Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work would not have been possible without the continuous provision of
our dearest advisers Engr. Melchor S. Henson and Engr. Freneil R. Pampo. We are
very grateful for their motivation and enthusiasm to help us complete this study.
grammarian, who have been supportive of our career goals and who toiled actively to
provide us with the sheltered academic time to pursue our goals. We are sincerely
thankful for her patience and immense knowledge, which surely helped us in all the
time of this study. We could not have imagined having the best proofreader and
mentor for our work. She has shown us, by her example, what a good electrical
We also appreciate all of those who give criticism, comment and suggestion
for the improvement of our paper. Each of the members of our Oral Defense
Panels, Engr. Edgardo M. Santos, Engr. Marty G. Alfonso, and Engr. Genesis C.
Tiria, has offered us far-reaching personal and professional guidance and taught us a
great deal about both scientific research and life in broad-spectrum. We would
especially like to thank Engr. Rhoderick M. Favorito, our thesis coordinator, as our
teacher and mentor; we give credit to him for he has imparted more than he could
Nobody has been more important to us in the pursuit of this project other than
the members of our family especially Teodoro Family for their unending support from
the first day of the research study to the lowest point of the project up to its success.
We would also like to acknowledge our parents, whose love and guidance are with
Most importantly, the greatest and warmest gratitude belongs to the Lord, our
God Almighty for the knowledge and abilities He have given us. Without His
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 9
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 27
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 31
B. Computations ....................................................................................... 33
G. Interview ............................................................................................... 64
Abstract
climate change debate, the development of new technology for sustainable power
generation is becoming ever more important. Experts have been pioneering the
generation of wind energy from the beginning. Now, it is time to turn the successful
and sustainable concept upside down and take it underwater when the tides and
waves provide a great supply of clean energy. The water and advance technology
guarantee a much more presage output than other renewable energy. Hydropower is
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 2
a promising contributor in a clean and efficient energy makes for the future turning
one renewable source for electricity generation across the board, girding 71% of all
the world’s electricity. Hydroelectric power is the most adaptable and coherent of all
the renewable resources, the ability of meeting base load electricity requirements.
There are many opportunities for hydroelectric development and although there is no
open agreement, assessments denote the availability of almost 10,000 TWh annually
may be yoked for beneficial purposes. Since earliest times, hydroelectric power from
many varieties of watermills has been used as a renewable source of energy for
textile mills, trip mallets, mooring cranes, domestic lifts, and metal mills (Department
of Energy, 2017).
Southeast Asia’s first marine tidal power plant will start to be erected in the
Asia arose with an impression of exploiting those tidal waves to yield energy. This
was such a noble knowledge that can enhance more foundations of dynamism, apart
from the current power plants in the Asia (Philippine News, 2017).
that moves water by mechanical action. Seeing the water flow and knowing about
hydroelectric energy as a source of energy, the researchers get into the idea of
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 3
making the water pump as a source of moving energy producing electricity that can
period and time to time monitoring of fishponds. Farmers usually install water pump
system for sustaining enough supply of water in the field. Building a small home for
the pump is the farmer’s way of protecting it from theft and shield during natural
calamity. This also serves as the farmer’s lodge when farmers want to take a break
from the field and to monitor the pump if it is functioning during night operation. In line
with this, farmers are obliged to bring flashlight or emergency lights as source of
luminescence. Having a system that can provide farmers with a source of electricity
to supply the lightings will be a great help in maintaining fields and ponds.
The main reason behind the latest peak of hydroelectric energy capacity is
today’s turbine to hit better water movements for reduced cost. It is vital to continue
improving the design of the hydroelectric turbine in order to produce better energy
all the energy sources, mechanical, and basic components associated to the design,
an idea for the realization of the project. The whole concept of the study came up to
enhance the knowledge of the people about using renewable source of energy
The activity of the water was observed as one of the key variable in solving
the lighting issues of the farmers during night operation in the field. In addition, it is
observed that when the water passes through small section of the channel of the
irrigation it produces high water current. This high water current can be used to
produce kinetic energy to electrical energy. The researchers will develop an energy
harvesting device to be installed in a water pump system to take full advantage of the
to regulate water flow during the pump operation. Specifically, it aims to generate
electrical power for lighting loads and to charge lead acid batteries, and to determine
the significant correlation between the mechanical and electrical efficiency of the
system.
This study will mainly focus on the application of the hydraulic wheel in a
energy as a source of energy is already known and already used worldwide. The
system is primarily intended to operate lighting loads and batteries for charging
purposes. The researchers aim only on transforming the traditional water pump
operation into useful energy efficient pump system. This study concerns delicately on
the mechanical side and mainly on the electrical side of the hydraulic wheel system.
