12/2/2011

Basic Instrumentation

Delivered by: Rahat Sarwar

Basic Instrumentation

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CONTENTS
Control Loop Terminology

Open & Closed Loop Control

Feed back Control

Feed Forward Control

Cascade Control

Split Range Control

Concept of control loop

Sensor / Transmitters
Controller
Final control element (control valve)

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Terminologies

In put (I/P): The thing which enters in a system is called

input to the system.
Output (O/P): The thing which come out or obtained from a
system is called output of the system.
Set point (sp): The desired value of a process variable.
Error: Error is defined as the difference between the set
point and the measured value of a process variable.
Control point: The value at which the process variable
returns to steady state.

Terminologies

Offset: The amount of difference between the control point

of a process variable and its set point

Manual Control: A form of control that is performed by an

operator.

Automatic control: A form of control that is performed

automatically by process control instrumentation without
human intervention.

Auto/ Manual: A selector switch of a controller to put

control loop on automatic mode or manual mode.

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Types of Loops
1. Open Loop
It is a system of control that provides information
necessary for control without comparing a measured
value of a process variable to the desired value of the
process variable.
Level Indicator

Process In

Types of Loops
2. Close Loop
A combination of control units in which the process variable is measured and
compared with the desired value, or set point. If there is a difference, a
corrective signal is sent to the final control element to bring the controlled
variable to the desired value.

PV Output

Set Point
Controller

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Types of controls

1. Feedback Control

A method of control in which a measured value of

process variable is compared with the desired value
of the process variable and necessary corrective
action is taken.
This Control takes action after the disturbance has
occurred.

Types of controls

1. Feedback Control

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Types of controls

2. Feed forward control

A method of control in which the value of a

disturbance is measured and action is taken to
prevent the disturbance from changing the value of
process variable.
It is a proactive control designed to prevent errors
before occurring in a process variable.

Types of controls

1. Feed Forward Control

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Special Loops

Cascade Loop:

Cascade control is a technique that uses two measuring and

control systems to manipulate a single final control element.
Its purpose is to provide increased stability to particularly
complex process control problems.
The relationship that exists between controllers is referred
as a master-slave relationship or a primary-secondary
relationship.

Special Loops

Cascade Loop Temperature Temperature

Controller # 2 Controller # 1
( Slave) ( Master )
O/P TIC SP O/P TIC SP
02 01
E/P PV PV

Process

Steam

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Special Loops

Cascade Loop

Special Loops
Split Range Control
A very common control scheme is split range control in which the output of a
controller is split to two or more control valves.
For example, a split range pressure controller on a separator with two valves,
one to the flare and one to the compressor suction. In this case, the ‘split’ is
configured as follows:

Controller output 0% Both valves are closed.

Controller output 25% Valve A is 50% open and Valve B still closed.
Controller output 50% Valve A is fully open and Valve B closed.
Controller output 75% Valve A is fully open and Valve B 50% open.
Controller output 100% Both valves are fully open.

The idea is that the suction valve is used for normal pressure control while
the flare valve only opens to disperse high pressures.

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Special Loops
Split Range Control

Special Loops
Split Range Control

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Q & A Session ????

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