EGD Tutorial Book GTU - Marwadi University

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
B.E. First Year

Engineering Graphics & Design (Tutorial Book)
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Engineering Graphics & design Page 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Marwadi Education Foundation
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Shri/Kum._______________________________________________________
Enrolment No ____________________________ of B.E. First/Second
Semester __________________________ branch has satisfactorily
completed the laboratory work in Engineering Graphics in
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Examiner

Engineering Graphics & DESIGN
(Practical Manual)
INDEX
Grades
Dates /
Sr.
Term Work Sign. Marks
No.
Out 0f
Start End
10
1 Practice Sheet
2 Scale Problems
3 Loci of Points (Only

Sketch book)
4 Engineering Curves
5 Projection of Line
6 Projection of Plane
7 Projection of Solid,
Section of Solid and
development of surfaces
8 Orthographic Projection
9 Isometric Projection
10 Orthographic drawing
using AutoCAD

Drawing Instruments (to purchase)
Sr. No. Name of Instrument Quantity

1 Mini Drafter 01
2 Setsquare (45◦ , 30◦- 60◦) 01 set
3 Lead Pencil (2H grade only for any Engineering Drawing) 01
4 Compass with attached lead pencil 01
5 Circle master (Rectangle shape) 01
6 Drawing clips 04
7 Eraser 01
8 Sheet Container 01
9 Handkerchief 01
10 Stencil 01
11 Sketchbooks (A3 Size) 03
12 Drawing Sheets (A2 Size) (420mm * 594mm) 08
Advisable book to keep along with you
1. Engineering Graphics By R.L.Jhala (Mc Graw Hill)
Other books for reference
1. Engineering Graphics By P. J. Shah

2. Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt
3. Machine Drawing by N. D. Bhatt
4. Engineering Graphics by Arunoday Kumar
5. Engineering Drawing by Dhananjay A. Jolhe
6. Engineering Drawing with an introduction to AutoCAD By S.N.Lal

Drawing Board
Until recently drawing boards used are made of well-seasoned softwood of about 25 mm thick with a
working edge for T-square. Nowadays mini-draughters are used instead of T-squares which can be fixed on
any board. The standard size of board depends on the size of drawing sheet size required.
Mini Drafter
Mini-draughter consists of an angle formed by two arms with scales marked and rigidly hinged to each
other. It combines the functions of T-square, set-squares, scales and protractor. It is used for drawing
horizontal, vertical and inclined lines, parallel and perpendicular lines and for measuring lines and angles.
Pencils
Pencils with leads of different degrees of hardness or grades are available in the market. The hardness or
softness of the lead is indicated by 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B, 3B, etc. The grade HB denotes medium hardness
oflead used for general purpose. The hardness increases as the value of the numeral before the letter H
increases. The lead becomes softer, as the value of the numeral before B increases

BIS : SP : 46 : 2003
Introduction
Engineering drawings are prepared on standard size drawing sheets. The correct shape and size of the object
can be visualised from the understanding of not only its views but also from the various types of lines used,
dimensions, notes, scale etc. For uniformity, the drawings must be drawn as per certain standard practice.
Here we have some of the abstract which deals with the drawing practices as recommended by Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS) SP: 46:2003. These are adapted from what is followed by International Standards
Organisation (ISO).
Drawing Sheet
Drawing Sheets Formats
Lines (IS 10714 (part 20): 2001 and SP 46: 2003) :
Just as in English textbook the correct words are used for making correct sentences; in Engineering
Graphics, the details of various objects are drawn by different types of lines. Each line has a defmite
meaning and sense toconvey. IS 10714 (Pint 20): 2001 (General principles of presentation on technical
drawings) and SP 46:2003 Specify the following types of lines and their applications:
• Visible Outlines, Visible .Edges : (Continuous wide lines) The lines drawn to represent the visible
outlines/ visible edges / surface boundary lines of objects should be outstanding in appearance.
• Dimension Lines: (Continuous narrow Lines) Dimension Lines are drawn to mark dimension.
• Extension Lines: (Continuous narrow Lines) There are extended slightly beyond the respective dimension
lines.
 Construction Lines: (Continuous narrow Lines) Construction Lines are drawn for constructing drawings
and should not be erased after completion of the drawing.
• Hatching / Section Lines: (Continuous Narrow Lines) Hatching Lines are drawn for the sectioned portion
of an object. These are drawn inclined at an angle of 45° to the axis or to the main outline of the section.
 Hidden edges / Hidden outlines of objects are shown by dashed lines of short dashes of equal lengths of
about 3 mm, spaced at equal distances of about 1 mm. the points of intersection of these lines with the
outlines / another hidden line should be clearly shown.

• Center Lines: (Long-Dashed Dotted Narrow Lines) Center Lines are drawn at the center of the drawings
symmetrical about an axis or both the axes. These are extended by a short distance beyond the outline of
the drawing.
• Cutting Plane Lines: Cutting Plane Line is drawn to show the location of a cutting plane. It is long-dashed
dotted narrow line, made wide at the ends, bends and change of direction. The direction of viewing is
shown by means of arrows resting on the cutting plane line.
• Border Lines : Border Lines are continuous wide lines of minimum thickness 0.7 mm
“BIS STANDARD”
Note: Letter height for title= 8 mm, for detail= 5mm
SECTION 5 SCALES
[BASED ON IS 10713: 1983/1SO 5455: 1979]
CATEGORY RECOMMENDED SCALES
ENLARGEMENT 50:1 20:1 10:1
SCALES 5:1 2:1
FULL SIZE 1:1
1:2 1: 5 1:10
REDUCTION 1: 20 1:50 1:100
SCALES 1: 200 1:500 1:1000
1: 2000 1: 5000 1:10000
NOTE - IN EXCEPTIONAL CASES WHERE FOR FUNCTIONAL REASONS

THE RECOMMENDED SCALES CANNOT BE APPLIED, INTERMEDIATE
SCALES MAY BE CHOSEN.

