Good Nozzles Engineering-Book

CTG SH 07 EU
www.pnr-nozzles.com
PNR CTG SH 07 eu
SPRAY CTG SH 07 EU
STAMPATO IN EU 09/09 © Bell&Tany

ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK
SPRAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

Our products are distributed through:
PNR America PNR China PNR Italia

PNR Asia PNR Czech Republic PNR Mexico
PNR Baltic PNR Deutschland PNR U.K.
PNR Benelux PNR France
We are also represented in:
Argentina India Rumenia

Australia Indonesia Russia
Austria Iran Serbia
Brazil Ireland Singapore
Bulgaria Korea Slovenja
Canada Malaysia Spain
Chile Norway South Africa
Croatia New Zealand Sweden
Denmark Pakistan Taiwan
Finland Philippines Turkey
Greece Poland Venezuela
Portugal
INDEX PNR PRODUCT RANGE
INDEX
GENERAL INFORMATION
International system of units 4
Prefix tables for SI units 5
Besides its main range of nozzles for industrial applications, PNR manufactures a wide range of complementary products and systems to
Conversion table : American units to SI units 5 optimize the use of spray jets and fluids control in most of the modern industrial processes
Conversion tables : temperature scales 6
Metric and decimal equivalents of fractions of an inch 7
CTG UG CTG SP
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Spray nozzles for industrial Spraydry nozzles
Liquid spray 9 applications Air assisted or hydraulic high pressure ato-
One of the world most complete lines of mizers, made in high-quality metal alloys or
Spray nozzle types 11 nozzles for numberless industrial appli- tungsten carbide.
Spray nozzle coding 13 cations. Nozzles with a wide openings A complete line of nozzles for the moder-
range, various types of vanes, several nization of existing facilities at competitive
Computerized fluid dynamics 14 prices. To ensure highly accurate results
spray patterns, anti-clog design, available
Spray generation 15 in small and big dimensions and made in and a long service life, these nozzles are
manufactured with the finest materials and
Droplet spectrum 16 many food-grade materials like PFTE and
technologically advanced machines.
Stainless Steel 316L with threaded and
Nozzle flow rate 19 flanged connections
Spray angle 21
Spray distribution 23
Influence of liquid viscosity 27 CTG LS CTG PM
Influence of liquid specific gravity 29 Tank washing systems Paper mill products
Jet impact 30 A complete range, from simple fixed A line of products specifically designed
washing heads to the two-axis heads, for perfect results on paper mill machines,
Pressure drop through a nozzle 32 from mushroom nozzles to fluid driven including disc nozzles patented for self-
reaction heads, up to the motor driven cleaning filters, flat jet nozzles with orifices
washing heads, equipped with a pneu- in sapphire, ruby and ceramic, oscillating
NOZZLE MATERIALS tubes equipped with a computer driven
matic or electric motor.
Pnr material codes 34 All for the inside cleaning of industrial motor.
Properties of materials 35 tanks according to the latest technology,
accessories included.
Mechanical properties of materials 39
Chemical resistance of materials 40
PIPING
CTG AC CTG SW
Pipes data 74 Complementary Products and Steelwork nozzles
Economic pipe sizes 75 Assembly Fittings A complete line of nozzles for steelwork
Pressure drop in clean steel pipes 76 A complete line of nipples, clamps, swivel applications, including continuous casting
joints and everything that helps you to air atomizers and conventional nozzles,
Flange dimensions 78 assemble, align and service your spraying descaling nozzles for high pressure sys-
Sieve size conversion chart 80 systems, quickly and easily. tems, dovetail tips for cylinders cooling
Air blowers, mixing eductors, filters, clean- and high capacity flanged nozzles for coke
ing guns and lances, hose reels, steam quenching.
PNR PRODUCT RANGE heaters, pressure tanks, quick couplings
to help you build up a professional system
upgraded to the latest standards.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
PNR manufactures a complete range of spray nozzles for industrial applications and many other products and systems designed according
to the latest cutting-edge technologies. All our products are described in the following catalogues:
CTG AZ CTG LN
PRODUCT RANGE CTG TV Air assisted atomizers Gas cooling lances
GENERAL PURPOSE SPRAY NOZZLES CTG UG Ultrasonic, classic and automatic atomiz- Spillback or air assited lances for gas coo-
AIR ASSISTED ATOMIZERS CTG AZ ers for the finest atomization in any insus- ling in steelworks, cement plants and other
COMPLEMENTARY PRODUCTS AND ASSEMBLY FITTINGS CTG AC trial process. High quality machining and industrial applications.
INDUSTRIAL TANK WASHING SYSTEMS CTG LS strict quality control ensure your systems We can supply spare parts, upgrade your
PAPER MILL PRODUCTS CTG PM top professional results. plant and even supply a complete PLC
EVAPORATIVE COOLING LANCES CTG LN Programming and control panels for an driven system to enhance the towers per-
STEELWORK NOZZLES CTG SW easy assembly of complete humidification formances to the highest efficiency level
SPRAYDRY NOZZLES CTG SD systems. allowed by today technology.
FIREFIGHTING PRODUCTS AND SISTEMS CTG FF
Our technical literature is continuously revised and updated and sent to our Customers who are listed in our Catalogues Delivery List. If you are interested in
receiving the latest version of our catalogues, please contact the nearest PNR office.
WAIVER OF RESPONSABILITY
The information contained herein is provided “as is” and PNR does not guarantee the correctness and accuracy of the same.
This publication may contain technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. It may also be subject to periodic changes without prior notice.
www.pnr-nozzles.com CTG SH 07 EU CTG SH 07 EU www.pnr-nozzles.com

GENERAL INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL INFORMATION
INFORMATION
GENERAL
Conversion table : American units to SI units 5
Foreword
Along many years PNR engineers have been involved with Customers to find out the
appropriate solution to specific application problems in numberless different industries.
This continuous cooperation has allowed us to gather a large quantity of information
regarding practical spray nozzles applications, which we make available every day to our
Customers.
We like to thank alI our Customers for their past cooperation, and for the invaluable help
they have given us in designing and manufacturing an always more complete and efficient
range of spray nozzles and spraying systems.
To make this information readily available, and improve our service, we have now decided
to gather and organize it within a manual.
We hope the reader will appreciate our work, and welcome any suggestion or addition
which may lead to improve and complete this manual.
CTG SH 07 EU www.pnr-nozzles.com 3
GENERAL INFORMATION International system of units
Description
The INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS sometimes called SI, has been defined by the International Standards Organization
(ISO) and is based upon metric units. The following notes include most units which are likely to be used in handing of fluids.
The system consists of nine base units, and supplementary units which are coherently derived from them. The coherence con-
sists in the fact that the product, or the quotient of any two unit quantities in the system result in another unit quantity.
Because of the world wide trend to use this modern metric system, we are providing in the following the conversion constants
for the most useful units.
INFORMATION
GENERAL
Base Units and derived units
The SI has defined the following base unit:
N° QUANTITY UNIT NAME UNIT SYMBOL

1 Length meter m
2 Mass kilogram kg
3 Time second s
4 Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin K
5 Molecular substance mole mol
6 Electric current Ampere A
7 Light intensity candela cd
8 Plane angle radiante rad
9 Solid angle steradian sr
Out of these base units many other have been derived, the most interesting for our purposes being listed below.
N° QUANTITY UNIT NAME UNIT SYMBOL EQUIVALENCES

10 Area square meter m 2
11 Volume cubic meter m3

12 Density kilogram per cubic meter Kg/m3
13 Velocity meter per second m/s
14 Acceleration meter per second squared m/s2
15 Angular velocity radian per second rad /s
16 Frequency Hertz Hz Hz = cicli / s
17 Force Newton N N = kg · m/s2
18 Pressure Pascal Pa Pa = N/m2
19 Momentum kilogram meter per second Kg m/s
20 Energy Joule J J=N·m
21 Power Watt W W = J/s
22 Moment of force Newton meter Nm
23 Kinematic viscosity square meter per second m2/s
24 Dynamic Viscosity Pascal second Pa s
25 Thermal conductivity Watt per meter Kelvin W (m · K)
4 www.pnr-nozzles.com CTG SH 07 EU
GENERAL INFORMATION Prefix tables for SI units
Prefixes
SI units can be indicated together with a prefix to easily indicate very large or very small numbers.
As an example visible light has a wave length of approximately 0.0000005 m (meters) which can be more easily written as 500
nm (nanometers).
Please note it is not allowed to use prefixes together, you cannot write 10.000 m = 1da-km
10n Prefix Symbol Denomination Decimal equivalent
INFORMATION
1024 yotta Y 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
GENERAL
1021 zetta Z 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
1018 exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 000
1015 peta P 1 000 000 000 000 000
1012 tera T 1 000 000 000 000
109 giga G 1 000 000 000
106 mega M Million 1 000 000
103 kilo k Thousand 1 000
102 etto h Hundred 100
10 deca da Ten 10
10−1 deci d Tenth 0,1
10−2 centi c Hundredth 0,01
10−3 milli m Thousandth 0,001
10−6 micro µ Millionth 0,000 001
10−9 nano n 0,000 000 001
10−12 pico p 0,000 000 000 001
10−15 femto f 0,000 000 000 000 001
10−18 atto a 0,000 000 000 000 000 001
10−21 zepto z 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 001
10−24 yocto y 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001
Note
Because of discrepancies between some denominations in English and American, we only mention the commonly used deno-
minations
GENERAL INFORMATION Conversion table: American units to Si units

QUANTITY AMERICAN UNIT CONVERSION FACTOR SI UNIT
DENSITY Pound mass/cubic feet 16.018 kilograms/cubic meter
FLOW RATE Gallons per minute 3.785 liters per minute (lpm)
FLUID VOLUME US Gallon 3.785 liter (I)
FORCE Pound force 4.448 Newton (N)
HEAT BTU (British Thermal Unit) 1055 Joule (J)
HEAT TRANSFER BTU per hour 0.2931 Watt (W)
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY BTU per pound*deg F 4184 Joule / (kg K)
LENGTH mil 25.4 Micrometer (micron)
LENGTH Inches 25.4 millimeters (mm)
LENGTH Foot 0.3048 meter (m)
POWER Horsepower 0.746 kilowatt (kW)
PRESSURE Pounds per square inch 0.0689 bar (1 bar = 100 kPa)
CALORIC VALUE ENTALPY BTU per pound 2326 Joule per kg
SPECIFIC WEIGHT Lbs per gallon 0.1198 kg per liter (kg/l)
SURFACE Square inch 6,4516 square centimeter (cm2)
SURFACE Square foot 0,0929 square meter (m2)
SURFACE Acre 0,4047 hectares (ha)
VELOCITY Foot per second 0.3048 meters per second (m/sec)
VELOCITY Foot per minute 0.3048 meters per minute (m/min)
VELOCITY Miles per hours 1.609 kilometers per hour (km/h)
VELOCITY Knots 1.852 kilometers per hour (km/h)
VOLUME Cubic foot 0.0283 cubic meter (m3)
VOLUME Cubic inch 16.387 cubic centimeter (cm3)
WEIGHT Pound 0.4536 kilogram (kg)
WEIGHT Ton 0.90272 metric ton (t)
Multiply American Units on the left (by the conversion factor) to obtain SI Units on the right.
Divide SI Units on the right (by the conversion factor) to obtain American Units on the left.
GENERAL INFORMATION Conversion table: temperature scales
There are 4 principal types of temperature scales used for indicate the temperature: CENTIGRADE CELSIUS, FAHRENHEIT,
KELVIN, and RANKINE; Kelvin and Celsius scales are used in Europe, Rankine, Fahrenheit are used in Anglo-Saxons countries.
MP = water melting point

BP = water boiling point
INFORMATION
SYMBOL NAME MP BP NOTES

GENERAL
0 and 100 are arbitrarily placed at the freezing point and

°C Centigrade 0 100
boiling point of water.
0°F is the stabilized temperature when equal amounts of
ice, water, and salt are mixed. 96°F is the temperature
°F Fahrenheit 32 212
“when the thermometer is held in the mouth or under the
armpit of a living man in good health.”
Based upon the definitions of the Centigrade scale and the
°K Kelvin 273.16 373.16 experimental evidence that absolute zero is –273,16° C
and that is an international standard temperature point.
Based upon the definitions of the Fahrenheit scale and

°R Rankine 491.67 671.67
the experimental evidence that absolute zero is –273,16° C
CONVERSION FORMULAE TABLE
CELSIUS FAHRENHEIT KELVIN RANKINE

°F - 32 R
°C= - K - 273,16 - 273,16
1,8 1,8
°F= 1,8 °C + 32 1,8.K - 459,69 R - 459,69
°F - 32 R
K= °C + 273,16 + 273,16 -
1,8 1,8
°R= 1,8 (°C + 273,16) °F + 459,67 1,8.K -
°C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F
-10 14 19 66,2 43 109,4 67 152,6 91 195,8
-8 17,6 20 68 44 111,2 68 154,4 92 197,6
-6 21,2 21 69,8 45 113 69 156,2 93 199,4
-4 24,8 22 71,6 46 114,8 70 158 94 201,2
-2 28,4 23 73,4 47 116,6 71 159,8 95 203
0 32 24 75,2 48 118,4 72 161,6 96 204,8
1 33,8 25 77 49 120,2 73 163,4 97 206,6
2 35,6 26 78,8 50 122 74 165,2 98 208,4
3 37,4 27 80,6 51 123,8 75 167 99 210,2
4 39,2 28 82,4 52 125,6 76 168,8 100 212
5 41 29 84,2 53 127,4 77 170,6 105 221
6 42,8 30 86 54 129,2 78 172,4 110 230
7 44,6 31 87,8 55 131 79 174,2 115 239
8 46,4 32 89,6 56 132,8 80 176 120 248
9 48,2 33 91,4 57 134,6 81 177,8 125 257
10 50 34 93,2 58 136,4 82 179,6 130 266
11 51,8 35 95 59 138,2 83 181,4 135 275
12 53,6 36 96,8 60 140 84 183,2 140 284
13 55,4 37 98,6 61 141,8 85 185 145 293
14 57,2 38 100,4 62 143,6 86 186,8 150 302
15 59 39 102,2 63 145,4 87 188,6 160 320
16 60,8 40 104 64 147,2 88 190,4 170 338
17 62,6 41 105,8 65 149 89 192,2 180 356
18 64,4 42 107,6 66 150,8 90 194 190 374
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES

Liquid spray 9
Spray nozzle types 11
AND SPRAY NOZZLES
Spray nozzle coding 13

LIQUID SPRAY
Computerized fluid dynamics 14

Spray generation 15
Droplet spectrum 16
Nozzle flow rate 19
Spray angle 21
Influence of liquid viscosity 27
Influence of liquid specific gravity 29
Jet impact 30
Pressure drop through a nozzle 32
A nozzle is a device which converts the energy from a fluid into velocity of the spray
droplets.
Applications in many industrial processes are numberless, with spray nozzles being very
often a critical component in determining the final quality of the product or the efficiency
of the process.
For this reason the available nozzle range types for industrial applications can be found
in PNR nozzle catalogue, as well as a concise but complete information about the most
important parameters which can give a technical definition of a spray and its quality.
We have grouped in the following the most useful formulas for designing a spray system,
showing the influence of the different factors which can affect the process of spraying.
More information about the working life of a nozzle and the best suited material for a given
purpose can be found at page 17 of this publication.
AlI the following data, when not otherwise specified, refer to spraying water at 15° C.
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Liquid spray
LIQUID SPRAY AS A PROCESS
The process of spraying a liquid can be described as composed of two phases, namely:
1. Breaking up the liquid into separated drops.

2. Directing the liquid drops onto a surface or an object, to achieve the desired result.
The above two phases are normally performed, by the types of nozzles being used in industrial processes, at the same time by
means of different techniques which shall be illustrated in the following.
The continuous progress in the manufacturing techniques in recent years has requested the nozzle manufacturer to make available
to the industry an always more complete range of spray nozzle types to perform the different processes in a more efficient way.
It is the interest of the engineer using spray nozzles in manufacturing processes to become familiar with the different types of
nozzles which are available today and with their individual characteristics, in order to be able to choose the nozzle which performs
with the highest possible efficiency on a given application.
Spraying a liquid through a spray nozzle can serve different purposes, among which the most important are the following:
1. Cooling, by means of heat transfer between the product itself and the liquid running on its surface.
2. Washing, where the water directed onto the product takes away dirt or undesired substances from the product surface.
3. Humidifying, with sprays carrying very little liquid quantities to the product surface,into a chamber or into a room.
4. Metering the desired liquid quantity in a unit of time into the product being handled.
5. Applying a product on a surface, as in the case of spray painting or surface pre-treatment before painting.
6. Increasing the liquid surface to speed up heat transfer processes or chemical reactions and many others in numerous
AND SPRAY NOZZLES

applications throughout modern industry.
LIQUID SPRAY
It is self evident that the best results for every application are only obtained when the right choices in terms of nozzle type, flow
value, spray angle, drop dimensions and nozzle material are made.
The purpose of the following pages is to give the reader the basic knowledge which is needed to properly select a spray nozzle
for a given application.
Spray nozzles
a spray nozzle is a device which makes use of the pressure energy of a liquid to increase its speed through an orifice and break
it into drops.
Its performances can be identified and described precisely, so that the design engineer can specify exactly the spray nozzle
required for a given process.
The relevant characteristics which identify the performances of a nozzle are the following:
1. The liquid flow delivered as a function of the nozzle feed pressure.

2. The opening angle of the produced spray.
3. The nozzle efficiency, as the ratio between the energy of the spray and the energy used by the nozzle.
4. The evenness of the flow distribution over the target.
5. The droplet size distribution of the spray.
6. The jet impact of the spray.
The above characteristics will be discussed in the following pages, in connection with the different nozzle types.
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Liquid spray
TECHNIQUES FOR SPRAY PRODUCTION
Many different techniques can be used to produce a spray, and most of them are used today for nozzles to be applied in industrial
processes. Based on the different techniques, the following nozzle types can be used in industrial applications to generate a liquid
spray.
1. Pressure nozzles
This is the simplest type of nozzles, where an orifice is opened into a chamber where the liquid to be sprayed is fed under
pressure. A spray is produced through the orifice with spray pattern, flow rate and spray angle depending upon the orifice
edge profile and the design of the inside pressure chamber.
Typical pressure nozzles are the flat jet nozzles series GA, J, GX and GY.
2. Turbulence nozzles
In these nozzles the liquid moving towards the chamber preceding the orifice is given a rotational speed component, so
as to open up in a conical shape as soon as it leaves the orifice edge because of centrifugal force. Based on the nozzle
design and the technique used to generate the rotational speed, the drops produced can be confined to the cone outer
surface (hollow cone spray) or be evenly distributed to fill the entire volume of the cone (full cone spray).
3. Impact nozzles
Here the desired spray shape is obtained producing an impact of the liquid jet onto a properly designed surface. The liquid
jet is subsequently changed into a fluid lamina and then broken into drops with the desired spray pattern after leaving the
nozzle edge.
4. Air assisted atomizers
AND SPRAY NOZZLES
Fine and very fine sprays can be obtained by means of air assisted atomizers, working upon various different principles.
More detailed information about air assisted atomizing can be found in our Catalogue "Air assisted atomizers" (ordering
LIQUID SPRAY
code CTG AZ18).
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Spray nozzle types
FULL CONE PATTERN
In a full cone spray the droplets are distributed into a volume which is limited by a cone, having its
origin point at the nozzle orifice. Such spray pattern is commonly used in a large variety of industrial
processes, since it is the one which allows to distribute in an even way the water flow onto a surface:
the full cone spray pattern is therefore useful, as a typical example, to evenly spray cooling liquid
on a still surface. Another typical use is to distribute liquid droplets within a certain volume, like for
example evenly distributing water droplets in the inside volume of a cooling tower.
Because of the wide number of processes performed by means of full cone nozzles the original
shape has evolved into a range of specialised types, where the full cone spray pattern, or a pattern
similar to a full cone one, is obtained by different techniques.
Standard full cone (turbulence nozzle)

These nozzles use a specially shaped vane placed at the nozzle inlet, to give a rotational speed to Standard full cone
the fluid flowing through the nozzle.
Because of the rotational speed of the fluid, water exiting the nozzle orifice is subjected to centrifu-
gal force and opens up in the shape of a full cone.
The extent of the angle of the cone is a function of both exit speed (created from the inlet pressure)
and the internal design of the nozzle. It can vary in practice from 15° to 120°.
These nozzles can be also produced as square full cone nozzles, where the square shape of the
pyramidal spray is obtained by a special design of the outlet orifice.
AND SPRAY NOZZLES

Two important details have to be noted from the system designer when using these type of noz-
zles:
LIQUID SPRAY
• the spray angle is measured on the side of the square section
• the square section of the spray rotates within the distance from the nozzle orifice to the
target area.
Spiral full cone (deflection nozzle) Spiral full cone

This is not properly a full cone, but rather a continuous liquid curtain evolving with the shape of a
spiral inside a conical volume. The disadvantage of a scarcely even distribution is compensated
by an exceptionally good resistance to plugging, which makes this nozzle the best choice in those
applications where safety or system reliability are the prime concern, e.g. fire fighting systems.
Multiple full cone (turbulence nozzle, air atomizer)

This spray pattern is used in two cases, that is:
1. When a wide spray angle is to be reached with nozzles which inherently can only produce a
narrow one, or in such cases where small size droplets and rather high capacities are required.
Therefore several nozzles are grouped in a cluster with different spray directions: the resulting
spray pattern occurs from the additional group of single nozzle sprays and the droplet size of
the spray remains the same as one of single nozzle. It must be noted that a smaller nozzle will
normally make smaller drops as compared to a larger size nozzle of the same type operating
under the same conditions.
2. When it is necessary to obtain a wide angle jet using nozzles which inherently deliver a lim- Multiple full cone
ited angle spray. In the case of a wide angle air atomizer, for example, the droplet distribution
is obviously not homogeneous and the result is rather a number of small angle sprays with
different directions, but still the liquid is atomized towards all the parts of the volume to be
treated.
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Spray nozzle types
FLAT JET SPRAY PATTERN
In a flat jet spray the liquid droplets are sprayed in the shape of a flat liquid layer, with different
thickness according to the principle used to generate the spray. A flat jet spray nozzle serves the
purpose of spraying onto a surface or an object moving in a transverse direction with respect to the
one of the jet surface, a typical example being the nozzles in a car washing tunnel. The vast majority
of flat spray nozzles used in the industry work according to one of the following principles.
In line flat jet (pressure nozzle)
This is the general purpose flat jet nozzle, where the liquid enters the nozzle in line with the axis
length and is fed to a pressure chamber, from where it is ejected through the nozzle orifice. Flow
value and spray angle are determined respectively from the orifice cross section and the orifice
edge profile.
In line straight jet (pressure nozzle)
These nozzles can be considered a special kind of flat jet nozzle, with naught degree spray angle.
They are designed to produce a sharp stable stream, with powerful impact on a given point, and
serve normally to perform cleaning processes or to cut soft materials.
Spoon flat jet (deflection nozzle)
In this type of nozzle the liquid is fed under pressure to a round outlet orifice, and then deflected
onto a smooth profiled surface so as to assume a flat jet shape. This sophisticated design is of
advantage since it offers a stronger jet impact using the same feed pressure.
Higher efficiency comes from the very little energy required to just change the direction of the liquid
AND SPRAY NOZZLES
flow, this being the only energy required to generate the flat jet.
LIQUID SPRAY
HOLLOW CONE SPRAY PATTERN
A hollow cone spray pattern consists of droplets concentrated onto the outer surface of a conical
shape volume, with no droplets contained in the inside of the conical jet shape. These nozzles are
normally used for smoke washing or gas cooling applications in several industrial processes.
Hollow cone (turbulence nozzle)
These nozzles use a tangential injection of liquid into a whirling chamber to generate centrifugal
forces which break up the liquid vein as soon as it leaves the orifice. Precisely designed orifice
profiles, making use of the Coanda effect, provides the ability to obtain very large spray angles.
Hollow cone (deflection nozzle)
A hollow cone can also be obtained taking a liquid flow to change direction onto a properly
designed surface, in order to break the liquid into droplets and distributing them as a hollow cone
spray pattern.
This kind of nozzle is mainly used for applications in dust control and fire fighting systems.
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Spray nozzle coding
PNR CODING SYSTEM
As any other industrial product, spray nozzles need to be precisely identified by means of a code in order to avoid mistakes.
PNR coding system has been designed with the following requirements in mind:
• Codes must be easily processed by a computer, in ascending order.
• Codes must describe completely the product without any need for additional description.
• Codes must show to the user the basic specifications of the nozzle in order to ease the search in the catalogue.
We have therefore determined our coding system described as follows:
AA U 2 305 B31 X Y
Thread type or other connection

Special features
Nozzle material code (see below)
The three digits give the nozzle capacity in lpm at 3 bar
according to rank value
Rank of flow value, see table below
Nozzle spray angle, see table below
AND SPRAY NOZZLES

Nozzle type, as described in the catalogue pages, shown
in ascending order
LIQUID SPRAY
Nozzle tables report on a blue background the nominal flow These codes serve as an indication only.
value, measured at 3,0 bar. Based on different types of nozzles, their significance can
Flow values at different pressures have been calculated. occasionally be different.
Capacity rank Some spray angle codes (degrees)