The safekeeping of the water pump at night will be employed with the help of
renewable energy for lighting loads. Proper illumination in the house of the water
pump is a great support in sustaining the safety of the equipment as well as in the
maintenance of the field and ponds. The study can provide the people with the
knowledge is required to its expansion. One must have advanced analytical skills to
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 5
create a reliable project. This paper will also serve as a reference to the future
researchers who will conduct the same study regarding hydroelectric energy and
opportunity with possibly significant. The early phase of the technology and great
the probable to offer important quantities of affordable electricity with low ecological
conversion industry. Upon the completion of this project, it will have a great impact in
electricity.
Many have conducted a research worldwide to improve and make use of the
world’s renewable energy. Hydroelectricity are already applied in different places and
widely used to improve the way of living but still lots of researches to be studied to
The researchers were able to gather a number of information which has the
alternative to fossil fuels. As water move through in the stream, it generates kinetic
energy. This undertaking can be used to power turbines which in turn, produce
energy that can be transformed into electricity. There are also numerous methods of
In the streak of the study of Muller & Kauppert (2004) and Jones (2005),
theoretically, four main kinds of water wheels can be identified: undershot, overshot,
breast-shot, and stream water wheels. The overshot water wheel, which is
complicated in its constructional design and requires large heads, is the most
common type of traditional water wheels (Capecchi 2013). The breast-shot water
wheel design can be referred to as an alternative model in sites with its head
unsuitable for overshot wheels (Quaranta & Revelli, 2015). The undershot water
wheel is the earliest design where the water passes below the axle, in turn acting on
the blade surfaces, and then transfers its kinetic energy to the wheel (Denny 2004).
According to Müller, Denchfield, & Schelmerdine (2007) and Denny (2004), in case
the water mass is not exploited, the undershot water wheels can be known as
“stream wheels”. Stream wheels or impulse-type water wheels are utilized to harness
the kinetic energy of shallow free surface flows while the undershot wheels employ
both the kinetic and potential energy of the water flows. However, energy production
for the stream and undershot water wheels has not been used in the past due to their
low efficiency, and there is no need for the utilization of power from small hydropower
and hydrokinetic energy sources. Today, these types of water wheel can be of
interest for applications to sites where fast flows are available, such locations with
wheels originate in two simple designs; a horizontal wheel with a vertical axle and a
vertical wheel with a horizontal axle. As for Muller and Kauppert (2010) and Bach
(2006), it was found that water wheels have to be designed for a given flow rate,
head difference and intended operating regime. Properly designed overshot wheels
have an efficiency of 85%, undershot wheels of approximately 75% for 0.2 < Q/Qmax
< 1.0, making this type of energy converter suitable for the exploitation of highly
variable flows.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 7
oceans for the continuous availability of ocean water flow. Unlike with this proposal,
the researchers decided to install the turbine in a water pump system. Through the
HYDRAULIC ELECTRICAL
GENERATOR
TURBINE WHEEL LOADS
The quest to turn the motion of the world's waterways into a significant source
of energy may still be in its nascent stage, but several waterpower projects are
attempting to harness the water energy share the same mission: to improve the
Output paradigm. Hydraulic devices are powered by moving water and are different
from traditional hydropower turbines in which devices are placed directly in a river,
ocean or tidal current. The system generates power from the kinetic energy of flowing
water. The available hydropower depends on the speed of the water flow and height.
electrical power with the kinetic energy of flowing waters. As such, no dams and/or
head differential are necessary for the operation of this device; the structure of the
water pump remains in its natural state and no high investments in infrastructure are
required. Because the amount of kinetic energy (velocity) varies, a greater amount of
energy is generated with a higher velocity of water flow. In the process phase, as
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 8
water flows through a turbine, the kinetic energy of the flowing water is converted into
electricity by the generator and therefore will produce power that will be used in
Methodology
Research Design
This paper will use the exploratory research design. Through this, a survey
will be conducted to familiarize with the basic details, settings, and concerns. A
preliminary survey will be performed to generate new ideas and assumptions. It will
be an interview for the selected groups of experts in hydroelectric energy and for the
farmers experiencing a problem. The study will use broad open-ended questions that
Five persons will receive the interview questions prior to the phone/personal
interview that will be conducted and will be asked if they are willing to participate. The
persons that will participate must be aware that all information provided during the
interview will be recorded and then evaluated for this study. It will respect the
confidentiality of the respondents and can decline to answer the questions if the
respondents are not comfortable. Respondents will be coded as R1, R2, R3, R4, and
R5. In the study, straightforward technology assessment is chosen and questions are
Research Framework
Figure 2 shows the research framework of the study which serve as guide
through cyclic process. After evaluation, revisiting the site is necessary to verify or
ANALYSIS of
SITE ANALYSIS DESIGN AND hydraulic wheel
DEVELOPMENT
Permit of Hydraulic Technical
wheel Economic
Legal
EVALUATION AND
IMPLEMENTATION TESTING of
system charging/
convenience discharging time
efficiency Operational
Feasibility
Site Analysis
The initial site assessment will cover the permission section and the site
analysis that will mainly focus on the suitability of the area. Once an interest for
constructing a hydro turbine wheel system has been shown, a site must be chosen
and evaluated based on the optimal conditions for installing a water wheel.
