount of water to soil sample
 Weigh empty mold
 Compact the soil in the mold 56 times per each 5 layer.
 Remove the collar and trim off the soil above the top of the mold
 Weigh the mold and the sample
 Remove the soil from the mold and take representative sample for moisture content
determination
 Add water to increase the water content by about 2%and repeat again step 5.
 Continue until the mass of the mold decreases from the previous weight of mold.
 Finally draw the moisture content to the dry density to find the maximum dry density of
the soil.

Table 1 Analysis of Moisture-Density Relations Of Soils ( AASHTO T180)
Sampling date:11/8/2017 Represen. 39+300 - 39+500 Intended Classification

station: for:
Test Date :- 11/10/2017 Material Source: Roadway Excavated Tested by Awote G.
Material :
Proctor TypeModified Description: Brown Silty or Cheked Masresha G.
Clayey gravel and by:
Sand
Description: Brown Silty or Sampled Roadway
Clayey gravel and at: Excavated
Sand Material
Compaction Determination
Target moisture content 4 6 8 10 12
%
Mass of Wet Sample + mould A (g) 9372 9529 9666 9788 9709
Mass of mould B (g) 5020 5020 5020 5020 5020
Mass of wet sample C=A-B (g) 4352 4509 4646 4768 4689
Volume of Mould V (CC) 2124 2124 2124 2124 2124
Bulk density C/V=W 2.05 2.12 2.19 2.24 2.21
Moisture Determination NMC
Container No. 8 W H 61 B Z
Mass of container + wet sample a (g) 441.3 455.8 484.7 396.1 416.1 493.1
Mass of container + dry sample b (g) 410.8 417.9 436.2 351.8 363.5 477.0
Mass of container d (g) 40.9 42.2 41.9 35.1 40.6 92.2
Mass of dry sample b - d = e (g) 369.9 375.7 394.3 316.7 322.9 384.8
Mass of moisture a - b = f (g) 30.5 37.9 48.5 44.3 52.6 16.1
Moisture content m = f/e*100 (%) 8.25 10.09 12.30 13.99 16.29 4.18
Dry density W / (100+m)*100 (g/cc) 1.89 1.93 1.95 1.97 1.90 -

MOISTURE - DENSITY RELATIONSHIP GRAPH
1.97
(gm/cc)
1.95
DRY DENSITY
1.93
1.91
1.89
8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00
MOISTURE CONTENT %
Chart 1 Moisture Density Relationship
MDD ( g / cc) 1.97
OMC (%) 14.40
Conclusion; our maximum dry density is

1.97g/cc with 14.4% of optimum
moisture content. So, using these two
data, the CBR value of the soil is carried
out. That is, using 95%of MDD=1.87 and
𝑂𝑀𝐶−𝑁𝑀𝐶
water content = *100=9.8%.
𝑁𝑀𝐶+100
Figure 4 modified compaction

2.4.1.2 CBR test

CBR (California Bearing Ratio) is
measure of sharing resistance of the
material under controlled density and
moisture conditions. This test is performed
on the different layers of the road
pavements. The value of CBR is the
penetration load at 2.54 or 5.8 to the
penetration sustained by the standard load.
Objective;- To determine and evaluate the

potential strength and swelling of sub
grade, sub base and base coarse of the
asphalt project.
Apparatuses use;- CBR machine, mold,

Figure 5 penetration for CBR test
hummer, spacer, surcharge load and
swelling gauge.
 Procedure for CBR test;-
 First about one quintal of soil came from the site to lab and spread over a plain area to be
dry.
 Then the soil the air dried is quartered which represent the whole soil sample and sieved
with 20mm sieve size which retained from 15-30% weighed up to 18 kg for three trials
each 6 kg. If retained soil through 20mm is less than 15% we take soil replacement using
4.75 mm sieve and if it is greater than 30% retained the soil is removed.
 Then the soil was mixed with water gained from OMC of the compaction and its natural
moisture content
 Place the spacer in the mold, with base plate and collar attached.
 After that each trial were compacted with 10, 30 and 65 below per 5 layers

 Remove the collar .level the surface with straight edge and the performed base plate,
invert the mold, and replace it on the base plate.
 Take a weight before soaking.
 Then take initial reading for swelling and soak them in water for about 4 days
 Take also final swelling reading after four days and weight
 Place it in compression machine and seat the penetration piston on the surface.
 Apply a load on the piston, and then record the total load at the specified penetration
depth.
 Take a pit of sample to a can to get dry density of the sample at each compaction
 Finally determine the CBR value at 2.54mm and 5.08mm penetration depth, its dry
density and swelling value.
Analysis for CBR test (AASHTO-193)
Sample date: 11/8/2017 Representative station: 39+300 - 39+500 Intended for: Classification
Soak date: 11/13/2017 Material Source: Roadway Excavated Material Tested by : Awote G.
Test Date : 11/17/2017 Type of Material: Brown Silty or Clayey gravel Cheked by: Masresha G.
Table 2 compaction determination for CBR test
COMPACTION DATA 65 Blows 30 Blows 10 Blows

Before soak After soak Before soak After soakBefore soakAfter soak
Mould No. D1 D1 D2 D2 D3 D3
Mass of soil + Mould gm 10978 11093 10864 10980 10687 10908
Mass Mould gm 6221 6221 6236 6236 6308 6308
Mass of Soil gm 4757 4872 4628 4744 4379 4600
Volume of Mould cc 2124 2124 2124 2124 2124 2124
Wet density of soil gm/cc 2.24 2.29 2.18 2.23 2.06 2.17
Dry density of soil gm/cc 1.96 1.99 1.91 1.90 1.80 1.82