Rank Flow digits Actual flow (l/min) A = 0 L = 40 T = 80
0 0 490 0,49 B = 15 M = 45 U = 90
1 1 490 4,90 C = 20 N = 50 J = 110
2 2 490 49,0 D = 25 Q = 60 W = 120
3 3 490 490 F = 30 R = 65 Y = 130
4 4 490 4900 H = 35 S = 75 Z = 180
NOZZLE MATERIAL CODES
A1 Carbon steel D6 Glassfibre reinforced PP L2 Incolloy 825

A2 High speed steel D7 High density polyethilene L8 Hastelloy C276
A8 Zinc coated steel D8 Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) P6 Acr. But. Styrene (ABS)
A9 Nickel coated steel E0 EPDM P8 EPDM 40 Shore
B1 AISI 303 Stainless steel E1 Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) T1 Brass
B2 AISI 304 Stainless steel E2 PTFE (25% glassfibers) T2 Brass, chrome plated
B21 AISI 304 L Stainless steel E31 Acetalic resin (POM) T3 Copper
B3 AISI 316 Stainless steel E7 Viton T5 Bronze
B31 AISI 316 L Stainless steel E8 Synthetic rubber (NBR) T8 Brass, nickel plated
C2 AISI 416 Stainless steel, hardened F5 Ceramic T81 Brass, electroless nickel plated
D1 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) F31 Ruby insert, 303 body V1 Aluminum
D2 Polypropylene (PP) G1 Cast iron V7 Aluminum, electroless n. plated
d3 Polyamide (PA) H1 Titanium
D5 Talcum filled Polypropylene L1 Monel 400
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Computerized fluid dynamics
The customers demand for an always higher efficiency requires to use not only the best tooling but in addition control
instruments and design methods always more sophisticated, like for example new software for obtaining the velocity
distribution of a fluid flowing through a conduit.
These software programs require

that the geometry of the inner con-
duit to be geometrically defined, and
in addition the process conditions (
pressure, temperature, fluid capacity
) and the fluid properties ( specific
weight, viscosity ) to be Introduced.
Based on the above data it is pos-

sible to obtain a very precise dis-
tribution for the velocity value in
each single point of the conduit,
both under numeric form and flow
diagrams.
These Information make it possi-
ble, as an example, to minimize the
flow turbulence and consequently
to Increase the nozzle efficiency
through an increase in the fluid exit
AND SPRAY NOZZLES
velocity.
This is of basic Importance for some
LIQUID SPRAY
kind of nozzles, for example those

nozzles required to supply an high
impact jet when performing descal-
ing processes in a rolling mill.
By trial and error it is also possible to
eliminate problems like jet Instability
or cavitation.
The overall process efficiency in the

flow path before the nozzle can also
be considered, which often results
into the design of geometry modifi-
cation or the Introduction of special
flow improving profiles along the
conduit.
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Spray generation
The diagram on the right shows the idealization of the process generating the droplets while the water jet exiting the
nozzle is breaking up.
The theoretical model, whose exactitude seems to be confirmed by scientific research, considers that the liquid flowing
through the nozzle and past the orifice edge evolves into a liquid lamina.
This lamina, because of instability induced by aerodynamic forces, breaks up first into elongated ligaments more or less
cylindrical, and later into droplets.
Taking the above process as a guideline, one can easily appreciate that the average droplet diameter is some what related
to several factors, like:
1. The thickness of the lamina itself

2. The evenness of the lamina
3. A steady flow and break up process
For what has been said above, and limited to hydraulic nozzles, the system designer looking for fine droplet sprays should
consider that the following results can be expected
Impact nozzles best

Centrifugal hollow cone nozzles,
multiple full cone nozzles good
Turbulence nozzles fair
AND SPRAY NOZZLES

Centrifugal Vaneless full cones worst
LIQUID SPRAY
The above choice is obviously based on the droplet generation process, which changes from one nozzle type to another
and allows to forecast which type is best fro the application.
An additional consideration of interest is that the expected droplet size changes, for the same type of nozzle, with the
nozzle size : it is possible to generate smaller drops spraying the same water quantity at the same pressure using a greater
number of smaller nozzles.
Theoretical Mechanism
of droplet generation
In cases where energy requirements are not a problem, or where a specified small droplet diameter is required, the smal-
lest droplets can be obtained by means of an air assisted atomizer.
Here the shear action of a high speed compressed air flow is used with several different techniques to obtain a value for
SMD (Sauter Mean Diameter) of 50 microns and less.
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Droplet spectrum
The atomization of a liquid by means of a compressible fluid like air, steam or a gas, is defined pneumatic, two-phase, or twin-
fluid atomization. Many industrial processes require the availability of finely atomized droplets and the techniques to produce
atomized jets have been largely improved in the recent years. In addition, more sophisticated process techniques have incre-
ased the demand for a precise definition about the characteristics of the spray and are now available to the design engineer.
Since many years PNR can supply upon request complete documentation containing test reports about the more interesting
and additional information, which are described below, for all PNR products.
Laser Interpherometer Test (By Pdpa)
PNR droplet size test reports are performed by means of a Laser Interpherometer (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer), where
two laser beams cross in a given point of the spray and define a test probe area. Droplet flying through the probe area cause
a light scatter which is picked up by the instrument receiver and processed through a computer, in order to obtain relevant
information about the spray characteristics.
Report information
Report information is made of data printed on three pages, where the first page contains the most interesting data which
make possible to base process calculations upon precise data about spraying degrees, process efficiency and jet behavior
in operational ambiance. These pages contain the Sauter Mean Diameter value whose knowledge is of special importance in
heat exchange calculations about evaporative gas cooling processes, since it gives the possibility of evaluating the exchange
surface obtained by atomizing for a given liquid volume.
The upper picture at page 18, referring to atomizing water by means compressed air, shows two following histograms:
AND SPRAY NOZZLES
• Distribution curve of droplet diameter (micron)

LIQUID SPRAY
• Distribution curve of droplet velocities (mps)
and the below described values
• Arithmetic Mean Diameter (D10)

• Surface Mean Diameter (D20)
• Volume Mean Diameter (D30)
• Sauter Mean Diameter (D32)
D10 = Σi n d
i i
ARITHMETIC MEAN DIAMETER
This is a diameter value which, multiplied by the local num-
ber of droplets in the sample, equals the addition of alI
Σi n i droplets diameters
Σi n d
2
This is the diameter of such a droplet whose surface, mul-
D20 =
i i
SURFACE MEAN DIAMETER tiplied by the total droplets number, equals the sum of alI
Σi n i droplets surfaces
Σi n d
3 3
This is the diameter of such a droplet whose volume, mul-
D30 =
i i
VOLUME MEAN DIAMETER tiplied by the total droplets number, equals the sum of all
Σi n i droplets volumes
Σi n d
3
This is the diameter of such a droplet whose volume/area
D32 =
i i
SAUTER MEAN DIAMETER ratio, equals the ratio between the sum of alI droplet volu-
Σi d
2
i mes divided by the sum of alI droplet surfaces
Attempts
Droplet number crossing probe area during test time. This includes both validated and not validated droplet.
Correct Count Criteria

A mathematic correction is applied to validate droplets which cross Probe Area in a peripheral belt, or to droplets without
a perfect spherical shape. so that alI validated droplets parameters are homogeneous. (This correction is necessary so
that there is direct proportionally between laser beam phase and droplet number diameter).
Number Density
It is the number of droplets passing through probe area within test time.
Probe area
This is the area where the two laser beams are crossing, so determining the probe area. AlI droplets intersecting probe
area are checked. droplets which respect given parameters for shape are taken as valid droplets and make up the sample,
whose size and velocity parameters are reported.
Validations
Droplets accepted, based on given shape parameters. to make up for test sample.
Velocity Mean
Droplets distribution speed histogram (m/s).
Volume Flow Rate
AND SPRAY NOZZLES

It is the volume, measured in cubic centimeter per second, of the validated droplets making up for the sample.
LIQUID SPRAY
Volume Flux
It is the flow rate per specific area, measured in cubic centimeter per second and square centimeter, of the validated
droplets making up the sample.
PNR can supply upon request complete documentation con-

taining test reports about the aforementioned parameters and
additional information, for all PNR atomizers.
The diagrams beside show the distribution of droplet diameters
and droplet velocities of a spray under test as available to our
customers.
AND SPRAY NOZZLES
In the photo beside a test being performed at our laboratories.

We use a computer driven laser interpherometer to detect and
LIQUID SPRAY
record the spray parameters, while fluid capacities and feed

pressure values are monitored through high precision instru-
ments
IMPORTANT NOTE
The droplet size values measured with a PDPA instrumentation are representative of a well specified volume inside the spray,
and taking measurements in a different volume they can be considerably different.
A correct spray droplet size characterization requires then not only tests being performed in several volumes within the spray,
but also that those measure volumes are selected with regard to the process the droplets are expected to perform.
As an example the droplet characterization of a spray should define how many volumes have been tested and which are the
coordinates of each single test volume in relation to the nozzle orifice.
Most of the times pretending to describe the droplet spectrum of a spray nozzle at a given pressure with only one diagram is
therefore not correct.
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Nozzle flow rate
In order to calculate the discharge flow rate from a given nozzle the
Bernoulli law shall be used, which says that the energy of a liquid flow
remains unchanged over alI the sections of the flow. Friction and turbu-
lence losses are neglected, which is reasonable for our purposes if the cal-
culation is performed over two sections not too far away from each other.
The energy of a given liquid flow crossing a given pipe section is composed of three parts, namely:
P Pressure energy of liquid particle per volume unit

1 ρV 2 Kinetic energy of liquid particle per volume unit
2
ρgz Potential Energy of liquid particle per volume unit
Where ρ= density of liquid, g= gravitational acceleration,
z= height respect to one plane of reference, V= liquid velocity
The Bernoulli law can be written as follows
1 P + 1 ρV 2 + ρgz = E
2
AND SPRAY NOZZLES

Therefore, if we consider two sections of the same pipe, section A and section B, we can write that the flow energy remains
constant in the form:
LIQUID SPRAY
2 PA + 1 ρVA 2 + ρgzA = PB + 1 ρVB 2 + ρgzB
2 2
If we finally consider that the two above sections are taken immediately before and immediately after the nozzle outlet orifice,
being:
{
ZA = ZB
PB = 0 (PA is a differential pressure referred at the atmosphere pressure)
VA ≅ 0 negligible as compared to VB (for orifice diameter much smaller than the duct diameter)

we shall come to the formula:
PA = 1 ρVB 2 ⇒ VB = 2.P ⇒
EXIT VELOCITY
DEPENDS UPON
2 ρ A 3 V=C· P PRESSURE
When we define a new constant, k, to include the value of the nozzle orifice outlet area (A), then we come to the following
equation which says that for a nozzle spraying into a room at ambient pressure, the exiting flow is proportional to the feed line
pressure.
NOZZLE CAPACITY
Q=A·V ⇒ Q=AxCx P ⇒ 4 Q=K· P DEPENDS UPON
PRESSURE
Considering now two different pressure values for the same nozzle, since k is a constant quantity, we can write that:
Q1 Q2 Q P
K= Q ⇒ K= = ⇒ = 1 1
P P1 P2 Q 2
P2

and derive from the above an equation that makes it possible to calculate the nozzle flow value at any given pressure value,
once the flow value at another pressure value is known:
P2 NOZZLE CAPACITY
5 Q2 = Q1 · AT A DIFFERENT
PRESSURE
P1
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Nozzle flow rate
The Equation (5) has been obtained after having simplified the real problem, neglecting several factors like for example:
• In most of the practical application cases the flow is turbulent and not laminar.
• Friction losses tend to strongly increase with liquid velocity.
• Depending upon the type of nozzle, a different percentage of the available energy is used to break up the jet and give the
desired spray pattern and spray angle.
For the above reason equation (5) gives reliable results if used in a limited pressure range around the pressure value where the
flow rate is known, with this pressure range depending upon the type of nozzle.
Our experience has shown that one can expect the error in the calculated value to be lower than +/- 6% for pressure values
ranging from 1/3 to 3 times the reference value.
As an example, a nozzle rated for 10 lpm at 3 bars would have, according to equation (5) the following flow values:
a 1 bar 5,77 lpm
a 9 bar 17,3 lpm
in real conditions it can be expected the flow rate values, to be:
as high as 6,1 lpm a 1 bar
as low as 16,2 lpm a 9 bar
Above considerations are to be used as a guideline only, because of the many factors influencing real operations which have
not been considered here, for example liquid, temperature, viscosity and density.
Possible percentage deviation from theoretical flow rate values.

AND SPRAY NOZZLES
LIQUID SPRAY
+ 6%
+ 3%
- 3%
- 6%
Also, above mentioned percentage errors have to be understood for nozzles using part of the flow energy to produce wide
angle spray patterns.
Lower values can be expected for narrow angle nozzles, impact nozzles, and straight jet nozzles.
Laboratory tests and diagrams showing real flow rate values for each nozzles are used in practice when a precise result must
be available.
Nozzle discharge coefficient
With reference to equation (4), if we consider the pressure value to be equal to 1, (P = 1 bar), the flow rate of the nozzle
becomes
NOZZLE CAPACITY
Q=K· P= K· 1 = K FOR P=1 bar
K is a parameter widely used in the fire fighting industry.
In some instances reference is made to the nozzle discharge coefficient or shortly to the nozzle coefficient to indicate the nozzle
flow rate for a unitary pressure.
Of course, for a given pressure value Pn, the flow value will be
CAPACITY AT A GIVEN
PRESSURE VALUE
6 Qn = K Pn WHEN K KHOWN
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Spray angle
The spray angle is the opening angle which the nozzle jet of droplets forms at the moment when it leaves the nozzle orifice,
and it is one of the fundamental parameters for the choice of a given nozzle.
In fact the amplitude of the spray angle determines, in connection with the distance between the nozzle orifice and the target
to be covered, the spray coverage and the density of liquid sprayed with respect to the cover area. See our Catalogue for
description of the different nozzle spray patterns.
The table at the bottom of the page gives the theoretical spray width, based on the nozzle spray angle and the distance from
the nozzle orifice.
It is important to note that, because of several factors like gravity forces and aerodynamic drag, the spray angle value cannot
be maintained but in in a limited distance, normally up to 300 mm from the orifice.
For air assisted atomizers it is improper to use the term spray angle, since no precise value can be measured. Therefore the
values given by Catalogues are to be intended as guidelines only.
TSC = 2 · L · ctan ( TSA

) 7
2
AND SPRAY NOZZLES

LIQUID SPRAY
Where:
• ASC = Actual Spray Coverage
• TSC = Theoretical Spray Coverage
• ASA = Actual Spray Angle
• TSA = Theoretical Spray Angle
• L = Spray Distances
THEORETICAL SPRAY COVERAGE

at various distances from nozzle orifice
Spray 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 1000
Angle mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
15° 13 26 40 53 66 79 105 132 158 184 211 263
25° 22 44 67 89 111 133 177 222 266 310 355 443
30° 27 54 80 107 134 161 214 268 322 375 429 536
35° 32 63 95 126 158 189 252 315 378 441 505 631
40° 36 73 109 146 182 218 291 364 437 510 582 728
45° 41 83 124 166 207 249 331 414 497 580 663 828
50° 47 93 140 187 233 280 373 466 560 653 746 933
60° 58 116 173 231 289 346 462 577 693 808 924 1150
65° 64 127 191 255 319 382 510 637 765 892 1020 1270
70° 70 140 210 280 350 420 560 700 840 980 1120 1400
75° 77 154 230 307 384 460 614 767 921 1070 1230 1530
80° 84 168 252 336 420 504 671 839 1010 1180 1340 1680
90° 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 2000
95° 109 218 327 437 546 655 873 1090 1310 1530 1750 2180
100° 119 238 358 477 596 715 953 1190 1430 1670 1910 2380
110° 143 286 429 571 714 857 1140 1430 1710 2000 2290 2856
120° 173 346 520 693 866 1040 1390 1730 2080 2430 2771 3464
130° 215 429 643 858 1070 1290 1720 2150 2570 3002 3431 4289
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Spray angle
Depending upon the nozzle design variations of feed pressure may have a great influence on the spray angle value.
Generally with increasing pressure turbulence full cone nozzles will produce narrower angles, flat jet nozzles will show a wider
angle spray, while nozzles working on the deflection principle like spiral nozzles and K style flat jet nozzles will be less affected
by pressure changes.
All nozzles will not function properly with very low pressure values (from 0.5 bar down depending upon nozzle type ) with a
marked decay in performance, larger drops, not well defined spray pattern, lower spray angle values.
The above pictures show spray angles for different nozzles and different pressure values.
Should your application strictly require that a given value of the spray angle is obtained under a given pressure value or pressure
range of values, please obtain a test report from our laboratories.
Full cone nozze Flat jet nozzle Spiral nozze

DDW 2235 JCW 2245 ECW 2230
picture 1 picture 2 picture 3

AND SPRAY NOZZLES
LIQUID SPRAY
Pressure 0,5 bar Pressure 0,5 bar Pressure 0,5 bar
Pressure 3 bar Pressure 3 bar Pressure 3 bar
Pressure 10 bar Pressure 10 bar Pressure 10 bar
Photo obtained with 1/20.000s flashlight
Note
Picture 2 shows clearly the droplet generation mechanism as described at page 15
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Spray Distribution
Terms and definitions

A very important characteristic of a spray nozzle is a parameter called Spray Distribution, which gives a precise information
about how evenly the drops of the spray are distributed onto the area covered by the spray.
It is self understood that normally it is preferable to obtain the most even distribution possible.
In the past this was done through the visual examination of a diagram, reporting the quantity of water contained for example in
glass pipes aligned onto the spray coverage area.
Pnr has determined to obtain such a result in a scientific way, through high technology instrumentation as shown in the pictures
below, showing one of our patternators and a typical distribution diagram.
Now to the spray geometry and some definition, let’s consider a nozzle with a capa-
city Q at the pressure P.
At every value for distance H, which we call height of spray, we can define a plane
‘n’, normal to the nozzle axis on which a line can define the intersection of the spray
onto the plane.
The area covered by the spray on the plane ‘n’ has a surface S, depending from the
following parameters
a) Spray pattern F
b) Opening angle of the spray α
c) Height of the spray H
We can then write S=S( F, α, H )
AND SPRAY NOZZLES

In case of a full cone nozzle S is a circle, with diameter C and S = 0,785 C2
The capacity of the nozzle flows through the surface S, but each smaller area inside
LIQUID SPRAY
the surface S will probably have a different value for the flow passing through it.
We introduce then the value of Specific Capacity q
Diagram 1
ΔQ ΔQ is the liquid flowing through a surface ΔS

1) Specific Capacity q = lim where
ΔS is a fraction of the surface S
ΔS 0 ΔS
The function q depends upon the single point (x,y) in the section S and then
∂Q
q= = f (x, y, H)
where

x and y are the local coordinates in the section plane
H is the distance of the test surface from the nozzle orifice
∂S
Determining the function q is however very expensive, therefore in practice two different functions are used which give in most
occurrences sufficient information
∂Q ∂Q is the variation in capacity

2) Linear Distribution qx = where
∂x is the variation of a generic linear coordinate
∂x
∂Q
where
∂Q is the variation in capacity
3) Angular distribution qφ = ∂φ is the variation of a generic angular coordinate
∂φ
Values extracted from these functions can characterize the spray and allow for drawing the diagrams defined as 'Distribution
Curves'.
Diagram 2 : Linear distribution Diagram 3 : Angular distribution
Analyzing the above curves it is possible to determine the type of water distribution along the spray coverage and the type of
spray pattern, like for example a full cone, hollow cone, flat or straight jet spray.
Distribution measurement
AND SPRAY NOZZLES
The water distribution along the spray coverage is determined by means of an instrument called Patternator.
LIQUID SPRAY
A patternator consists of the following parts :

1) Liquid collector
2) Cell block
3) Measure block
4) Unloading block
The nozzle is above the instrument and it is orienta-

ted in such a way the jet is collected into the upper
liquid collector.
The liquid collector can be linear ( diagram 5 ) or
round ( diagram 6 ) according to the test being run.
From the single parts in the collector the liquid is
sent into the corresponding cells below (2).
Diagram 4
The Measure block (3) determines the liquid content in each single cell, then the unloading block (4) empties the instrument
sending the liquid to the collection drain.
Diagram 5 : Linear collector Diagram 6 : Circular collector
There are two types of patternators :

1. Analogic, the different levels of liquid is visible through the transparent walls of the cells, or pipes, sometimes containing
some kind of floating balls, and a picture can be taken with a camera.
2. Digital Delivering an automatic reading of the values in the cells, the values being supplied as an electronic file from which
a distribution curve can be easily obtained.
Evaluation of spray distribution

To evaluate distribution curves it is necessary to take three properties into consideration.
a) UNIFORMITY b) MONOTONY c) SIMMETRY
As described in the following diagrams and definitions
Diagram 11 Diagram 12
Normalized and monotone distribution Normalized and monotone distribution
a) UNIFORM A is the area included in the normalized curve

A distribution that minimizes the ratio A/A° where
A° is the rest of the area included in the 2x1 rectangle
AND SPRAY NOZZLES
b) MONOTONE
Left side is the area -1, 0
Is a distribution with a curve which grows where
LIQUID SPRAY
Right side is the area 0, +1

on the left side and decreases on the left side

c) SYMMETRIC A+ is the area included below the curve on the right side
Is a distribution which minimizes the where
A- is the area included below the curve on the left side
Ratio A /A
+ -

Based on the above definitions the following curves show the ideal situations
Diagram 13 Diagram 14 Diagram 15

Ideal uniformity Ideal monotony Ideal symmetry
The three properties are then evaluated by means of the following parameters
2 A: area included below the curve

U2 = ⋅ 100 A : area included below the ideal curve
1. Integral uniformity σ∗ where M N*
δ∗=
∑ i
δi
N* Number of cells containing liquid
N∗
N*
2 where
σ ∗ = ∑ i δ i +1 − δ i
2. Incremental uniformity U2 = ⋅ 100
σ∗ N* Number of cells containing liquid
M*
3. Symmetry index
⎡ ε ⎤ ∗
where
ε∗ = ∑ i
δ − δ 'i
I S = ⎢1 − ∗ * ⎥ ⋅ 100 δ’ is the value of normalized liquid content in the symmetric cell
⎣ N ⋅δ ⎦ N* number of cells containing liquid in half of the diagram
Complete details about the above formulas and definition can be found in our Technical Bulletin REL 080002 which shall be
released from our Technical Department on request.
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Influence of liquid viscosity
Liquids are characterized for their property of undergoing continuous deformation when subjected to shear stress.
The property of fluids (liquids or gases) to resist flowing due to the existence of internal friction within the fluid is called visco-
sity.
Thus, if we imagine the different layers of fluid sliding one over the other with friction, we can imagine that viscosity is defined
the force required to move a unit area of fluid for a unit distance. Viscosity is measured with many different systems, among
which the most used are the following:
METHOD UNIT DIMENSIONS NOTES

Dynamic viscosity
1 Poise ML . T-1 Poise = 100 Centipoises = (1 dyne per sec/cm2)
(Absolute viscosity)
1 Stoke = 100 Centistoke = (cm2/sec)

2 Kinematic viscosity Stoke L2 . T-1
Kinematic viscosity = Dynamic viscosity/density
One of the most widely instruments to determine is the Saybolt viscosimeter, which measures
the time in seconds required for a fixed volume of a given liquid to flow through an orifice.
3 SSU/SSF
SSU = Seconds Saybolt Universal relates to a smaller orifice for less viscous liquids.
SSF = Seconds Saybolt Furol relates to a larger orifice for more viscous liquids.
AND SPRAY NOZZLES

LIQUID SPRAY
The following table shows correspondences between the most used viscosity units.
KINEMATIC SAYBOLT SAYBOLT ENGLER

VISCOSITY UNIVERSAL FUROL
Centistoke Sq feet/sec SSU SSF Degrees

1,00 0,00001076 31,0 --- 1,00
5,00 0,00005382 42,4 --- 1,37
10,00 0,0001076 58,8 --- 1,83
15,66 0,0001686 80 --- 2,45
20,52 0,0002209 100 --- 3,02
25,15 0,0002707 120 --- 3,57
42,95 0,0004623 200 --- 5,92
108,0 0,001163 500 52,3 14,60
151,0 0,001625 700 72,0 20,44
194,2 0,002090 900 92,1 26,28
302,3 0,003254 1400 143 40,90
388,5 0,004182 1800 183 52,60
539,4 0,005806 2500 254 73,00
1078,8 0,01161 5000 509 146
1510,3 0,01626 7000 712 204
1941,9 0,02092 9000 916 263
3236,5 0,03483 15000 1526 438
The viscosity value of a liquid depends upon the temperature, therefore the viscosity value must always be given with reference
to a temperature value.
The viscosity of water (20° C) is 1 Centipoise and 1 Centistoke, since water mass density = 1.
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Influence of liquid viscosity
Viscosity influence on nozzle flow rate
AlI nozzle Catalogue data refer to spraying water (water cinematic viscosity is equal to 1 Centistoke).
A liquid with viscosity higher than water will require more energy to be pumped and sprayed and will flow with lower velocity
at the same pressure, and this will cause a reduction in the turbulence of the flow.
For the above reason. nozzles working on the turbulence principle. like normal full cone nozzles and whirl hollow cone nozzles,
will show an increase in capacity while spraying liquids with viscosity higher than water.
This increase is very consistent for small size nozzles, where the small radius of the whirl chamber tends. to cause high turbu-
lence in the flow, and tends to diminish and to disappear for nominal capacity valves (capacity values at 3 bar) larger than 1,5
liters per minute.
The graph below shows, for a liquid with a viscosity of about 4 Centistokes, typical variations in the nozzle flow rate value, for
different values of the nozzle whirl chamber diameter.
As it may be seen, these variations can be neglected in most practical applications, where nozzles with whirl chamber diameters
well over 3 mm are used.
Increase Flow rate vs Whirl Chamber Diameter