TYPES OF LINE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
No. LINE DESCRIPTION & REPRESENTATION APPLICATION
CONTINUOUS THICK LINE VISIBLE OUTLINES
1
CONTINUOUS THIN LINE DIMENSION LINES

LEADER LINES
EXTENSION LINES
2 CONSTRUCTION LINES
OUTLINES OF ADJACENT PARTS
HATCHING LINE
REVOLVED SECTIONS
CONTINUOUS THIN WAVY IRRREGULAR BOUNDARY LINES
3
SHORT BREAK LINES
SHORT DASHES MEDIUM HIDDEN OUTLINES AND EDGES

4
LONG CHAIN THIN CENTRE LINES

LOCUS LINES
PITCH CIRCLES
5 EXTREME POSITIONS OF MOVEABLE
PARTS
PARTS SITUATED IN FRONT OF CUTTING
PLANES
LONG CHAIN THICK AT ENDS AND THIN ELSE WHERE CUTTING PLANE LINES
6
LONG CHAIN THICK TO INDICATE SURFACES WHICH ARE TO

7 RECEIVE ADDITIONAL TREATMENT
CONTINUOUS THIN WITH ZIG-ZAGS LONG BREAK LINES

8
Note: Letter height for title= 8 mm, for detail= 5mm

DIMENSIONNING:
Consider the following points while dimensioning
 All dimensions necessary to define an object or component must be clearly marked on the drawing.
 Each feature of the object shall be dimensioned only once on a drawing.
 Dimensions are placed on the view that the corresponding features are shown more clearly.
 Each drawing shall use the same unit (for example mm) for all dimensions.
 Dimension lines are placed in such a way that they do not cross each other.
 Dimension lines are placed outside the drawing except in special cases where marking inside the
drawing is readable.
1. Aligned method
The dimension figures are placed so that they are readable from the bottom and right side of the drawing.
EXAMPLE :
Dimension of length using aligned method.

In this method of dimensioning, the text should be
placed aligning to the dimension line, satisfying the
following conditions:
The dimension values should be:
1. Placed parrel to the dimension line.
2. Placed above the dimension line.
3.EXAMPLE : the dimension line.

Not touching
4.Dimension
Placed atofthe
angle using
middle of aligned method.line
the dimension
as far as possible.
5. Placed in such a way that it can be read

either from the bottom or right hand side of
the drawing.
6. Placed as indicated in figure.

2. Unidirectional method
The dimension figures are placed so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing.
EXAMPLE :
Dimension of length using unidirectional method.
In this method of dimensioning, the text should be

placed vertical, satisfying the following conditions:
The dimensional values should be:
1. Placed above the horizontal dimension lines

and at the middle as far as possible, without
interrupting the dimension line.
2. Placed art the middle by interrupting the

dimension line, for non-horizontal (vertical
and inclined) dimension lines.
3. Placed in such a way that it can be read

from the bottom side.
4. Placed as shown on figure for angular

dimensioning.
EXAMPLE :
Dimension of angle using unidirectional method.

To draw in sketch book:

1. To make 12 equal parts of circle. Take Radius=40mm
Method 1:
Step 1: Draw the given circle with centre ‘O’ and radius ‘R40’.
Step 2: Draw two diameters A3-A9 and A6-A12 perpendicular to each other. With centre as A12 radius ‘R40’, draw arcs intersecting the given circle at points A2
and A10.
Step 3: With centre A3 and same radius draw arcs intersecting the circle at points A1 and A5 Similarly obtain points A4 and A8 with centre as A6 and obtain points
A11 and A7 with centre A9.
Step 4: Points A1, A2,……. A12 divide the circle into 12 equal parts.

Method 2:
Step 1: Draw the given circle with centre ‘O’ and radius ‘R40’. Adjust a 300- 600 touching the working edge PQ of T-square, making 300
angle and hypotenuse passing through ‘O’ to get points 6 and 12. Similarly obtain points 2 and 8.
Step 2: Arrange the set square touching the lowered working edge P`Q` of the T-square making angle 600 and hypotenuse passing
thorugh ‘O’ to get points 3 and 9.
Step 3: Points 1, 2, 3,….. 12 divide the given circle into 12 equal parts.

2. To make 08 equal parts of circle. Take Radius=40mm
Method 1:
Step 1: Draw the given circle with centre ‘C’ and radius ‘R40’.
Step 2: Draw two diameters 0-4 and 2-6 perpendicular to each other.
Step 3: Keep radius constant and make 0 as centre and make arc outside the circle (on right hand side). Now make 2 as centre and make arc outside circle which
intersects the arc made by 0 at any point.
Step 4: Similarly follow above step to make arc through all other three quadrants and you will obtain points 1, 3, 5, 7 by joining the arc.
Method 2:
Step 1: Draw the given circle with centre ‘C’ and radius ‘R40’.
Step 2: Draw two diameters 0-4 and 2-6 perpendicular to each other.
Step 3: Draw the given circle with centre ‘O’ and radius ‘R40’. Adjust a 450 angle on T-square and let its hypotenuse pass through centre. Draw a line through
centre which acts as diameter cutting circle at points 3 and 7.
Step 4: Arrange the set square touching the lowered working of the T-square making angle 450 and hypotenuse passing through ‘O’ to get points 1 and 5.
3. To make 9 equal parts of line. Length of line = 112 mm
A line AB has a length 112 mm. Divide it graphically into 9 equal parts.
Step 1: Draw a horizontal line AB= 112 mm.

Step 2: Draw another thin line AC at any inclination (about 200 to AB) as shown in figure. Using a divider mark off 9 equal dividions (one dividions
length= 1/9 of AB approximately) on AC. Join 9 and B, and draw parallel lines to the line 9-B from points 1,2, 3,… etc., to get the points 1`, 2`,
3`,… etc., on AB. Use mini drafter to draw the parallel lines.
Step 3: Points 1`, 2`, 3`,…. Etc. divide the line AB into 9 equal parts.

4. Perpendicular Bisector of a line AB. 5. Bisect an arc AB
Step 1: Draw the given line AB of 50 mm. Step 1: Draw the given arc AB.
Step 2: With A as centre and radius equal to more than half Step 2: With ‘A’ as centre and radius equal to more than
the length of AB, draw arcs on either side of AB. With ‘B’ half the length of AB, draw arcs on either side of AB. With
as centre and same radius, draw arcs on either side of AB to ‘B’ as centre and same radius, draw arcs on either side of
intersect previous arc at ‘P’ and ‘Q’. AB to intersect previous arc at ‘P’ and ‘Q’.
Step 3: Join ‘P’ and ‘Q’ which is intersecting AB at ‘C’. Step 3: Join ‘P’ and ‘Q’ which is intersecting AB at ‘C’.
Point ‘C’ bisects the line AB and line PQ is perpendicular to Point ‘C’ bisects the arc AB.
AB. Hence line PQ is the perpendicular bisector of line AB.

6. Bisect an angle
Step 1: Draw the given angle ABC.
Step 2: With B as centre and any convenient radius draw an

arc DE. With ‘E’ as centre and any radius draw an arc. With
‘D’ as centre and same radius draw another arc to intersect
the previous arc at ‘O’.
Step 3: Join B and ‘O’ which is the angle bisector of angle

ABC

Definition of Polygon: In geometry a polygon is traditionally
a plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line
segments closing in a loop to form a closed chain or circuit.
7. To draw polygons using protractor. Length of side = 50mm

8. To draw polygons for given length of one side. Take length of side = 50 mm.
To construct a regular figure of given side length and of N sides on a straight line.
1. Draw the given straight line AB.