Table 3 Moisture Determination for CBR
65 Blows 30 Blows 10 Blows

MOISTURE CONTENT DATA
Before soak After soak Before soak After soakBefore soakAfter soak
Container no. 2 110 46 61 52 A
Mass of wet soil + Container gm 430.9 462.2 440.2 420.4 329.6 379.8
Mass of dry soil + Container gm 388.0 406.0 396.3 363.5 292.8 324.6
Mass of container gm 87.0 42.3 88.3 35.1 39.1 35.1
Mass of water gm 42.9 56.2 43.9 56.9 36.8 55.2
Mass of drysoil gm 301.0 363.7 308.0 328.4 253.7 289.5
Moisture content % 14.3 15.5 14.3 17.3 14.5 19.1
Average moisture content % 14.3 15.5 14.3 17.3 14.5 19.1
Table 4 CBR Penetration Determination
Penetration after 96 hrs Soaking PeriodSurcharge Weight: 4.55 KG

Ring Calibration Factor (KN/Div.)= 0.0246
Pen.mm Gauge,Div Load, KN CBR % Pen.mmGauge,Div Load, KN CBR % Pen.mmGauge,Div Load, KN CBR %
0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0
0.64 38 0.93 0.64 42 1.03 0.64 16 0.39
1.27 90 2.21 1.27 80 1.97 1.27 33 0.81
1.91 128 3.14 1.91 108 2.65 1.91 50 1.23
2.54 148 3.64 27.5 2.54 131 3.22 24.3 2.54 70 1.72 13.0
3.18 167 4.10 3.18 149 3.66 3.18 91 2.24
3.81 206 5.06 3.81 164 4.03 3.81 109 2.68
4.45 247 6.07 4.45 181 4.45 4.45 130 3.19
5.08 282 6.93 35.8 5.08 199 4.89 25.3 5.08 148 3.64 18.8
Modified Max.Dry Density g/cc = 1.97 OMC % = 14.40
Table 5 Swell Determination

Date Gauge
Swell in % Gauge Reading Swell in % Gauge Reading Swell in %
Reading
11/13/2017 Initial 24.46 0.35 1.17
11/17/2017 Final 24.98 0.45% 1.22 0.75% 2.38 1.04%

Soaked CBR Vs Dry Density

36.0 No. DD
MC % of
of BS
BS compac
CBR=22.5 blo g/cm
% tion
31.0 ws 3
%
Soaked CBR %
10 14.5 1.80 18.8

26.0
30 14.3 1.91 25.3
65 14.3 1.96 35.8
21.0 Dry Density at 95% of MDD=1.87
16.0
1.790 1.840 1.890 1.940
Dry Density gm/cc
Figure 6 Soaked CBR Vs dry density

Swelling
1.00% Dry
swell
0.80%
0.85% density
0.60% 1.80 1.04%
0.40% 1.91 0.75%
0.20% 1.96 0.45%
0.00%
1.79 1.84 1.89 1.94
Dry Density at 95% of MDD=1.87
Dry density
Figure 7 Swelling Vs dry density
Conclusion; According to AASHTO T 193 the Soaked

CBR minimum value is 3% at 95% MDD modified
AASHTO and swelling less than 2.5%. So, the soil is
acceptable to use.

2.4.1.3 Atterberg limit

Atterberg Limit test is a technique for evaluating the Liquid limit and plastic limit of a given soil
sample containing appreciable amount of fine grained particles. So it is a useful method of
classifying a soil.
Plastic limit; is the water content in percent, at which a soil can be changed from semi solid to
plastic state. It is quantified for a given soil as specific water content and from a physical stand
point it is the water content at which the soil will begin to crumble when rolled into small
threads.
Apparatus used are; balance, sieve, distilled water, spatula, dish, cans, flat plate and oven.
Procedure; About 30 g of the soil which is sieved through 0.425mm was taken and rolled with
hand in a large glass plate until 3mm diameter of soil threads was obtained. The portions of the
rolled soils were collected and determined its water content
Table 6 Plastic Limit Determination
Container No O Y
Mass of wet soil + container (a) g 11.60 11.89
Mass of dry soil + container (b) g 10.50 10.76
Mass of container (c ) g 5.30 5.40
Mass of moisture (a-b) g 1.10 1.13
Mass of dry soil (b-c) g 5.20 5.36
Moisture content (w=a-b/b-c x 100) g 21.2 21.1
Average moisture content % 21.1
Therefore the plastic limit of the soil is 21.1%

.Liquid limit; defined as the water content at which a soil

changes from a plastic state to a liquid state or it is the
dividing line between the liquid and plastic states.
Apparatus; Casugrand , balance, sieve, grooving tool,

spatula, can and distilled water.
Procedure; The dried brown silty and clay soil was first
sieved through 0.425mm sieve and taken about 180 g of soil
for both liquid and plastic limit test. Then a portion of the
paste was taken to the cup and drawn the grooving tool
through the sample along the symmetrical axis of the cup.
After that the crank was turned until 13mm distance of the
gap was closed. Additional trials ware repeated to produce
successive number of bellows which helps to determine an
Figure 8 Casugrand test
accurate water content value in the 25 number of bellows.
Table 7 Liquid Limit Determination
Test No. 1 2 3
No. of blows 30 23 16
Container No. D1 D2 D3
Mass of wet soil + container (a) g 29.90 29.29 29.00
Mass of dry soil + container (b) g 24.96 24.20 23.67
Mass of container (c )g 8.10 8.09 7.89
Mass of moisture (a-b)g 4.94 5.09 5.33
Mass of dry soil (b-c)g 16.86 16.11 15.78
Moisture content (w=a-b/b-c x 100) % 29.3 31.6 33.8