50%
45%
AND SPRAY NOZZLES
40%
Increase Flow Rate [mm]
LIQUID SPRAY
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Whirl Chamber Diameter [mm]
For other types of nozzles, not working on the turbulence principle, the increase on viscosity will simply reduce the liquid exit
velocity at the orifice, thus causing a decrease in capacity.
Experience shows that this decrease ranges between 3 and 6% of nominal water capacity, that is to say that the variation
introduced is in the same order of magnitude as the nozzle flow rate toler-ance.
Viscosity influence on nozzle spray angle and spray pattern

With reference to the theory of jet break-up and droplet information it can be easily imagined that spraying a liquid more viscous
than water is a difficult task.
Al the properties of the spray tend to worsen, therefore one can expect
1. A higher value for the minimum operating pressure, that is the pressure value which allows for obtaining a well defined
spray with the expected spray angle.
2. A worse spray distribution, since the viscous behavior of the liquid makes it more difficult to pro-duce fine droplets and
to distribute them evenly with the desired spray pattern.
3. A narrower spray angle. It is difficult to give guidelines, since results on different nozzles, at different pressures and with
different liquids are scarcely predictable.
However, our experience shows that in many cases the use of impact nozzles can give acceptable results, where all
other type of nozzle fails.
A laboratory test, or a field test are stili the safest way to obtain sound results.
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Influence of liquid specific gravity
With reference to the Bernoulli Rule, as exposed in page 6, one can say that the pressure energy of the liquid flow at the nozzle
inlet is transformed totally (minus some losses due to friction inside the nozzle) into liquid velocity at the nozzle orifice.
Catalogue figures give nozzle capacities when spraying water.
If the specific gravity or density of the liquid is different from that of water the available pressure energy will produce a different
liquid velocity at the nozzle orifices.
In other words a given quantity of energy will spray always the same quantity of liquid mass, but different volumes (flow rates)
according to the liquid specific gravity or density.
Therefore a liquid heavier than water will exit the nozzle with a lower velocity, at lower flow rate, while to the contrary a liquid
lighter than water will be sprayed at higher velocity, at higher flow rate.
The following formula is to be applied:
Where:
Q L Liquid flow rate
8 QL = F · QW Q W Water flow rate
F Correction factor
The table below gives the value of a correction factor to obtain the flow rate of a liquid with different specific weight as water.
AND SPRAY NOZZLES

kg/liter Libre/gallon F
LIQUID SPRAY
0,6 5,0 1,29
0,7 5,8 1,20
0,8 6,7 1,12
0,9 7,5 1,05
1,0 8,3 1,00
1,1 9,2 0,95
1,2 10,0 0,91
1,3 10,9 0,88
1,4 11,7 0,85
1,5 12,5 0,82
1,6 13,4 0,79
1,7 14,2 0,77
1,8 15,0 0,75
1,9 15,9 0,73
2,0 16,7 0,71
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Jet impact
The spraying water impact of a nozzle depends on several factors and more precisely spray distribution pattern and spray
angle. The first step to calculate the impact value, which is usually expressed in Kilograms per square centimeter, is to deter-
mine Total Theoretical lmpact Value using the following formula:
Where:
9 TTI = 0,024 · Q · P [kgp/cm2] Q is the flow rate at working pressure in lpm
P is the pressure value in kgp/cm2
The obtained value has to be multiplied by the Total Theoretical Impact per Square Centimeter Coefficient (E).
The final value is the Spraying Liquid Impact expressed in kgp/cm2.
Of course not alI the energy of the fluid vein is transferred to the impact point.
10 SLI = E · TTI [kgp/cm2]

AND SPRAY NOZZLES
A part of this energy, sometimes a considerable part, goes to obtain a desired spraying angle by having the liquid vein acquire
LIQUID SPRAY
a high rotational speed inside the whirl chamber.

The highest value of impact is obtained with straight jet nozzle and the value can be calculated multiplying spraying pressure
per 1,9.
The tables below containing the Total Theoretical Impact sqcm coefficient values for different spray pattern nozzles for a dis-
tance of 300 mm.
TOTAL THEORETICAL IMPACT PER SQ CM COEFFICIENT AT DISTANCE OF 300 mm (E)

Spray Flat jet nozzle Spray Full cone nozzle Spray Hollow cone nozzle
Angle Angle Angle
15° 0,300 15° 0,110
25° 0,180
35° 0,130 30° 0,025
40° 0,120
50° 0,100 50° 0,010
65° 0,070 65° 0,004
60°/80° 0,01/0,02
80° 0,050 80° 0,002
100° 0,001
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Jet impact
Jet impact diagram
A further parameter to characterize the performance of a spray nozzle is

the distribution of the jet impact force, which could be derived by means
of mathematical methods from the values of the spray distribution onto
the surface covered by the spray, but which can more easily be measured
with the help of specifically designed instrumentation.
In some applications the jet impact force Is the most important parameter
used to realize the required process.
Steel sheet descaling in a rolling mill is a typical example, where the jet
impact is required to take away the surface scale and obtain a perfectly
even surface.
For that reason special nozzles have been developed to perform this very
task, where service life, impact value and spray distribution reach the
values required for satisfactory result.
These test are performed in a laboratory equipped with a specifically
designed instrumentation, where the high pressures involved in these
process can be reached, which can measure the pressure values along a
AND SPRAY NOZZLES

matrix of points distributed in the spray area covered by the nozzle.
These values are supplied both in a table of values and as a 3D pressure
LIQUID SPRAY
diagram, similar to those shown below.
On such applications, where producing high impact values in the jet is

necessary, it is of paramount importance that the liquid flow turbulence is
kept to a minimum and therefore it is widely used to insert into the nozzle
entrance devices designed to improve the operating conditions by forcing
the liquid flow through straight passages with several different shapes :
by doing so the impact delivered by the spray is increased with the same
feed pressure.
Typical design of a Pnr flow straightener
One typical shape used by Pnr is shown on the right, and the two dia-
grams below show the impact force diagrams for the same nozzle with
and without a flow straightener : the reduction of flow turbulence can lead
in increase of impact force often higher than 20%.
Further improvements of course are available when the nozzle inside
profile is properly designed in order to avoid sharp cross section changes
and all surfaces are finished as smoothly as possible
Impact pressure diagram without flow straightener Impact pressure diagram with flow straightener
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Pressure drop through a nozzle
Pressure drop through a nozzle
Some of our customers have asked us In the past which Is the pressure drop through a nozzle, since they consider a nozzle
one of the parts in a piping, like a valve or an elbow, which causes a given pressure drop along the line.
The reality is different, and can be easily understood when considering the Bernoulli formula [2] as given at page 19 of this
manual : the formula says that the total energy of a liquid flow is made from the addition of three facors :
• Potential energy due to elevation
• Pressure energy
• Velocity energy
When we apply the formula at the entrance and at the outlet ( the orifice ) of a nozzle, and we neglect the influence of turbulence
losses in between, we can easily see that.
• The potential energy variation can be neglected because of the limited dimensions of the nozzle, since the distance
between the nozzle entrance and the nozzle orifice plays no role-
• The pressure energy variation is important, since the liquid pressure value falls abruptly from the pressure inside the feed
pipe to the ambient pressure.
• The velocity energy variation is also consistent, since the liquid is ejected from the orifice at high speed.
AND SPRAY NOZZLES
In other words the pressure energy of the liquid flowing through the orifice is suddenly transformed in liquid drops velocity,
which is exactly what a nozzle is designed to do.
LIQUID SPRAY
This is shown from equation [3] at page 19, which allows the exit velocity from the nozzle to be calculated from the pressure
inside the pipe ( we actually consider the pressure difference between the inside of the pipe and the ambient pressure in this
formula ).
In other words all the energy still available at the nozzle is converted into velocity, or if you so prefer, you have a total pressure
fall. The system designer shall therefore evaluate all the pressure drop between the pump outlet flange and the nozzle entrance
in order to be sure that the nozzle feed pressure is sufficient to assure the desired capacity for the liquid being sprayed.
nozzle inlet nozzle oulet or orifice
(A)
potential elevation
energy
(A)
pressure energy
feed pressure
ambient pressure
(A) exit velocity

inlet velocity velocity ( kinetic ) energy
parameters values parameters values

at the nozzle inlet at nozzle outlet
NOZZLE MATERIALS
The choice of the right material for a nozzle is sometimes the most important one to do,
since the nozzle operating life depends upon it.
There are several factors to influence or shorten the nozzle operating life, sometimes more
than one at the same time, the most important being:
1. Wear from solid particles suspended into the liquid being sprayed.
2. Chemical corrosion from the liquid being sprayed.
3. Chemical corrosion from the ambience outside the nozzle
4. Exposure to high temperature.
5. Exposure to mechanical shocks
NOZZLE MATERIALS
NOZZLE MATERIALS
Pnr material codes 34
Properties of materials 35
NOZZLE MATERIALS PNR material codes
PNR has adopted a short code to identify construction materials for nozzles and nozzle parts.
Here below the most frequenty used materials.
A1 Free Cutting Steel E1 TEFLON® (PTFE) L3 NICROFER® 5923

A2 Carbon Steel E3 DELRIN® (POM) L4 STELLITE® 6
A8 Zinc Plated Mild Steel E6 PERSPEX® (PMMA) L5 HASTELLOY® B2
A9 Nickel Plated Mild Steel E7 VITON® (FPM) L6 HASTELLOY® C4
B2 AISI 304 Stainless Steel E8 NBR- Sh 70 Rubber L61 HASTELLOY® C22
B3 AISI 316 Stainless Steel E81 SANTOPRENE® Rubber L62 ULTIMET®
B31 AISI 316L Stainless Steel E82 KLINGERITE® L7 NICKEL 201
B4 AISI 321 Stainless Steel E83 HYPALON® L8 HASTELLOY® C276
B8 AISI 309 Stainless Steel E91 Silicon L9 SANICRO® 28 SS
B81 AISI 310 Stainless Steel F12 Tungsten Carbide (TC) N1 AISI 302 Stainless Steel
C1 AISI 420 St. Steel, hardened F2 PIREX® P6 ABS
C4 AISI 317 Stainless Steel F3 Rubin P7 FASIT OIL
C6 SAF 2205 Stainless Steel F4 Zapphire P8 EPDM ShA Rubber
D1 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) F5 Ceramic P9 STIROLUX® 637
D2 Polypropylene (PP) F6 Silicon Carbide (SC) T1 Brass
D3 Polyamide (PA) G1 Cast Iron T3 Copper
D5 Powder Charged PP H1 Titanium T5 Bronze
D6 Fiberglass Charged PP L1 MONEL 400 T8 Nickel Plated Brass
D7 High Density Polyethylene L2 INCOLOY® 825 V1 Aluminium
D8 Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) L21 INCONEL® 600 V7 Aluminium ENP
NOTE
The complete list of the Materials Codes may be requested to our Technical Service mentioning release code TGCE CODMAT.
NOZZLE MATERIALS
MATERIAL STANDARDS
The following standards are mentioned with reference to materials identification
STANDARD ORGANIZATION COUNTRY STANDARD CODE
AFNOR Association Française de Normalisation France NF

AISI American Iron and Steel Institute USA AISI
ANSI American National Standards Institute USA ANSI
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials USA ASTM
BSI British Standards Institution UK BS
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung Germany DIN
DS/IT Dansk Standards/Information Technology Denmark DS
ISO International Organization for Standardization International ISO
JIS Japanese Institute for Standard Japan JIS
UNI Ente Nazionale di Unificazione Italy UNI
NOZZLE MATERIALS Properties of materials
B1 AISI 303 STAINLESS STEEL

Chemical composition CR 17,50 NI 8.50 S 0,25 Coding correspondence
Type Stainless Steel Austenitic AISI 303
Hardening Not possible BS 303 S 21
Annealing 1050 /1100° C in water DIN Wnr 1.4305
Welding Possible with precautions Euro X10CrNiS18.09
JIS SUS 303
Good resistance: Atmospheric exposure, food
substances, organic chemicals. NF Z6CN 18-09
Corrosion properties
Low resistance: Chlorides, reducing acids and SIS 2346
over 800° C
UNI XWCrNiS 1809
B3 AISI 316 STAINLESS STEEL

Chemical composition C 0,05 CR 17,0 NI 12,0 MO 2,25 Coding correspondence
Type Stainless Steel Austenitic AISI 316
Hardening Not possible BS 316 S 21
Welding Easy, using same steel electrodes Euro X6CrNiMo17122
JIS SUS 316
Good resistance: Atmosphere, great number of
salts, organic acids, foods NF Z6CND 17-11
Low resistance: Solutions of reducing acids SIS 2347
temperatures over 500° C
UNI X5CrNiMo1712
NOZZLE MATERIALS
B31 AISI 316L STAINLESS STEEL
Chemical composition C 0,03 CR 17,0 NI 13,0 MO 2,25 Coding correspondence
Type Stainless Steel Austenitic AISI 316 L
Hardening Not possible BS 316S12
Welding Easy, using same steel electrodes Euro X3CrNiMo1810
JIS SUS 316L
Good resistance: Atmosphere, great number of
salts, organic acids, foods, salt water NF Z2CND17-12
Low resistance: Solutions of reducing acids SIS 2348
temperatures over 500° C
UNI X2CrNiMo 1712
C1 AISI 420 STAINLESS STEEL

Chemical composition C 0,20 CR 13,00 Coding correspondence
Type Stainless Steel Martensitic AISI 420
Hardening 980° - 1030° C in oil BS 420 S 29
Annealing 750° - 800° C in air DIN Wnr 1.4021
Welding Possible with precautions Euro X20Cr13
JIS SUS 420 J1
Good resistance Drinkable water, steam, NF Z20C13
gasoline, oil, alcohol, ammonia. SIS 2303
UNI X20Cr13
C2 AISI 416 STAINLESS STEEL

Chemical composition C 0,12 CR 12,50 S 0,22 Coding correspondence
Type Stainless Steel Martensitic AISI 416
Hardening 950° - 1100° C in oil BS 416 S 21
Annealing 750° - 800° C. DIN Wnr ---
Welding Not possible Euro X120CrS13
JIS SUS 416
Good resistance Drinkable water, steam, NF Z12CF13
gasoline, oil, alcohol, ammonia. SIS ---
UNI X12CrS13
NOZZLE MATERIALS
D8 POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (PVDF)

Description HIGH-MOLECULAR WEIGHT, THE TOUGHEST OF THE FLUOROCARBON RESINS
KYNAR (Atochem North America Inc formerly Penwalt Corporation)

Trade names & Suppliers
SOLEF (Solvay Polymer Corporation)
Physical and Excellent resistance to abrasion and stress fatigue
Mechanical Properties Extremely pure, opaque white resin
UsefuI in temperatures ranging from -73 / 149°C (-100 / 300°F).
Thermal Properties
Heat deflection temperature is (80/90° C at 18,2 Bars (176 / 194° F at 264 psi).
Excellent chemical resistance.

Can be used with wet or dry halogens, most strong acids and bases, aliphatics, aromatics,
Chemical Compatibility alcohols and strong oxidizing agents.
Not recommended for contact with ketones, esters, amines and some organic acids
(fuming sulfuric acid)
E1 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE)
FLUOROPLASTIC THAT HAVE SOME OR ALL OF THEIR HYDROGEN MOLECULES
Description
REPLACED BY FLUORINE
TEFLON TFE, FEP and PFA (Dupont, Polymer Products)
NEOFLON (Daikin)
FLUON (ICI Americas, Inc.)
SST-2/SST-3 (Shamrock Technologies, Inc.)
Low coefficient
Low adhesiveness
Physical and Buona resistenza agli agenti atmosferici
Mechanical Properties
Good weatherability.
Low resistance to creep and wear, unless reinforced with glass fìbers, which results in
superior resistance
High and low temperature stability.

Thermal Properties
Heat deflection temperatures range from 48/55° C at 18,2 bar (118-132° F at 264 psi).
Chemically inert
Chemical Compatibility
Totally insoluble
E3 ACETAL (ACETAL HOMOPOLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS)

HIGHLY CRYSTALLINE RESINS BASED ON FORMALDEHYDE POLYMERIZATION
Description
TECHNOLOGY
DELRIN (Dupont, Polymer Products Corporation)
CELCON (Hoechst Celanese Corporation)
ULTRAFORM (BASF Corporation)
NOZZLE MATERIALS
RTP 800 (RTP Corporation)
LUPITAL & TENAL (Franklin Polymers, Inc.)
FULTRON 404 (ICI Americas, Inc.)
High tensile strength, rigidity and esilience
High fatigue endurance
Physical and Excellent dimensional stability
Mechanical Properties Low coefficient of friction
Outstanding abrasion and wear resistance
Excellent creep resistance
Heat deflection temperatures range from 110 -136° C at 18,2 bars
Thermal Properties
(230 - 270° F at 264 psi), higher if glass fìlled.
Remains stable in long-term, high temperature water immersion.
Excellent resistance to chemicals and solvents, but prolonged exposure to strong acids not
Chemical Compatibility recommended.
Note: Suitable for close-tolerance high-performance parts.
Available for machined parts, or may be injection molded.
L6 HASTELLOY C4
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CORROSION RESISTANCE
PROPERTIES
R = 650/800 Mpa C = 0.015 max
Rp02 = 250/470 Mpa Ni = 65
HRB = 90 Cr = 16.0 Very good against pitting and tensile-
Mo = 15.5 corrosion, specially in oxydizing
atmosphere.
W = -- Resistance in welded joints definitely
Fe = 3 max better than C 276, lower than C22
Ti = 0.5
Co = 2 max
APPLICATIONS
Recommended for applications with strongly oxidizing atmosphere.
L61 HASTELLOY C 22
PROPERTIES
R = 700/800 Mpa C = 0.01 max
Rp02 = 360/420 Mpa Ni = 56
HRB = 93 Cr = 22 Excellent performances with oxydizing
Mo = 13 atmospheres as well as for pitting and
tensile-corrosion conditions.
W=3 Very good resistance in reducing
Fe = 3 atmospheres and for welded joints.
Ti = --
Co = 2.5 max
APPLICATIONS
NOZZLE MATERIALS
Chemical industry (gas ducts, gas washing and treatment systems, phosphoric acid production) Heat exchangers, pumps,
chlorination reactors.
L8 HASTELLOY C 276
PROPERTIES
R = 600/800 Mpa C = 0.015 max
Rp02 = 300/370 Mpa Ni = 57 Very good in reducing and oxydizing

atmospheres.
HRB = 90 Cr = 14.5/16.5 Very good against pitting and tensile-
corrosion.
Mo = 15/17 Acceptable resistance in welded joints.
In cast parts excessive segregation,
W = ¾.5 not eliminated by thermal treatment
of annealing, makes it convenient
Fe = / to use C22 or C4 qualities.which
assure better corrosion resistance and
V = 0.35 max mechanical properties.
Co = 2.5 max
APPLICATIONS
Chemical industry (air ducts, scrubbers, fans). Paper industry. Thermoelectric plants. Steel thermal treatments.
NOZZLE MATERIALS Mechanical properties of materials
TENSILE STRENGHT
MATERIAL Rp R CORROSION RESISTANCE
0,2
20°C 800°C 20°C 800°C

(68°F) (1408°F) (68°C) (1408°C)
Good: sensitive to corrosion
between grains for slow heating
AISI 302 280 100 680 200
and cooling in the 450-900° C
range temperature.
AISI 303 280 100 680 200 Discrete.
Good, especially for 304L.
AISI 304/304L 270 90 600 100 304 sensitive to corrosion
between grains like AISI 302.
Good. Sensitive to corrosion between
AISI 309 250 100 640 220
grains like AISI 302.
Good. (> 304 - 304L).
AISI 310 310 170 650 270 Sensitive to corrosion
between grains like AISI 302.
AISI 316/316L 270 110 560 220 Very high, especially for 316L.
AISI 321 210 100 540 140 Good.
AISI 347 280 120 620 200 Good.

Good in medium corrosive ambient
(atmosphere, water gasoline, alcohol,
AISI 416 620 70 750 90
N1-13, foods).
Not in high corrosive.
BRASS 110-150 --- 360-410 --- Good, especially when nickel plated.
BRONZE 100-300 --- 200-600 --- Discrete, especially with sea water.
CAST IRON ≤ 500 V 100-800 V

Very high also for high temperature.
NICKEL ALLOYS 100-1000 V 300-1300 V To use in the temperature
range 800-1200° C.
Good, also for erosion.
Generally they are attacked
NOZZLE MATERIALS
PLASTICS --- --- 20-200 ---
with oxidizers like nitric acid,
halogens, ect.
Very high, except for elementary
state of alkaline metals
PTFE --- --- 30-40 ---
and to compounds containing
fluorine at high temp
Very high, also with high temperature
DUPLEX STEEL >AISI 3.. >AISI 3.. >AISI 3.. >AISI 3..
and also for pitting.
Very high in oxidizing ambient.
TITANIUM alloy 195-850 V 300-900 V Very low in reducing ambient and with
compounds containing fluorine.
Legend:
Rp 0,2 = 0,2% YIELD STRENGHT [MPa]
R = ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGHT [MPa]
V = To verify time by time
40
NOZZLE MATERIALS
Key Cond ELASTOMERS METALS PLASTICS OTHERS

A: Excellent (No effect)
B: Good (Minor Effect)
C: Fair to poor (Moderate Effect)
D: Not Recommendable (Sever Effect)
- : No Data Available
www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Acetaldehyde (Ethanal) CH3-CHO - RT A A A C D D D C A B A A A A B A A A C C A A A D - - - - - - B A A D D - A A

Acetamine (Acetic acid amide) C2H5NO - RT A A D B A B D D A B B B B A A A D - D A A - A A - - - - - - A A A D D - - A
Acetate Solvent - RT - A - - C - D C - - D - A A A A C - D A A - A - - - - - - - - B A D A - - A
Acetic Acid CH3COOH 10 50 A C B B D B C C B A C D D A B D C D A B C - A A - - - - - - - B A A A - B -
Acetic Acid CH3COOH 20 RT A D B C D B - C B A C B B A B D C D A B C - A - - - - - - - - C A A A - B -
Acetic Acid CH3COOH 30 RT A D B C D B - C B A D D D A B D C D A B C - A - - - - - - - - C A C A - B -
Acetic Acid CH3COOH 50 50 A D B C C D - C B A D D D A B D C D A B C - A - - - - - - - - C A C A - B -
Acetic Acid CH3COOH 80 - - A - - C - - C - - B - D B B D C - D B A - A D - - - - - - D A A C C A - A
Acetic Acid CH3COOH 100 70 B A B C B C - C B A D D D B B D C D - B C - A - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Acetic Acid Anhydride (Acetic Oxide) C4H6O3 - RT B B D A D A - A C A - - - A - - - D B - A - - - - - - - - - - - A A C - - -
NOZZLE MATERIALS Chemical resistance of materials
Acetic Acid Ice-Cold C2H4O2 - RT B C - - D - - C - A D - - A - - - D - - A - - - - - - - - - D A A A - A -

Acetic Acid, Glacial C2H4O2 - RT - - - - C - - C - - D - C A B - C - D B A - A D - - - - - - D A A D A A A A
Acetic Anhydride C4H6O3 - RT - B - - B - - C - - D - B B A D C - D B A - A C - - - - - - D B A D B A - A
Acetoacetic Ester (Ethyt Acetoacetate) C6H10O3 - RT B C - D D C - C B D D - - A - - - - A - A - - - - - - - - - - - A - A - - -
Acetone (Di Methyl Ketone) CH3-CO-CH3 - RT A A D C D B - A B A D - A A A B A - A A A - A D - - - - - - A A A D D A A A
Acetone Cyanohydrin (CH3)2C(OH)CN - RT - - - - - B - - - A - - - A - - - - C - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Acetonitrile (Methyl Cyanide) C2H3N - RT D A - - C - - D - - A - - B - - - D - - B - - - - - - - - - - B A A A - A -
Acetophenone (Phenyl Methyl Ketone) C8H8O - RT A A D D D D - C - B B - - A - - - D B - B - - - - - - - - - - A A A - - D -
Acetyl Acetone C5H8O2 - RT - A - - - - - - - B B - - B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Acetyl Bromide C3H5BrO - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A D - - - -
Acetyl Chloride (dry) CH3COCl/C2ClH3O - RT - D - D D D - D - B A - A A D D - - B A A - - D - - - - - - D D A C A - - -
Acetyl Salicyclic Acid C9H8O4 - RT A B A - A B - A - A - - - B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Acetylene (Ethyne) HCCH - RT D A - B B C - B C - A - A A A C C - A D - - - - - - - - - - A A A A A - A A
Acrolein (Acrylaidehyde) CH2=CHCHO - RT - - - - B - - - - - - - - B - - - A B - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Acrylaryl Sulfonate (slurry) - RT A D - - D - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Acrylic Acid C3H4O2 - 50 D D - - D - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Acrylic Monomer - RT D D - - D - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Acrylic Nitrile C3H3N - RT D C - - D - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Acrylonitrile (Vinyl Cyanide) C3H3N - RT - D - - D - - B - - D - A A B A - - B A B - - D - - - - - - - A A B A - A B
Adipic Acid C6H10O4 - RT A A A - B A - A - B A - A A A - - - A D - - - - - - - - - - - B A A B - A A
Air - 70 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Air - 100 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Air - 150 A B A C B C - - - - - A A A A A A A A A A A A - - - - - - - - - A - - A A A
CTG SH 07 EU
Air - 200 D D A D D D - D A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - A A A
Alcohols Butyl CH3CH2CH2CH2OH - RT - A - A C A D A B - A - A A B A A B B A A - A A D A A A - - A A A A A A - A
Alcohols: Amyl CH3(CH2)3CH2OH - RT - A - A A A D B D A A - A A B A A - B A A - B A A B B A - - A B A A A A - A
Alcohols: Benzyl C6H5CH2OH - RT - B - C D C D D - - A - B B B - A B B B A - A D B - D A - - A A A D A A - -
Alcohols: Diacetone C6H12O2 - RT - A - D D D D D D - D - A A A A A A A - A - A - A - B - - - A B A B A - - A
Alcohols: Ethyl CH3CH2-OH - RT - A - A C A D A B - A - A A B A A B B A A - A B A B B A - - A A A C - A - A
Alcohols: Hexyl C6H14O - RT - C - B A A D A B - C - A A A - A A A A A - A - A - A - - - A - A A - - - -
Alcohols: Isobutyl C4H10O - RT - A - A B A D A A - A - A A B - A B C A A - B B A - A - - - A A A A - - - A
Alcohols: Isopropyl C3H8O - RT - A - A A B D A A - A - B B B - A A A B A - B - D A A A - - A A A A - A - A
Alcohols: Methyl CH4O - RT - A - A A A D A A B D - A A A A A A A A A - B D B B A A - - A B A A A A - A
Allyl Chloride C3H5Cl - RT D D A D D D - D A - A A A A - - - - A - B A A - - - - - - - - A A - - - D -
Almond Oli C7H6O - RT - B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Alum KAl(SO4)2.12H2O - RT A A A A A - - A - A A - - B - - - D D - A A A - - - - - - - - A A - - - - -
Aluminium Bromide Al2Br6 - RT - A - - B A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - A - - -
Aluminium Chloride (Sal Ammonian) NH4Cl - RT - A - B A A B A B C A - B B D D D A D B A A A A B A B A - - - A A A A - D A
Aluminium Fluoride AlF3 - RT A B - A A A C B B - A - D D B - - D D D A A A A A A A - - - - A A A A - - A