Social Constraints
The use for the electricity must be analyzed and the most
Generator
The distance between the turbine site and the loads is also a
Permission
After site analysis, the next factor that should be researched is the
community’s decision making process. The group will administer a personal interview
know the town’s bylaws governing the hydraulic wheel system approval and
installation process. Upon knowing all the rules regarding the the installation of the
device, the researchers will submit a barangay permit prior to the beginning of the
project.
in the water pump system. The following quantities will be used in the system design
(1000 kg/m3), A = cross sectional area of the channel (m2), D = diameter of wheel
(m), P = power (W), d = distance (m), g = strength of gravity (9.81 m/s2 or 9.81 N/kg),
h = head (m), ℎ𝑝 = pressure head, the difference in water levels (m), ℎ𝑣 = velocity
head (m), ν = velocity (m/s), Q = volume flow rate (m3/s) and t = time (s).
electrical design and how it works. To measure the flow rate bucket method was
used. In this study, a stopwatch is used to measure how long will a 16 liters container
be filled with water. The container should be above the watercourse thoughout the
process of measuring the flow rate. This experiment was performed eight time to get
the average time consumed to fill the container. Discard reading if there is a debris or
blockage in the water stream. Lastly, the flow rate is the volume of the bucket divided
To compute for the head using effective head equation under kinetic energy
(Nagpurwala, 2017), the following formula will be used: pressure head is the
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 12
difference in height between the head race and tail race water surfaces and velocity
head is calculated from the velocity of the water in the head race at the same place
as the pressure head is measured from, the formula ℎ = ℎ𝑝 + ℎ𝑣 was used, where
𝜈2
the velocity head is . According to Behrens (2015) the ideal wheel diameter (D) is
2𝑔
While, the power generated from falling water will be measured by the formula from
hydropower equation (The Renewable Energy Website, 2017) 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = ŋ𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑄 and
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
efficiency by %ŋ = 𝑃𝑖𝑛
× 100 . A well- designed overshot water wheels can reach
wheel’s circumference. The buckets should be one foot apart. The buckets should be
around one foot deep. For operational strength, it is sensible to keep the ratio of
diameter to width as near as feasible to 8:5. But in this study, a ratio of 1:2 was
utilized.
taken into consideration when it comes in the the designing stage. The rated speed
and the rated voltage of the generator will be taken into account to be properly fit on
The electrical layout of the system and load computation was presented. The
value of the inverter should be equal to the total Watt value of the loads. However,
considering the Power Factor VA value is higher than the total Watt value, thus,
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 13
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
(Mishra, 2014). For a residential house, the
In this study, the researchers used a 12 V Lead Acid battery. One major lead
acid battery advantage is that these batteries do not require high maintenance to
ensure its performance. The performance and lifespan of an inverter largely rest on
the battery quality (Okaya Power, 2016). Consequently, battery capacity was
considered 12 hours running time in order for the farmers to use the lighting facility
Figure 3 shows the operation of the system from the input to the output. The
turbine wheel converts the energy of water into mechanical energy. The generator
converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The function of a battery
provides a way to store energy when more is being produced than consumed. When
demand increases beyond what is generated, the batteries can release energy to
keep the loads operating. An inverter is connected to the battery to change the DC to
data. In technical practicability, the following concerns are taken into consideration:
whether the necessary technology is accessible or not, whether the vital means are
development of the turbine wheel generator. A water wheel can last only few years,
hence, frequent conservation and maintenances are required to preserve the water
wheel. The advantage and properties of each material (like wood, steel and plastic)
Water wheels are usually constructed from wood. Traditionally, water wheels
were made of cypress or white oak. Both of these materials are expensive to source,
but they are highly rot-resistant. Pine is inexpensive, but it may only last a couple of
years when exposed to the elements. Though another popular choice, red oak is a
porous wood and therefore not the best option for a working water wheel and it offers
low electrical and thermal conductivity, high strength-to-weight ratio, colors available
in a wide variety and transparent, resistance to shock, good durability, low cost, are
easy to manufacture, resistant to water and have low toxicity (Mahwah, 2017). In
fact, plastic refers to a state of the material, but the material itself: synthetic polymers
commonly called plastics are actually synthetic materials that can achieve the plastic
state, i.e. when the material is viscous or fluid, and no resistance properties to
mechanical stress.
Stainless steel is more expensive than standard grades of steel but it has
greater resistance to corrosion, needs low maintenance and has no need for painting
or other protective coatings. These factors mean that the stainless steel can be more
economically viable once service life and life cycle costs are considered (Aalco
Metals, 2017).
