Project Synopsis

Date of Registration-

Project Title –PERVAPORATION PROCESS.TO SEPARATE WATER SATURATED

DICHLOROETHANE MIXTURE.

Project Guide- Mr K.I. PATIL.

Submitted By-Mr. SUYOG S. NALAVADE(Roll no.48),

Mr. GAJANAN P. PARIT (Roll no.53)

 INTRODUCTION-

Parvaporation is one of the main membrane separation process with a great advantage
for the industrial application. It was first reported in 1917 by Kober. Binary or ternary mixtures
can be separated by partial vaporization through a dense perm selective membrane. Separation
technique has been termed pervaporation in order to emphasize the fact that the permeate
undergoes a phase change, from liquid to vapor, during the membrane separation process.
Pervaporation process, the feed mixture is maintained in direct contact with one side of the
membrane, and the permeate is evolved in the vapor state from another side of the membrane at
low pressure. The permeate is collected, in the liquid state after condensation, on a cooled wall
process known as Pervaporation. Pervaporation is a very promising membrane technology for
the separation of organic/organic mixtures. For the separation of close boiling point mixture and
azeotrope PV process is the most important. In the pervaporation process, polymer membranes
form a selective barrier between a liquid and a vapor phase .The feed mixture enters the
permeator module as a liquid. However, all the components of the mixture PV is a membrane
based separation process in which the membrane functions as a selective barrier for the mixture
to be separated. Low energy consumption and mild working conditions make the process
attractive for separating azeotropic and close-boiling mixtures or dehydrating temperature-
sensitive products. One of the most attractive features at pervaporation process that no high pressure
system is necessary to allowed the liquid through the pervaporation unit. The unit can operate at low
temperature, so that sensitive constituent can be handed more safely.

 LITERATURE REVIEW-

Pervaporation, in its simplest form, is an energy efficient combination of membrane

permeation and evaporation. It's considered an attractive alternative to other separation methods

for a variety of processes. For example, with the low temperatures and pressures involved in

pervaporation, it often has cost and performance advantages for the separationof constant-boiling

azeotropes. Pervaporation is also used for the dehydration of organic solvents and the removal of

organics from aqueous streams. Additionally, pervaporation has emerged as a good choice for

separation heat sensitive products. Pervaporation involves the separation of two or more

components across a membrane by differing rates of diffusion through a thin polymer and an

evaporative phase change comparable to a simple flash step. A concentrate and vapor pressure

gradient is used to allow one component to preferentially permeate across the membrane. A

vacuum applied to the permeate side is coupled with the immediate condensation of the

permeated vapors. Pervaporation is typically suited to separating a minor component of a

liquid mixture, thus high selectivity through the membrane is essential. Figure 1 shows an

overview of the pervaporation process. Pervaporation can used for breaking azeotropes,

dehydration of solvents and other volatile organics, organic/organic separations such as ethanol

or methanol removal, and wastewater purification.

Characteristics of the pervaporation process include:

1. Low energy consumption

2. No entrainer required, no contamination

 3. Permeate must be volatile at operating conditions

4. Functions independent of vapor/liquid equilibrium

Fig :overview of pervaporation process

Types of Pervaporation Process :
Batch pervaporation is a simple system with great flexibility, however a buffer tank is required

for batch operation. Continuous pervaporation consumes very little energy, operates best with

low impurities in the feed, and is best for larger capacities. Vapor phase permeation is preferred

for direct feeds from distillation columns or for streams with dissolved solids.

Pervaporation for Separation :

Liquid transport in pervaporation is described by various solution-diffusion models1. The steps

included are the sorption of the permeate at the interface of the solution feed and the membrane,

diffusion across the membrane due to concentration gradients (rate determining steps), and

finally desorption into a vapor phase at the permeate side of the membrane. The first two steps

are primarily responsible for the permselectivity1. As material passes through the membrane a

"swelling" effect makes the membrane more permeable, but less selective, until a point of

unacceptable selectivity is reached and the membrane must be regenerated. The other driving

force for separation is the difference in partial pressures across the membrane. By reducing the

pressure on the permeate side of the membrane, a driving force is created. Another method of

inducing a partial pressure gradient is to sweep an inert gas over the permeate side of the
membrane. These methods are described as vacuum and sweep gas pervaporation respectively.