Aluminium Hydroxide AlH3O3 - RT - A - A A A B D - - A - A C B B C D A D B - B B A B A - - - - A A A A - - A
Aluminium Nitrate Al(NO3)3 - RT - A - A A A C A B A A - A A D - - D - - B - A - A A A - - - - A A B A - - A
Aluminium Phosphate AlPO4 - RT - A - - A A - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Aluminium Potassium sulfate KAl [S O4]2·12 H2O 100 RT - A - A A A - A A A A - D B C - - D D B C - A - D A A A - - - A A A A - - A
Aluminium Silicate H2Al2Si2O8 H2O - RT A A - - A - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Aluminium Sodium sulfate AlNa(SO4)2·12H2O - RT - A - - A A - - - - A - - A - - - - - - A A A - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Aluminium Sulfate Al2S3O12 - RT A A - A A A B A A A A - B B B B B D D A B - A A A A A A - - - A A A A - - A
Aluminum Chloride AlCl3 - RT - A - - A - - A - - A - B B D D D - D B A - B A - - - - - - - A A A A - - -
Aluminum Chloride AlCl3 20 RT - A - - A - - A - - A - D C D D D - D - A - B - - - - - - - C A A A A - - -
Aluminum Floride AlF3 - RT - A - - A - - B - - A - D D B - - - D D B - A A - - - - - - C A A A A - - -
Aluminum Hydroxide AlH3O3 - RT - A - - A - - D - - A - A C B B C - A D B - B B - - - - - - A A A A A - - A
Aluminum Nitrate Al(NO3)3 - RT - A - - A - - A - - A - A A D - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - B A A B A - - -
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate AlKO8S2·12H2O 10 RT - A - - A - - A - - A - A A C A - - D A C - A - - - - - - - C A A A B - - A
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate AlKO8S2·12H2O 100 RT - A - - A - - A - - A - D B C - - - D B C - A - - - - - - - C A A A - - - A
Aluminum Sulfate Al2(SO4)3 - RT - A - - A - - A - - A - B B B B B - D A B - A A - - - - - - B A A A A A - A
Alums K2SO4·Al2(SO4)324H2O - RT - A - - A B B A A D A - - A A B - - D C B - A - A - A - - - A A A - - - - -
Amines R-NH2 - RT - B - D D B - B B A D - A A B B D B D - B - B - D D C A - - D B A D - - - A
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Aminoethanol (Ethanolamine) C2H7NO - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
41
NOZZLE MATERIALS
42
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Ammonia NH3 10 RT - A - D A A D D - - D - A A A - D - A - A - C A D C A - - - D A A B A A - A
Ammonia Anhydride NH3 - RT A A - - B B - A - A A - - A - - - A A - A - A - - - - - - - - A A A A - - -
Ammonia Gas NH3 - cold A A D - A A - A A A A - - A - - - A A - A - - - - - - - - - - - A - A - - -
Ammonia Gas NH3 Hot C B D - C - - C A - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Ammonia Liquor - RT A A - D C A - A D A A - - A - - - - A - A - - - - - - - - - - - A A - - A -
Ammonia, Anhydrous NH3 - RT - A - D B A D D C D D - A A A D D B A D B - C D A D B A - - D A A A A A - A
Ammonia, liquid - RT - A - D B A D D - - D - B A A D D A A - B - C - B D C B - - D A A A A A - A
Ammonium Acetate CH3COONH4 - RT - A - - B A D - - - A - B A A D D - - - - - - - A - A - - - - A A A - - - -
Ammonium Bicarbonate (NH4)HCO3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ammonium Bifluoride F2H5N - RT - A - - B D - - - - A - D B B - D D D - B - - A - - A - - - D A A A A - - A
Ammonium Bisulfate NH4HSO4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Ammonium Bromide NH4Br - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2C03 - RT - A - - B A A A C - C - B B B D D B B D B - A A A - B - - - D A A A A - - A
Ammonium Caseinate - RT - - - - - A - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - - A - A
Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl - RT - A - A B B B A C A A - C B B D D D D D D - B A B A A - - - B A A A A A - A
Ammonium Formate CH5NO2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ammonium Hydroxide NH4OH - RT - A - A D A D D A C B - A A B D D D D D B - A B A D A A - - C A A A A A - A
Ammonium Hydroxide NH4OH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ammonium Isulfate - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ammonium Metaphosphate NH4PO3 - RT - A - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ammonium Nitrate NH4NO3 - RT - A - A A B D C C B A - A A B D D D B D B - A - A - A A - - A A A A A A - A
Ammonium Nitrite NH4NO3 - RT - A - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ammonium Oxalate C2H8N2O4 - RT - A - - D A - - - - - - A A - - D - D C A - - - - - - - - - B A - A - - - -
Ammonium Persulfate (NH4)2S2O8 - RT - B - A A A D A D - A - A B D D D D D D B - A A D - A - - - D A A A A A - A
Ammonium Phosphate (NH4)3PO4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ammonium Phosphate, dibasic (NH4)2HPO4 - RT - A - A A A - A A - A - B C B B D D D D B - A A C A A - - - B A A A A - - A
Ammonium Phosphate, monobasic NH4H2PO4 - RT - A - A A A B A A B A - B C B - D - D D B - A - B - A - - - B A A A A - - -
Ammonium Phosphate, tribasic - RT - A - A A A - A A - A - B B B - C - D D B - A - B - C - - - B A A A A A - A
CTG SH 07 EU
Ammonium Propionate - RT - A - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ammonium Sulfate (NH4)2SO4 - RT - A - A A A A A A B A - B B A D D D D D B - A A A A A - - - B A A A A - - C
Ammonium Sulfite (NH4)2SO3 - RT - A - A A A - A - - D - B B D - A D D D - - A - A - B - - - D A A A - - - D
Ammonium Thiocyanate NH4SCN - RT - A - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ammonium Thiosulfate - RT - A - - A A - - - - - - - A - D D - D D - - A - - - A - - - B - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
(NH4)2S2O3
Amyl Acetate CH3COO(CH2)4CH3 - RT - A - D D D D D D C D - A A A A A C C A A - A D B D C A - - B B A D A A - A
Amyl Acetate (Banana oil) C7H14O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Amyl Alcohol CH3(CH2)3CH2OH - RT - A - A B A D B D A D - A A B A A B B A A - B A A B B A - - A B A D A A - A
Amylamine C5H13N - RT - C - - - - - C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Amyl Borate (C5H11)3·BO4 - RT - B - - - - - B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Amyl Bromide CH3(CH2)4Br - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Amyl Chloride C5H11Cl - RT - D - D D D C D D - B - A A A - A A A A A - A D C - D - - - A D A D A A - C
Amyl Chloronaphtalene - RT - C - - - - - C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Amyl Naphtalene C15H18 - RT - C - - - - - C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Anhydrous hydrofluoric acid HF - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Anilene - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Anilene dyes - RT - B - B - - - - D - B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - -
Aniline C6H7N - RT A B - D D D D D B D C - A B C D C A C D B - C D A D C A - - A A A C A A - A
Aniline Hydrochloride - RT - B - - D D D A D - A - D D D D D D D B D - A D D D D - - - - D A B A - - D
Animal Fats - RT - C - B - - - D - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - -
Anisole C7H8O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ansul Ether C8H18O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Anti Freeze - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Antifreeze - RT - A - - A C D A C - A - - A A - A - A - - - - B D - - A - - D D - A - - - -
Antimony Trichloride SbCl3 - RT - B - - B - B - - - A - D D D D A D - - - - B A D A B A - - - A A A A B - -
Antoil (Furfural) C5H4O2 - RT - D - B D D D D D - D - A B A - B B B A B - A D B D D - - - - D A D B - - A
Aqua Regia C10H16 - RT - D - A - - - D - - B - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - -
Aqua Regia (80% HCI, 20% HNO3) 80%HCI-20%HNO3 - RT - C - C D D D D D - B - D D D D D D D D C - A D D D B D - - D B A C A - - D
Aqueous Lead sulfamate - RT - A - A B A - B B - A - C C C C - B A A - - - - A B B A - - -
Arochlor 1248 - RT - B - D C D B D B C A - B B A A A - B - A - A - A - C A - - - D A D - - - -
Aromatic Hydrocarbons - RT - D - D D D D D D C A - - C A - C - A - - - - - - - C A - - A D - D - - - -
Arsenic Acid H3AsO4 - RT - A - A A A C B A - A - A B D D B D D A B - B A C A B - - - D A A A A - - A
Arsenic Acid H3AsO4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Arsenic Salts - RT - - - - - - B - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - B - - - - - - A - - - -
Arsenic trichloride AsCl3 - RT - D - - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - -
Askarel - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Asphalt - RT - D - D B D B A D B A - B A A B A B A A - - - - A D A A - - A B A A A - - A
Azole (Pyrrole) C4H5N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Banana Oil (Amyl acetate) CH3COOCH2(CH2)3CH3 - RT - A D D D D D D D C D - A A A A A C C A A - A D B D C A - - - B A D A A - A
43
NOZZLE MATERIALS
44
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Barium Carbonate BaCO3 - RT - A - - A - B - - - A - B B D B B - A A B - A A A A B - - - A A A A A - - A

Barium Chloride BaCl2 - RT - A - A A A A A A B A - A A D B B C C B B - A A A A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Barium Cyanide Ba(CN)2 - RT - A - A C C - - - - A - A A C C C B C D A - - - A - B - - - B A A A A - - -
Barium Hydroxide Ba(OH)2·8 H2O - RT - A - A A A D A A B A - B B D D D A D - B - B A A D B - - - D B A A A A - A
Barium Nitrate Ba(NO3)2 - RT - A - - A - A B B - A - B B B D D C A B - - A - A D B - - - B A A A - - - A
Barium Sulfate BaSO4 - RT - A - A A A A A A D A - B B B B C A B B A - B A A D B - - - B B A B A A - A
Bay Oil - RT - - - - - D - - - - A - - A - - A - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - -
Beer - RT - A - A A A D A A A A - A A A B A C D B A - B A A A A A - - - A A A A - - A
Beet sugar liquids - RT - A - A A A - A A - A - A A A - C B A A - - A B A - A - - - B A A A A - - A
Benzadehyde C7H6O - RT - A - D D D D D D B D - B B B - A B A B A - A B A D A A - - A D A D A A - A
Benzaldehyde C7H6O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Benzene C6H6 - RT - D - D D D D D D C A - B B B - A A A B B - A D A D C A - - A D A C A A - A
Benzene (Benzol) C6H6 - RT D D D D D D D D D C A - A A B - A B A B B - A D D D C - - - - B A - A A - A
Benzene Sulfonic Acid C6H6O3S - RT - D - - D A D A D B A B B B D - - D - - B - B - D D A D - - - D A A - - - A
Benzene Sulfuric Acid - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
BenzoI C6H6 - RT - D - D D D D D D C A B A A B A A B A B B - A D D D C - - - A B A - A - - A
Benzoic Acid C7H6O2 - RT - D - D D B D D B D A - B B B B B D A B B - A - D B A A - - B B A A A A - A
Benzonitrile C6H5CN - RT - - - - - - - - A - - - D D - - - - - - C - - - - A - - - - - - A - - - - A
Benzyl Alcohol C6H5CH2OH - RT - B - C D C D D - - A - B B B - A B B B A - A D B - D A - - - A A D A A - -
Benzyl Benzoate C6H5COOCH2C6H5 - RT - C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Benzyl Carbinol (Phenethyl alcohol) C6H5CH2CH2OH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Benzyl Chloride C7H7Cl - RT - D - D D D D D D - A - C B D - D D - D C - - D A - - - - - A C - - - - - A
Benzyl Chloride (Chlorotoluene) C7H7Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Betula Oil (Methyl salicylate) C8H8O3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bleach Solutions NaClO - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bleaching Liquors NaClO - RT - A - A D D D D B - A - - - - - - - - - - - A - C - A - - - - A A A - - - -
Boletic Acid (Fumarie Acid) C4H4O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bone Oil - RT - - - - A D - - - - A - - A - - A - A - - - - - - - - - - - A A - A - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Borax (Sodium Borale) Na2B4O7 - RT - A - A B A B A B A A - A A B A B A A B B - B - A - A A - - A B A A A - - A
Bordeaux Mixture CuSO4+Ca(OH)2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Boric Acid H3BO3 - RT - A - A A D A A A A A - B A D B B D D B A - A - B - A A - - A A A A A A - A
Brake Fuid (vegetable) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Brewery Slop - RT - - - - A A - - - - A - - A - - A A - - - - - - - - - - - - B - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Brewery Slop - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Brine (Sodium chioride) NaCl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - B - B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B - - - - -
Bromine Br2 - RT - D - D D D D D D D A - D D D - D D - - A - D D D C D D - - D D A C A A - D
Bromine Anhydrous AlBr3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bromine Trifluoride BrF3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bromine Water Br2 (aq.) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bromo Benzene C6H5Br - RT D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bromo Chloro methane CH2BrCl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bromo Methane (Methyl bromide) CH3Br - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bromo toluene C7H7Br - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bunker oil CH4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butadiene C4H6 - RT A C - B D B D D D - A - A A A A C A - C C - - - C D D - - - A C A C A - - A
Butane C4H10 - RT - D - B A A D D D - A - A A A A C A - C A - A B A D C A - - A A A C A - - A
Butanediol C4H10O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butanol C4H10O - RT - A - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butanol (Butyl alcohol) C4H10O - RT - A - A A A D A B B A A A A B - A B - B B - B - B B B A - - A A A C A - - A

Butanone (Methyl Ethyl Ketone) C4H8O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butraldehyde C4H8O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butter - RT - A - B A B D D B - A - C A A - D - D - - - - B - - - - - - A - A - - - - A
Buttermilk - RT - A - - A D A D A - A - A A A - D D D - A - - B B A A - - - A A A A - - - A
Butyl Acetate CH3COO(CH2)3CH3 - RT B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butyl Acetate CH3COO(CH2)3CH3 - RT - B - D D D D D D B D - B A A A A A A A A - A - A D C A - - A B A D B - - A
Butyl Acetyl Ricinoleate C24H44O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butyl Acrylate C7H12O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butyl Amine C4H11N - RT - - - - - D D D B - D - - A A - B A - - B - B - A D C A - - C B A D A - - A
Butyl Benzoate C11 H14 O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butyl Carbitol C8H18O3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butyl Cellosolve (Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) C6H14O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butyl Chloride CH3(CH2)3Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butyl Ether C4H9OC4H9 - RT - D - - B D - D D - D - - A A - - A - - - - - - A - - - - - D D A A A - - A
Butyl Oleate C22H42O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butyl Phenol C10H14O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butyl Phthalate C16H22O4 - RT - B - D D D D D A - C - B B B - - D - - B - B - A D C A - - - B A - B - - A
www.pnr-nozzles.com
Butyl Stearate CH3(CH2)16COO(CH2)3CH3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
45
NOZZLE MATERIALS
46
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Butylene C4H8 - RT - D - D A D C D D - A - A A A - D A - D - - - - B D B A - - A - A A A - - A
Butyraldehyde C4H8O - RT A - - - - - - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butyric Acid CH3CH2CH2-COOH - RT - B - D D D D D D B B - B B B C D D D C A - A D C D D A - - A B A B A - - A
Butyric Anhydride C8H14O3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Butyronitrile C4H7N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Calcium Actetate (CH3COO)2Cal xH2O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Calcium Bisulfate Ca(HSO4)2 - RT - A - - A A A A C - - - - A - - C - D - - - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - -
Calcium Bisulfide CaH2O6S2 - RT - C - - A A C D C B A - B B C - C - - - A - A - A - B A - - D A A A A - - -
Calcium Bisulfite CaH2O6S2 - RT - D - A A A A D A B A - B A D B - D - - B - A - A D A - - - D A A A B - - A
Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 - RT - A - A A A D A A - A - A B D - A B - - B - B - A C B A - - A A A A A A - A
Calcium Chlorate Ca(ClO3)2 - RT - A - B A - B A - - A - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - A - A B A A - -

Calcium Chloride CaCl2 - RT - A - A A A A A A A A - C C D D A - C B A - A B A - B A - - D A A C A A - A
Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 - RT - A - A A A D A A B A - B B C D D B A - A - A - A D A A - - D A A B A A - A
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Calcium Hypochlorite Ca(OCL)2 - RT - B - A C D D D B C A - C B D - D D D - B - A - D D A A - - D A A B A A - A
Calcium Nitrate Ca(NO3)2 - RT - A - A A A D A B - A - C B B - B B B - B - B A A A A A - - D A A A A A - A
Calcium Nitrate Ca(NO3)2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Calcium Oxide CaO - RT - A - A A A B A A A B - A A C - D - - - A - A D B - B A - - A A A B A - - -
Calcium Sulfate CaSO4 - RT - A - A A B B B - - A - B B C - A B A - B - A C D A B A - - D A A B A A - A
Calcium Sulfide CaSO3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Calcium Sulfite CaSO3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Calgon (NaPO3)6 - RT - A - A A A D A A - A - A A B - C - D - - - - - A - - A - - A A - - - - - -
Cane Juice - RT - A - A A A A A A - A - A A B - A - A - - - - - A - - - - - A C A A A - - -
Cane sugar liquors - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Caprylic aldehyde C8H16O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Capryl alcohol (Octanol) C10H22O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Carbamate -NH(CO)O- - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Carbamide (Urea) NH2CONH2 - RT - A - - B B B - B - A - B B B - B B - - B - A B A D A A - - - A A D A B - A
CTG SH 07 EU
Carbazotic acid (Picric acid) C6H2(NO2)3OH - RT - B - B C A B D D - A - B B C - B C A D B - A A C D A A - - - B A D A - - A
Carbitol C2H5OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Carbolic Acid (Phenol) C6H6O - RT - B - D D D D D D D A - B B A D B - D D A - A D D D D D - - D B A D A A - A
Carbon Bisulfide CS2 - RT D D - D C D D D - - A - A B B - B - - - - - - - A - - D - - A D - D - - - -
Carbon Dioxide (dry): Carbonic Acid gas - RT - B - B A B A B B A B - A A B B A A D - A - A B A - A A - - A A A A A - - A
CTG SH 07 EU
CO2
Carbon Dioxide (wet) CO2 + H2O - RT - B - B A B D B B - B - A A A - A C D - A - A B A - A B - - A A A A A A - A
Carbon Disulfide CS2 - RT D D - D D D D D - - A - A B A - D B A - B - B - B D C D - - A D A D B - - A
Carbon Monoxide CO - RT - A - C A B A D A A A - A A A - A - A A B - - - A - A B - - A A A A B - - A
Carbon Tetrachloride CCl4 - RT D D - D D D D D D D A - B B D - A - D A A - A D D D D A - - B D A D A A - A
Carbon Tetrachloride (dry) CCl4 - RT - B - D C D D D D D A - B B D A B A - - B - A D - - D - - - - D A - A A - A
Carbon Tetrachloride (wet) CCl4 - RT - D - D D D D D D - A - A A D B A B C - B - A D - - - - - - A D A - A A - A
Carbonated Water - RT - A - - A A B A - - A - A A A D A D B - - - - A - A - - - A B A A - - - -
Carbonic Acid CO2 - RT - B - C D D A C A D A - A A B D B D D - A - B - A A B A - - B A A A A A - A
Castor oil - RT - B - A B A A A A B A - A A A A - - A A - - A A A - - A - - - A A A A - - -
Catsup - RT - A - - A A D - - - A - A A D - A - D D - - - B A - - A - - B A - A - - -
Cedro oil (Lemon oil) - RT - D - - - D - - - - A - A A A - A - - - - - - C - - - - - - - - A - A - - -
Cellosolve C4H10O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cellosolve acetate C6H12O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cellulube - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chlorethylene (Vinyl chloride) C2H3Cl - RT - C - - D D - C - - A - B A B - A A B B A - A D A - - A - - - - A D B A - A
Chlorhydric acid HClr - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Chloric Acid HClr - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - D C D D D D D D A - - - D - - - - - D - A A - - - D
Chlorinated Glue - RT - B - - B D - - - - A - - A - - A - D - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - - - - -
Chlorinated solvente (Chlorothene) C2H3Cl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chlorine (anhydrous liquid) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chlorine (dry) eCl2 - RT - A - - B - - D - - A - A B C D B - D A A - D - - - - - - - D D A D A - - A
Chlorine (wet) eCl2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chlorine dioxide ClO2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chlorine trifluoride ClF3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chlorine Water Cl2 + H2O - RT - C - C D D - C D - A - C C D D B D - D A - A - C - B D - - D D A A B A - A
Chlorine, Anhidrous Liquid - RT - B - C D D - C D - A - C C D D D D D - D - D - D C D D - - A D A D A - - A
Chloroacetic Acid ClCH2COOH - RT - B - - D D D D D D D - B A D D C D D D A - A - D D D A - - D C A B A - - A
Chloroacetone C3H5ClO - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chloroacetonitrile C2H2ClN - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl - RT - D - D D D D D D D A - A B A B C B B B A - B D D D C A - - - C B D A A - A
Chlorobenzene (Mono) C6H5Cl - RT - D - - D - - D - - A - A B A B C - B B A - B D - - - - - - D C B D A A - A
Chlorobromomethane CH2BrCl - RT - B - D D D D D D - A - - - - - - - B B - - - - C - A - - - - A A D - A - -
Chlorobutadiene C4H5Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Chlorodiphenyl C12H9Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
47
NOZZLE MATERIALS
48
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Chlorododecane C12H25Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride) C2H5Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chloroform CHCl3 - RT D D - D D D D D D D A - A A D A B B B A A - A D A D C A - - A C A D A A - A
Chloromethane CHCl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chloronapthalene C10H7Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chloro nitroethane C2H4ClNO2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chlorophenol C6H5ClO - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chloroprene C4H5Cl - RT D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chlorosulforic Acid ClHO3S - RT - D - D D D D D D D D - D B C B D D D D A - A - D C D A - - - D A D D A - A
Chlorotoluene (Benzyl chloride) C7H7Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chlorox (Bleach) ClNaO - RT - B - B D B D D - - A A A A A A - - D D - A - B A - - B - - - D A A A - - -