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 15
Galvanized steel is steel that has gone through a chemical process to keep it
from corroding. The steel is coated in layers of zinc oxide because this protective
metal does not get rusty as easily. The coating also gives the steel a more durable,
hard to scratch finish that many people find attractive. For countless outdoor, marine,
(Puomi et al, 2007). Upon assessment, the proponents decided to use galvanized
steel in making the water wheel. Galvanized steels are accessible, obtainable,
paybacks of the project are summed, and then the costs related are subtracted. The
process is to collect a complete list of all the costs and benefits connected with the
project. Costs should comprise direct and indirect costs, insubstantial costs,
opportunity costs and the cost of potential risks. Then allocate monetary value to the
benefits and cost. The final step is to quantitatively associate the results of the
cumulative costs and benefits to determine if the benefits outweigh the costs. If so,
then the sensible decision is to go forward with project. In not, a review of the project
lessen costs to make the project viable. If not, the project may be abandoned.
and legal other traps frequently unknown to the technical staff. The researchers have
to make a thorough analysis of the legal issues surrounding the project, across
several dimensions. A detailed legal due diligence should be done to ensure that all
foreseeable legal requirements, which have not or will not be dealt with in other
evaluation exercises, are met for the development of the project. Prior to the
bylaws covered by hydroelectric energy. The legal feasibility will contain the list of all
the rules governing the topic to ensure that the project is legally doable.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 16
The researchers will test the sustainability of the system by measuring the
charge and discharge time of the battery. Measurement was done every 30 minutes
and 1.68 kW was connected to the battery and allowed to operate until the battery
reached the voltage cut – off of the load. The voltage cut – off is the voltage reading
of the battery before the load stopped operating. To determine the status of the
battery, a voltmeter will be connected in parallel with the terminals of the battery.
The discharging status of the battery was monitored from fully charged to completely
researchers listed all the problems encountered when testing the device and
solutions was applied. The researchers identified whether the power output of the
system is enough to supply the demand of the farmers by evaluating the actual
The hydro generator will be applied on the water pump system. The system
evaluate the effectiveness (the ability of users to complete tasks using the system,
and the quality of the output of those tasks) and satisfaction (users’ subjective
reactions to using the system). The SUS includes 10 questions, which will be asked
score of 1 means strongly disagree, 5 means strongly agree, and 2 and 3 are
To evaluate the system’s effectiveness, the respondents’ total score for each
respondents’ total score for each question by 2.5. The original scores of 0-40 will be
transformed to 0-100. Though the marks are 0-100, these are not percentage but
these are dimensions or bases of ranking. Based on SUS, a score of 0 to 12.5 will be
“slightly effective”, 71.5 to 85.5 as “effective”, and 85.6 to 100 will be rated as “very
effective”.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 18
In hypothesis testing, the test of the efficiency of the generator was based on
the power delivered. While, the efficiency of the hydraulic wheel generator in this
study was determined by using the average power input and output.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 19
Discussion of Results
method. The total cost is compared to the possible benefit of the project to prove its
viability. The total cost of the system is ₱ 20, 500. 00 including the materials and
₱ 605.724 per monthly bill, the total cost after three years will be ₱ 21,806.064. On
the lighter note, after three years of investment in a hydroelectric system, the user of
the project will benefit. Instead of paying the monthly electrical bill, electrical energy
Pampanga and luckily answered certain questions regarding the bylaws governing
hydroelectricity system installation. Atty. Avelino Buan explained that the law under
Republic Act No. 7196 otherwise known as “Mini-Hydroelectric Power Incentive Act”
potential sites for hydroelectric power existing in the country by granting the
necessary incentives, which will provide a reasonable rate of return. The law has for
dependence on outside source of energy supply. He then further clarified that when
the developer fails to faithfully comply or perform any and all of the obligation under
and pursuant to the contract, the performance bond or other guarantee of sufficient
amount in favor of the government and with surety or sureties satisfactory to the
Office of the Energy Affairs will be forfeited in favor of the government. As the
applicant must prove that the operation of the proposed mini-hydroelectric project
and the authorization to do business will promote the public interest in a proper and
suitable manner and to formulate, in consultation with the National Economic and
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 20
Development Authority (NEDA), and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
For the assessment of the project, the operation of the water wheel and the
generator were monitored during the charging time of the battery to compare the
mechanical efficiency and the electrical efficiency of the system. The efficiency on
18
16
Voltage and Current Reading
14
12
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 9.82
The generator drawn 14 V with a current of 5.8 A on its initial operation and
12.59 V with a current of 6.8 A on its final operation before the battery is fully charge.
Figure 5 shows the output voltage and output current of the generator respectively.