2. At B erect a perpendicular BC equal in length to AB.
3. Join AC and where it cuts the perpendicular bisector of AB, number the point 4.
4. Complete the square ABED of which AC is the diagonal.
5. With radius AB and centre B describe arc AC as shown.
6. Where this arc cuts the vertical centre line numbers the point 6.
7. This is the centre of a circle inside which a hexagon of side AB can now be drawn.
8. Bisect the distance 4-6 on the vertical centre line.
9. Mark this bisection 5. This is the centre in which a regular pentagon of side AB can now
be drawn.
10. On the vertical centre line step off from point 6 a distance equal in length to the distance
5-6. This is the centre of a circle in which a regular heptagon of side AB can now be drawn.
11. If further distances 5-6 are now stepped off along the vertical centre line and are
numbered consecutively, each will be the centre of a circle in which a regular polygon can be
inscribed with sice of length AB and with a number of sides denoted by the number against
the centre.

8.1 Inscribe Circle Method
Step 1: Draw the Line AB=40 mm . With A as a centre and radius equal to AB draw a semi circle
Named BP.
Step 2: Make 5 Equal part of circle with the help of Divider. And provide name od division as
point….1,2,3,4,5.
Step 3 : Draw perpendicular bisection OF AB and A2 intersecting each other at “O”. Now with
“O” as centre and radius equal to OA draw a circle.
Step : 4 Now starting with “ B ’ and radius equal to AB mark point on the circle named as C,D,
and 2. Join the lines BC,CD and 2A to complete the pentagon.

8.2 Semi Circle Method
Named BP.
Step 2 : Draw an arc with ‘B’ as centre and radius equal to AB, intersecting the line A4 extended
at ‘C’ . Similarly with ‘C’. Similarly with ‘C’ as centre and same radius, draw an arc intersecting
the line A4 – extended at ‘C’ . Similarly , locate the point ‘ D’
Step: 3 Join the line BC,CD,D2 to complete the Pentagon.

8.2 Special Method: 3 Circle Method
Step 1: Draw the Line AB=40 mm .
Step 2 : With ‘A’ as centre and Radius AB draw the Circle 1.
Step 3 : With ‘B’ as centre and same radius draw the circle 2.
Step 4 : Circle 1 and 2 are intersecting each other at points ‘P’ and ‘Q’
Step 5 : With ‘P’ as centre and same radius draw an arc to intersect circle 1 and 2 at R and S
respectively.
Step 6 : Join PQ to intersect arc RS as T.
Step 7 : join R-T and extend it to intersect circle 2 at point ‘C’.
Step 8 : Join S-T and extend it to intersect circle 1 at point E,
Step : 9 With ‘C’ and ‘E’ as centre and same radius, draw arcs intersecting each other at point ‘D’
Join BC, CD, DE, and EA to complete the regular pentagon.

9. To construct a regular polygon (say a hexagon) given the side AB – alternate method.
Construction
Named BP.
Step 2 : Draw an arc with ‘B’ as centre and radius equal to AB, intersecting the line A5 extended
at ‘C’ . Similarly with ‘c’. Similarly with ‘C’ as centre and same radius, draw an arc intersecting
the line
9.1 A4 – extended
To construct at ‘D’a.hexagon
a regular Similarly: ,With
locateHelp
the point ‘ E’
of Compass
Step: 3 Join the line BC,CD,DE, E2 to complete the Hexagon.

9.1 To construct a regular a hexagon : With Help of Compass
Step 1: Draw a Circle with radius equal to length of the side of the hexagon
Step 2 : Draw one of the diameter and name it as AD. Now With ‘A’ as Centre as same radius
drawn an arc to intersect the circle at point ‘B’ and ‘F’.
Step 3 : Similarly With ‘D’ as centre same radius drawn an arc to intersect the circle at point ‘C’
and ‘E’.
Step 4 : join AB,BC,CD,EF and FA to complete the regular hexagon.

Sheet - 1 Practice Sheet (To draw in Sketch Book and Sheet)
1. Draw All polygon from Pentagon to Octagon of Edge Length 40 mm.
2. Prepare Table of Types of Lines with all notations.
3. Draw Title Block.
4. Explain Dimensioning Methods with Suitable Example.
5. Bisect Line, Arc, Angle.
6. 12 & 8 Equal parts of a Circle.

Introduction to Loci of Points
The word 'Loci' is plural of the word 'Locus'. Locus of a point is path traced out by the point
while moving in a plane or space according to agiven law.
Draw the Loci of Point of Point
This problem is only for Practice in sketch book and this is the part of Bridge Course please dont
cover more problem form chapter Loci of Points.
In a slider crank chain OBA as shown in Figure the crank OB is 350 mm long and the
connecting rod BA is 1050 mm long. Plot the loci of point P where point P is on the
connecting rod 350 mm from B.

To draw in Sketch Book only
1. Find the locus of a point P, moving in a plane, keeping its distances equal from two
fixed circles. Here the two fixed circles are (O1, 50) and (O2, 30). Take distances
between O1 and O2 as 110 mm.
2. OBA is a simple slider crank chain. OB is a crank of 30 mm length. BA is a

connecting rod of 90 mm length. Slider A is sliding on a straight path passing through
point O. Draw the locus of the mid-point of the connecting rod AB for one complete
revolution of the crank OB.
3. O1 ABO2 is a four bar chain with the link O1O2 as the fixed link. Driving crank O1A is
30 mm long. Driven crank O2B is also 30 mm long. Connecting link AB is 90 mm
long. Distance between O1 and O2 is 90 mm. two cranks are rotating in opposite
directions.draw the loci of points P and R for one complete revolution of the driving
crank. The point P is the mid point of the connecting link AB and the point R is 35
mm from A on BA extended.
4. The crank O1A is 35 mm long and rotates about the point O1 in the clockwise
direction. The link AB is connected to the crank by turning pair at the point A. the
link AB glides/slides over a fixed cylinder for which the circle (O2,25). O1O2 = 100
mm, AB = 140 mm, AC = 15 mm ; BC = 155 mm. draw the loci of the points B and C
for one revolution of the crank.