Chocolate Syrup - RT - A - - A A - D - - A - A A A - - - - D - - - - A A - - - - - A A - - - - -
Chrome plating solution - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chromic Acid CrO3 - RT - - - - A - - - - - A - - D - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - A - - - - -
Chromium Salts Na2CrO4 - RT - - - - - - B - - B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B - B - - - - - - A - - - -
Cider - RT - A - - A A D - B B A A A A B - A - D - - - - - A A B - - - - A - A - A - -
Cinnamon Oil C9H8O2 - RT - - - - - C - - - - A - A A - - - - - - - - - - - D D - - - - D A D - - - -
Citric Acid C6H8O7 - RT - A - C A A A A A A A - B A C D D D D D A - A D A A D A - - A A A B A A - A
Citric Oil D-Limonene - RT - B - - A D - - - - A A A A C - A - D - - - - - - - - A - - - A - - - - - -
Citrus pulp - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Clorix (Bleach) NaClO - RT - B - B D B D D - - A A A A A - - D D - A - - B A - - B - - - D A A A - - -
Clove Oil - RT - - - - A C - - - - A - A A B - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Cobalt chloride CoCl2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Coconut oil - RT - D - C A C C D A - A - A A A - - - A - A - - A - - A A - - - A A A A - - -
Cod liver oil - RT - A - B A B A D B - A - A A A - - - - - A - - A - - - - - - - A A A A - - -
Coffee - RT - A - A A A D A A - A - A A A - A - - - A - A - A - - - - - - A A - A - - -
Coke oven gas - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Colza oil (Rape seed oil) - RT - A - D D B B D D - A - A A - - A - A - - - A - - - D - - - - D A - A - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Compressor oil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Copper acetato - RT - A - A - - - A - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Copper arsenale As2Cu3H8O12 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Copper Chloride CuCl2 - RT - A - C A A B A A A D - D D - - D - D D A - D A D - - A - - - A A A A A - -
Copper Cyanide CuCN - RT - A - C A A A C A - A - B B D D D - A - A - B - D D B A - - - A A A A A - A
CTG SH 07 EU
Copper Fluoborate Cu(BF4)2 - RT - - - - B A - - - - A - D D - - - - D - B - - - - - - - - - - - A A A - - -
Copper Nitrate Cu(NO3)2 - RT - C - - C A B A - - A - A A D D D D D D B - B - D D B A - - - A A A A A - A
Copper Oxichloride 3Cu(OH)2.CuCl2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Copper Sulfate CuSO4 5 RT - A - C A A - A A A A - B B D D B D D B A - A - D A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Corn Oil - RT - C - B D A A D A A B - A A A - - - A B A - - B A - A - - - - A A B A - - -
Cotton seed oil - RT - D - B A C A D A A A - A A A A - B A A A - A A B - A - - - - A A B A A - A
Cream - RT - - - - A D - - - - A - A A A - A - D - - - - - A - - - - - - A A - - - - -
Creosote (Taroil) Olio di lavaggio - RT - D - D D C D D D D A - B B B - A B - - B - A - D - C A - - - C A C - - - A
Cresols C7H8O - RT - D - D D D D D D D A - A A A - A A C A B - B D D D C A - - - D - A A - - A
Cresylic acid CH3C6H4OH - RT - D - D D D D D D - A - A A B - D B A B B - A - D D B A - - - A A D B - - A
Crotonaldehyde C4H6O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Crotonic Acid (Methyl Acrylic Acid) C4H6O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Crude oil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cryolite 10 Na3AlF6 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cupric Acid Cu(HS)2 - RT - A - - B A - B A - A - D B D - - - - - A - A - D A B - - - - A A A - - - A
Cyanic Acid HNCO - RT - - - - C C D - A - A - A A - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - A

Cyanide HCN - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cyclohexane C6H12 - RT D D - D B D B D D A A - A A A A B A B B B - A - A B B A - - - D A D A - - A
Cyclohexane C6H12 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cyclohexanol C6H11OH - RT A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cyclohexanone C6H10O - RT A B - - D D D D D - D - A A A - B A B B A - - - D A D A - - - D A D D A - A
Cyclohexanone C6H10O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cyclopentane C5H10 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cymene C10H14 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Decahydronaphthalene C10H18 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Decalin C10H18 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Decane C10H22 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Denatured alcohol C2H6O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Detergents - RT - A - B A B B B A - A - A A B - B A A - B - A B A A D A - - - A A A A A - A
Developing fluids - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diacetone C6H12O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diacetone alcohol C6H12O2 - RT - A - A D D D - D - D - B B A A B A - A - - - - A D A - - - - A A D D - - A
Diacetone Dialcohol (CH3)2C(OH)CH2COCH3 - RT - - - - D - - - - - D - - A - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - A - - -
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Diamine (Hydrazine) N2H4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
49
NOZZLE MATERIALS
50
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Diamyl naphthalene C10H10N2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Diamyl phthalate C18H26O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dibenzyl ether C14H14O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dibenzyl sebecate C24H30O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dibutyl acetate CH3COO(CH2)3CH3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dibutyl amine C8H19N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dibutyl ether (Butyl ether) C10H22O2 - RT - D - D D D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dibutyl phthalate C16H22O4 - RT A - - D D D - - - - - - - A - A A A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D D - - -
Dibutyl sebecate C18H34O4 - RT - - - D D D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - -
Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 - RT - D - D D D D D D - C - - B B - B B B - A - - D D D - A - - - C A D A - - A
Dichlorobutane C4H8Cl2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dichloroethane CH3CHCl2 - RT C - - C D D D D - - C - B B B B D D - A A - B D A D C A - - - D A D A A - A
Dichloroethylene C2H2Cl2 - RT - D - D D D - - - - - - - - C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - -
Dichloroisopropylether C6H12Cl2O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dichloropropylene C3H4Cl2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane C2Cl2F4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dicyclohexylamine C12H23N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diesel Fuel - RT - D - B A B C D D - A - A A A A A A A A A - B - A A C A - - - A A A A - - A
Diesel oil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethanol amine C4H11NO2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethyl amine C4H11N - RT C B - C C A C A B - A - A A B A A D B A A - A D A D D A - - - A D D D - - A
Diethyl benzene C10H14 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethyl carbonate (C2H5)2CO3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethyl Ether (C2H5)2O - RT D D - D B D A D D C D - B B B B A B A A B - A D A D - A - - - - A D A - - A
Diethyl ether (Ether) (C2H5)2O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethyl fatty acid - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethyl glycol C4H10O3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Diethyl ketone CH3COCH3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethyl oxalate C6H10O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethyl phthalate C6H4(COOC2H5)2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethyl sebecate - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethylamine - RT - B - C C A C A B - A - A A B A A D B A A - A D A D D A - - - A D D D - - A
CTG SH 07 EU
C4H11N
Diethylene ether (Dioxane) C4H8O2 - RT A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethylene Glycol - RT - A - C A A D A B - A - A A B - - A A - A - A B A B B - - - - A A A A - - A
Diethylene glycol C8H18O3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diethylene triamine - RT A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diisobutane - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diisobutyl ketone C9H18O - RT B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diisobutylene C8H16 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diisopropyl benzene C12 H18 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diisopropyl ether C6H14O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diisopropyl ketone - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diisopropylidene acetone (Phorone) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dimethyl amine (CH3)2NH - RT - - - D D D - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dimethyl Aniline C8H11N - RT - B - - D D D D D - D - B B A - - - B - B - A D A D - - - - - D A D A - - A
Dimethyl ether C2H6O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dimethyl Formamide HCON(CH3)2 - RT A B - D D D D C C - C - A B A - - D A A A - - D A D A A - - - A A D D - - -
Dimethyl formamide HCON(CH3)2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Dimethyl phosphite C2H7O3P - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dimethyl phthalate C10H10O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dimethyl sulfìde - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dimethylketone (Acetone) C3H6O - RT A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dinitrotoluene C7H6N2O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dioctyl adipate C22H42O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dioctyl phthalate C24H38O4 - RT A - - D - D - - A - A - - - A A A D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - -
Dioctyl sebecate C26H50O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dionised water - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dioxane (Diethylene ether) C4H8O2 - RT A - - D D D - - - - D - - A - A A A - - - - - D - - - A - - - - - D D - - A
Dioxolane - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dipentene C10H16 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diphenyl C12H10 - RT - D - B D B D D D - A - B B B B B B B B B - B - - - - - - - - D A - A - - -
Diphenyl (Phenyl benzene) C18H14 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diphenyl amine C12H11N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diphenyl Oxide - RT - D - D A D D D C - A - B A B - - B A A A - A - - - - - - - - D A D B - - -
Diphenyl oxide - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Dipropylene glycol - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
51
NOZZLE MATERIALS
52
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Divinyl benzene C10H10 - RT C - - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Dow Corning - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dowtherm - RT - D - D D D - - - - - - - A A A A A - - - A - - - - - D - - - - - D - - - A
Dyes - RT - - - - - C D - - - A - A A B A - - - A - - - - A - - - - - - - A B - - - -
Epichlorohydrin C3H5ClO - RT A - - - - - - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Epsom Salts (Magnesium Sulfate) MgSO4 - RT - A - A A A D B A - A - A B B A A B A A B - A B A A A A - - - A A A A - - A
Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) CH3-CHO - RT A - - - - - - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethane C2H6 - RT - D - B A B C D D - A - A A - - - - A A A - - - D - - B - - - D A A A - - A
Ethanethiol (Ethyl mercaptan) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethanol CH3CH2OH - RT A A - A C A D A B - A - A A B A A B B A A - A B A B B A - - - A A C A A - A
Ethanolamine (Aminoethanol) C2H7NO - RT - B - C B B C B B - D - A A B - B B A D B - B - A - - - - - - D A D C A - A

Ethene (Ethylene) (C2H4)n - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ether (Diethyl ether) (C2H5)2O - RT D C - D D D D D D - C - A A B B A B C A B - A D A - D A - - - D A D B - - A
Ethyl Acetate C4H8O2 - RT B B - D D D D C B - D - B B A B A B A A A - A D A D A A - - A A A D D A - A
Ethyl acetoacetate (Acetoacetic ester) C6H10O3 - RT - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - -
Ethyl Acrylate - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Alcohol (Spirit) CH3CH2-OH - RT A A - A C A D A B - A - A A B A A B B A A - A B A B B A - - - A A C - A - A
Ethyl Benloate - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Benzene C6H5C2H5 - RT - D - D D D - - - - - - - A - - C C - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - -
Ethyl Benzoate C9H10O2 - RT - C - - D D D D D - A - - A - - - A A A - - D - D C - - - - B A D D - - -
Ethyl Butyrate C6H12O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Cellosolve C4H10O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Cellulose - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Chloride C2H5Cl - RT - A - D A C C B D C A - A A B A A D C B B - A D A D C A - - - D A D A A - A
Ethyl Chloride (Chloroethane) C2H5Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Chlorocarbonate (Ethyl chloroformate) C3H5ClO2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Cyanide (Propionitrile) C3H5N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Formate C3H6O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Ethyl Mercaptan (Ethanethiol) C2H5SH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Oxalate C6H10O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Pentachlorobenzene - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Propionate C5H10O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethyl Silicate - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
(C2H5O)4Si
Ethyl Sulfate C2H6O4S - RT - A - - A - D - - - A - D D - - D - - B - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - A
Ethyl sulfate C2H6O4S - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethylene (Ethene) C2H4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethylene Bromide C2H4Br2 - RT - C - C D C D C D - A - A A B - B B - - B - B D - D - - - - - D A D A - - A
Ethylene Chloride C2H5Cl - RT - D - D D D D D D - B - B B B - A D C B - - B D A D D A - - - C A D A - - A
Ethylene Chlorohydrin C2H5ClO - RT - B - C D A D C C - A - B B B B B B - B B - B D D D D A - - - D A D A - - A
Ethylene chlorohydrin C2H5ClO - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethylene Diamine C2H8N2 - RT - A - B A B D B A - B - B B B D B D B D C - A D D A A A - - - D A D B - - -
Ethylene Dichloride C2H4Cl2 - RT - C - D D D D D D - A - B B A B C A A - B - B D A D D A - - - D A D A A - A
Ethylene dichloride (Dutch oil) C2H4Cl2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethylene Glycol HOCH2CH2OH - RT - A - A A A B A A - A - B B A B A B A A B - A A A B A A - - - A A A A A - A
Ethylene glycol (Ethylene alcohol) HOCH2CH2OH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether CH3(CH2)3OCH2CH2OH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether C3H8O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ethylene Oxide C2H4O - RT A C - D D D D D D - D - B B D D C C D D A - - D A C A A - - - D A D A - - A
Ethylene tricholoride (Trichlorothene) C2HCl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Ethyne (Acetylene) C2H2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fatty Acids - RT - D - B B C B C C - A - B A A C A C C D A - B A A B D A - - - A A A A A - A
Ferric Chloride FeCl3 - RT - A - B A B A A B C A - D D D D D D D D B - A A A A A B - - - A A A A - - A
Ferric chloride FeCl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A D - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ferric Nitrate Fe(NO3)3.9H2O - RT - A - A A A A A C - A - B B D D C D - D B - A A A A A A - - - A A A A - - A
Ferric Sulfate FeSO4 - RT - A - A A A B A B - A - B A D D C D D D A - A A A A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Ferrous Chloride FeCl2 - RT - A - A A A B A - - A - D D D D C D D B B - A A D D A A - - - A A A A - - A
Ferrous Sulfate FeSO4 - RT - A - B A - A B - - B - B B B B B D D B B - A A D A D A - - - A A A A A - A
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fish oil - RT - - - - D D - - - - - - - A D - A A - A - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fluoboric Acid (Flouroboric acid) HBF4 - RT - A - A A A D A - - B - B B D - B - D - A - D A D - A - - - - A A A A - - A
Fluorinate cyclic ethers - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fluorine F - RT - A - - D - D C D - C - C A A A C D D C B - D A D C D D - - - D D D A - - C
Fluorobenzene C6H5F - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fluorochloroethylene - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fluorolube (Fluorocarbon oils) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Fluorosilicic acid (Sand acid) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
53
NOZZLE MATERIALS
54
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Fluorosilic Acid H2SiF6 - RT - A - A A A D A - - B - C B D B B D D D B - D A D A A - - - - A A D A C - A

Folmaldehyde (Formalin) H2CO 35 RT - - - - D - - - - - - - - A C - A C - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A
Fomonitrile (Hydrocyanic acid) HCN - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Formaldehyde 100 CH2O - RT - A - C C C D C B - D - C A A - B D C A A - A B D A B A - - - C A A A - - -
Formaldehyde 40 H2CO - RT A A - B B B C B - B A - A A B A A D B B B - B A A A D A - - - A A A A - - A
Formamide CH3NO - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Formic Acid CH2O2 - RT - A - A C A D C B B C - B A A D C D D C A - C D D A D C - - - A A A A - - A
Freon 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane) CCl3F - RT - D - B B D D D D A B - A A D - - D A A A - B D D - C A - - - A A A A A - -
Freon 112 C2Cl4F2/Cl2FCCCl2F - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 113 (Trichlorotetrafluoroethane) CCl2FCClF2 - RT - D - A A C B D D A B - - A - - - - - A A - C - - B - A - - - D A B B A - -
Freon 114 (Dichlorotetrafluoroethane) C2Cl2F4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Freon 114B2 (Dibromotetrafluoroethane) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 115 (Chloropentafluoroethane) C2ClF5 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 12 (Dichlorofluoromethane) CBrClF2 - RT - B - A A A A C D - B - B B B B B D A A A - B A A - A A - - - A A A A - - -
Freon 13 (Chlorofluoromethane) CClF3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 13B0 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 13B1 (Bromotrifluoromethane) CF3Br - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 14 (Tetrafluoromethane) CF4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 142B CH3CClF2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 142B CH3CClF2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 152A C2H4F2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 152A C2H4F2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 21 (Dichlorofluormethane) CHCl2F - RT - A - B D A D D D - D - A A D A - D D B A - B - B - - A - - - B A A A - - -
Freon 218 C3F8 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 22 CHF2Cl - RT - A - B D A D D D - D - A A D A - D D B A - B - B - - A - - - B A A A - - -
Freon 22 CHF2Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 31 CH2ClF - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon 32 CH2F2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Freon 502 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon BF - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon C316 C4Cl2F6 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon C318 C4F8 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon MF - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
C3H3F5O
Freon T WD 602 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon TA - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon TC - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon TF - RT - D - A A A B D D A B - A A D - - - A A A - B - D - - A - - - D A B B A - -
Freon TMC - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon TP 35 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Freon T-WD602 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fruit Juice - RT - A - B A A A D - - A - A A A D - - D A A - A B A - A A - - - B A A A - - -
Fuel Oil (#1 to #9) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fuel Oils - RT - D - C A B D D D - A - A A C B A A A A A - A D A B B A - - - A B A B - - A
Fumarie Acid (Boleatic acid) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fuming Nitric Acid - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Furan (Furfuran) C4H4O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Furan Resin - RT - C - D D D D D D - D - A A A - - A - - B - - - - - D - - - - D A A D - - -
Furfural C5H4O2 - RT A D - B D D D D D - D - A B A - B B B A B - A D B D D - - - - D A D B - - A
Furfural (Ant oil) C5H4O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Furfuryl Alcohol C5H6O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fusel oil (Grain oil) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Gallic Acid C7H6O5 - RT - B - D B B D A D - A - A B D - B D D D B - B - A - A - - - - A B B A - - B
Gasoline - Leaded - RT - D - - - - - - - - - - - A A A A A - A A A - D - - - - - - - - - D - - - A
Gasoline - Unleaded - RT - D - - - - - - - - - - - A A A A A - A A A - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - A
Gasoline (high-aromatic) - RT - D - B A A - D D A A - A A D - A - A - A - B D A A A - - - - A B A A A - A
Gasoline, leaded, ref - RT - D - B A B C D D A A - A A A - A B A B A - A D A A - A - - - B A B A A - A
Gasoline, unleaded - RT - D - A A B - D D - A - A A A - A B A B A - A D A A - - - - - C A C C - - A
Gelatine - RT - A - B A A D A A - A - A A A D A D A A A - A - A - A A - - - A A B A - - A
Ginger oil - RT - A - - A A - - - - A - D D - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - A - - -
Gluconic acid C6H12O7 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Glucose (Corn syrup) C6H12O6 - RT - A - B A A D A A - A - A A A A - B A A A - A B A A A - - - - A A A A - - A
Glue P.V.A - RT - A - A A A A A A A B - A A A - A A A B A - A - A - A - - - - B A C A - - A
Glycerine (Glycerol) C3H8O3 - RT - A - A A A D A A A A - A A A B A A A A A - A C A A A A - - - A A A A - - A
Glycine C2H5NO2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Glycois - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Glycolic Acid C2H4O3 - RT - A - A A A D D A - A - A A - - - D - - A - A B - - A - - - - A A B B - - A
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Gold Monocyanide - RT - - - - A A - - - - A - A A - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - A - - -
55
NOZZLE MATERIALS
56
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Grange oil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Grape Juice - RT - A - - A D D D A - A - A A - - A - D - - - A B A - B - - - - A A A A - - -
Grease - RT - D - - A D A D D - A - - A - A A - A A A - - - - - - - - - - - A A A - - -
Green sulfate liquor - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A D - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Halowax oil - RT - - - - D D - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Heptanal C7H16O - RT - - - - A - - - - - A - - A - - - A A - A - - - - - - - - - - A A - - - - -
Heptane C7H16 - RT - D - B A B - D D - A - A A A A A A A A A - A D A B B A - - - C A C A - - A
Hexachlorobutadiene C4Cl6 - RT D D - - A D - D D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Hexaldehyde - RT - - - - D A B - - - C - - A - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Hexalin C6H11OH - RT - D - - B A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Hexane C6H14 - RT A D A B A B B D D A A - A A A A A A A A A - A D B D D A - - - B A B A - - A
Hexene C6H12 - RT - - - - A B A - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Hexone (Methyl Isobutyl Ketone) C6H12O - RT B B D - D D - D C D D - - B - - - C C - B - - - - - - - - - - C A C A - C -
Hexylene Glycol (Brake Fluid) C6H14O2 - RT - C - - A A - - - - A - - A - - - - A - A - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Honey - RT - A - - A A - - A - A - A A A - A - A - A - - - A A B - - - - A A A A - - -
Hydraulic Oil (Petrol) - RT - D - A A A A D B - A - A A A A A A A A A - - - A - C A - - - D A A A - - B
Hydraulic Oil (Synthetic) - RT - A - A D A - D B - A - A A A A A A A A A - - - A - A A - - - D A A A - - B
Hydrazine (Diamine) N2H4 - RT A A - B B B D C B C A - A A - - - D D A C - - - - D - A - - - C A B A - B -
Hydrobromic Acid HBr 37 RT A A C A D D D A D - A - - D - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - B A - A - - -
Hydrobromic Acid HBr 10 100 B A - A B B - D D A A - - - - - - - D - B - - - - - - - - - - A A - A - - -
Hydrobromic Acid HBr 20 50 A A - A D D B A D A A - D D D D - D D D A - A - D - B D - - - A A B A - - A
Hydrobromic Acid HBr 37 C A B - - D D C B - A A - - D - - - - D - A - - - - - - - - - - B A - A - - -
Hydrobromic Acid HBr 37 H - - - - D D C - - - A - - D - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - -
Hydrocyanic Acid (Fomonitrile) HCN - RT A A - - B B C A - A A - - A - - - - D - B - - - - - - - - - - A A - A - - -
Hydrofluoric Acid HF 20 RT - B - - D C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Hydrofluoric Acid HF 48 RT A A - - C A - C D - A - - D - - - - D - B - - - - - - - - - - A A - A
Hydrofluoric Acid HF 50 RT - - - - D C D - - - A - - D - - - - D - B - - - - - - - - - - B A - A - - -
Hydrofluoric Acid HF 75 RT A - - A D C - C - - A - - D - - - - D - B - - - - - - - - - - B A - A - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Hydrofluoric Acid HF con cold - - - - D B D - - - B - - D - - - - D - B - - - - - - - - - - D A - A - - -
Hydrofluoric Acid HF con Hot C D - - D D D C - - B - - D - - - D D - B - - - - - - - - - - D - - A - - -
Hydrofluosilicic Acid H2SiF6 20 RT - - - - B B B - - - A - - D - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - A - - -
Hydrofluosilicic Acid H2SiF6 50 RT A C - - C - - A - - D - - A - - - D D - - - - - - - - - - - - C - - C - - -
Hydrogen H - RT A A - - A A A A - - A - - A - - - A A - A - - - - - - - - - - A A A A - A -
CTG SH 07 EU
Hydrogen Cyanide HCN 20 RT A A - A C C - B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Hydrogen Fluoride Anhydrous HCl - RT - D - - - D - - - - A - - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - A A - A - - -
Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 10 RT A B - A B B - A A - B - - A - - - - B - A - - - - - - - - - - A A B A - A -
Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 30 RT C B B C C C C D A - B - - A - - - - B - A - - - - - - - - - - A A B A - A -
Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 90 RT D D - - D B - D - A B - - A - - - - B - A - - - - - - - - - - A A B A - A -
Hydrogen Sulfide H2S - RT A C - - C B - A - - D - - A - - - D D - A - - - - - - - - - - A A A A - A -
Hydrogen Sulfide Dry - cold A - - - D - - A - - - - - A - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Hydrogen Sulfide Dry - Hot A C - - C - - A - - - - - A - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - A A - A - - -
Hydrogen Sulfide Wet - cold A A - - C C B A - - A - - A - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - A A - A - - -
Hydrogen Sulfide Wet - Hot A A - - D D - A - - B - - A - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Hydroquinone - RT - - B - C D - B - A C - - B - - - - B - B - - - - - - - - - - A A - A - - -
Hydrosilicofluoric Acid F6H2Si 50 RT C B - A C B - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Hydroxyacetic Acid C2H4O3 70 RT - - - - A A - - - B A - - B - - - - B - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Hypochlorous Acid HClO - RT B B - B D C - B - A A - - D - - - - D - A - - - - - - - - - - A A - A - - -
Ink - RT - - - - A A A D - A A C C C - - - - D A A A - A C - - - - - - B A C A A - -
Ink Oil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Iodine I - RT - B - D B D - D - B A D D D A - A D D D A A A D A - A C - - - - A A A - - -
Iodine Pentafluoride IF5 - RT D D - - B - D D - - A - - D - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - A - - -
Iodoform CHI3 - RT - A - - D A - B - - - A A A - - - - - B D - B - - - - - - - - - C A C - - -
Iron acetate solution - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Iron and zinc phosphate solution - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Iron chloride FeCl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Iron nitrate Fe(NO3)3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Iron solfate FeSO4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isoamyl acetate C7H14O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isoamyl alcohol C5H12O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isoamyl chloride C5H11Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isoamyl formate C5H11C(O)OCH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isobutene C4H8 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isobutyl acetato C6H12O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isobutyl alcohol C4H10O - RT - A - A B A D A A - A A A A B - A B C - A - B B A - A - - - - A A A - - - A
Isobutyl aldehyde (CH3)2CHCHO - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isobutyl chloride C4H9Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Isobutyl formate C5H10O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
57
NOZZLE MATERIALS
58
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Isobutyric acid C4H8O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Isocyanate –N=C=O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isodecane C10H22 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isododecane C12H26 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isolane - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isooctane (Trimethylpentane) C8H18 - RT - D - - A B - A D A A A A A A A A A - - - A - - A B B A - - - A A A A - - A
Isophorone C9H14O - RT - D - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isopropyl acetate C5H10O2 - RT - B - - D - D D D C D C C A D - A A - - B - - - - B D B - - - B A D D - - -
Isopropyl alcohol C3H8O - RT - A - A B - D A A - A - B B B - A A A B A - B - D A A A - - - A A A - A - A
Isopropyl benzene C9H12 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Isopropyl chloride C3H7Cl - RT - D - - D D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Isopropyl ether (CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2 - RT - D - C B D B A D - D A A A A A A A - B A - - - A D B A - - - - A B D - - A
Jet Fuel - RT - D - D A D C D D - D A A A A - A A A A A - A - C A D A - - - - A C B - - A
Kerosene - RT - D - D A A B D D C A A A A A A A A A B B - A D A D C A - - - B A A A A - A
Ketones - RT - A - - D D D A - - D A A A B - A B - A A - A A A D C A - - - C A D C A - A
Lacquer - RT - D - D D D D D D - D A A A A - A A C A A - - A A D A - - - - D A D D - A A
Lactic acid C3H6O3 - RT - A - A A A B A A D A B B B B D B D D B B - A D B B A A - - - B A B B A - A
Lactol (Aliphatic naphta solvent) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lard - RT - D - D - - - - - - - - - A - D D - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Latex - RT - A - - A - D - A - A A A A A - - A - - A - - B A - - - - - - A A - A - - -
Lauryl ether sulfate - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lavender Oil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lead acetate (Sugar of lead) C4H6O4Pb - RT - A - D B A D A - - D B B B D - B D A - B - A B A - A A - - - A A B A A - A
Lead arsenale As2O4Pb - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lead chloride PbCl2 - RT - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A
Lead nitrate N2O6Pb - RT - A - - A A D A B - A B B B D - B D - - B - - B - - A - - - - A A A A - - A
Lead sulfamate Pb(SO3NH2)2 - RT - A - A B A - B B - A C C C C - - C - - - - - - B A A - - - - A B B A - - -
Lemon oil (Cedro oil) - RT - D - - - D - - - - A - A A A - A - - - - - - C - - - - - - - - A - A - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Ligroin - RT - D - C A B C D D - A - - A D - - - - - - - - - D - A A - - - A A - A - - -
Lime bleach - RT - D - - A A B - - - A A A A A - - - A - - - A - A - A - - - - - A B A - - A
Lime sulfur - RT - - - - D - - - - - - - - A D D D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lin seed oil (Flaxseed oil) - RT - D - - A D B D A B A - A A B B A A - B B - A - A - A A - - - A A A A A - A
LindoI (Tritolyl phosphate) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
(CH3C6H4O)3P=O
Linoleic Acid C18H32O2 - RT - D - D B - - D B - B B B A A - - D - D - - - A - - A - - - - B A A A - - A
Lithium hydroxide LiOH - RT - - - - C - D - - - - B B B D - B B - - B - - - - D - - - - - - A - - - - B
Lubricating oil (Petroleum) - RT - D - A A D B D D A A A A A A - A A A A A - A - A A D A - - - A A B A - - A
Lye (Potassium hydroxide) KOH - RT - A - A B B D B C D B B B A D D D D B B B - D A C D A B - - - A A B A D - C
Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 - RT - A - A A A B - - - A B B B A - A - - A B - A B - A B - - - - A A B A A - -
Magnesium chloride MgCl2 - RT - A - A A A A A A C A D D D D D B C D A A - A B A A A B - - - A A B A A - A
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 - RT - A - A A A D A A C A B B A C D B A A B A - A B B A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 - RT - A - A A A B A - - A B B B B - A C D B A - A B A A A - - - - A A A A A - -
Magnesium oxide MgO - RT - - - - A A - - - - C A A A B - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts) MgSO4 - RT - A - A A A D B A - A A A B B A A B A A B - A B A A A A - - - A A A A - - A
Maleic acid C4H4O4 - RT - D - D D D D B - - A A A B B - B D A - B - A - A - B A - - - A A A A - - A
Maleic anhydride C4H2O3 - RT - D - D D D - D - - A A A A A - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - - D A - A - - -
Malic acid HOOCCHOHCH2COOH - RT - D - D A D - B B - A A A A B B B D - D B - A - A - B - - - - A A A A - - B
Manganese sulfate MnSO4•H2O - RT - A - - A A A A A - A B B B B D A B A B A - A B A A A - - - - - A C A A - A
Margarine oil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mash - RT - A - - A A A - - - A A A A A - - - - - - - - - A - A - - - - - - - - - - -
Mayonnaise - RT - - - - C A D D - - A C C A A - - - D B A - - - A - D - - - - - A D A - - -
Melamine C3H6N6 - RT - A - - C D D - C - A - - D - - - - D - - - - - A - - - - - - A A D - - - D
Mercuric chloride Cl2Hg2 - RT - A - A A A A A - B A D D D D D D D D D C - A B D A A A - - - B A A A A - C
Mercuric cyanide Hg(CN)2 - RT - A - - A A - - A - A C C C D - D D C D A - A B A - A - - - - B B A A A - -
Mercurous nitrate Hg2(NO3)2·2H2O - RT - A - - B B - B - - A A A A D - - B - - A - A C - A A - - - - A A A A A - C
Mercury Hg - RT - A - A A A A A - B A A A A D D A C A D A - A B A D A A - - - B A A A A - C
Mesityl Oxide CH3C(O)CH=C(CH3)2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Metaicrylic dimethylester - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methane CH4 - RT - D - B A B C D D - A A A A A - A D - - A - - - A - - A - - - A A B A - - B
Methanol CH3OH - RT - A - A A A D A A B C A A A A A A A A B A - B D B B A A - - - A A A A A - A
Methyl acetate C3H6O2 - RT - B - D D B D D D - D A A B A - A B A B A - - D A D B A - - - D A D B - - A
Methyl acetoacetate C5H8O3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl acetone CH3COCH2CH3 - RT - A - - D D - A - - D A A A A A A A A - - - - - A - - - - - - - A D D - - A
Methyl acrylate C4H6O2 - RT - B - D D B D D D - D - A - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - B - - -
Methyl acrylic acid (Crotonic acid) C4H6O2 - RT - A - - B - - B - - D A A A A D A A A - - - - D - - A - - - - A A D C - - A
Methyl amine (Monomethylamine) CH5N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl amyl acetato - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Methyl aniline C7H9N/C6H5NH(CH3) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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NOZZLE MATERIALS
60
NOZZLE MATERIALS