The voltage and current varies immensely as time passes by. It is because these
parameters depend on the mechanical speed provided by the water wheel. As speed
increases, voltage provided by the generator also increases. These graphs illustrate
120
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 9.82
Time Interval in hour
Figure 6 shows the water wheel and the generator’s power output and power
input during the charging period. The initial mechanical power output is 78.83 W just
as the water hits the water wheel. The output power drawn from the generator just as
before the battery reaches its full charge state is 68.99 W. These powers are
calculated based on the input volume flow rate of water and the angular velocity of
the wheel. This graph illustrates that there are some losses when water energy is
converted by the water wheel into useful rotational mechanical energy. The
generator’s power changes dramatically for its output and input parameters depend
on the speed provided by the water wheel. On the first time of charging, the
generator gives out 81.2 W as a result for an input power of 93.06 W. Moreover, on
the time before the battery fully charged, the generated input and output power is
Discharging Time
Charging Time
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time Operation
consumes 10.32 hours to fully charge a battery and 31.2 hours to completely
discharge it. This only shows that the battery can sustain the 12-hour operation of the
that can provide power to charge a battery. Table 1 shows the actual charging
voltage of the battery. These voltage readings are measured from the discharge state
0 10
0.5 10.5
1 10.76
1.5 10.97
2 11.03
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 23
2.5 11.07
3 11.26
3.5 11.41
4 11.53
4.5 11.78
5 11.9
5.5 11.99
6 12.03
6.5 12.04
7 12.32
7.5 12.59
8 12.78
8.5 13.04
9 13.5
9.5 13.64
9.82 14.07
The test of the efficiency of the system is based on the power the generator
electrical efficiency and the overall efficiency of the system. The efficiency of the
system in this study is computed by using the average power input and output.
electrical efficiency of the system. The verbal interpretation of r shows that there is a
very high negative correlation between the two efficiencies. It indicates a negative
association, that is, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other
Correlations
Mechanical Electrical
Efficiency Efficiency
Mechanical Efficienc y Pearson Correlation 1 -.892**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 21 21
Electrical Efficiency Pearson Correlation -.892** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 21 21
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
QUESTIONS R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 % Interpretation
Agreement
1. I think that I would like to use this Strongly
5 5 5 4 5 80
system frequently. Agree
Strongly
2. I found the system unnecessary 1 2 1 1 1 -80
Disagree
Strongly
3. The system was easy to use 5 5 5 5 5 100
Agree
4. I thing that I would need the support
of a technical person to be able to 1 2 2 1 2 -40 Disagree
use this system
5. I found the various functions in this Strongly
5 5 5 4 5 80
system were well integrated Agree
6. There was too much inconsistency
1 1 2 2 1 -60 Disagree
in the system
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 25
on the farmer’s assessment upon using the system. Table 3 shows each farmer’s
response score in using it. The system got an average score of 94, which falls under
the range of 85.6 to 100 that is to be labeled as very effective. As of for the farmer’s
power that will supply loads such as lighting loads and batteries for flashlights, were
achieved by designing a hydraulic wheel generator that can control the water current.
generator supplied enough power to charge a battery that can be used for
mechanical efficiency and electrical efficiency of the system. As the value of one
variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases which means that when
volume flow rate of the water also shares a great portion on the efficiency especially
when it comes to the prime mover’s rated speed for it acts as the driving force.
problem about lighting issue. The system can charge a 12V, 100Ah battery for 11hrs
that can sustain 2 days of charging and illumination, thus it proves that the system is
The gears of the water wheel may be adjusted to maximize all the force
supplied by water to produce great number of revolutions, which can increase the
voltage output of the generator. Additional loads are also applicable but the
discharging time of the battery may shorten depending on the amount of loads
connected to it. A boost converter may be used to lower the discharging time of the
battery. The system may also be used with some other kinds of battery such as
lithium ion to see its response. Further study about water wheel types is also
References
Aalco Metals. Stainless Steel St St Introduction. 2017. Copyright: Aalco Metals Ltd,
Bach C. v., 2006, Die Wasserräder (The water wheels, in German), Konrad Wittwer
Verlag,
Behrens, Rudy (2015). Design calculations for overshot water wheels. Retrieved from
http://www.backwoodshome.com/design-calculations-for-overshot-
waterwheels/
Borsci, S., Federici,S., & Lauriola, M. (2009). "On the dimensionality of the System
Denny M. The efficiency of overshot and undershot waterwheels. Eur J Phys, 2004,
25: 193-202
May 4, 2017.
the Asian and Pacific Center for Transfer of Technology, September, 2009
Drew, B., Plummer, A. R., & Sahinkaya, M. N. (2009). A review of wave energy
from http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millbuilder/construction.html
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 28
development/documentation-center/hydrokinetic-power.html
Dissertation for the Master’s Degree. Edinburgh: Heriot Watt University, 2005.
Khaligh, A., & Onar, O. C. (2010). Energy harvesting. Solar, Wind, and Ocean
Energy Conversion Systems, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, ISBN, 978, 1-
4398.
https://www.emachineshop.com/properties-of-plastic/
MathWorks. 2017. Power transmission system with chain and two sprockets.