MOISTURE CONTENT %
34 LIQUID LIMIT CHART
33
LL=30.8%
32
31
30
29
1 NO. OF BLOWS 100
Figure 9 Liquide limit Vs number of blow
Plastic index=LL-PL=30.8% - 21.1%=9.7%
Conclusion; According to AASHTO T 90 the maximum value of LL and PI is 60% and 30%
respectively. So, the soil is safe by which its consistency.
2.4.1.4 Sieve analysis test

Gradation is used to obtain the grain size distribution of coarse and fine aggregate of concrete,
this test is also conducted on asphalt aggregate and soil aggregate. This test is conducted for
Base course and sub base materials. The sieve analysis can be carried out by wet or dry sieve.
However, in our lab test it is always conducted to wet sieve
Procedure;
 First the soil is quartered and oven dried

 Wash it thoroughly through 0.75mm sieve
 Sieve the sample and weigh the retained soil
 Calculate % of retained in each sieve
 Calculate % of passing in each sieve
 Then plot curve and deiced its behavior.

Table 8 sieve size analysis
Sieve Size (mm) Mass Mass Retained % age Average Percentage

% age Retained % age Passing % age Passing
Retained (gm) (gm) Retained Passing (%)
75 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0

63 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0
50 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0
37.5 54.0 1.7 98.3 125.0 3.7 96.3 97.3
25 213.0 6.8 91.5 256.0 7.5 88.8 90.2
19 140.0 4.4 87.1 28.0 0.8 88.0 87.5
12.5 309.0 9.8 77.3 231.0 6.8 81.2 79.2
9.5 87.0 2.8 74.5 122.0 3.6 77.6 76.1
4.75 172.0 5.5 69.0 211.0 6.2 71.4 70.2
2.36 103.0 3.3 65.8 113.0 3.3 68.1 66.9
2 24.0 0.8 65.0 27.0 0.8 67.3 66.1
1.18 110.0 3.5 61.5 145.0 4.3 63.0 62.3
0.6 253.0 8.0 53.5 188.0 5.5 57.5 55.5
0.425 150.0 4.8 48.7 229.0 6.7 50.8 49.7
0.3 81.0 2.6 46.1 119.0 3.5 47.3 46.7
0.15 422.0 13.4 32.7 385.0 11.3 36.0 34.4
0.075 85.0 2.7 30.0 210.0 6.2 29.8 29.9
Particle Size Distribution Curve By sieving

100.0
95.0
90.0
85.0
80.0
75.0
% OF PASSING
70.0
65.0
60.0
55.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
0.05 0.5 5 50
SIEVE SIZE (mm)

Figure 10 particle size distribution

Conclusion; The soil will be classified using Group Index and AASHTO method under the
following results.
LL & PI Sieve size % Passing
LL=30.8% 2mm (No 10) 66.1
PI=9.7% 0.425mm (No40) 49.1
0.075mm (No 200) 29.9
GI = (F -35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL -40)] + 0.01(F -15)(PI -10) Where GI = Group index
Since GI value gives negative it is taken as zero F = % passing 0.075 mm.
For GI=0 the soil has good drainage behavior. And based on AASHTO classification the soil is
grouped under A-2-4 which is Silty or Clayey Gravel and Sand.
2.4.1.5 Quality test for aggregate

A. Specific gravity of the aggregate
It is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of material stone. Low specific gravity of
aggregates indicates as they are weaker than higher specific gravity of aggregates. Water
absorption of aggregate measure its strength in terms of porosity of the aggregate. Mostly, these
types of test are applicable for concrete and asphalt mix design.
Production; Aggregate are a smaller size compare to

stone and can be produced by a mechanical means or
naturally. The aggregate used for base coarse in the
asphalt project of DCE is located in Gereb Giba. A
huge rock is broken to a medium size of stone and it
is changed to the stand ardaggregate through
mechanical means of Crusher.
Figure 11 Aggregate Crusher

Dish
Soaked aggregate
Temperature Gauge
Absorbent cloth
Jar filled with water

Balance
and Basket
Figure 12 Specific gravity of aggregate determination
Procedure; To obtain the specific gravity and water absorption of the aggregate; primarily, we
mix the sample of aggregate thoroughly and rejected the material which pass through 4.75mm
sieve. Then the aggregates were washed to remove the dust particle and soaked for about one day
in water filled dish. Next the aggregates were rolled on the absorbent clothes until all visible
films of water are removed and its weight was taken. And also the weight of air dried aggregate
was taken when it was immersed in distilled water and oven dried in the oven dry. Finally, its
specific gravity and water absorption was determined based on the weight of aggregate found in
the air dried surface, in the water and in the oven dry weight.
B. Filler materials
Filler materials are fine particle which are used to fill for voids created in the coarser aggregate
when we use as base coarse or other construction. So, one of the quality of the filler material is,
estimated using its specific gravity.
Procedure; the specific gravity of filler material was obtained by which equal volume of water
and filler materials were weighed through a bottle. The air filled to the void of filler material was
extracted properly using vacuum pump, while the volume of filler material is equal to the volume
of water.