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PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Methyl bromide (Bromo methane) CH3Br - RT - D - D B D D D - - A - A A D - - A A B - - - D B - C - - - - C A D A - - A

Methyl butyl ketone C6H12O - RT - A - D D D D D D - D - A A - - - - - - - - - - D D - A - - - D - A D - - -
Methyl butyrate C5H10O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl cellosolve C3H8O2 - RT - B - D A B D D D - D B B B B A A A C B - - - - C D - - - - - B A D A - - A
Methyl chloride CH3Cl - RT - D - D D D D D D - A A A A D A B D D - B - - D B D C - - - - D A D A - - A
Methyl cyanide (Acetonitrile) C2H3N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl cyclopentane C6H12 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl dichloride CH2Cl2 - RT - D - - D - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - C - - - - - - D - A D - - -
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (Butanone) C4H8O - RT - A - D D D D D D B D A A A B A A A A A A - A D A D A A - - - B A D D A - A
Methyl formate C2H4O2 - RT - - - D D - - - - - - - - A A - A D - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl glycol acetate CH3COOCH2CH2OCH3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Methyl iodide CH3I - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl isobutyl carbinol C6H14O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone) CH3CoCH2CH(CH3)2 - RT - B - D D D D D D B D B B B B - A A C B A - A D B D C A - - - A A D D - - A
Methyl isobutyrate C5H10O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl isopropyl ketone C5H10O - RT - C - D D D D D C - D A A A A - A - C A - - - - A D D A - - - - A D - - - A
Methyl methacrylate C5H8O2 - RT - D - D D D D D C - D - B B - - - - C - - - - - - - - - - - - D - A B - - -
Methyl oleate C19H36O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl propionate C4H8O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl propyl ketone C5H10O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methyl salicylate (Betula oil) C8H8O3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methylacetic acid (Propionic acid) C3H6O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methylamyl acetate C8H16O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methylamyl carbinol C7H16O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Methylene chloride CH2Cl2 - RT - C - - D - D B - D B - B B C A B B B B B - B D C D D A - - - B A D B - - A
Milk - RT - A - A A A D A A - A - A A A D A D D D A - A B A A A A - - - B A A A A - A
Mineral oil (Petroleum) Olio base lubrif. - RT - D - D A B B D D B A - A A D - A C - B - - A B A - C A - - - B A - A - - A
Mineral oil n°1 (NF T 46-013) - RT - D - B A B A D C A A - A A A A A B - B A - A A A B B A - - - A A B A A - A
CTG SH 07 EU
Mineral oil n°2(NF T 46-013) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mineral oil n°3 (NF T 46-013) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Molasses - RT - A - - A A B A - - A - A A A B A B B A A - A B A - A A - - - B A A B A - A
Mono bromo benzene BrC6H5 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mono chloro aniline - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
C6H6ClN
Mono chloro difluoro methane CHClF2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mono cyanide - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mono ethanol amine (CH2)2OHNH2 - RT - B - D B D D B B - D A A A B - A B A D - - B - A - C - - - - B A D C - - A
Mono ethyl ether C4H10O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mono methyl ether C3H8O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mono methyle aniline C7H9N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mono sodium glutamate C5H8NNaO4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mono vinyl acetylene CHºCCH=CH2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Monomethylamine (Methyl amine) CH5N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Morpholine C4H9NO - RT - D - - D D - A - - - - - A A - - A - - A - - C A D - - - - - B A - B - - A
Motoroil - RT - D - - A B B - - B - - A A A - A A - - - - A C A A C A - - - A A B B A - A
Mustard - RT - A - - B A B B - - D - A A B - A D D - A - A B A A A - - - - A A B A - - A
Naphta Coal Tar - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Naphtoic acid - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Naptha - RT - D - D A D C D D B A - A A A A A B B A B - B D A B A A - - - B B A A - - A
Napthalene C10H8 - RT - D - D D D B D D B A - A A B - A A A - A - A D A - C A - - - B A D A A - A
Napthenic acid CnH2n1COOH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Natural gas - RT - D - - A A C - A - A - A A A - A A A - - - - B - - A A - - - A A A - - - -
Natural gas dry - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Natural gas wet - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Neatsfootoil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Neosol - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Neville acid - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nickel acetate (CH3CO2)2Ni·4H2O - RT - - - D - - - - - - - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nickel chloride NiCl2 - RT - A - A A B D A A - A - D C D D B D D - B - - A C A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Nickel hydroxide Ni(OH)2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nickel nitrate Ni(NO3)2 - RT - A - D A A - A - - A - B B D - A C C - B - - A A D A A - - - A A A A A - -
Nickel sulfate NiSO4 - RT - A - A A A C B A - A - B B D D B D D - B - B B A A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Nicotine bentonite - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nicotine sulfate C20H26N4•O4S - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nitercake - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nitric Acid HNO3 50 RT - D - D D D D D D D A - A A D D A D D D A - C D B B D - - - - B A B A A - D
Nitric Acid HNO3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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61
NOZZLE MATERIALS
62
NOZZLE MATERIALS

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PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE

Nitric acid red fuming - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nitro benzene C6H5NO2 - RT - B - D D D D D D D B - B B B - A B C B D - A D B D C A - - - B A D A - - B
Nitro ethane C2H5NO2 - RT - - - - D D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nitro glycerine C3H5N3O9 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nitro methane CH3NO2 - RT - B - - D D D B D C D - A A A - - B - A A - - D B D A A - - - B A B A - - A
Nitro odane - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nitro propane CH3CH2CH2NO2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Nitro sylchloride ClNO - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nitrogen N2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nitrogen tetroxide N2O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nitrous acid HNO2 - RT - A - - - D - C - - B - B B D D B D - C D - - D - - - - - - - A A A B D - -
Octachlorotoluene Sn4O2(C7H2ClN2O6)4(C4H9)8 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Octadecane C18H38 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Octane C8H18 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
OctanoI (Capryl alcohol) C8H18O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Octylalcohol C8H18O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Octylaldehyde C8H16O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Oleic acid (Red oil) acidi grassi - RT - B - C B C B D D A B - A A A D B D - A A - B D A - C A - - - B A C A A - A
Olein (Triloene) acido oleico - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Oleum (Fuming sulfuric acid) H2SO4•O3S 100 RT - D - D D D D D D - A - A A B - D - - - D - D D D - D - - - - D A D D - - D
Olive oil grassi vegetali - RT - D - B D B A D D - A - A A A - A - - A - - A A A A A - - - - A A C - A - A
Oxalic acid C2H2O4 - RT - A - B D D D B B D A - B A A D B D C B B - A A B - A A - - - A A B B A - A
Oxygen O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A A A A A - A A A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A
Ozone O3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A A A A A - A A - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D
CTG SH 07 EU
Palm oil - RT - A - - A D A - - - A - A A - - A - A A - - A A - - A - - - - - A A A - - -
Palm thinner, Duco - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Palmitic acid acidi grassi - RT - B - D A D A B D A A - B A B D A D - B B - - A A - B - - - - B A B A - - A
Paraffin - RT - D - - B B A B - - B - A A A A A A - B B - A A A A B A - - - A A B A A - A
Paraformaldehyde - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
(CH2O)n (n=8 - 100)
Paraldehyde C6H12O3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Peanut oil - RT - D - B A B B D A - A - A A A - A - A A - - A - - - A - - - - D A A A - - -
Pentachloroethane CHCl2CCl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pentachlorophenol C6Cl5OH - RT - D - D D D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - - - - - - - D - - - -
Pentahydrate (Sodium sulfìde) Na2S - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pentane C5H12 - RT - D - B A B D D D - A - C C B - C C - - A - - - A A D A - - - D A A A - - A
Peppermint oil - RT - - - - D D - - - - A - A A D - A - - - - - - D - - - - - - - - A - A - - -
Perchlorethylene C2Cl4 - RT - D - D C D D D D C A - B A C - B A A B B - A D C D D A - - - D A C A A - A
Perchloric acid KClO4 - RT - B - - D A D - D - A - C C D - B D - D B - D - D - B A - - - C A C A - - A
Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene) C2Cl4 - RT - D - D C D D D D C A - B A C - B A A B B - A D C D D A - - - D A C A A - A
Petrolatum - RT - A - - A A D C D - A - A A - - A D - - A - - - D - B A - - - D C B A - - A
Petroleum petrolio - RT - D - D A B B D D B A - A A D - A C - B - - A B A - C A - - - B A - A - - A
Petroleum gas liquified - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phenethyl alcohol (Benzyl carbinol) C6H5CH2CH2OH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phenetole (Phenyl ethyl ether) C8H10O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phenol (Carbolic acid) C6H5OH - RT - B - D D D D D D D A - B B A D B - D D A - A D D D D D - - - B A D A A - A

Phenol sulfonic acid C6H6O4S - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phenyl acetate C8H8O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phenyl benzene (Diphenyl) CsH5 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phenyl ethyl ether (Phenetole) C8H10O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phenyl hydrazine C6H8N2 - RT - D - D D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - -
Phenyl methyl ketone (Acetophenone) C8H8O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phorone (Diisopropylidene acetone) C9H14O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phosgene COCl2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phosphate ester (Skydrol) fluido idraulico - RT - - - - D D - - - - - - - A - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phosphoric acid H3O4P S40 RT - B - B D B D B C - A - D C C D B D D D A - C B B A A - - - - A A B B A - A
Phosphoric acid H3O4P >40 RT - B - B D B D B D - A - D D C D B D D D A - C C B A B A - - - A A B B A - B
Phosphorous oxychloride POCl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phosphorous trichloride PCl3 - RT - A - D D D - D - - A - A A D - - A - D A - A D - C B A - - - - A D A - - A
Phosphortributyrate - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Photographic developer - RT - B - A A A D A B - A - A A - - A D D D B - A B - A A - - - - A A A - A - A
Phtalic acid C8H6O4 - RT - A - A D A - - B - A - B A B - B A - C B - A B B - B A - - - A A - A - - A
Pickling solution - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Picric acid (Carbazotic acid) C6H2(NO2)3OH - RT - B - B C A B D D - A - B B C - B C A D B - A A C D A A - - - B A D A - - A
63
NOZZLE MATERIALS
64
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Pine oil - RT - D - D D D A D D - A - A A A - A - C - - - A D A A D - - - - B A D A - - -
Pinene - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pinetree oil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Piperidine C5H11N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Plating solution : antimony - RT - - - - A A - - - - A - A A A - A - A - A - A - D - - - - - - A A A A - - -
Plating solution : arsenic - RT - - - - A A - - - - A - A A A - A - A - A - A - A - - - - - - A A A A - - -
Plating solution : brass - RT - - - - A A - - - - A - A A A - A - A - A - A - A - B - - - - A A A B - - A
Plating solution : bronze - RT - A - - A A - - - - A - A A A - - - A - A - A - A - - - - - - A A A A - - -
Plating solution : cadmium - RT - - - - A A - - - - A - - A A - - - A - A - A - A - - - - - - A A A A - - -
Plating solution : chrome - RT - - - - D D - - - - C - - C A - - - A - D - A - D - - - - - - A A A C - - -
Plating solution : copper - RT - - - - A A D - - - A - - A - - - - A - A - - - A - - - - - - A A A B - - -

Plating solution : gold - RT - - - - A A - - - - A - - C - - - - - - A A - A - - - - - - - A A A - - - -
Plating solution : in - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Plating solution : indium - RT - - - - A A - - - - A - - C - - - - - - A - A - D - - - - - - A A A - A - -
Plating solution : iron - RT - - - - A B - - - - A - - C - - - - - - A - A - D - - - - - - A A D - - - -
Plating solution : lead - RT - - - - B A - - - - A - - C - - - - - - A - D - D - - - - - - A A A - A - -
Plating solution : nickel - RT - - - - D D - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - - - - D A D - - - -
Plating solution : silver - RT - A - - A A - - - - A - - A - - - - - - A - A - A - - - - - - A A A - - - -
Plating solution : zinc - RT - - - - A A - - - - A - - D - - - - - - D - A - D - - - - - - A A A - - - -
Polyacrylic acid - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Polyvinyl acetate - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - C C - C D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3 - RT - A - - A A D A A - A - B B D - B B A B B - A A A - A A - - - A A A B A - A
Potassium bichromate K2Cr2O7 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A A C - C - - - - - - - - - C - - - - - - - - - A
Potassium bisulfite KHSO3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Potassium borate K2B4O7•4H2O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Potassium bromide KBr - RT - A - - A A D A A - A - B B C - B - D B B - A A A A A - - - - A A A A C - A
Potassium carbonate (Potash) K2CO3 - RT - A - - A A D A - D A - B B D - B B C B B - A A A - A A - - - A - A A D - A
Potassium chlorate ClKO3 - RT - A - - A A A - B - A - B B B - B - C B B - A A C A A A - - - A A A A B - A
CTG SH 07 EU
Potassium chloride KCl - RT - A - A A A A A A B A - B A D D B D A B A - A A A A A A - - - A A A A - - A
Potassium chromate CrK2O4 - RT - A - - A A B B - - A - B B B - B B A - A - - - B - A - - - - A A A B B - A
Potassium cupro cyanide - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Potassium cyanide KCN - RT - A - A A B A A A B A - B B D D D B B D B - A A A - A - - - - A A A A D - A
Potassium dichromate - RT - A - A A A B B A C A - B B B - B B A B B - A B B A A - - - - A A A A B - A
CTG SH 07 EU
K2Cr2O7
Potassium hydroxide (Lye) KOH - RT - A - A B B D B C D B - B A D D D C B B B - D A C D A A - - - A A A A D - C
Potassium iodide KI - RT - A - A A A - B - - A - A A B - A - A A A - A B A - B - - - - A A A A B - A
Potassium nitrate (Saltpeter) KNO3 - RT - A - A A A A A A B A - B B B B B B A A B - A B B A A A - - - A A A A B - A
Potassium nitrile KNO2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Potassium permanganate KMnO4 - RT - A - - C A B A - D A - B B B - A B A A A - A B D A A A - - - A A A A A - B
Potassium phosphate KH2PO4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Potassium silicate K2SiO3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Potassium sulfate K2SO4 - RT - A - A A A A A A B A - B A C D A B A B B - A B A A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Potassium sulfide K2S - RT - A - B A A A B A - A - B B D - D C B D - - A B A - A A - - - A A A A A - A
Potassium sulfite K2SO3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A C - C D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Potassium, acetato C2H3KO2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propane C3H8 - RT - D - - A C C D D A A - A A A A A B A A A - - - A C C A - - - A A A A - - A
Propene C3H6 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propene bromide - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propene carbonate - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propene diamine C3H10N2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Propene dichloride C3H6Cl2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propene trichloride - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propionic acid (Methylacetic acid) C3H6O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propionitrile (Ethyl cyanide) C3H5N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propyl acetate C5H10O2 - RT - - - D D D - - - - - - - A A A - A - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propyl alcohol (Propanol) CH3CH2CH2OH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A A A A A - A A - A D - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propyl amine C3H9N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propyl benzene C9H12 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propyl dichloride C3H7Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propyl formate C4H8O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propyl nitrate C3H7NO3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propyl propionate C6H12O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propylene C3H6 - RT - D - D D D D D D - A - B A A - - A A A - - - B - - - - - - - - A B - - - A
Propylene chlorohydrin C3H7ClO - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Propylene dichloride C3H6Cl2 - RT - D - - D D - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - -
Propylene glycol (Methyl glycol) C5H12O2 - RT - A - A A C B A A - A - B B B - A B A A B - A B A B B - - - - A A C - A - -
Propylene oxide CH3CHCH2O - RT - - - D D D - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D D - - -
HCN
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Prussic acid - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
65
NOZZLE MATERIALS
66
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Prussic acid HCN - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Pydraul (Phosphate ester base fluid) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pyranol C5H6O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pyridine C5H5N - RT - B - D D D D D D C D - A A B B B A A B B - B - C D B A - - - A A D D A - A
Pyrogallic acid C6H6O3 - RT - B - - - A D - - - A - B B B - A B D B B - A - - - - - - - - A A A A - - A
Pyroligneous acid (Wood vinegar) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pyrrole (Azole) C4H5N - RT - D - D D D - - - - - - - C - - C C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Quaternary Ammonium salts - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Radiation - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Rape seed oil (Colza oil) - RT - A - D D B B D D - A - A A - - A - A - - - A - - - D - - - - D A - A - - -
Redoil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Resin - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Rose oil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Rosin oil (Rusinol) - RT - - - B A A D - A - A - A A B - B C D B - - - - A - B - - - - A A C - - - A
Rotenone C23H22O6 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Rubber latex emulsion - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Rubber solvent - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Rum - RT - A - A A A D A A - A - A A - - A - - - - - - - A - - - - - - A - A - - - -
Rust inhibitors - RT - - - - A C A - - - A - A A - - A - C - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - - -
Salad dressing - RT - - - - A - - - - - A - A A B - - - D - - - - - A - - - - - - A - - - - - -
Sea water - RT - A - A A B D A A A A - C C B D A D D B A - A - A A A A - - - A A A A - - A
Sesame seed oil - RT - - - - A D - - - - A - A A - - A - A - - - A A - - - - - - - A A A A - - -
Sewage - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Silicate esters - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Silicon carbide slurry - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Silicon fluoride SiF4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Silicon tetrachloride SiCl4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Silicone oil - RT - A - A A D A D C A A - A A A - A A A A A - - A A - A A - - - A A A A - - A
CTG SH 07 EU
Silver bromide AgBr - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - D D D - D D D - A - - - - - A - - - - - A - - - - -
Silver cyanide AgCN - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Silver nitrate Ag+ - RT - A - A B A A A A - A - B B D - B D C - A - A B A A A A - - - A A A A - - -
Skydrol (Phosphate ester) fluido idraulico - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Soap oil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Soap solutions - RT - A - A A B A B A A A - A A C B B A A A A - A A A A D A - - - A A A A A - A
Soda lye - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium acetate C2H3NaO2 - RT - A - - B B D A D - D - B B B B B D B A A - A B B A A A - - - A A B A A - A
Sodium aluminate NaAlO2 - RT - A - A A A - B - - A - A A - - A A A - B - A - A - - - - - - - A - - - - A
Sodium aluminum silicate - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium bicarbonate (Baking soda) NaHCO3 - RT - A - A A A A A A - A - A A D D A C C B B - A A A A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Sodium bisulfate NaHSO4 - RT - A - A B A A A A C A - D C D D A C D B B - A A A A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Sodium borate B4O7Na2•10H2O - RT - A - A A A B A A B A - B B C - A A - B A - B A A A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Sodium bromide NaBr - RT - A - B - A - A - - A - C C D - A D C D - - A B B - A - - - - - A B A - - A
Sodium carbonate (Sai soda - Soda ash) Na2CO3 - RT - A - A A A B A A B A - A A D - B B B - - - - B B A B A - - - A A A A - - -
Sodium chlorate NaClO3 - RT - A - A B A B A C - A - A B C - B - - B B - A A D A B A - - - A A A A A - C
Sodium chloride (Brine) NaCl - RT - A - A A A A A A A A - B B C D B D D B A - A A A A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Sodium chromate Na2CrO4 - RT - - - C A A - B - - A - B B B - B B A B A - - - C A - A - - - - A - A - - A
Sodium cyanide NaCN - RT - A - A A A B A A B A - A B D D D B A D A - A A A - A A - - - A A A A A - A
Sodium dichromate Na2Cr2O7 - RT - - - - D D - - - - - - - A - - D C C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D
Sodium fluoraluminate Na3AlF6 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Sodium fluoride NaF - RT - A - B A A B - - - A - D D B - A D C D A - A A B - A A - - - A A A A A - A
Sodium hexametaphosphate (NaPO3)6 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium hydrosulfide NaSH - RT - B - B C B B C C - A - - - A - - - - - A - - - A - - A - - - - A C - - - -
Sodium hydroxide NaOH 20 RT - B - A A B B A A B C - B B D B B D A A B - A B A A D A - - - A A A A A - A
Sodium hydroxide NaOH 50 RT - B - A A B B A A C D - B B D D C D D B C - B A A D D A - - - A A A A A - -
Sodium hydroxide NaOH 80 RT - B - A D B B A A - D - C B D D C D D D A - D A C D D A - - - A A A A A - A
Sodium hydroxide NaOH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium hypochloride NaClO 100 RT - B - B D C D C B D A - D D D D C D D - B - C - D - B B - - - B A B A A - C
Sodium iodide NaI - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium metaborate NaBO2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium metaphosphate NaPO3 - RT - A - B A B B A A - A - A A C D A D C B - - - - A - A A - - - A A A A - - A
Sodium metasilicate Na2SiO3 - RT - A - B A A B A - - A - A A D - A B A B A - - - - - - A - - - A A A - - - -
Sodium nitrate NaNO3 - RT - A - A A B B B D - A - B B B - B B B D B - A - A - A A - - - A A A A A - C
Sodium nitrite NaNO2 - RT - - - - D - - - - - - - - A - - A C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium perborate NaBO3 - RT - A - B B B B B B - A - B B C D B C C B B - - - B - A A - - - A A A - - - C
Sodium peroxide (Sodium dioxide) Na2O2 - RT - A - B B B D B D - A - A A C D A C C B B - - - A A A A - - - B A B A - - A
Sodium phosphate dibasic Na2HPO4 7H2O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - C C C - C A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A
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Sodium phosphate monobasic NaH2 PO4 H2O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - C C C - C A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A
67
NOZZLE MATERIALS
68
www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Sodium phosphate tribasic Na3PO4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - C C C - C A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A