SCALE
Reducing and Enlarging Scales
Objects which are very big in size can not be represented in drawing to full size. In such
cases the object is represented in reduced size by making use of reducing scales. Reducing
scales are used to represent objects such as large machine parts, buildings, town plans etc. A
reducing scale, say 1: 10 means that 10 units length on the object is represented by 1 unit
length on the drawing. Similarly, for drawing small objects such as watch parts, instrument
components etc., use of full scale may not be useful to represent the object clearly. In those
cases enlarging scales are used. An enlarging scale, say 10: 1 means one unit length on the
object is represented by 10 units on the drawing.
The designation of a scale consists of the word. SCALE, followed by the indication of its
ratio as follows. (Standard scales are shown in Fig. 3.1)
Scale 1: 1 for full size scale

Scale 1: x for reducing scales (x = 10,20 ...... etc.,)
Scale x: 1 for enlarging scales.
Representative Fraction
The ratio of the dimension of the object shown on the drawing to its actual size is called the
Representative Fraction (RF).
Its actual size

F or example, if an actual length of3 metres of an object is represented by a line of 15mm
length
on the drawing
If the desired scale is not available in the set of scales it may be constructed and then used.
Metric Measurements
10 millimetres (mm) = 1 centimetre( cm)
10 centimetres (cm) = 1 decimetre(dm)
10 decimetre (dm) = 1 metre(m)
10 metres (m) = 1 decametre (dam)
10 decametre (dam) = 1 hectometre (bm)
10 hectometres (bm) = 1 kilometre (km)
1 hectare = 10,000 m2

Types of Scales
The types of scales normally used are:
1. Plain scales.
2. Diagonal Scales.
3.vernier Scale
4.scale of chord
Plain Scales
A plain scale is simply a line which is divided into a suitable number of equal parts, the fIrst
of which is further sub-divided into small parts. It is used to represent either two units or a
unit and its fraction such as km and bm, m and dm, cm and mm etc.
Diagonal Scales .
Plain scales are used to read lengths in two units such as metres and decimetres, centimetres
and millimetres etc., or to read to the accuracy correct to first decimal. Diagonal scales are
used to represent either three units of measurements such as metres, decimetres, centimetres
or to read to the accuracy correct to two decimals. Principle of Diagonal Scale (Fig 3.6)
1. Draw a line AB and errect a perperrdicular at B.

2. Mark 10 equi-distant points (1,2,3, etc) of any suitable length along this perpendicular and
mark C.
3. Complete the rectangle ABCD
4. Draw the diagonal BD.
5. Draw horizontals through the division points to meet BD at l' , 2' , 3' etc. Considering the
similar triangles say BCD and B44'

Thus, the lines 1-1',2 - 2', 3 - 3' etc., measure O.lCD, 0.2CD, 0.3CD etc. respectively. Thus,
CD is divided into 1110 the divisions by the diagonal BD, i.e., each horizontal line is a
multiple of 1110 CD. This principle is used in the construction of diagonal scales.
Note: B C must be divided into the same number of parts as there are units of the third
dimension in one unit of the secondary division.
Problem 2 : on a plan, a line of 22 em long represents a distance of 440 metres. Draw a

diagonal scale for the plan to read upto a single metre. Measure and mark a distance of 187
m on the scale.

Sheet 2 - Scale Problems (To draw in Sketch Book and any 3
problems in Sheet)
1. Construct a scale 1:50 to read upto 7 meters and decimeters. show on it a distance of
5.9 meters.
2. Construct the plain scale of R.F. 1:50 to show metres and decimeters and long enough
to measure the length of 4 metres and 9 decimeters. Mark on the scalefollowing
distances 1) 2.5 metres 2) 4 metres and 2 decimeters.
3. The length of the Khandala tunnel on the Mumbai-Pune expressway is 330m. On the
road map, it is shown by a 16.5 cm long line. Construct a scale to show meter and to
measure up to 500m. Shows the length of a 289 meter long on the expressway.
4. Construct a diagonal scale of RF = ½ to show millimetere and centi-metere to

measure upto 35 centimetre. show on the scale a distance of 23.6 centimetre.
5. Draw scale of 1:60 to show meters and decimeters and long enough to measure up to
6 meters. Show 3.4 m & 5.9 m on it.
6. Construct a diagonal scale of representative fraction = (1/36) showing yard, foot and
inch. Scale should be long enough to measure 5 yard.. Measure 3 yard, 2 foot, and 9
inch.

Sheet 3 - Engineering Curves Problems (To draw in Sketch Book
and any 4 problems in Sheet)
1. Draw an ellipse having major axis 120 mm and minor axis 80 mm by using half
ellipse by rectangle method and other half by concentric circle method.
2. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls along a straight line without slipping. Draw the
curve traced out by point P on the periphery of the circle. Take the initial position of
the point at the bottom on the vertical center line of the circle. Name the curve and
also draw the normal and the tangent to the curve at suitable point on curve.
3. A string is kept tight while unwinding it from a pentagonal prism which is resting
withits base on HP. If 125mm long string can be unwound in one turn, name the path
tracedby the end point of the string.
4. Construct the involute of a hexagon of side 20 mm. Draw the tangent and normal to
the involute at any point.
5. Draw the inferior epitrochoid generated by the moving point P which is 25 mm from
the Centre of the rolling circle. Take the rolling circle radius as 30 mm and the
directing circle radius as 90 mm. The rolling circle rolls for one rotation without
slippage. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point on the curve.
6. Draw an Archemedian spiral of 1.5 convolutions, the greatest and least radii being125
mm and 35 mm respectively. Draw tangent and normal to the spiral at any point on
the curve.

Sheet 4 - Projection of Line Problems (To draw in Sketch Book
1. A line AB 90 mm long is inclined at 30º to the HP. Its end A is 12 mm above the HP
and 20 mm in front of VP. Its front view measures 65 mm. Draw the top view of AB
and state its length. Determine the inclination of top view and line AB with VP.
2. A line AB measures 80 mm in top view and 70 mm in front view. The midpoint M of

the line is 45 mm in front of VP and 35 mm above HP. The end A is 10 mm infront of
VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its true length and inclination with HP
and VP.
3. A line AB is 80 mm ling. It is inclined at an angle of 45º to the Horizontal Plane and

30º to the Vertical Plane. The end A is 20 mm above Horizontal Plane and in front of
Vertical Plane. Draw the projections of the line and also write Elevation Length and
Plan length of the line.
4. A line CD has its end C is 15 mm above HP and 10 mm in front of VP. The endD is
60 mm above HP. The distance between the end projectors is 50 mm. The line is
inclined to HP by 25 º. Draw the projections and find its inclination withVP and true
length of line CD.
5. The front view of a line AB, 90mm long, measures 65 mm. Front view is inclined to
XY line by 45°. Point A is 20 mm below H.P. and on V.P. Point B is in third
quadrant. Draw the projections and find inclinations of line with H.P. and V.P.
6. The distance between end projectors of the straight line KL is 48 mm. The end K is 20
mm below H.P and 25 mm behind V.P. The end L is 12 mm above H.P. and 40 mm
infront of V.P. Draw the projections and finds the true length of the line.
7. A straight AB has its end A 10 mm above HP and end B 50 mm in front of the V.P.
0 0
Draw the projections of line AB, if it is inclined to H.P. by 30 and to V.P. by 45 and
it is 50 mm long.