2.4.1.6 Test for concrete mixture

A. Slump test
Slump test is carried out for the mixed concrete to investigate its workability. Workability
measures how easy the concrete to compact, handle and place in its position.
Is the cone with height 30cm and

diameter10cm top and 20 cm
bottom
Flat plate, give smooth surface

to the cone
Tampic load, used to compact

the mix concrete
Figure 13 Material used for slump test
Procedure; during the test, first we have mixed the ingredients of the concrete; water, cement,
sand, coarse and fine aggregate according to their proportion. As soon as the discharge of the
concrete commences, we took a sample from the mixed concrete and filled to the one third of the
volume of the cone. Then filled concrete was compacted through the rod 25 times. We continued
the same process with an equal amount of mixed concrete till it overflows through the top up of
the cone. After that we leveled off the surface with a steel rod using a rolling action. Then the
cone was lifted up carefully without moving the sample. Finally, the decreased height of the
sample was measured by inverting the cone upside down, the ruler applied at the top of it. The
reduced height of the sample should be within the set range which is from 25-100mm.

B. Compressive strength of concrete

Cubic test is determination of the maximum carrying capacity of the concrete when it gets a load.
Concrete filled mold

Tampic
load
Hammer
Mold
Figure 14material of Cubic test
Procedure; the samples are taken when the mixing concrete is carried out or a trucks delivering
concretes from the batch to the structures. Then, the concrete is filled for three trials with 20x20
cubic molds in three layers. Each layer was compacted 25 times through tam pic load and also
the side of the mold was tamped through plastic hammer, to extract the air void. After that, the
mold is removed from the cubic concrete and soaked in water three of them for 7 days and then
remained for 28 days. The specimens are loaded to failure in a compression testing machine and
the maximum load sustained by the specimen is recorded.
2.4.1.7 Mix Design of Asphalt

Mix design is the determination of an economical blend and gradation of aggregate and bitumen
which can give durable, stable, flexible and workable.; its main objective for the design of
asphalt paving mixes is to determine a cost-effective blend and gradation of aggregates and
asphalt that yields a mix having the final goal of mix design is to select a unique design asphalt
content that will achieve a balance among all of the desired properties.
Procedure; Prior to the commencement of mix design of asphalt, the quality test of aggregate
i.e. LAA, flakiness, ACV, TFV, soundness, absorption, specific gravity, coating asphalt, sand
equivalent and fracture face had been carried out. Next the aggregates were blended according
to the specification. Then, the graded aggregate and bitumen were heated for about 160c and

140 respectively, except the filler material. After that, both the aggregate and bitumen were
blended by taking five different content of bitumen. After that, the mixed asphalt was
compacted 75 times in the compactor machine which forms a 5 cm thickness of asphalt
concrete called briquette. Then, the stability, deformation, VMA, VFA and air void of each
briquette should be studied. Finally, we need to select the percent of bitumen content need for
the mixture by which, the briquette satisfies the tolerance.
Aggregate
mixtures Machine compactor
=75 times
+ +
Read stability > 8 KN Briquette

and flow=2-4 mm produced
= 5cm Thickness
Take to
Compression
Machine
Figure 15 procedure of asphalt mix design

2.4.2 Site work task

Site work is constructing of the designed project in the actual ground as per the instruction of
office work and laboratory results. During the construction period the contractor construct the
construction and the consultant supervises fully the construction of the works. It had been well
organized by many groups of skilled manpower and machinery. The professional mans who
serve in the fields are; site engineer -Jone and Alemseged, structural foreman -Seare and
Geremew and earth work foreman- Derege and Mebrahtu.
2.4.2.1 Survey work

Before the commencement of any construction activity the design information has to be moved
from the plan to the ground. Construction surveying is to stake out reference points and markers
that will guide the earthwork construction and road drainage structures. These markers are
usually staked out according to a suitable coordinate system selected for the project.
In case of our construction, the road is two ways, and the one way has 10.5 m width. So, during
the construction of an earth work for capping, subgrade and base course , the thickness of the
compaction layer is marked at each 20m interval difference and 3.5 m offset by using blue top.
The blue top helps to know the exact section of the layer during the grading.
Instrument used for surveying are;
Total station used to determine the position such as center line of the road and footing pad
position of man hole.
Leveling is used to measure for elevation of the place.
Tripod, Reflector, Staff, roller meter, hammer and stakes
2.4.2.2 Subbase preparation

Description; The sub-base course is the layer of material beneath the base course and the
primary functions are to provide structural support, improve drainage, and reduce the intrusion of
fines from the sub-grade in the pavement structure If the base course is open graded, then the
sub-base course with more fines can serve as a filler between sub-grade and the base course. The
specification used for this layers are, the CBR value should be greater than 30% and its PI<12%.