Vacuum
Pervaporation

Basics of the Pervaporation System :

Figure 3 shows a typical pervaporation system. The feed is allowed to flow along one side of the
membrane and a fraction of the feed (permeate) passes through the membrane and leaves in the
vapor phase on the opposite side of the membrane. The "vapor phase" side of the membrane is
either kept under a vacuum or it is purged with a stream of inert carrier gas. The permeate is
finally collected in the liquid state after condensation. The liquid product is rich in the more
rapidly permeating component of feed mixture. The retentate is made up of the feed materials
that cannot pass through the membrane.
Membranes :
The membranes used in pervaporation processes are classified according to the nature of the

separation being performed. Hydrophilic membranes are used to remove water from organic

solutions. These types of membranes are typical made of polymers with glass transition

temperatures above room temperatures. Polyvinyl alcohol is an example of a hydrophilic

membrane material. Organophilic membranes are used to recover organics from solutions. These

membranes are typically made up of elastomer materials (polymers with glass transition

temperatures below room temperature). The flexible nature of these polymers make them ideal

for allowing organic to pass through. Examples include nitrile, butadiene rubber, and styrene

butadiene rubber.
Factors Affecting Membrane Performance :
According to the solution-diffusion model, higher fluxes can be obtained with an increased

thermal motion of the polymer chains and the diffusing species. Properties the polymers that

affect diffusion include the "backbone" material, degree of crosslinking, and porosity.

Molecular-level interactions between membranes and diffusing species is expressed via a

permeability constant used in the Arrhenius relationship:

Where,
Ep = Activation energy

Po = Permeability constant

R = Gas constant

T = Temperature

 PROPOSED WORK-

Pervaporation process performance is generally characterized in terms of permeation

flux and chemical component selectivity. Several factors influence the process performance such
as: process conditions, membrane material properties and physiochemical (thermodynamic)
properties. There are evidences of the influence of polarity and solubility of permeant-membrane
and permeant-permeant on the mass transport behavior in pervaporation and hence the process
performance. In this work, we correlate pervaporation process performance characterized by flux
and selectivity to physiochemical properties of permeant, membrane material and process
conditions. A semi-empirical correlation that considers mass transport mechanics involved in
pervaporation (i.e., sorption, diffusion and desorption) is proposed. This correlation is expressed
in terms of dimensionless groups of physicochemical properties and process conditions. For
validation, the model was tested against data from the literature as well as experiments
conducted on (propyl propionate, C6-aldehyde and benzaldehyde) system. The model reasonably
predicts the pervaporation process performance.

 OBJECTIVES-

There are various objective involved in doing this project. Pervaporation has been studied as
method for separation of organic liquid mixtures which are difficult to separate such as
azeotropic maxtures or mixtures of components with close boiling points or which are easily
decomposed by heat.this process requires only low temperature and pressure so it has run at
minimum operating cost and performance compared distillation.Using more advanced
technology separation methods investment costs comparatively low.
  EXPERIMENTAL SET UP-

There is experimental set up present. Using process parameters used in actual practiceand
and using suitable membrane separator,condesor ad vaccum pump design of process is made .
And the comparative study is done. standard laboratory pervaporation set-up with
effective membrane area of 100 cm2 ; downstream pressure p = 0.06 mbar.

 PROCEDURE FOR EXPERIMENT

During pervaporation, the feed mixture is in direct contact with one side of the membrane
where as permeate is removed in a vapour state from the opposite side retentate is removed in
liquid state.Upstram pressure is kept at atmospheric pressure while on the downstream partial
pressure is applied.the feed and permeate composition were determined by using gas
chromatography.

 REQUIREMENT FOR PROJECT-

The project will require data for which will be collected from experment. Then while
doing calculations, the equations are collected from the literature. .

 APPLICATION-

1. Removal of water from organic solvents.

2. Volatile organic contaminantes from waste water.
3. Removal of phenolic compounds.
4. Separation of isomeres.
5. Separation of polar nonpolar compound mixturs.
 REFERANCES-

• Y.S. Kang, S.W. Lee, U.Y. Kim, J.S. Shim, Pervaporation of water–ethanol
mixtures through cross-linked and surface modified poly(vinylalcohol)
membrane, J. Membr. Sci. 51 (1990) 215.
• K.R. Lee, Nanya Jr, Aromatic polyamide membrane for alcohol dehydration by
pervaporation, Eur. Polym. J. 35 (5) (1999) 861.
• T. Uragami, T. Morikawa, Permeation and separation characteristics of alcohol–
water mixtures through poly(- dimelthylsiloxane) membrane by pervaporation and
evapomeation, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 190 (1989) 399.
• R.Y.M. Huang (Ed.), Pervaporation Membrane Separation Processes, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 1991.
• T. Uragami, K. Takigawa, Permeation and separation characteristics of ethanol–
water mixtures through chitosan derivative membrane by pervaporation and
evapomeation, Polymer 31 (1990) 668.
• X.P. Wang, Z.Q. Shan, F.Y. Zhang, Y.F. Zhang, Preferential separation of
ethanol from aqueous solution through hydrophilic polymer membranes, J. Appl.
Polym. Sci. 73 (7) (1999) 1145.