Sheet 5 - Projection Of Plane Problems (To draw in Sketch Book
1. A regular pentagonal plate is resting in V.P. on one of its sides with surface making
an angle 45o with V.P. The side on which it rests on V.P. makes 60o with H.P. Draw
the projections of pentagonal plate having the side 30 mm.
2. A thin 30º-60º set square has its longest edge is 80 mm in the VP and inclined at 45ºto
the HP. Its surface makes an angle of 60º with the VP. Draw its projections.
3. A semi-circular thin plate of 60 mm diameter rests on the Horizontal Plane on its

diameter, which is inclined at 45o to the Vertical Plane and the surface is inclined at
30o to the Horizontal plane. Draw the projections of the plate.
4. A rhombus is having its diagonals 100 mm and 50 mm long. Draw the projections of
the rhombus when the longer diagonal is inclined at 30o to the Horizontal Plane and
30o to Vertical Plane.
5. A circular plane having the diameter 75 mm is resting with point A of its periphery on
HP. The surface of the plane is inclined to HP such that the plan of the plane becomes
an ellipse with minor axis 30 mm. Draw the projection of the plane when the plan of
the diameter through point A is inclined at 30º to VP and the Centre of the plane is 50
mm from VP. Find the inclination of the plane with HP.
6. A regular hexagonal lamina (Plate) 50 mm side is resting on one of its corner in HP

(OR is resting on HP such that two of its edges parallel to VP). The diagonal through
the corner is inclined at 400 to HP and (A) Plan of that diagonal inclined to VP by 300
deg and (B) Diagonal is inclined at 300 to VP.

Sheet 6 - Projection Of Solid, Section of Solid Problems &
Development of Surfaces (To draw in Sketch Book and any 5
problems in Sheet)
1. A hexagonal pyramid, side of the base 25 mm long and height 70 mm resting on HP

on its side, has one of its triangular faces perpendicular to the HP and inclined at 60º
to VP. Draw its projections.
2. A pentagonal pyramid of 35 mm base edge and 70 mm height is resting on the

Horizontal Plane with one of its triangular surfaces perpendicular to the Horizontal
Plane and parallel and nearer to Vertical Plane. Draw its projections.
3. A cube of 50 mm long edges has its vertical faces equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to VP so that the true shape of the section is a regular
hexagon. Determine the inclination of the cutting plane with the HP and draw the
sectional top view and true shape of the section.
4. A square prism, base 45 mm side and axis 70 mm long has its base in H.P. and all
edges of the base are equally inclined to V.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular
to V.P. and inclined at 45o to the H.P. such that it bisects the axis. Draw its sectional
top view, sectional side view and the true shape of the section.
5. A tetrahedron of 70 mm long edges is lying on Horizontal Plane on one of its faces

with an edge of that face perpendicular to the Vertical Plane. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to both the reference plane in such a way that the true shape of
section is an isosceles triangle of 45 mm height. Draw elevation, plan and side view
when smaller cut piece of the object is assumed to be removed.
6. Draw the development of lateral surfaces of the cylinder. Taking diameter of cylinder
30 mm and height 40 mm. it is cut by an AIP at an angle of 45 o from HP and it passes
from the middle of axis.
7. A right circular cone with diameter of the base 50 mm and height 65 mm rests on its
base in HP. A sectional plane parallel to HP and vertical to VP cuts the cone axis at 30
mm from the top. An equilateral triangular hole of 15 mm is cut on the front view of
the cone. Hole is 12 mm below sectional plane. Draw the lateral surfaces of the cone.

Projection Symbol
First angle system Third angle system

Difference between first- and third-angle projections :
Either first angle projection or third angle projection are used for engineering drawing. Second
angle projection and fourth angle projections are not used since the drawing becomes complicated.
Symbol of projection
The type of projection obtained should be indicated symbolically in the space provided for
the purpose in the title box of the drawing sheet. The symbol recommended by BIS is to draw
the two sides of a frustum of a cone placed with its axis horizontal The left view is drawn.

Practice Problem To draw in Sketch Book

Practice Problem of Orthographics
( Draw all Problem in Sketchbook)

Sheet 7 -Orthographic Problems ( Draw any 2 Orthographic
Problems + 1 Sectional Orthographics Problem in sheet & draw
all problems in Sketch Book)
1. Draw the following orthographic views using First angle projection method. Use
the Aligned System of dimensioning. (i) Front View from the direction X (ii) Top
View (iii) Left Hand Side View
2. Draw the following orthographic views using First angle projection method.
(i) Front View from the direction X
(ii) Top View
(iii) Left Hand Side View.

3. Draw the following orthographic views using the First angle projection method. (i)
Front View from the direction X (ii) Top View (iii) Right Hand Side View
4. Draw (1) F.V. (2) Plan (3) L.H.S.V. by using Third angle projection method and
align method of dimensioning.

5. Draw (1) F.V. (2) T.V. (3) R.H.S.V.
6. Draw (1) F.V. (2) T.V. (3) R.H.S.V.

7. DRAW (1) ELEVATION (2) PLAN (3) LHSV by first angle projection method
8. Figure shows an object. Draw sectional front view along section P-Q looking in the
direction of arrow X, top view and sectional left hand side view along section R-S
uses first angle projection method.

9. DRAW (1) ELEVATION (2) PLAN (3) LHSV by third angle projection method.
the Aligned System of dimensioning. (i) Front View from the direction X (ii) Top
View (iii) Right Hand Side View.

the Aligned System of dimensioning. (i) Sectional Front View from the direction X
(ii) Top View (iii) Left Hand Side View
the Aligned System of dimensioning. (i) Sectional Front View from the direction X
(ii) Top View (iii) Left Hand Side View

Isometric Projection Practice Problem:
( Draw all Problem Sketchbook)

Sheet 8 - Isometric Projection Problems ( Draw any 1 Isometric
Projection Problem + 2 Isometric View/Drawing Problems in
sheet and draw all problems in Sketch Book)
1. Draw the Isometric Projection using isometric scale.
2. Draw the Isometric View.