Procedural work; an excavated soil was came to the site from the quarry site by the application
of damp truck and damped to the road way. The sub base material was spread on the approved
sub grade by Grader without segregation. During spreading of oversize materials should be broke
down and removed from the layer to the adjacent side the road.
During spreading time, the Shower track and Grader should work together. The Grader should
follow the top of the blue top to give compacted thickness 17.5cm. Then, the speeded soil was
compacted by the roller to obtain the required dry density for compaction of the existing sub
base.
Equipment used;
Grader: -. These are used for shaping the sub base Grader
to get the blue top
Shower truck;- provide a water to the soil.
Drum roller;-compact the graded soil.
Dump truck;- transport a soil to the site.
Loader;- for loading and pushing s oil.
Shower Drum
truck Roller
Figure 16 Equipment used for subbase

2.4.2.3 Base course preparation

Description; in our asphalt project the base coarse has 20cm thickness which is located
immediately beneath the surface of binder course and it provides additional load distribution and
contributes to the sub-surface drainage. The material used is coarse aggregate. It was obtained
from sound rock from an approved quarry which is located in Gereb Giba.
Preparation process; the executing process has no that much difference with the sub base coarse.
First the material was spread on the approved sub base layer by mechanical means grader
without segregation. Then the material was loosely spread to give a compacted thickness of
10cm. The material was compacted by the use of rollers progressing gradually from the outside
towards the center of the layer. Compaction was continued until the entire thickness of each layer
is thoroughly and uniformly compacted until the required density reached.
Equipment; used for base coarse preparation are similar with the sub base equipment which are
loader, dump truck, grader, water truck and roller.
2.4.2.4 Structural part executing

The structural part of the road project that I have participated are; curb stone, pipe culvert and
box culvert.
A. Curb stone
The curb stone are constructed from concrete which are placed along the side of the shoulder and
center line of the road way. It designed to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway. The size of
the curb stone is as stated in the figure.
Dimension of the
curb stone
Figure 17 Curb stone placement

Prior to placing of the curb stone, the exact position of the curb stone is determine by the
surveyor. Then, each of the curb stones are connected to each other using cement mortar with a
ratio of 1:2.the curb stone is inserted about 3mm over the finished sub base road.
B. Mane hole
Manhole is a hole by which a man can enter in to the pipe
or other drainage structure to clean up it Since the flood
that pass through the pipe consist of different particles
such as silt, crushed stones and other waste material.
Manhole is constructed at different meter interval. For

example on our site the manhole on the right and left
hand side of the road are constructed with around 20m
interval. The size of the manhole is 160x160cm external
width with 20 cm thickness whereas its height depends on
the drainage of the water.
Work process;-Prior to construction of the manhole a Figure 18 Side drainage structure

surveyor sets the exact position of the footing. Then, a
footing pad for the man hole is constructed which is parallel to the pipe bed. After that a form work
is erected at the outside and inside part of the manhole. Finally the concrete mix is casted to the
depth of around two meter from the top pad footing. The concrete used for the manhole is C-30
with a ratio 1:2:3. The size of the bag used to measure the material is 16x40x50cm.
C. Pipe
Production of pipe; Pipe is designed as per hydrological study of the location and it is casted at
casting site then transported from there to a place where it is wanted to installed. The production
site of the pipe is near to Kalamino and three types of pipe are produced. These are 36 inch,42 inch
and 48 inch diameter. The reinforcement used is 8 and it is a double reinforcement in the 42 &
48 inch. During the casting of the pipe, the bars are fixed alone with the a circular shape then
inserted to the circular steel form work. Finally it is casted with a concrete. The concrete used is,

with a ratio of 1:2:3 or for 50 kg cement, 2 bag sand, 2 bag size 02 aggregate and 1 bag size 01
aggregate.
Figure 19 Pipe production
Installation method; - First the natural ground

is excavated to the designed elevation using an Crane
Excavator for pipe installation. then reading is
taken or checked by surveyor to check whether
needs cut or fill . After that the original ground
is leveled to the designed elevations. Then the
alignment is done by using rope for alignment
to keep the center of pipe. Then the pipe are
installed with the help of Crane and connected Figure 20 Pipe installation
to each other with the help of mortar 1:2. Then
selected material is added to the side of excavated place and then compacted 15 cm per layer
using Hand Roller. Thereafter, compacted test is taken by lab technicians at site and the test is
called sand cone test. If the test value is greater or equal to the standard value the compaction is
ok then the alignment is done but if the test value is less than the standard value then the soil
taken compacted and the test is taken again and we continue till top of the sub base.

D. Box culvert
Box culverts are hydraulic structures which are

designed to provide proper water flow without
causing any damage on the road and they have less
than six meter span length.
The box culvert which I conducted is located at

station 11+670. The reason why they use box
culvert rather than slab culvert is as soil is weak not
preferable to use slab culvert. The whole part of the
box culvert is constructed from concrete. It has a Figure 21 cutoff wall

internal width of 2 m, internal height 1.5m and
length 52m with top, bottom and shear wall thickness 0.3m. And also it has a cut off wall at the
inlet, center and out let with a depth of 0.75m. Its main purpose is to protect scouring and serve
as foundation.
Kewami
Steel
formwork
Figure 22 providing formwork for bottom slab concrete
Work process;- First the surveyor sets the center line of the box culvert. Then, it is excavated to
the require depth through the Excavator. After that, the bed level of the culvert is measured its
level then compacted to a thickness of 20cm. After that a lean concrete is paved to a thickness of
5 cm with a ratio 1:3:5. Then reinforcement is placed at the bottom slab and vertical shear wall
based on the designed principle. Next, by fixing bottom form work, the bottom slab is casted
with a ratio 1:2:3 concrete which has 30MPa compressive strength. During casting of the

concrete, they use Mixer with a provision of an inclined

Batching
panel which helps to move the concrete to the footing of plant
the culvert. And also they use a Mixer Truck which
transports around 5 𝑚3 concrete mixes from the batching
plant which is located near to Diaspora safer to the box
culvert located in Sebacaree. When the bottom slab is
Mixer
finished, it is fixed a form work at the circumstance of
Truck
the vertical shear wall but now it is ongoing how it Figure 23 Batching plant
would be its finishing.
2.4.2.5 Prime coat spraying