Sodium polyphosphate Na5P3O10 - RT - A - B A B - C D - A - B B D D B C D A A - A - A - A A - - - A A A A - - A
Sodium salts - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium silicate Na2Si3O7 - RT - A - A A A B A A - A - A B A D B A B B B - A - A - A A - - - A A A A A - A
Sodium silico aluminate - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium sulphate Na2SO4 - RT - A - A A A A B A - A - B B A B B B B B B - A - A A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Sodium sulphate Na2SO4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium sulfide (Pentahydrate) Na2S·5H2O - RT - A - A A A A B A - A - B D D D B B C D B - A - A D A A - - - A A A A A - A
Sodium sulfite Na2SO3 - RT - A - A A A A B A - A - B A C D B C A D B - A - D - B A - - - A A A A - - A
Sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7 - RT - A - A A B B A A - A - A A C - A A - B - - - - A - A A - - - - A A - - - A
Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3 - RT - A - A B A - B A - A - A B A D A D C D A - A - B D A A - - - A A A A - - A

Sorghum - RT - - - - A A - A - - A - A A - - A - A - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Soy sauce - RT - - - - A A - - - - A - A A A - A - D - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Soybean oil olio di soia - RT - C - C A C B D A B A - A A A - A B A - A - A A A - A A - - - A A A A - - A
Spent sulfite liquor - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sperm oil (Whale oil) - RT - - - - A D - - - - A - A A - - A - A - - - A A - - - - - - - - A - A - - -
Spirit (Ethyl alcohol) CH3CH2-OH - RT - A - A C A D A B - A - A A B A A B B A A - A B A B B A - - - A A C - A - A
Stannic chloride (Tin chloride) SnCl2 - RT - A - C A C B A B - A - D D D - A D D - B - A - B A A A - - - A A A A A - A
Stannic fluoborate Sn(BF4)2 - RT - - - - A A - - - - A - - - A - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Starch - RT - A - A A A A A - - A - A A A - - A C - - - - - A - B A - - - A A A - A - A
Steam - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Stearic acid acido grasso - RT - B - C B B A - B C A - B A B D B D C D B - A - A A B A - - - A A B A - - A
Stoddard solvent > 65% C10 - RT - D - - A C B D D - A - A A A - A A A A A - A B A A C A - - - C A C A - - A
Styrene C6H5CHCH2 - RT - D - D D D D D D D B - A A A A A C A B D - - - A D - A - - - - A D - - - A
Sucrose - RT - A - A A A D A A - A - A A A - A A - A A - - B A - - - - - - A A - - - - A
Sulfamine acid H2NSO3H - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sulfate liquor - RT - A - B A B D B B - A - B B D - B D C D B - - - B - A - - - - A A B A - - A
Sulfide hydrogen H5NS - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Sulfite liquors - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sulfonic acid H-S(=O)2-OH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sulfur S / S8 - RT - - - - D - - - - - - - - A D D D D - D A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A
Sulfur chloride Cl2S2 - RT - D - - D D C D C - A - D D D D B D D B A - D - A - C A - - - C A C A - - D
Sulfur dioxide - RT - A - C D B D - B C A - D A B D B D - B C - A D C - B A - - - A A A A - - A
CTG SH 07 EU
SO2
Sulfur hexafluoride SF6 - RT - B - B B A B D B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B - B A - - - - - B - - - -
Sulfur smoke - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sulfur trioxide SO3 - RT - C - D D D D C B - A - A C A D C C B - - - - - D - - A - - - C A A - - - B
Sulfure dichloride Cl2S2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sulfuric acid 10-75% H2S - RT - B - B B B D C D - A - D D D - B D D - B - D B D B A D - - - A A A A A - A
Sulfuric acid fuming H2SO4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sulfurous acid H2SO3 - RT - B - A B C D B D - A - B B B - B D D - B - A - D - B A - - - A A A A - - A
Sulfuryl chloride SO2Cl2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Sunflower oil - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Syrup - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tallow - RT - A - C A B A - - - A - A A A - - C - - - - - - A - C A - - - A A - - - - A
Tannic acid C76H52O46 - RT - A - - A A B A A A A - B B D - A A - B A - - B A - A A - - - A A A A - - A
Tanning liquors - RT - B - B B A D C B - A - A A A - A - - - B - A - A - A - - - - A A A - - - A
Tar - RT - D - - D - - - - - - - - A A A A A - A A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tar oil (Creosote) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tartaric acid C4H6O6 - RT - B - A A A A A A C A - C C B D B D C A B - A - B - A A - - - A A A B A - A

Terpineol C10H18O - RT - - - D - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - -
Tertiary butyl catechol C10H14O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tertiary butyl mercaptan (CH3)3CSH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tertiary butylalcohol C4H10O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tetra bromomethane CBr4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tetrabutyl titanate C16H36O4Ti - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tetrachlorocarbon - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tetrachlorodifluorethane - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tetrachloroethane C2H2Cl4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) C2Cl4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tetrachloronaphthalene C10H4Cl4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tetraethyl lead C8H20Pb - RT - D - D - - - - - - - - - - - - A C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tetraethylene glycol (TEG) - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tetrafluoromethane CF4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tetrahydrofuran C4H8O - RT - D - D D D D D D B D - A A - - A A - - A - B - A D C A - - - C A D B A - A
Tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin) C10H12 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Thionyl chloride SOCl2 - RT - - - - D D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - A
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Thorium slurry - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
69
NOZZLE MATERIALS
70
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Titanium dioxide TiO2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Titanium sulfate Ti(SO4)2·9H2O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Titanium tetrachloride TiCl4 - RT - D - D - D - - - - - - - C - - D D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - D - - - A
Toluene (Toluol) C6H5CH3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Toluene diisocyanate C9H6N2O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Toluidine C7H9N - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tolylchloride C7H7Cl - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tooth paste - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tornato juice - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Transformer oil (petroleum) - RT - D - - A B A D B - A - A A A - - - - A - - - - A - C A - - - B A B A - - -
Transmission fluid fluidi idraulici - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Triacetin C9H14O6 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Triaryl phosphate C27H33O4P - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate C18H39O7P - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tributoxy phosphate C18H39O7P - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tributyl mercaptan (CH3)3CSH - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tributyl phosphate C12H27O4P - RT - - - D D D - - - - - - - A - - C A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tributyl phosphate C12H27O4P - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tributyl phosphate C12H27O4P - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tricesyl phosphate C21H21O4P - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trichlorethane C2H3Cl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trichlorethylene C2HCl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trichloroaceticacid C2HCl3O2 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trichlorobenzene C6H3Cl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trichloroethylene C2HCl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trichloropropane C3H5Cl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
Trichlorothene (Ethylene tricholoride) C2HCl3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trichloro-trifluoroethane C2Cl3F3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
TriethanoI amine C6H15NO3 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Triethyl aluminium C6H15Al - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Triethyl amine - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
C6H15N
Triethyl borane (CH3CH2)3B - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trimethylene glycol C8H18O4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trimethylpentane (Isooctane) C8H18 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trinitro toluene C7H5N3O6 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trioctyl phosphate C24H51O4P - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Triphenyl phosphate (C6H5)3PO4 - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Trisodium phosphate Na3PO4·12H2O - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tritolyl phosphate (Lindol) C21H21O4P - RT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tung oil (Wood oil) - RT - D - - - - - - - - - - - A - - C C - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Turbine oil - RT - A - D B D D D D - A - A A A - A - A A - - A - A - C - - - - B A A A - - -
Turnispeed oil - 100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Turpentine C10H16 (approx.) - RT D D B D A D D D - - A - - C - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - B A A A - - -
Uranium U - RT A A - - A - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Urea (Carbamide) NH2CONH2 - RT A A A - B B - A - - A - - A - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - A A A A - - -
Valeric Acid C5H10O2 - RT - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Vanilla extract (Vanillin) - RT - - - - - A - - - - - - - A - - - - - - A A A - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -

Varnish - RT - - - - A D - - - - A - - A - - - - C - A A A - - - - - - - - A A - - - - -
Vegetable Juice - RT - - - - A D - - - - A - - A - - - - D - A A A - - - - - - - - A A - - - - -
Vegetable Oil grassi vegetali - RT B A - B B B - D B - A - - A - - - A - - A A A - - - - - - - - A A - - - - -
Vinegar CH3COOH - RT A B - - C B - C - - B - - A - - - - - - A A A - - - - - - - - A A A A - C -
Vinegar Anhydride (CH3CO)2O 50 RT C D - - D - - D - - - - - A - - - - - - A A A - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Vinyl Chloride (Chlorethylene) C2H3Cl - RT B B - D D - - D - - A - - A - - - - B - A A A - - - - - - - - D A - - - D -
Vinyl Cyanide (Acrylonitrile) C3H3N - RT D D - - D - - D - A A - - A - - - - B - A A A - - - - - - - - B A A A - - -
Walnut oil - RT - - - - A B - - - A A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Water - RT A A A A A B A A A A A - A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A - A
Water distilled - RT A A - - A B A A A A C - - A - - - - D A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A - A
Waxes - RT - - - - A A - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Whey - RT - - - - A - - - - - A - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Whiskey & wine - RT A A - - B A - - - A B - - A - - - - A - A - - - - - - - - - - A A A A - - -
White Oil - RT D A - - A C - D - D - - - A - - - - A - A - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
White Spirit (Stoddard solvent) - RT D C - - A - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
White sulfate liquor - RT - A - - B A - - - - B - - A - - - - D - B - - - - - - - - - - A A - A - - -
Wood Oil - RT D D A - B B B D - - B - - A - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
www.pnr-nozzles.com
Wort distillery - RT - - - - - A - - - - A - - B - - - - A - A - - - - - - - - - - A A - - - - -
71
NOZZLE MATERIALS
72
NOZZLE MATERIALS

www.pnr-nozzles.com
PRODUCT FORMULA
Concentration %
Temperature °C
BUTYL
EPDM
FLUORO SILICONE
HYPALON® -CSM
NBR - BUNA
NEOPRENE
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER (NATURAL)
SILICONE
THERMOPLASTIC
VITON® - FPM
AISI 303 SS
AISI 304 SS
AISI 316 SS
ALUMINUM
BRASS
BRONZE
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON
COPPER
HASTELLOY
STELLITE
TITANIUM
ABS
PA: Polyamide
PC: Polycarbonate
PE: Polyethylene
PEEK
PET
PPO
POM - DELRIN®
PP: Polypropilene
PTFE - TEFLON®
PVC
PVDF
CERAMICS
GLASS
GRAPHITE
Xylene (Xylol) C6H4(CH3)2 - RT D D B D D D D D D - A - - B - - - A B - A - - - - - - - - - - B A A A - - -

Xylidine C8H11N - RT - - - - - - - - - D - - - - - - - B - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Yperite C4H8Cl2S - RT A C - A - C - C A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Zeolite Minerale - RT A A - - C C - C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Zinc Acetate (CH3COO)2Zn·2H2O - RT - A - - C B D - - - C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Zinc Ammonium Chioride - RT D D - - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Zinc Borate 2
ZnO 3B2O3 3.5H2O - RT A A - - A A - A - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Zinc Carbonate ZnCO3(s) - RT - - - - A - - - - - A - - B - - - - B - B - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Zinc Chloride Zn2+ - RT A A - - B B A A - A A - - B - - - - B - A - - - - - - - - - - A A A A - A -
Zinc Hydrosulfite ZnS204 - RT - - - - A A - - - A A - - A - - - - D - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - A - - -
Zinc Hydroxide precipitate Zn(OH)2 - RT A C - - C - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -

Zinc Oxide ZnO - 27° A A - - A - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - -
Zinc Sulfate ZnSO4 - RT A A - - A A - A - A B - - B - - - - D - B - - - - - - - - - - A A A A - - -
CTG SH 07 EU
PIPING
PIPING
Pipes data 74
PIPING
Economic pipe sizes 75

Pressure drop in clean steel pipes 76
Flange dimensions 78
Sieve size conversion chart 80
PIPING Pipes data
The following table report the data of pipes according to ANSI B36.19 that is one of the most used standards that regulate
welded stainless steel pipes:
SCHEDULE
OD 5S 10S 40S/STD 80S/XS

DN NPS
[mm]
t m t m t m t m
[mm] [kg/m] [mm] [kg/m] [mm] [kg/m] [mm] [kg/m]
6 1/8 10,3 N/A N/A 1.24 0.28 1.73 0.37 2.41 0.48
8 1/4 13,7 N/A N/A 1.65 0.50 2.24 0.64 3.02 0.81
10 3/8 17,2 N/A N/A 1.65 0.64 2.31 0.86 3.20 1.12
15 1/2 21,3 1.65 0.81 2.11 1.01 2.77 1.28 3.73 1.64
20 3/4 26,7 1.65 1.03 2.11 1.30 2.87 1.71 3.91 2.23
25 1 33,4 1.65 1.31 2.77 2.12 3.38 2.54 4.55 3.28
32 1¼ 42,2 1.65 1.67 2.77 2.73 3.56 3.44 4.85 4.53
40 1½ 48,3 1.65 1.92 2.77 3.15 3.68 4.11 5.08 5.49
50 2 60,3 1.65 2.42 2.77 3.99 3.91 5.51 5.54 7.59
65 2½ 73,0 2.11 3.74 3.05 5.34 5.16 8.75 7.01 11.6
80 3 88,9 2.11 4.58 3.05 6.55 5.49 11.5 7.62 15.5
90 3½ 101,6 2.11 5.25 3.05 7.52 5.74 13.8 8.08 18.9
100 4 114,3 2.11 5.92 3.05 8.49 6.02 16.3 8.56 22.6
125 5 141,3 2.77 9.60 3.40 11.7 6.55 22.1 9.53 31.4
150 6 168,3 2.77 11.5 3.40 14.0 7.11 28.7 10.97 43.2
200 8 219,1 2.77 15.0 3.76 20.2 8.18 43.1 12.70 65.6
250 10 273,0 3.40 22.9 4.19 28.2 9.27 61.1 12.70 82.7
300 12 323,9 3.96 31.7 4.57 36.5 9.53 74.9 12.70 98.8
350 14 355,6 3.96 34.8 4.78 41.9 N/A N/A N/A N/A
400 16 406,4 4.19 42.1 4.78 48.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A
450 18 457 4.19 47.4 4.78 54.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A
500 20 508 4.78 60.2 5.54 69.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A
550 22 559 4.78 66.2 5.54 76.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A
600 24 610 5.54 83.7 6.35 95.9 N/A N/A N/A N/A
PIPING
Where:
DN = Nominal diameter NPD = Nominal Pipe Size OD = Outside Diameter t = Wall Thickness m = Specific Weight
PIPING Economic pipe sizes
The following Specific Pressure Drops (Y) are normally used in the good engineering practice:
(where Y=ΔP/L ΔP: Pressur Drop and L: Pipe Lenght)
Y = 0.2÷0.5 bar/100 m for pump discharge (0.7 bar/100 m max, if P > 50 bar)
Not boiling water
Y < 0.110 bar/100 m for pump suction
Boiling water Y = 0.04÷0.05 bar/100 m for pump suction (velocity = 0.3÷0.9 m/s)
For pipe sizing the Velocity (V) is also used.

In the following table are shown the typical liquid velocities in steel pipes.
Specific Pressure Drops

vs Velocity [m/s]
LIQUID LINE TYPE
0<V<2 3 < V < 10 10 < V < 20
Pump suction 0.3 ÷ 0.6 0.6 ÷ 1.2 0.9 ÷ 1.8

Pump discharge (long) 0.6 ÷ 0.9 0.9 ÷ 1.5 1.2 ÷ 2.1
Discharge leads (short) 1.2 ÷ 2.7 1.5 ÷ 3.7 2.4 ÷ 4.2
NOT BOILING WATER
Boiler feed 1.2 ÷ 2.7 1.5 ÷ 3.7 2.4 ÷ 4.2
Drains 0.9 ÷ 1.2 0.9 ÷ 1.5 -
Sloped sewer - 0.9 ÷ 1.5 1.2 ÷ 2.1
Pump suction 0.5 ÷ 0.8 0.6 ÷ 1.2 0.9 ÷ 1.8

HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS Discharge heather (long) 0.8 ÷ 1.1 0.9 ÷ 1.5 1.2 ÷ 2.1
(normal viscosity) Discharge leads (short) 1.2 ÷ 2.7 1.5 ÷ 3.7 2.4 ÷ 4.6
Drains 0.9 ÷ 1.2 0.9 ÷ 1.5 -
Pump suction - 0.5 ÷ 0.9 0.8 ÷ 1.5

MEDIUM VISCOSITY OIL Discharge (short) - 0.1 ÷ 0.2 0.1 ÷ 0.3
Drains 0.3 0.9 ÷ 1.5 1.2 ÷ 1.8
Cooling tower, Chilled water,

OTHER WATER Sea water and generally fouling 0.6 ÷ 0.9 0.9 ÷ 1.5 1.2 ÷ 2.1
water (long pipes) (*)
Note: (*)
In this case Cameron method has to be used with C=1
Y = 0.05 ÷ 0.12 bar/100 m for principal manifold
Y = 0.12 ÷ 0.23 bar/100 m for secondary manifold
Some fixed pressure drop values indications:

• for gate valves (fully open) consider a pressure drop of 5 meters
• for normal bends consider a pressure drop of 5 meters
• for a check valve consider a pressure drop of 15 meters
In the succeeding tables we show the velocity and specific pressure drop for several flow rates and pipe diameters.
PIPING
Specific pressure drops for WATER FLOW IN CLEAN STEEL PIPE SCH. 10S
[l/m]
Q V
[m/s]
Y V
[bar/100m] [m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
1/8” 1/4”
1 0,350 0,370 0,200 0,090 3/8” 1/2”
2 0,705 1,340 0,395 0,331 0,223 0,082 0,145 0,029 3/4”
3 1,060 2,890 0,593 0,673 0,333 0,176 0,217 0,061 0,125 0,016 1”
4 1,410 4,940 0,788 1,150 0,444 0,291 0,290 0,101 0,167 0,027 0,110 0,010
5 1,760 7,460 0,985 1,750 0,556 0,424 0,362 0,149 0,209 0,040 0,137 0,014
6 1,180 2,460 0,667 0,594 0,434 0,207 0,251 0,054 0,165 0,019 11/4”
8 1,580 4,060 0,892 1,020 0,579 0,351 0,335 0,091 0,219 0,033 0,126 0,009 11/2”
10 1,110 1,530 0,724 0,534 0,418 0,136 0,274 0,049 0,158 0,012 0,116 0,006
15 1,670 3,250 1,090 1,130 0,627 0,284 0,411 0,099 0,236 0,026 0,174 0,012
20 2” 2,230 5,600 1,450 1,900 0,836 0,481 0,549 0,168 0,315 0,043 0,233 0,021
30 0,212 0,013 21/2” 2,170 4,130 1,250 1,020 0,823 0,353 0,473 0,092 0,348 0,043
40 0,283 0,022 0,190 0,007 2,900 7,180 1,670 1,760 1,100 0,606 0,631 0,155 0,465 0,073
50 0,354 0,032 0,237 0,012 2,090 2,700 1,370 0,911 0,789 0,233 0,581 0,108
60 0,424 0,044 0,284 0,017 2,510 3,810 1,650 1,290 0,943 0,321 0,697 0,150
70 0,495 0,079 0,332 0,022 3” 2,930 5,120 1,920 1,720 1,11 0,434 0,814 0,199
80 0,566 0,074 0,379 0,028 0,248 0,010 31/2” 2,190 2,210 1,26 0,554 0,925 0,253
90 0,636 0,093 0,427 0,035 0,279 0,013 0,209 0,006 2,470 2,770 1,42 0,692 1,040 0,319
100 0,707 0,114 0,474 0,043 0,310 0,015 0,232 0,007 4” 2,740 3,400 1,58 0,843 1,160 0,392
150 1,060 0,238 0,711 0,090 0,464 0,031 0,349 0,016 0,272 0,008 4,110 7,440 2,36 1,81 1,740 0,828
200 1,410 0,414 0,948 0,153 0,619 0,053 0,466 0,027 0,362 0,014 3,15 3,14 2,330 1,450
250 1,760 0,625 1,190 0,233 0,774 0,080 0,581 0,040 0,453 0,021 5” 2,900 2,200
300 2,120 0,889 1,420 0,324 0,930 0,112 0,698 0,055 0,543 0,030 0,352 0,011 3,480 3,070
350 2,470 1,190 1,660 0,438 1,080 0,150 0,815 0,074 0,634 0,040 0,411 0,014 6” 4,070 4,160
400 2,830 1,550 1,900 0,563 1,240 0,195 0,935 0,096 0,724 0,051 0,469 0,018 0,341 0,007 4,650 5,380
450 3,180 1,930 2,130 0,707 1,390 0,242 1,050 0,120 0,815 0,063 0,528 0,022 0,366 0,009 5,230 6,790
500 3,540 2,380 2,370 0,867 1,550 0,298 1,170 0,147 0,902 0,076 0,587 0,027 0,407 0,011
550 3,880 2,870 2,610 1,040 1,700 0,354 1,280 0,174 0,991 0,092 0,645 0,032 0,447 0,013
600 4,240 3,390 2,840 1,220 1,860 0,418 1,400 0,204 1,090 0,110 0,704 0,037 0,488 0,015
650 4,590 5,560 3,080 1,420 2,010 0,486 1,510 0,239 1,180 0,127 0,762 0,043 0,529 0,017
700 4,950 4,550 3,320 1,650 2,170 0,560 1,630 0,275 1,270 0,146 0,821 0,050 0,569 0,020
750 5,300 5,200 3,560 1,880 2,320 0,637 1,750 0,314 1,360 0,164 0,879 0,057 0,610 0,023
800 3,790 2,130 2,480 0,721 1,860 0,354 1,450 0,185 0,936 0,064 0,651 0,025 8”
850 4,030 2,390 2,630 0,805 1,980 0,395 1,540 0,209 1,000 0,072 0,692 0,028 0,403 0,007
900 2,790 0,901 2,090 0,438 1,630 0,232 1,050 0,008 0,732 0,032 0,427 0,008
950 2,940 1,000 2,210 0,486 1,720 0,258 1,120 0,087 0,773 0,036 0,451 0,010
1000 3,100 1,110 2,320 0,534 1,810 0,284 1,170 0,096 0,814 0,039 0,474 0,011
1100 3,410 1,290 2,560 0,643 1,990 0,341 1,290 0,116 0,895 0,047 0,522 0,012
1200 3,720 1 ,580 2,800 0,763 2,170 0,403 1,410 0,135 0,974 0,055 0,569 0,015
1300 3,030 0,890 2,360 0,473 1,530 0,157 1,060 0,063 0,616 0,017
1400 3,260 1,020 2,540 0,544 1,640 0,183 1,140 0,072 0,664 0,019
1500 3,490 1,170 2,720 0,617 1,76 0,208 1,220 0,083 0,712 0,022
1600 3,720 1,330 2,890 0,697 1,880 0,234 1,300 0,093 0,758 0,025
1700 10” 3,950 1,490 3,080 0,784 1,990 0,260 1,380 0,104 0,806 0,028
1800 0,546 0,010 3,260 0,875 2,110 0,290 1,470 0,116 0,854 0,032
1900 0,575 0,012 3,440 0,965 2,230 0,323 1,550 0,129 0,901 0,034
2000 0,606 0,012 3,617 1,060 2,340 0,356 1,630 0,143 0,946 0,037
2200 0,667 0,015 3,980 1,280 2,580 0,429 1,790 0,172 1,050 0,045
2400 0,727 0,017 12” 2,820 0,507 1,950 0,200 1,140 0,053
2600 0,788 0,021 0,563 0,009 3,050 0,589 2,110 0,234 1,230 0,061
2800 0,848 0,023 0,606 0,010 14” 3,280 0,676 2,280 0,268 1,330 0,070
3000 0,909 0,026 0,649 0,011 0,532 0,007 3,520 0,773 2,440 0,306 1,420 0,080
3500 1,060 0,035 0,760 0,015 0,620 0,009 4,110 1,05 2,850 0,416 1,660 0,108
4000 1,210 0,045 0,866 0,020 0,709 0,012 16” 4,690 1,35 3,250 0,532 1,900 0,139
PIPING
4500 1,360 0,056 0,976 0,025 0,798 0,015 0,606 0,007 3,660 0,674 2,130 0,173
5000 1,520 0,069 1,080 0,029 0,886 0,018 0,674 0,009 4,070 0,822 2,370 0,212
6000 1,810 0,097 1,290 0,042 1,070 0,026 0,808 0,013 18” 4,880 1,160 2,850 0,301
7000 2,120 0,130 1,510 0,055 1,240 0,035 0,940 0,017 0,741 0,010 5,690 1,580 3,310 0,403
8000 2,420 0,168 1,730 0,072 1,420 0,045 1,080 0,022 0,847 0,012 6,510 2,050 3,790 0,525
9000 2,730 0,210 1,950 0,091 1,600 0,056 1,210 0,027 0,954 0,015 4,270 0,659
10000 3,030 0,257 2,170 0,111 1,770 0,067 1,350 0,033 1,050 0,019 4,740 0,801
Legend: Q: Water Flow Rate (Lpm), V: Velocity (m/s), Y: Specific Pressure Drops (bar/100m)
Water at ambient temperature in straight pipe
Specific pressure drops for WATER FLOW IN CLEAN STEEL PIPE SCH. 40S
[l/m]
Q V
[m/s]
Y V
[bar/100m] [m/s]
P
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
V
[m/s]
Y
[bar/100m]
1/8” 1/4”
1 0,458 0,726 0,251 0,170 3/8” 1/2”
2 0,918 2,590 0,501 0,600 0,272 0,136 0,170 0,044 3/4”
3 1,380 5,590 0,752 1,220 0,407 0,29 0,255 0,091 0,144 0,023 1”
4 1,840 9,570 1,000 2,090 0,543 0,48 0,340 0,151 0,192 0,038 0,120 0,012
5 2,290 14,450 1,250 3,180 0,679 0,70 0,425 0,223 0,241 0,057 0,150 0,017
6 1,500 4,460 0,815 0,980 0,510 0,309 0,289 0,077 0,180 0,024 11/4”
8 2,010 7,360 1,090 1,690 0,680 0,524 0,385 0,129 0,240 0,041 0,138 0,011 11/2”
10 1,360 2,520 0,850 0,798 0,481 0,193 0,300 0,061 0,172 0,015 0,127 0,008
15 2,040 5,370 1,280 1,690 0,722 0,403 0,450 0,124 0,258 0,032 0,19 0,015
20 2” 2,720 9,240 1,700 2,840 0,962 0,683 0,600 0,210 0,344 0,054 0,254 0,026
30 0,231 0,016 21/2” 2,550 6,170 1,440 1,450 0,900 0,442 0,517 0,114 0,38 0,053
40 0,308 0,027 0,216 0,010 3,400 10,720 1,920 2,500 1,200 0,758 0,689 0,193 0,507 0,091
50 0,385 0,039 0,270 0,017 2,410 3,830 1,500 1,140 0,861 0,29 0,634 0,135
60 0,462 0,055 0,324 0,023 2,890 5,410 1,800 1,610 1,03 0,400 0,761 0,187
70 0,539 0,098 0,378 0,031 3” 3,370 7,270 2,100 2,150 1,210 0,541 0,888 0,248
80 0,616 0,092 0,432 0,039 0,28 0,014 31/2” 2,400 2,760 1,380 0,690 1,010 0,315
90 0,693 0,115 0,486 0,048 0,315 0,017 0,235 0,008 2,700 3,470 1,550 0,862 1,140 0,397
100 0,770 0,141 0,540 0,059 0,35 0,02 0,261 0,010 4” 3,000 4,250 1,720 1,050 1,270 0,488
150 1,150 0,295 0,810 0,125 0,524 0,042 0,392 0,021 0,304 0,011 4,500 9,300 2,580 2,260 1,900 1,030
200 1,540 0,512 1,080 0,212 0,699 0,072 0,523 0,036 0,405 0,019 3,440 3,910 2,540 1,810
250 1,920 0,773 1,350 0,322 0,874 0,108 0,653 0,053 0,507 0,028 5” 3,170 2,740
300 2,310 1,100 1,620 0,449 1,05 0,152 0,784 0,074 0,608 0,04 0,387 0,014 3,800 3,820
350 2,690 1,470 1,890 0,606 1,22 0,203 0,915 0,099 0,710 0,053 0,452 0,018 6” 4,440 5,180
400 3,080 1,920 2,160 0,780 1,4 0,264 1,050 0,128 0,811 0,068 0,516 0,023 0,375 0,009 5,070 6,690
450 3,460 2,390 2,430 0,979 1,57 0,328 1,180 0,161 0,912 0,084 0,581 0,028 0,402 0,012 5,710 8,450
500 3,850 2,950 2,700 1,200 1,75 0,403 1,310 0,196 1,010 0,101 0,646 0,034 0,447 0,014
550 4,230 3,550 2,970 1,440 1,92 0,479 1,440 0,232 1,110 0,122 0,710 0,041 0,491 0,016
600 4,620 4,200 3,240 1,690 2,100 0,566 1,570 0,273 1,220 0,146 0,775 0,047 0,536 0,019
650 5,000 6,880 3,510 1,970 2,270 0,658 1,700 0,319 1,320 0,169 0,839 0,055 0,581 0,022
700 5,390 5,630 3,780 2,280 2,450 0,759 1,830 0,368 1,420 0,194 0,904 0,063 0,625 0,025
750 5,77 6,440 4,050 2,600 2,620 0,863 1,960 0,42 1,520 0,218 0,968 0,072 0,67 0,029
800 4,320 2,950 2,800 0,977 2,090 0,473 1,620 0,246 1,030 0,081 0,715 0,032 8”
850 4,590 3,310 2,970 1,090 2,220 0,528 1,720 0,277 1,100 0,091 0,76 0,036 0,439 0,009
900 3,150 1,220 2,350 0,585 1,820 0,308 1,160 0,100 0,804 0,041 0,465 0,01
950 3,320 1,350 2,48 0,649 1,930 0,342 1,230 0,111 0,849 0,045 0,491 0,012
1000 3,500 1,500 2,61 0,714 2,030 0,377 1,290 0,122 0,894 0,049 0,516 0,013
1100 3,850 1,750 2,870 0,860 2,230 0,452 1,420 0,147 0,983 0,059 0,568 0,015
1200 4,200 2,140 3,140 1,020 2,430 0,534 1,550 0,172 1,070 0,069 0,620 0,018
1300 3,400 1,190 2,640 0,627 1,680 0,200 1,160 0,08 0,671 0,021
1400 3,660 1,370 2,840 0,722 1,810 0,232 1,250 0,091 0,723 0,024
1500 3,920 1,560 3,040 0,818 1,940 0,264 1,340 0,105 0,775 0,027
1600 4,180 1,780 3,240 0,924 2,070 0,297 1,430 0,118 0,826 0,031
1700 10” 4,440 1,990 3,450 1,040 2,190 0,331 1,520 0,132 0,878 0,035
1800 0,590 0,012 3,650 1,160 2,320 0,369 1,610 0,147 0,930 0,039
1900 0,622 0,014 3,850 1,280 2,450 0,41 1,700 0,163 0,981 0,042
2000 0,655 0,015 40,500 1,410 2,580 0,452 1,790 0,181 1,030 0,046
2200 0,721 0,018 4,460 1,700 2,840 0,545 1,970 0,217 1,140 0,056
2400 0,786 0,021 12” 3,100 0,645 2,140 0,253 1,240 0,065
2600 0,852 0,025 0,600 0,01 3,360 0,749 2,320 0,296 1,340 0,076
2800 0,917 0,028 0,646 0,012 14” 3,610 0,859 2,500 0,339 1,450 0,087
3000 0,983 0,032 0,692 0,013 0,573 0,008 3,870 0,982 2,68 0,387 1,550 0,099
3500 1,150 0,043 0,810 0,018 0,668 0,011 4,520 1,330 3,130 0,526 1,810 0,134
4000 1,310 0,055 0,923 0,023 0,764 0,014 16” 5,160 1,720 3,570 0,673 2,070 0,172
4500 1,470 0,068 1,040 0,029 0,860 0,018 0,658 0,009 4,020 0,853 2,320 0,214
PIPING
5000 1,640 0,084 1,150 0,034 0,955 0,022 0,731 0,011 4,470 1,040 2,580 0,262
6000 1,960 0,118 1,380 0,049 1,150 0,031 0,877 0,016 18” 5,360 1,470 3,100 0,373
7000 2,290 0,158 1,610 0,065 1,340 0,042 1,020 0,021 0,808 0,012 6,250 2,000 3,610 0,499
8000 2,620 0,204 1,840 0,085 1,530 0,054 1,170 0,027 0,924 0,015 7,150 2,590 4,130 0,65
9000 2,950 0,256 2,080 0,107 1,720 0,067 1,310 0,033 1,040 0,019 4,650 0,816
10000 3,280 0,313 2,310 0,130 1,910 0,081 1,460 0,041 1,150 0,023 5,160 0,992
Legend: Q: Water Flow Rate (Lpm), V: Velocity (m/s), Y: Specific Pressure Drops (bar/100m)
Water at ambient temperature in straight pipe
PIPING Flange dimensions
Blind flanges to DIN 2527
ND 6 (DIN 2527) ND 10 (DIN 2527) ND 16 (DIN 2527)

DN Flange Holes Dimensions Holes Dimensions Holes
D t W N Ø a D t W N Ø a D t W N Ø a
10 75 12 0,38 4 11 50 90 14 0,63 4 14 60 90 14 0,63 4 14 60

15 80 12 0,44 4 11 55 95 14 0.71 4 14 65 95 14 0,71 4 14 65
20 90 14 0,65 4 11 65 105 16 1,01 4 14 75 105 16 1,01 4 14 75
25 100 14 0,82 4 11 75 115 16 1.22 4 14 85 115 16 1,22 4 14 85
32 120 14 1,17 4 14 90 140 16 1.80 4 18 100 140 16 1,80 4 18 100
40 130 14 1,39 4 14 100 150 16 2,09 4 18 110 150 16 2,09 4 18 110
50 140 14 1,62 4 14 110 165 18 2.87 4 18 125 165 18 2,87 4 18 125
65 160 14 2,14 4 14 130 185 18 3.65 4 18 145 185 18 3.65 4 18 145
80 190 16 3,43 4 18 150 200 20 4.61 4 18 160 200 20 4.61 8 18 160
100 210 16 4,22 4 18 170 220 20 5.65 8 18 180 220 20 5,65 8 18 180
125 240 18 6,11 8 18 200 250 22 8,12 8 18 210 250 22 8,12 8 18 210
150 265 18 7,51 8 18 225 285 22 10.50 8 22 240 285 22 10,50 8 22 240
175 295 20 10,20 8 18 255 315 24 14,10 8 22 270 315 24 14,10 8 22 270
200 320 20 12,30 8 18 280 340 24 16.50 8 22 295 340 24 16,20 12 22 295
250 375 22 18,50 12 18 335 395 26 24.10 12 22 350 405 28 25,10 12 25 355
300 440 22 25,50 12 22 395 445 26 30.80 12 22 400 460 28 35,20 12 25 410
350 490 22 31,80 12 22 445 505 26 39.60 16 22 460 520 30 48,20 16 25 470
400 540 22 38,50 16 22 495 565 26 49.60 16 25 515 580 32 63,50 16 30 525
450 595 22 47,00 16 22 550 615 26 58.60 20 25 565 640 32 77,20 20 30 585
500 645 24 60,40 20 22 600 670 28 75.30 20 25 620 715 34 102,0 20 33 650
PN 6 (UNI 6091) PN 10 (UNI 6092) PN 16 (UNI 6093)
Legenda:
DN: Nominal Diameter
D: Flange External Diameter
t: Flange Thickness
W: Flange Weight
N: Hole Number
Ø: Hole Diameter
PIPING
a: Hole axis
PIPING Flange dimensions
Flanges to ANSI norms
ANSI 150 lb ANSI 300 lb ANSI 400 lb

DN Flange Holes Dimensions Holes Dimensions Holes
D t W N Ø a D t W N Ø a D t W N Ø a
1/2’’ 88,9 11,1 0,8 4 15,9 60,3 95,2 14,3 1,0 4 15,9 66,7 95,2 14,3 1,0 4 15,9 66,7
3/4’’ 98,4 12,7 0,9 6 15,9 69,8 117,5 15,9 1,4 4 19,0 82,5 117,5 15,9 1,4 4 19,0 82,5
1’’ 107,9 14,3 1,0 4 15,9 79,4 123,8 17,5 1,8 4 19,0 88,9 123,8 17,5 1,8 4 19,0 88,9
11/4’’ 117,5 15,9 1,3 4 15,9 88,9 133,3 19,0 2,7 4 19,0 98,4 133,3 20,6 2,7 4 19,0 98,4
11/2’’ 127,0 17,5 1,4 4 15,9 98,4 155,6 20,6 3,2 4 22,0 114,3 155,6 22,2 3,6 4 22,2 114,3
2’’ 152,4 19,0 1,8 4 19,0 120,6 165,1 22,2 3,6 8 19,0 127,0 165,1 25,4 4,5 8 19,0 127,0
21/2’’ 177,8 22,2 3,2 4 19,0 139,7 190,5 25,4 5,4 8 22,2 149,2 190,S 28,6 6,8 8 22,2 149,2
3’’ 190,5 23,8 4,1 4 19,0 152,4 209,5 28,6 7,3 8 22,2 168,3 209,S 31,7 9,1 8 22,2 168,3
31/2’’ 215,9 23,8 5,9 8 19,0 177,8 228,6 30,2 9,5 8 22,2 184,1 228,6 34,9 13,2 8 25,4 184,1
4’’ 228.6 23,8 7,7 8 19,0 190,5 254,0 31,7 12,2 8 22,2 200,0 254,0 34,9 15,0 8 25,4 200,0
5’’ 254.0 23,8 9,1 8 22,2 215,9 279,4 34,9 15,9 8 22,2 234,9 279,4 38,1 20,0 8 25,4 234,9
6’’ 279,4 25,4 11,8 8 22,2 241,3 317,5 36,5 22,7 12 22,2 269,9 317,5 41,3 27,7 12 25,4 269,9
8’’ 342,9 28,6 20,4 8 22,2 298,4 381,0 41,3 37,0 12 25,4 330,2 381,0 47,6 45,0 12 28,6 330,2
10’’ 406,4 30,2 31,8 12 25,4 361,9 444,5 47,6 58,0 16 28,6 387,3 444,5 54,0 70,0 16 31,7 387,3
12’’ 482,6 31,7 50,0 12 25,4 431,8 520,7 50,8 84,0 16 31,7 450,8 520,7 57,1 103 16 34,9 450,8
14’’ 533,4 34,9 60,0 12 28,6 476,2 584,2 54,0 107,0 20 31,7 514,3 584,2 60,3 141 20 34,9 514,3
16’’ 596,9 36,5 77,0 16 28,6 539,7 647,7 57,1 139,0 20 34,9 571,5 647,7 63,5 181 20 38,1 571,5
18’’ 635,0 39,7 95,0 16 31,7 577,8 711,2 60,3 390,0 24 34,9 628,6 711,2 66,7 228 24 38,1 628,6
20’’ 698,5 42,9 123,0 20 31,7 635,0 774,7 63,5 223,0 24 34,9 685,8 774,7 69,8 282 24 41,3 685,8
22’’ 749,3 46,0 151,0 20 34,9 692,1 838,2 66,7 270,0 24 41,3 742,9 838,2 73,0 311 24 44,4 742,9
Legend:
DN: Nominal Diameter
D: Flange External Diameter
t: Flange Thickness
W: Flange Weight
N: Hole Number
Ø: Hole Diameter
PIPING
a: Hole axis
PIPING Sieve size conversion chart
Sieves are used both for determining the particle size distribution of a granular material
and to filter solid particles in a liquid. Normally the sieve is made with a fabric whose
characteristic dimensions are:
L is the Opening Width (free passage)
D is the Diameter of the wire
P is the Pitch of the wire
S is the Thickness of the fabric
To classify particle sizes, there is some Sieve Series according to specific standards;
the most known are: Tyler Sieve Series, US Sieve Series, UK Sieve Series,…
The Tyler mesh size indicates exactly the number of openings per linear inch of mesh
L TYLER Sieve ASTM E11 Sieve BS 410 Sieve DIN 4188 Sieve
[µm] [Mesh No] [Mesh No] [Mesh No] [mm]
5 2500 2500 0.005

10 1250 1250 0.010
15 800 800 0.015
20 625 635 625 0.020
22 0.022
25 500 500 500 0.025
28 0.028
32 n/a 450 440 0.032
36 0.036
38 400 400 400
40 0.040
45 325 325 350 0.045
50 0.050
53 270 270 300
56 0.056
63 250 230 240 0.063
71 0.071
75 200 200 200
80 0.080
90 170 170 170 0.090
100 0.100
106 150 140 150
112 0.112
125 115 120 120 0.125
140 0.140
150 100 100 100
160 0.160
180 80 80 85 0.180
200 0.200
PIPING
In the german standard (DIN norm 4188) the Opening Width (L) is given in millimeters.
PIPING
PIPING Sieve size conversion chart
L TYLER Sieve ASTM E11 Sieve BS 410 Sieve DIN 4188 Sieve
[µm] [Mesh No] [Mesh No] [Mesh No] [mm]
212 65 70 72
250 60 60 60 0.250
280 0.280
300 48 50 52
315 0.315
355 42 45 44 0.355
400 0.400
425 35 40 36
450 0.450
500 32 35 30 0.500
560 0.560
600 28 30 25
630 0.630
710 24 25 22 0.710
800 0.800
850 20 20 18
900 0.900
1000 16 18 16 1.000
1120 1.120
1180 14 16 14
1250 1.250
1400 12 14 12 1.400
1600 1.600
1700 10 12 10
1800 1.800
2000 9 10 8 2.000
2240 2.240
2360 8 8 7
2500 2.500
2800 7 7 6 2.800
3150 3.150
3350 6 6 5
3550 3.550
4000 5 5 4 4.000
4500 4.500
4750 4 4 3.5
5000 5.000
5600 3.5 3.5 3
6700 3 0.265 in 1
8000 2.5 5/16 in n/a
PIPING
Applicable standards are:

ISO 565 (1987) ISO 3310 (1999) ASTM E 11-70 (1995)
DIN 4188 (1977) BS 410 (1986) AFNOR NFX11-501 (1987)
Legend: Q: Water Flow Rate, V: Velocity, P: Pressure drop
Pressure drop in bar per 100 meters of straight pipe (water at ambient temperature)
Notes
INDEX PNR PRODUCT RANGE
INDEX
GENERAL INFORMATION
Besides its main range of nozzles for industrial applications, PNR manufactures a wide range of complementary products and systems to
Conversion table : American units to SI units 5 optimize the use of spray jets and fluids control in most of the modern industrial processes
CTG UG CTG SP
LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES Spray nozzles for industrial Spraydry nozzles
Liquid spray 9 applications Air assisted or hydraulic high pressure ato-
One of the world most complete lines of mizers, made in high-quality metal alloys or
Spray nozzle types 11 nozzles for numberless industrial appli- tungsten carbide.
Spray nozzle coding 13 cations. Nozzles with a wide openings A complete line of nozzles for the moder-
range, various types of vanes, several nization of existing facilities at competitive
Computerized fluid dynamics 14 prices. To ensure highly accurate results
spray patterns, anti-clog design, available
Spray generation 15 in small and big dimensions and made in and a long service life, these nozzles are
manufactured with the finest materials and
Droplet spectrum 16 many food-grade materials like PFTE and
technologically advanced machines.
Stainless Steel 316L with threaded and
Nozzle flow rate 19 flanged connections
Spray angle 21
Influence of liquid viscosity 27 CTG LS CTG PM
Influence of liquid specific gravity 29 Tank washing systems Paper mill products
Jet impact 30 A complete range, from simple fixed A line of products specifically designed
washing heads to the two-axis heads, for perfect results on paper mill machines,
Pressure drop through a nozzle 32 from mushroom nozzles to fluid driven including disc nozzles patented for self-
reaction heads, up to the motor driven cleaning filters, flat jet nozzles with orifices
washing heads, equipped with a pneu- in sapphire, ruby and ceramic, oscillating
NOZZLE MATERIALS tubes equipped with a computer driven
matic or electric motor.
Pnr material codes 34 All for the inside cleaning of industrial motor.
Properties of materials 35 tanks according to the latest technology,
accessories included.
PIPING
CTG AC CTG SW
Pipes data 74 Complementary Products and Steelwork nozzles
Economic pipe sizes 75 Assembly Fittings A complete line of nozzles for steelwork
Pressure drop in clean steel pipes 76 A complete line of nipples, clamps, swivel applications, including continuous casting
joints and everything that helps you to air atomizers and conventional nozzles,
Flange dimensions 78 assemble, align and service your spraying descaling nozzles for high pressure sys-
Sieve size conversion chart 80 systems, quickly and easily. tems, dovetail tips for cylinders cooling
Air blowers, mixing eductors, filters, clean- and high capacity flanged nozzles for coke
ing guns and lances, hose reels, steam quenching.
PNR PRODUCT RANGE heaters, pressure tanks, quick couplings
to help you build up a professional system
upgraded to the latest standards.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
PNR manufactures a complete range of spray nozzles for industrial applications and many other products and systems designed according
to the latest cutting-edge technologies. All our products are described in the following catalogues:
CTG AZ CTG LN
PRODUCT RANGE CTG TV Air assisted atomizers Gas cooling lances
GENERAL PURPOSE SPRAY NOZZLES CTG UG Ultrasonic, classic and automatic atomiz- Spillback or air assited lances for gas coo-
AIR ASSISTED ATOMIZERS CTG AZ ers for the finest atomization in any insus- ling in steelworks, cement plants and other
COMPLEMENTARY PRODUCTS AND ASSEMBLY FITTINGS CTG AC trial process. High quality machining and industrial applications.
INDUSTRIAL TANK WASHING SYSTEMS CTG LS strict quality control ensure your systems We can supply spare parts, upgrade your
PAPER MILL PRODUCTS CTG PM top professional results. plant and even supply a complete PLC
EVAPORATIVE COOLING LANCES CTG LN Programming and control panels for an driven system to enhance the towers per-
STEELWORK NOZZLES CTG SW easy assembly of complete humidification formances to the highest efficiency level
SPRAYDRY NOZZLES CTG SD systems. allowed by today technology.
FIREFIGHTING PRODUCTS AND SISTEMS CTG FF
Our technical literature is continuously revised and updated and sent to our Customers who are listed in our Catalogues Delivery List. If you are interested in
receiving the latest version of our catalogues, please contact the nearest PNR office.
WAIVER OF RESPONSABILITY
The information contained herein is provided “as is” and PNR does not guarantee the correctness and accuracy of the same.
This publication may contain technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. It may also be subject to periodic changes without prior notice.
www.pnr-nozzles.com CTG SH 07 EU CTG SH 07 EU www.pnr-nozzles.com

CTG SH 07 EU
www.pnr-nozzles.com
PNR CTG SH 07 eu
SPRAY CTG SH 07 EU
STAMPATO IN EU 09/09 © Bell&Tany

ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK
SPRAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

Our products are distributed through:
PNR America PNR China PNR Italia

PNR Asia PNR Czech Republic PNR Mexico
PNR Baltic PNR Deutschland PNR U.K.
PNR Benelux PNR France
We are also represented in:
Argentina India Rumenia

Australia Indonesia Russia
Austria Iran Serbia
Brazil Ireland Singapore
Bulgaria Korea Slovenja
Canada Malaysia Spain
Chile Norway South Africa
Croatia New Zealand Sweden
Denmark Pakistan Taiwan
Finland Philippines Turkey
Greece Poland Venezuela
Portugal

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SPRAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

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We are also represented in:

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Base Units and derived units

The SI has defined the following base unit:

N° QUANTITY UNIT NAME UNIT SYMBOL

N° QUANTITY UNIT NAME UNIT SYMBOL EQUIVALENCES

11 Volume cubic meter m3

10n Prefix Symbol Denomination Decimal equivalent

GENERAL INFORMATION Conversion table: American units to Si units

MP = water melting point

SYMBOL NAME MP BP NOTES

0 and 100 are arbitrarily placed at the freezing point and

Based upon the definitions of the Fahrenheit scale and

CONVERSION FORMULAE TABLE

CELSIUS FAHRENHEIT KELVIN RANKINE

LIQUID SPRAY AND SPRAY NOZZLES

Spray nozzle coding 13

Computerized fluid dynamics 14

LIQUID SPRAY AS A PROCESS

1. Breaking up the liquid into separated drops.

AND SPRAY NOZZLES

1. The liquid flow delivered as a function of the nozzle feed pressure.

TECHNIQUES FOR SPRAY PRODUCTION

code CTG AZ18).

FULL CONE PATTERN

Standard full cone (turbulence nozzle)

AND SPRAY NOZZLES

Spiral full cone (deflection nozzle) Spiral full cone

Multiple full cone (turbulence nozzle, air atomizer)

FLAT JET SPRAY PATTERN

HOLLOW CONE SPRAY PATTERN

PNR CODING SYSTEM

We have therefore determined our coding system described as follows:

Thread type or other connection

AND SPRAY NOZZLES

Capacity rank Some spray angle codes (degrees)

NOZZLE MATERIAL CODES

A1 Carbon steel D6 Glassfibre reinforced PP L2 Incolloy 825

These software programs require

Based on the above data it is pos-

kind of nozzles, for example those

The overall process efficiency in the

1. The thickness of the lamina itself

Impact nozzles best

AND SPRAY NOZZLES

Laser Interpherometer Test (By Pdpa)

• Distribution curve of droplet diameter (micron)

• Distribution curve of droplet velocities (mps)

and the below described values

• Arithmetic Mean Diameter (D10)

Correct Count Criteria

Volume Flow Rate

AND SPRAY NOZZLES

PNR can supply upon request complete documentation con-

In the photo beside a test being performed at our laboratories.

record the spray parameters, while fluid capacities and feed

P Pressure energy of liquid particle per volume unit

AND SPRAY NOZZLES