MCQ with Answer
Question A B C D Answer
long-dashed long-dashed
Hidden lines are drawn dashed narrow dashed wide dotted wide double dotted
as lines lines line wide line A
In engineering system of
paper sizes, the size of 841 mm * 1189 594 mm * 841 420 mm * 594 210 mm * 297
“A2” is? mm mm mm mm C
Parallel lines can be
drawn by which Pair of Set
instruments Mini Drafter T-Square Square All of above D
To draw smooth curves
of any nature drafting
instruments used are Mini Drafter French Curve Eraser Shield All of above B
The length and height of
closed filled arrow head
is One:Three Three : One Two : One One : Two B
Two recommended Unidirectional
system of dimensioning and Aligned Upright and Linear and Linear and
are system Inclined system Oblique system Inclined system A
If a line intersects a circle
at two points and is not
passing through center
then the line is called Radial line Chord Segment Sequent B
The diameter
of circle is The radius of The diameter The radius of
If an octagon is equal to the circle is equal of circle is circle is equal
circumscribed in circle across-the- to the across- equal to the to the across-
which of following corners the-flats across-the-flats the-corners
statement is true? measurements. measurements. measurements. measurements. C
The included angel of
pentagon is 68 72 108 112 C
A circle will appear on an
isometric drawing as a Ellipse Cycloid Circle Parabola a
When an object is cut by
a section plane parallel
to H.P and perpendicular
to V.P, then the True
shape of the object is left hand side right hand side
obtained in top view front view view view A
Which angle cannot be
made with either a 45 or
30/60 triangle or a
combination of the two? 90 70 30 15 B

This type of section
is not in direct projection
from the view containing Revolved Removed Broken out
the cutting plane: section section section Full section B
There are no
top views in 1st
The top view of The top view of Angle
an object is an object is The top view of Projection,
Using 1st Angle drawn on the drawn on the an object is only bottom
Projection, where on a left hand side right hand side drawn on the views are
drawing sheet is the top of a drawing of a drawing bottom of a shown on a
view of an object drawn? sheet. sheet. drawing sheet. drawing sheet C
For drawing components
of wrist watch which
type of scale is used: Reducing scale Full scale Enlarging scale Any of these C
The R.F. of scale is equal
to Greater than 1 Equal to 1 Lesser than 1 Any of these D
Cubic
The unit of R.F is Millimetres Centimetre Centimetre None of these D
When measurements are
required in three
consecutive units then Comparative
the scale used is Plain scale Diagonal scale Isometric scale scale B
Name the curve traced
by point moving in plane
such that the difference
between its distances
from two fixed points is
constant: Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola Any of these C
A right circular cone cut
by a plane parallel to its
generator the curve
obtained is a Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola Circle B
Name the curve which
has zero eccentricity Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola Circle D
A right circular cone cut
by a plane passing
through is apex the curve
obtained is a Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola Triangle D
Distance of
Length of point of ellipse
major axis/ Distance from the
distance between foci / focus/ Distance
The eccentricity of between Length of of same point
ellipse can be given by directrices major axis to directrices All of these D
The angle of asymptotes
of rectangular hyperbola 30 45 60 90 D
is
The curve traced by a
point on circumference
of circle, which rolls
outside another circle of
same diameter Cycloid Hypocycloid Epicycloid None of these C
Which of following
methods are not used
for drawing elliptical Intersection of Concentric Oblong Tangent
curves? arcs method circle method method method D
Involute curve is used in Chains Gears Cams Pulleys B
When a circle rolls inside
another circle of twice of
its diameter, the curve
traced by a point on the
circumference of rolling
circle will be Straight line Epicycloid Hypocycloid None of these A
The curve traced by a
point on circumference
of circle, which rolls
outside another circle of
larger diameter Epicycloid Involute Spiral None of these A
In orthographic
projection the, elevation
obtained on plane is
called Horizontal Vertical Profile Auxiliary B
In first angle projection
system the right hand
side view of the object is Above Below Left of Right of
drawn elevation elevation elevation elevation C
The recommended
symbol for indicating
orthographic projection
shows two views of the Square Triangular
frustum of a pyramid pyramid Cone All of above C
For orthographic
projections, B.I.S.
recommends the First Angle Second Angle Third Angle Fourth Angle
following Projection Projection Projection Projection A
The line joining front and
top views of a point is
called Reference line Projector Connector Locus B
If both front view and
top view of point lie on
same side of reference
line then the point may Second or
be situated in following First or Second First or Third Fourth Third or Fourth C
angles
If both front view and
top view of point lie on
opposite side of
reference line then the
point may be situated in Second or
following angles First or Second First or Third Fourth Third or Fourth B
In the top view of point
is situated at 60 mm
below reference line and
its front view is 20 mm
above top view, then
point lies in First angle Second angle Third angle Fourth angle D
State the position of
point the front view of it
lies on the reference line 40 mm above 40 mm below 40 mm behind 40 mm in front
and the top view is 40 HP and in the HP and in the VP and in the of VP and in
mm above it VP VP HP the HP B
State the position of
point the front view of it
lies on the reference line 30 mm above 30 mm below 30 mm behind 30 mm in front
and the front view is 30 HP and in the HP and in the VP and in the of VP and in
mm below it VP VP HP the HP C
If the line is parallel to Both in front
both VP and HP, its true view and top
length is seen in Front view Top view Side view view D
Parallel to Inclined to Perpendicular
Horizontal trace of line horizontal horizontal to vertical Perpendicular
exists when the line is plane plane plane to profile plane B
If both the front view
and top view of line are
perpendicular to the
reference line, the true
inclination of line with
HP and VP may be 15 degree and 30 degree and
respectively 75 degree 60 degree Both 45 degree Any of these D
For a line situated at first HT lies below HT lies above
angle which one is not HT and VT may XY and VT lies HT and VT may XY and VT lies
correct lie below XY above XY lie above XY below XY D
The point at which the
line intersects VP,
extended if necessary is Horizontal
known as Profile Trace Trace Vertical trace Auxiliary trace C
Planes which are inclined
to both vertical and
horizontal planes are Auxiliary
called Oblique planes Profile planes planes None of these A
If both the principle
views of a plane object
are ellipse of same size,
the side view will be Horizontal line Vertical line Inclined line Ellipse B
The front view of
elliptical plane may be Ellipse Circle Straight line Any of these D
If a thin set square is
kept perpendicular to
both horizontal and
vertical planes, its true Horizontal
shape is seen in plane Vertical plane Auxiliary plane Profile plane D
If a circular plane is 30
degree inclined to HP
and 60 degree to VP its
side view will be Ellipse Straight line Circle True shape B
Among the following
solids, a regular Square
polyhedron is Square prism pyramid Cube Sphere C
A cube is resting on HP
with a solid diagonal
perpendicular to it. The Irregular Regular
top view will appear as Square Rectangle hexagon hexagon D
A square pyramid is
resting on a face in the
VP. The number of
dotted lines will appear
in front view One Two Three Four B
A solid having minimum Triangular Square
number of faces is Tetrahedron prism pyramid Cube A
A tetrahedron is resting
on its face on HP with a
side perpendicular to VP. Equilateral Isosceles Scalene Right angled
Its front view will be triangle triangle triangle triangle B
A cone is cut by section
plane parallel to its
profile plane. Its true
shape of section is seen
in Front view Top view Side view Auxiliary view C
A triangular prism is
resting on rectangular
face on HP. It is cut by a
horizontal plane. Its Equilateral Isosceles
section view is: triangle triangle Rectangle None of these C
A cone is resting on its
base on HP is cut by a
section plane parallel to
VP has its sectional front Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola Semicircle C
view
The angle isometric lines
make with each other is 45 60 90 120 D
In comparison to
isometric projection, the
appearance of isometric
view is Larger Smaller Same size None of these A
A sphere in isometric Equal to 0.816 times Less than 0.816 Greater than
projection appears as a diameter of the diameter times diameter diameter of
circle of diameter sphere of sphere of sphere sphere A

AutoCAD
Command Practice
All AutoCAD commands can be typed in at the command line. Many commands also have
one or two letter aliases that can also be typed as shortcuts to the commands.
1. Type the desired command at the command prompt.
Command: LINE
or
2. Type the command’s alias.
Command: L
3. Press ENTER.
4. Type an option at the command prompt.
Reissuing the Last Command
The last used AutoCAD command can be re-entered by one of the following three methods
of ENTER. The ENTER key on the keyboard will always act as ENTER, the SPACEBAR and
RIGHT MOUSE will act as enter most of the time (exceptions include placing TEXT).
1. Press the ENTER key on the keyboard
or
2. Press the Space bar on the keyboard.
or
3. Click the right mouse button.