The prime coat is made up of 60% kerosene and 40% bitumen which is a very light application
of asphalt, usually asphalt emulsion diluted with water and must be thin, uniformly cover the
entire surface.
Bitumen Distributer
Its main purpose is;
 It provides proper bonding between aggregate of the

base coarse
 Protect percolating of water during rainfall
 Protect from dust particle
 To make more economical for asphalt concrete use.
Work process;-Before laying asphalt concrete, the base
course surface was primed by the application of cutback Figure 24 Prime Coat Spraying
asphalt. The surface that was to be primed was thoroughly

cleaned. All mud, earth, dust, animal dropping and all other foreign substances were removed.
Immediately before application of prime coat, the base course layer surface was dampened by
light spray of water applied uniformly. The equipment that was used to spread was Bitumen
distributor equipped with a heating device. During spraying, the lab technician tests it to know
the prime coat amount or to control the velocity of the bitumen distributor.

2.4.2.6 Asphalt Concrete

The asphalt concrete has a thickness of 5 cm and crown slop of 2.5% which is directly in contact
with traffic loads and generally contains superior quality materials such as bitumen, aggregate
and filler material. They are usually constructed with dense graded asphalt concrete. It provides
characteristics such as friction, smoothness, drainage, etc. Also it will prevent the entrance of
excessive quantities of surface water into the underlying base, sub-base and sub-grade.
Production site: Asphalt was mixed by means of automatic Asphalt Concrete Batching Hot
Mixing Plant which is called Marni plant located in Maykeyh. The machine is operated with the
application of computer.
Some parts of the machines are;
Cold bin
Mixing tower
Hot elevator
Drier
Asphalt Container Asphalt elevator
Figure 25 Asphalt plant production
Cold bin - are four types that are cold G1,G2,G3 and G4.its main purpose is to contain the
different size of aggregate and pass it to the drier. But in our case one of them is not more served.

Drier - is a circular type which gives a heat to the aggregate from 150c-170c and mix the
aggregate with an optimum circulation.
Hot elevator - is a vertical member which sends the dried aggregate to the mixing tower.
Mixing tower - mixes the aggregate 170 with bitumen 150 at the top and sends it to the bottom
and received it by the asphalt elevator.
Asphalt elevator – translates the asphalt concrete to the asphalt container which is located at a
higher elevation.
Asphalt container - this part of the machine can keep the asphalt too long time without changing
its temperature. It has a gate in its bottom part and drops the asphalt to the dump truck.
Work process – Before commencement of the asphalt concrete placing in the permanent work,
trial section was prepared to check the asphalt concrete acceptance. Prior to paving the asphalt
concrete, the primed base course is cleaned up through the Compressor. Then a straight string is
extended at the base course which keeps the direction of the Paver. The paver receives the
asphalt concrete with 160 from the Dump Truck through its head and paves it to an initial depth
of 6.8 cm using its tail. There is a dipstick and sensor which control the depth of paved asphalt
direction of the paver respectively. When the asphalt concrete reaches 110c-130c Drum rollers
and pneumatic tire roller in combination were used for compaction of asphalt concrete. The
Drum roller compacts with 3 trips, whereas the Pneumatic roller compact with 40 trips. Finally,
the lab technician takes a core of asphalt at each station randomly, to check its thickness, air void
and stability is within the tolerance.
Dipstick; measure String; Keep direction

Paver of paver asphalt
depth of paved asphalt
Asphalt
Concrete
Figure 26 Method of guiding for asphalt paver

2.4.3 Office work task

An office work is related to designation, cost estimation and daily report evaluation. The design
office also has a diversified skilled man power that consists such as quantity surveyors, a culvert
and bridge designer, profile of the road designer, data reporter and evaluator are some example
of the office worker.
During my internship period I have conducted to the office work by which, estimation of cost of
the machinery such as Girder, Roller, Shower Truck, Excavator, Dozer and Loader depend on
the time for what they do at a day. And also I have seen how to evaluate efficiencies of the
machinery. A daily report of the work process is used for evaluation purpose and at each
successive two week they make a report payment of rental machinery.
2.5 Work piece or work tasks I have been executing

During my stay at the internship, I have conducted to some practical work tasks. The tasks that I
have executed during my internships are mentioned below;
 CBR testing at the laboratory

 Reading an elevation through leveling and
 Placement of bar at box culvert box
2.6 Procedures I have been using while performing my work tasks

While performing my tasks at the site, I have watched how everything is going in steps, and how
each task is done by its own working procedure. So, the procedures that I follow during the
execution of the tasks are stated below one by one.
When I did CBR testing, first I have taken the quartered soil sample and sieved with 20mm
sieve size weighed up to 18 kg for three trials each 6 kg. Then the soil was mixed with water
gained from OMC of the compaction and its natural moisture content. After that each trial were
compacted with 10, 30 and 65 below per 5 layers. When the soil compacted it should be in a
systematic ways that is dropping the hammer by keeping its weight. Then I have soaked them in
water for about 96 hours. After 96 hour I abled to read the penetration load and swelling
percentages of the soaked soil.