Retrieved from
https://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/sdl/ref/chaindrive.html?requested
Domain=true
Mishra, Divya. 2014, September 25. How to choose the right inverter & battery for
https://www.mrright.in/ideas/appliances/inverter/how-to-choose-the-right-
inverter-battery-for-your-home/
and deep water. In: Proceedings of 32nd IAHR Congress, 2007. 291–100.
g.muller@qub.ac.uk
wheels. p.451-460.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 29
Okaya Power. 2016, February 8. Reasons behind Damage of Inverter Battery Earlier
damage-of-inverter-battery-earlier-than-expected/
Puomi, P., Ooij, W.J. van. 2007. Environmental and Solubility Issues Related to
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/galvanized-steel
power estimation for a breastshot water wheel. Energy, 2015, 87: 315-325
Serway, Raymond A. (1986). Physics for Scientists and Engineers (2nd ed.).
http://permaculturewest.org.au/ipc6/ch08/shannon/index.html
Southeast Asia’s First Ocean Tidal Power Plant To Be Built In Philippines. Retrieved
from https://philnews.ph/2017/01/26/southeast-asias-first-ocean-tidal-power-
plant-built-philippines/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel#cite_note-PITLtypes-9Stuttgart.
Invention in the United States 1790-1865. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins
https://www.worldenergy.org/data/resources/resource/hydropower/
Zhu, G., Su, Y., Bai, P., Chen, J., Jing, Q., Yang, W., & Wang, Z. L. (2014).
6031-6037.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 31
APPENDICES
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 32
APPENDIX A
Gantt Chart
Inspection of the
Area
Planning and
designing of the
system
Selection of
materials
Construction
Implementation and
Evaluation
Testing
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 33
APPENDIX B
Computations
The researchers used bucket method in determining the volumetric flow rate
Trial 1: 2. 01 s
Trial 2: 1.56 s
Trial 3: 1.67 s
Trial 4: 1. 44 s
Trial 5: 2. 02 s
where: t = time
ℎ𝑝 = 1.2 𝑚 ; 𝑑 = 5 𝑖𝑛
3
−3 𝑚
𝑄 9.1954 × 10 𝑠 = 0.8131 𝑚
𝑉= = 2 2
𝐴 𝜋(0.06) 𝑚 𝑠
𝑚 2
𝑣 2 (0.8131 𝑠 )
ℎ𝑣 = = 𝑚 = 0.0337 𝑚
2𝑔 2(9.81 2 )
𝑠
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 34
V = flow velocity
ℎ𝑣 = velocity head
v = velocity of flow
h = head/height of fall
g = strength of gravity
21 21
𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = = 19.930 𝑟𝑝𝑚
√𝐷 √1.1103
3.2808 𝑓𝑡
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋(0.55515 𝑚) = 3.4881 𝑚 × = 11.444 𝑓𝑡
1𝑚
r = radius
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠 = 12
(1)(1.1103 𝑚) = 2𝑡
1.1103 𝑚
𝑡= = 0.55515 𝑚
2
The turbine wheel’s diameter and thickness are almost 1.1103 m and 0.55515 m,
respectively, with an optimal rotational speed of at least 19.930 rpm. There are 12
The researchers used bucket method in determining the volumetric flow rate of water
Trial 1: 1.97 s
Trial 2: 2.03 s
Trial 3: 2.14 s
Trial 4: 2.10 s
Trial 5: 2.16 s
Trial 6: 2.04 s
Trial 7: 2.01 s
Trial 8: 2.07 s
𝑉 16 𝑙𝑖 𝑙𝑖 1𝑚3 −3
𝑚3
𝑄= = = 7.748 × = 7.748 × 10
𝑡 2.065 𝑠 𝑠 1000 𝑙𝑖 𝑠
ℎ𝑝 = 1.2 𝑚; 𝑑𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 5 𝑖𝑛
5 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡 0.3048 𝑚
𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 = × × = 0.0635 𝑚
2 12 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡
where: t = time
V = volume of bucket
ℎ𝑝 = pressure head
3
−3 𝑚
𝑄 7.748 × 10 𝑠 = 0.6116 𝑚
𝑉= = 2
𝐴 𝜋(0.0635 𝑚) 𝑠
𝑚 2
𝑣 2 (0.6116 𝑠 )
ℎ𝑣 = = 𝑚 = 0.02 𝑚
2𝑔 2(9.81 2 )
𝑠
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 −3
𝑚3
𝑃𝑖𝑛−𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑄 = (1000 ) (9.81 ) (1.22 𝑚) (7.748 × 10 ) = 92.73 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑚3 𝑠2 𝑠
ℎ𝑣 = velocity head
h = head/height of fall
v = velocity of water
g = strength of gravity
𝜌 = density of water
𝑑 3.1416 𝑚 𝑚
𝑉= = = 3.1416
𝑡 1𝑠 𝑠
I = moment of inertia
V = velocity
d = distance
t = time
𝑚
𝑉 3.1416 𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔= = = 6.28
𝑟 0.5 𝑚 𝑠
1 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2
𝐾𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼𝜔2 = (3.74 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2 )(6.28 ) = 73.75 = 73.75 𝐽
2 2 𝑠 𝑠2
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 38
𝐸 𝐾𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 73.75 𝐽
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡−𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = = = = 73.75 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑡 𝑡 1𝑠
E = energy
𝑚3
𝑄 = 7.748 × 10−3
𝑠
−3
𝑚3
𝑉 = 𝑄𝑡 = (7.748 × 10 ) (1 𝑠) = 7.748 × 10−3 𝑚3
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = (1000 ) (7.748 × 10−3 𝑚3 ) = 7.748 𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
V = volume
t = time
m = mass
𝜌 = density of water
𝑚
𝐹 = 𝐹1 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔 = (7.749 𝑘𝑔) (9.81 ) = 76 𝑁
𝑠2
150 𝑚𝑚 50 𝑚𝑚
𝑟1 = 2
= 75 𝑚𝑚 = 0.075 𝑚; 𝑟2 = 2
= 25 𝑚𝑚 = 25 × 10−3 𝑚
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 39
where: F = force