Line Command
Creates single straight line segments
1. Choose Draw, Line.
or
2. Click the Line icon.
or
3. Type LINE from the command prompt Command: LINE or L
4. Press ENTER
5. Pick from point: (point)
6. Pick Specify next point or [Close/Undo]:(point)
7. Pick Specify next point or [Close/Undo]:(point)
8. Press ENTER to end line sequence
or
9. Type U to undo the last segment
To point: U (undo)
or
10. Type C to create a closed polygon
To point: C (close)
You can continue the previous line or arc by responding to the from point: prompt with a
space or ENTER.
Choose the right mouse button for the line pop-up menu to appear while in the line
command.

Practice Objects

Circle Command
1. Choose Draw, Circle.
or
2. Click the Circle icon.
or
3. Type CIRCLE at the command prompt. Command: CIRCLE
4. Type One of the following options:
3P/2P/TTR/<<center point>>:
or
5. Pick A center point.
6. Type A radius or diameter.
or
7. Pick A radius or diameter
Diameter/<<radius>>:
To create circles that are the same size, press ENTER when asked for the circle radius.
When selecting a circle with a pick box, be sure to select the circumference of the circle.

Practice Objects

Arc Command
1. Choose Draw, Arc.
or
2. Click the Arc icon.
or
3. Type ARC at the command prompt
Command: ARC
4. Draw One of the arcs.
Except for 3 point arcs, arcs are drawn in a COUNTERCLOCKWISE direction.

Practice Objects

Erasing Objects
1. Choose Modify, Erase.
or
2. Click the Erase icon.
or
3. Type ERASE at the command prompt.
Command : ERASE or E
4. Pick Object at the select object prompt.
Select objects: (pick object)
5. Press ENTER when you are done choosing objects.
Select objects: ENTER
OOPS
Reinserts the last erased set of objects or block even if it was not the last command issued.
Otherwise Oops acts like UNDO.
1. Type OOPS at the command prompt to reinsert erased objects
Command: OOPS

ZOOM
Increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current viewport
1. Choose View, Zoom.
or
2. Click a Zoom icon.
or
3. Type ZOOM at the command prompt.
Command: Zoom or Z
4. Type One of the following zoom options:
While in the ZOOM command, click with the right mouse button to see the menu to the
right.
PAN
Shifts the location of a view.
1. Choose View, Pan.
or
2. Click the Pan icon.
or
3. Type PAN from the command prompt.
Command: PAN or P
Redraw and Regen
Redraw refreshes the current view.
1. Type Redraw at the command prompt
Command: Redraw or R

REGEN regenerates the entire drawing and recomputes the screen coordinates for all
objects. It also re-indexes the drawing database for optimum display and object selection
performance.
1. Type REGEN at the command prompt.
Command: REGEN or RE
Move Command
1. Choose Modify, Move.
or
2. Click the Move icon.
or
3. Type MOVE at the command prompt
Command: MOVE or M
4. Pick Objects to move
Select objects: (select)
5. Pick A point to move from
Base point or displacement: (pick point)
6. Pick A point to move to
Second point of displacement:(pick point)
Copy Command
1. Choose Modify,Copy.
or
2. Click the Copy icon.
or
3. Type COPY at the command prompt. Command: COPY or CP
4. Pick Objects to copy.
5. Pick A point to move from.

Base point or displacement/Multiple: (pick point).
6. Pick A point to copy to.
Second point of displacement: (pick point)
or
7. Type A point to copy to.
Second point of displacement: @ 1<0
Offset Command
Offset Distance
To offset a specified distance:
1. Choose Modify, Offset.
or
2. Choose the Offset icon.
or
3. Type OFFSET at the command prompt. Command: OFFSET or O
4. Type The distance to offset.
Offset distance or <Through point>: (number)
5. Pick The object to offset.
Select object to offset: (select object)
6. Pick A side to offset object to. Side to offset: (pick side)
7. Pick Another object to offset
Select object to offset: (pick side)
or
8. Press Enter to end the command.

Offset Through Point
1. Type OFFSET at the command prompt
Command: OFFSET
2. Type T to specify a through point
Offset distance or <Through point>: (T)
3. Pick A point to offset through (HINT: use object snaps) Select object to offset:
(pick) Through point: (select object)
EXTEND
1. Choose Modify,Extend.
or
2. Click the Extend icon.

or
3. Type EXTEND at the command prompt
Command: EXTEND
Select boundary edge(s)...
4. PickThe BOUNDARY edge to extend to
5. Press ENTER to accept the boundary edge
Select objects: (press enter)
6. PickThe objects to extend
<Select object to extend> / Project / Edge / Undo: Select an object, enter an option, or press
enter : (select)
7. Press ENTER when you are done choosing objects
TRIM
1. Choose Modify, Trim.
or
2. Click the Trim icon.
3. Type TRIM at the command prompt
Command: TRIM
Select cutting edge(s)...

4. Pick The CUTTING edge to extend to
5. Press ENTER to accept the cutting edge
Select objects: (press enter)
6. Pick Objects to trim
<Select object to trim> / Project / Edge / Undo: Select an object, enter an option, or press
enter
7. Press ENTER when you are done choosing objects
Select object to trim/Undo:(presenter)
MIRROR
1. Choose Modify, Mirror.
or
2. Click the Mirror icon.
or
3. Type MIRROR at the command prompt. Command: MIRROR
4. Pick Objects to mirror. Select objects:(select)
5. Pick First point of mirror line: (point)
6. Pick Second point: (point)
7. Type Yes to delete the original objects and No to keep them.