At the site I have also conducted with reading bed level of

box culvert for the purpose of lean concrete casting. First I
have set up the three tripods over a firm ground. Then I
leveled the instrument by screwing the three foot. After
that I took a back sight reading on the bench mark to find
the height of instrument and again I took a fore sight
reading at the bed level of the footing.
Figure 27 my task at surveying
When I came to the placement of a bar at the bottom slab

of the box culvert, first I read the details of the
reinforcement from the drawing to specify the location of
the reinforcement and its length. Then I abled to place and
tie the reinforcement at the bottom slab and shear walls of
the culvert.
Figure 28 my task at reinforcement
2.7 Challenges that I have faced at the work task

During my internship period I have spent the time almost in a good ways. But, there are some
obstacles that I faced during my task.
 During my first internship period I have got a lack of speaking with the professional man,
because of not introducing well with them.
 Lack of transportation service to move from my compass to the site, because it is far to
move without helplines of transportation service
 Not having an experienced engineer who can easily make the students understand the
work of the laboratory procedures and tests. It was expected from the interns to observe
what was occurring and easily adapt to the procedures
 To adapt the weather condition of the site of the project. Because the site is very cold and
high dust over the road.

 At the laboratory there weren’t any kinds of reference books that were used for guiding
the lab technicians or interns to do the test.
 Not having continuous tasks to do in laboratory which make only cost expense.
 Not having enough number of skilled or learnt manual labors that could have shown us
how construction works are going on.
 Not having enough space to work at the office
2.8 Remedial measure of the challenge
 I made an adaptation with the workers after some a days.

 Asking the material engineer how the laboratory task works
 Wearing a thick cloth which protect for the weather condition.
 I follow the procedure of the lab by taking my own manual paper.
 Asking for the lab technician, whether they are doing or not on the next day
 Observing strictly the skilled man’s how they are doing the task
 We made a schedule to use an office work programmatically.

CHPTER THREE
3 Overall Benefit Gained From Internship
During my internship program, I have gained a lot from our stay for a period of four months
around a real work environment. This is due to the fact that what I have been given in the school
gives a real sense with all the challenges and excitements. Apart from the professional skill, I
have built up good cooperative attitude with other partners. I was able to know the gap between
student life and profession life. This internship program provided me a plat form to introduce
myself in professional field. In addition to improving my theoretical and practical skills, I have
been benefited how to conduct with the behavior of workers and their managing system.
3.1 In terms of upgrading my theoretical knowledge

During my stay at the internship I have gained a great of theoretical knowledge from the
different work tasks. Some of themes are stated below;
 During the construction of sub-base and base course I have been increased my knowledge
on selection of material criteria that a specific material should including to be used for a
specific construction purpose.
 Application of the different laboratory tests in the road construction.
 Observing different construction work their importance in the theory of a road.
 I have got an understanding on the properties of materials, specification and area of
application of construction materials.
 I know the functionalities of different machineries.
 I know what kind of culvert to use for drainage purpose. For example, box culvert is used
for weak foundation soils rather than slab culvert.
 I know how to proportion a material for the purpose of concrete. For instance, to use c-30
concrete, it is with a ratio of 1:2:3 and 16x40x50 volume of bags.
3.2 In terms of improving practical skills

In addition to the theoretical knowledge I also gained a good experience by which participating
in the different tasks of the site. Some of themes are;

 In the laboratory work I have been practiced how to apply the different types of tests. For
instance, compaction method of a soil for CBR, procedural work of asphalt mixes design
and other different tests.
 I have capable how to tie and fix reinforcement bars by reading drawing.
 I have practiced how to evaluate the cost and efficiencies of the different machineries in
the office work.
 I have been increased how to read a leveling instrument to determine an elevation of
different area.
3.3 In terms of improving my team playing skills
During my internship period I have conducted to different teams that can improve and facilitate
in solving a problems and acquiring knew knowledge. I have involved as a team with a student to
solve one problem collaboratively in order to achieve a goal. Therefore, the team playing with
this students were interesting, to discuss the weakness and strength of individuals. Team work is
the process of working with a group of people. Each member is capable and willing to contribute
their information’s, skills and experience. Teams playing with in the workers were very nice and
have an interesting condition to join them. Because, having a team can improve and facilitate the
work process of the road project.
3.4 In terms of improving my leadership skills
Leadership is making a group of people to do something. So, the leader must responsible to
invite each and every issue properly. During my internship I have been able to see different
engineer in their work and lead the site worker. Some of the skills that I have got from the
managing systems are;
 Become fast and confident during decision.

 Understanding some ones question and give him the require solution
 Know peoples and look out for their well-being
 Having aloud voice during leadership

3.5 In terms of understanding work ethics
Work ethic is a process of working cooperatively among the different workers and employs
without making any conflict. And it has a vital role to improve the productivity and continuity of
the project. Ethical work conduct enables me in order to posses’ appropriate behaviors in the
work and so I develop proper relationships with co-workers and it helps me to create good
working environment. Some of the ethical works that I have got from my internship are;
 Being punctual at the commencement of the work.

 Asks someone politely to receive an instrument
 Need to have tolerance to everyone
 Being confident to answer for what you do
3.6 In terms of Entrepreneurship skills

Entrepreneurship studying is important and can become a good career opportunity for
engineering students or others who have interest in it because it related with creating a business,
manage a resources and take risks to get benefits. The major characteristics of entrepreneurship
that I have been observed in my internship program are.
 Being a multi skilled

 Self believe as you can take a risk take
 Self-confident
 hard working
 Being creative are some of what I gained during my internship.