𝑁1 = 60 𝑟𝑝𝑚
52 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
𝑁2 = (𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)(𝑁1 ) = ( ) (60 𝑟𝑝𝑚) = 222.86 𝑟𝑝𝑚
14 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
𝜃𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑝 = 180° − 2𝛼
𝑟1 − 𝑟2
sin ∝ =
𝑥1−2
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 40
𝜋
𝜃𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑝 = 180° − 2(6.24°) = 167.52° × = 2.924 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
180
𝜔 = angular velocity
∝ =angle of separation
𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝜇×𝜃 = 𝑒 0.3865×2.924 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 3.096
𝑇2
𝑇1 5.7 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑇2 = = = 1.841 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
3.096 3.096
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑃𝑖𝑛−𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 = 𝑇𝜔 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝜔 = (5.7 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 − 1.841 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚) (23.34 ) = 90.07 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑠
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 41
APPENDIX C
System Diagram Front View
IRRIGATION
PIPE TANK CHANNEL
WATER PUMP
HYDRAULIC WHEEL
NOTE:
All measurements are in meters.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 42
APPENDIX D
Electrical Plan of the System
LODGE
IRRIGATION
TANK
NOTE:
All measurements are in meters.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 43
LOAD SCHEDULE
RISER DIAGRAM
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 44
APPENDIX E
Initial Design of Hydraulic Turbine Wheel
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 45
APPENDIX F
Survey Questionnaires
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 46
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 47
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 48
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 49
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 50
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 51
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 52
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 53
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 54
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 55
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 56
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 57
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 58
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 59
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 60
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 61
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 62
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 63
Note: Other surveys were written by the proponents for respondents cannot read nor
write
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 64
APPENDIX G
Interview
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 65
APPENDIX H
Site Layout
LODGE
WATER PUMP
IRRIGATION
TANK
IRRIGATION
CANAL
This shows the actual and CAD layout of the chosen site. The chosen site is in the
middle of fields where there is a water pump with an irrigation tank. The water leaves
the pipe as it drops down the tank then flow out in the fields.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 66
APPENDIX I
Communication Letters
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 67
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 68
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 69
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 70
APPENDIX J
Materials and Instruments
Clamp Meter
Generator
This is a permanent magnet type generator. This device does not require a
separate DC supply for the excitation circuit or does have slip rings and contact
brushes. One major advantage is that these machines does not require any
specific work environment and hence can be use in wind and water machines.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 71
Charge Controller
This charge controller is rated 12V/24V. This is used to regulate and monitor the
Multimeter
The digital multimeter is used to measure the voltages coming in and out of the
system.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 72
Inverter
The inverter used is a Bosca SAA-500AF 500 watt, 12V DC to 220V AC.
Water Wheel
APPENDIX K
Time
Power Input (W) Power Output (W)
(30 minutes interval)
APPENDIX L
Time
Power Input (W) Power Output (W)
(30 minutes interval)
11:30 AM 100.57 65
5:00 PM 90.06 80
APPENDIX M
Time
Output Voltage (V) Output Current (A)
(30 minutes interval)
7:30 AM 14 5.8
8:00 AM 13 6.1
11:00 AM 13 6.2
11:30 AM 15 4.3
1:00 PM 14 5.9
2:00 PM 13.64 6
5:00 PM 13.3 6
APPENDIX N
Time
Speed at Gear 1 (RPM) Speed at Gear 2 (RPM)
(30 minutes interval)
7:30 AM 62 230.29
8:00 AM 58 215.43
8:30 AM 66 245.14
9:00 AM 58 215.43
9:30 AM 55 204.29
10:00 AM 65 241.43
10:30 AM 65 241.43