Delete old objects? Y or N
ROTATE
1. Choose Modify, Rotate.
or
2. Click the Modify icon.
or
3. Type ROTATE at the command prompt
Command: ROTATE
4. PickObjects to rotate: Select objects:(select)
5. PickA pivot point to rotate around
Base point: (point)
6. Type A rotation angle<Rotation angle>/Reference:
(Number)
or
7. Pick A rotation angle<Rotation angle>/Reference: (point)

SCALE
1. Choose Modify,Scale.
or
2. Click the Scale icon.
or
3. Type SCALE at the command prompt
Command: SCALE
Select objects: (select objects)
4. Pick A pivot point to scale about Base point: (point)
5. Type A rotation angle<Scale factor>/Reference:(number)
or
6. Pick A scale factor<Scale factor>/Reference:
(point)
Scale factor/Reference:(points)

Break
Type BREAK at the command prompt. Command: BREAK
Text Command
Type TEXT at the command prompt Command: TEXT
Linear Dimensions
Type DIM at the command prompt. Command: DIM
Aligned Dimensions
Dim: ALIGNED
Radial Dimensions
Dim: RADIUS or DIAMETER

Command List

Toggle General Features
Ctrl+E Toggle coordinate display
Ctrl+G Toggle Grid
Ctrl+E Cycle isometric planes
Ctrl+F Toggle running object snaps
Ctrl+H Toggle Pick Style
Ctrl+Shift+H Toggle Hide pallets
Ctrl+I Toggle Coords
Ctrl+Shift+I Toggle Infer Constraints
Manage Screen
Ctrl+0 (zero) Clean Screen
Ctrl+1 Property Palette
Ctrl+2 Design Center Palette
Ctrl+3 Tool Palette
Ctrl+4 Sheet Set Palette
Ctrl+6 DBConnect Manager
Ctrl+7 Markup Set Manager Palette
Ctrl+8 Quick Calc
Ctrl+9 Command Line
Manage Drawings
Ctrl+N New Drawing
Ctrl+S Save drawing
Ctrl+O Open drawing
Ctrl+P Plot dialog box
Ctrl+Tab Switch to next
Ctrl+Shift+Tab Switch to previous drawing

Ctrl+Page Up Switch to previous tab in current drawing
Ctrl+Page Down Switch to next tab in current drawing
Ctrl+Q Exit
Ctrl+A Select all objects
Toggle Drawing Modes
F1 Display Help
F2 Toggle text screen
F3 Toggle object snap mode
F4 Toggle 3DOsnap
F5 Toggle Isoplane
F6 Toggle Dynamic UCS
F7 Toggle grid mode
F8 Toggle ortho mode
F9 Toggle snap mode
F10 Toggle polar mode
F11 Toggle object snap tracking
F12 Toggle dynamic input mode
Manage Workflow
Ctrl+C Copy object
Ctrl+X Cut object
Ctrl+V Paste object
Ctrl+Shift+C Copy to clipboard with base point
Ctrl+Shift+V Paste data as block
Ctrl+Z Undo last action
Ctrl+Y Redo last action
Ctrl+[ Cancel current command (or ctrl+\)

ESC Cancel current command
Q QSAVE / Saves the current drawing.
A ARC / Creates an arc.
Z ZOOM / Increases or decreases the magnification of the view in the current

viewport.
W WBLOCK / Writes objects or a block to a new drawing file.
S STRETCH / Stretches objects crossed by a selection window or polygon.
X EXPLODE / Breaks a compound object into its component objects.
E ERASE / Removes objects from a drawing.
D DIMSTYLE / Creates and modifies dimension styles.
C CIRCLE / Creates a circle.
R REDRAW / Refreshes the display in the current viewport.
F FILLET / Rounds and fillets the edges of objects.
V VIEW / Saves and restores named views, camera views, layout views, and preset
views.
T MTEXT / Creates a multiline text object.
G GROUP / Creates and manages saved sets of objects called groups.
B BLOCK / Creates a block definition from selected objects.
H HATCH / Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern, solid fill, or
gradient fill.
J JOIN / Joins similar objects to form a single, unbroken object.
M MOVE / Moves objects a specified distance in a specified direction.
I INSERT / Inserts a block or drawing into the current drawing.
O OFFSET / Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves.
L LINE / Creates straight line segments.
P PAN / Adds a parameter with grips to a dynamic block definition.


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MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

B.E. First Year

This is to certify that

Date of Submission: _______________

Engineering Graphics & design Page 2

3 Loci of Points (Only

Engineering Graphics & design Page 3

Sr. No. Name of Instrument Quantity

Advisable book to keep along with you

1. Engineering Graphics By R.L.Jhala (Mc Graw Hill)

Other books for reference

1. Engineering Graphics By P. J. Shah

Engineering Graphics & design Page 4

Engineering Graphics & design Page 5

Drawing Sheets Formats

Lines (IS 10714 (part 20): 2001 and SP 46: 2003) :

Engineering Graphics & design Page 6

Note: Letter height for title= 8 mm, for detail= 5mm

NOTE - IN EXCEPTIONAL CASES WHERE FOR FUNCTIONAL REASONS

Engineering Graphics & design Page 7

CONTINUOUS THIN LINE DIMENSION LINES

SHORT DASHES MEDIUM HIDDEN OUTLINES AND EDGES

LONG CHAIN THIN CENTRE LINES

LONG CHAIN THICK TO INDICATE SURFACES WHICH ARE TO

CONTINUOUS THIN WITH ZIG-ZAGS LONG BREAK LINES

Note: Letter height for title= 8 mm, for detail= 5mm

Engineering Graphics & design Page 8

Consider the following points while dimensioning

 Each feature of the object shall be dimensioned only once on a drawing.

Dimension of length using aligned method.

The dimension values should be:

1. Placed parrel to the dimension line.

2. Placed above the dimension line.

3.EXAMPLE : the dimension line.

5. Placed in such a way that it can be read

6. Placed as indicated in figure.

Engineering Graphics & design Page 9

Dimension of length using unidirectional method.

In this method of dimensioning, the text should be

The dimensional values should be:

1. Placed above the horizontal dimension lines

2. Placed art the middle by interrupting the

3. Placed in such a way that it can be read

4. Placed as shown on figure for angular

Dimension of angle using unidirectional method.

Engineering Graphics & design Page 10

Engineering Graphics & design Page 11

Engineering Graphics & design Page 12

Engineering Graphics & design Page 13

3. To make 9 equal parts of line. Length of line = 112 mm

Step 1: Draw a horizontal line AB= 112 mm.

Engineering Graphics & design Page 15

Engineering Graphics & design Page 16

Step 1: Draw the given angle ABC.

Step 2: With B as centre and any convenient radius draw an

Step 3: Join B and ‘O’ which is the angle bisector of angle

Engineering Graphics & design Page 17

7. To draw polygons using protractor. Length of side = 50mm

Engineering Graphics & design Page 18

1. Draw the given straight line AB.

Engineering Graphics & design Page 19

Engineering Graphics & design Page 20

Step: 3 Join the line BC,CD,D2 to complete the Pentagon.