CHAPTER FOUR
4 Conclusion and Recommendation
4.1 Conclusion
From the past stay of my internship, I have understood that, as this internship program has a vital
role for students. Because through this program students can build their capacities and can
interpret the theoretical knowledge in to practical skill by which participating in diversified and
realistic practical activities. And also it has a vital role in the method of conducting to the
different work tasks and getting to know with the of the company.
Defense Construction Enterprise is a level one constructor which is upgraded from the previous
years by participating with the different construction infrastructures such as asphalt road,
building construction and dam structures and most of the time the rural asphalts are constructed
by the Defense Construction Enterprise. This shows us that as our country is facing to the
diversified and fast growing infrastructures.
During the previous, I have seen a lot of things which is important for my life. It gave me the
highlight of my future as a civil engineer. It allowed me create valuable connection and gain a
priceless experience. It gave me the chance to revise what I have learned for the past four years
directly or indirectly. It is important in improving my own theoretical, practical, industrial
problem solving, team playing, leadership skills and entrepreneurships. Generally is important
for the future life improvements that are essential to act as an employee. Hence I have gained a
very useful knowledge related to the theoretical concepts of road and practical activities that are
mostly done on the project. I have estimated that it will also be a stepping stone to the next part
of my life.
There had been also some challenges while performing our tasks which we had to take
different measures to overcome them. To conclude on the overall internship program, I am so
lucky as I get this program before my graduation.

4.2 Recommendation
Having good participation and spending time at road construction site, it makes us to become a
professional man and decisive for a problem facing. I was developing a good understanding on
solving different kinds of engineering problems that require engineering solution. It was great to
see the application of theoretical knowledge that I get in class. It really provides a great
opportunity for an out of classroom learning experience that is relevant to our educational
program. So, I am interesting to recommended the following problems what I have facing during
my internship program.
 During the tests of materials in the laboratory work, mostly the lab technician and
consultant are not working jointly. As a result, the lab technician makes a mistake during
carrying out of the test. For example, I have observed an error counting of penetration
test for CBR value. So, I recommend that, the consultant to supervise them during
carrying out of the lab test.
 When I was at a site, I have seen a cross drainage which pass across the road way and
leads to a center line of another road way. If the construction process is continued along
the roadway, it would be difficult to install on it and not allowed to perform on the
roadway. The main source of the problem is from designation at the office. So, I
recommend that, the office engineer should come to the site and check it the designed
plan to the environment condition.
 I have seen a consultant to destruct an erected formwork due to not proper erecting
according to the specified design. Since, the form work is not worked properly; it needs a
skilled man who can read drawing properly.
 As I have observed a roadway in town section near to Enda Gabriel, its cross width is
narrowed due to the existence of building at the side of the alignment road. If the building
is removed from its position it would be high cost expense for compensation as a result
they left it as it is. So, I recommend that, it is good to leave the house in its position for a
moment. Because the number of vehicle still can pass without any difficulty. But, for the
future it can be decided depending on the number of vehicle passed though it.

Referance
 Highway II lecture hand out
 Manual lab report
 ERA (2013), Pavement Design Manual, Volume 1
 Defense Construction enterprise, Mekelle-Dengolat-Samre-Fineriwa asphalt road project
contract document with Ethiopia Road Authority.
 Traffic and Highway Engineering, third edition

Brhane Girmay

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Final Internship Report 2010 E.

FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT

Prepared By: Brhane Girmay

School Advisor: Ins. Sesen Tekleyohan

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page

Name Signature Date

Student; Brhane Girmay……………………………

Approval of mentor; Sesen Tekleyohans……………

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page I

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page II

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page III

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. III

LIST OF FIGURE ..................................................................................................................................... VI

LIST OF TABLE ..................................................................................................................................... VII

CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1 BACK GROUND OF DEFENSE CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE .......................................... 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................................... 7

2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP TECHNICAL EXPERIENCE.............................................................. 7

2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 7

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page IV

2.6 PROCEDURES I HAVE BEEN USING WHILE PERFORMING MY WORK TASKS................. 37

CHPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 40

3 OVERALL BENEFIT GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP .............................................................. 40

3.1 IN TERMS OF UPGRADING MY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE ........................................ 40

CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................................... 43

4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................................. 43

4.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 43

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page V

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page VI

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page VII

Defense Construction Enterprise is one of the enterprises in Ethiopia which is established in

1.2 Brief history of the company

Defense Construction Enterprise was established in 2010 by Ethiopian ministry of council

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page 1

Before to its establishment as an Enterprise, it was structured as an Engineering Department

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page 2

1.2.3 Mission of the company

1.2.4 The core values of the company

 Follow the rule of law

1.3 The main service of the company and its customer

1.3.1 The main service of the company

 Construction Building Services

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page 3

Some of the products of Defense construction Enterprises are;

Agula-Berhale-Dalo 75 km Bisheftu 17.1 km Asphalt Road

Three Star Hotel Project located in Mekelle Hospital Project Located in

Gode- Hilala Dam

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page 4

Figure 2 the number of employees in DCE

1.4 Overall organization of the company

Defense construction Enterprises is a well-structured and adequately staffed organization capable

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page 5

Organization structure of Defense Construction Enterprise

Support Process Building

Building and Road, Irrigation

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page 6

2.2 Work flow and organization of the road project

Prepared by Brhane Girmay Page 7

Work Flow of the Site

Daily lab our

Finance & Administration Head

Construction Engineer Head Time Keeper