11:00 AM 58 215.43
11:30 AM 67 248.86
12:00 PM 56 208.00
12:30 PM 54 200.57
1:00 PM 63 234.00
1:30 PM 66 245.14
2:00 PM 61 226.57
2:30 PM 54 200.57
3:00 PM 67 248.86
3:30 PM 67 248.86
4:00 PM 67 248.86
4:30 PM 66 245.14
5:00 PM 60 222.86
5:19 PM 58 215.43
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 77
APPENDIX O
7:30 AM 0.007673861
8:00 AM 0.007524985
8:30 AM 0.008215661
9:00 AM 0.007573964
9:30 AM 0.007411697
10:00 AM 0.008096142
10:30 AM 0.008137317
11:00 AM 0.007524985
11:30 AM 0.008306295
12:00 PM 0.007520564
12:30 PM 0.007377522
1:00 PM 0.007748184
1:30 PM 0.008205128
2:00 PM 0.007605466
2:30 PM 0.007377522
3:00 PM 0.00839895
3:30 PM 0.008382449
4:00 PM 0.008393443
4:30 PM 0.008194622
5:00 PM 0.007596439
5:19 PM 0.007524985
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 78
APPENDIX P
APPENDIX Q
1 5 5 5 4 5
2 1 2 1 1 1
3 5 5 5 5 5
4 1 2 2 1 2
5 5 5 5 4 5
6 1 1 2 2 1
7 5 5 5 4 5
8 1 1 1 1 1
9 5 5 5 5 4
10 1 2 2 1 1
APPENDIX R
6:00 PM 14
6:30 PM 14
7:00 PM 13.9
7:30 PM 13.8
8:00 PM 13.8
8:30 PM 13.8
9:00 PM 13.7
9:30 PM 13.6
10:00 PM 13.6
10:30 PM 13.5
11:00 PM 13.5
11:30 PM 13.4
12:00 AM 13.4
12:30 AM 13.3
1:00 AM 13.2
1:30 AM 13.2
2:00 AM 13.2
2:30 AM 13.1
3:00 AM 13
3:30 AM 13
4:00 AM 13
4:30 AM 12.9
5:00 AM 12.9
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 81
5:30 AM 12.8
6:00 AM 12.8
6:30 AM 12.7
7:00 AM 12.7
7:30 AM 12.6
8:00 AM 12.6
8:30 AM 12.5
9:00 AM 12.5
9:30 AM 12.4
10:00 AM 12.4
10:30 AM 12.4
11:00 AM 12.3
11:30 AM 12.3
12:00 PM 12.2
12:30 PM 12.2
1:00 PM 12.1
1:30 PM 12.1
2:00 PM 12
2:30 PM 12
3:00 PM 12
3:30 PM 11.9
4:00 PM 11.8
4:30 PM 11.8
5:00 PM 11.7
5:30 PM 11.6
6:00 PM 11.6
6:30 PM 11.6
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 82
7:00 PM 11.5
7:30 PM 11.5
8:00 PM 11.4
8:30 PM 11.4
9:00 PM 11.3
9:30 PM 11.2
10:00 PM 11.1
10:30 PM 11
11:00 PM 11
11:30 PM 10.9
12:00 AM 10.9
12:30 AM 10.8
1:00 AM 10.7
1:12 AM 10.5
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 83
APPENDIX S
Battery - ₱ 3,100.00
Inverter - ₱ 800.00
Generator - ₱ 7,000.00
Maintenance - ₱ 1,000.00
Total ₱ 20,500.00
Electrical Consumption
(₱ 605.724 x 12 months) ₱ 7,268.69 ₱ 7,268.69 ₱ 7,268.69 ₱ 21,806.064
Benefit
project will benefit. Instead of paying the monthly electrical bill, electrical energy will
be 100% free.
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 84
APPENDIX T
1 0.997 1.000
2 0.950 0.990
3 0.878 0.959
4 0.811 0.917
5 0.754 0.874
6 0.707 0.834
7 0.666 0.798
8 0.632 0.765
9 0.602 0.735
10 0.576 0.708
11 0.553 0.684
12 0.532 0.661
13 0.514 0.641
14 0.497 0.623
15 0.482 0.606
16 0.468 0.590
17 0.458 0.575
18 0.444 0.561
19 0.433 0.549
20 0.423 0.537
21 0.413 0.526
22 0.404 0.515
23 0.396 0.505
24 0.388 0.496
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 85
25 0.381 0.487
26 0.374 0.478
27 0.367 0.470
28 0.361 0.463
29 0.355 0.456
30 0.349 0.449
35 0.325 0.418
40 0.304 0.393
45 0.288 0.372
50 0.273 0.354
60 0.250 0.325
70 0.232 0.302
80 0.217 0.283
90 0.205 0.267
APPENDIX U
APPENDIX V
Progress Report
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 91
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 92
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 93
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 94
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 95
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 96
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 97
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 98
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 99
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 100
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 101
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 102
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 103
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 104
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 105
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 106
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 107
APPENDIX W
Schematic Diagram
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 108
APPENDIX X
Generator Specification
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 109
CURRICULUM
VITAE
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 110
Francisco Kyle A.
District 9, Lot 45, Blk 94, Pandacaqui, Mexico, Pampanga
Email Address: kyle_francisco13@yahoo.com
Contact Number: +639453153112
PERSONAL INFORMATION
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
AFFILIATION
I hereby certify that the foregoing information above is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and ability.
Kyle A. Francisco
Proponent
Hydraulic Wheel Generator 112
PERSONAL INFORMATION
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
AFFILIATION
I hereby certify that the foregoing information above is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and ability.
PERSONAL INFORMATION
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
AFFILIATION
I hereby certify that the foregoing information above is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and ability.