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• Conflicting objectives
• Multi-objective optimisation
• Reaching a compromise
Heavy
• Solution: a viable choice,
meeting constraints, but not
necessarily optimum by either
criterion. A Dominated
Metric 1: mass m
solution
• Dominated solution: one that
is unambiguously non-optimal B Non-dominated
(as A: some other solution is solution
better by both metrics)
3. Use intuition
• Select a solution on the
trade-off surface
• “Solutions” on or near the surface offer the best compromise between mass and cost
• Choose from among these; the choice depends on how highly you value a light
bicycle, -- a question of relative values
• But not a true optimisation -- cost has been treated as a constraint, not an objective.
z Find best material for a stiff casing of minimum thickness and weight
z The thinnest may not be the lightest – need to explore the trade-off
m ρ E0 3
1
t m
• Explore the trade-off between and
t0 m0
Multiple Constraints and Objectives 13
The trade-off plot
Elastomers
Trade-off
10
surface
Lead
ABS, m/mo
Cu-alloys
PTFE
Ni-alloys
Ionomer Additional
relative totoABS
Mg-alloys
CFRP
GFRP .
Polymer foams
0.1
0.1 1 10
Thickness relative to ABS
Thickness relative to ABS, t/to
z Finding a compromise: CFRP, Al and Mg alloys all offer reduction in mass and thickness
Multiple Constraints and Objectives 14
Postscript
z The four sectors of a trade-off plot for substitution
B. Thinner Elastomers
Trade-off D. Worse by
10
but heavier
surface both metrics
to ABS, m/mo
Lead
Cu-alloys
PTFE
Ni-alloys
Ionomer
relative to ABS
Steels ABS
PE
PC
Ti-alloys
relative
1 PMMA
Al-alloys PP
Al-SiC Composite Polyester
Mass Mass
Nylon
Mg-alloys
CFRP
GFRP .
C.foams
Polymer Lighter
A. Better by
but thicker
0.1
both metrics
0.1 1 10
Thickness relative to ABS
Thickness relative to ABS, t/to
1
2GPa
3
x − axis :
E
• Minimise mass L
Objectives
• Minimise cost
R = radius
• Dimensions L, R, pressure p, given L = length
Constraints • Must not corrode in water or oil ρ = density
p = pressure
• Working temperature -50 to +100°C t = wall thickness
• Safety: must not fail by yielding
• Adequate toughness: K1c > 15 MPa.m1/2
Objective 1
(
m = 2πR L t + 4πR2t ρ ) Pressure p 2R
2R
L
= 2πR L t1 +
L
Aspect ratio Q R = radius
pR σy L = length
Constraint σ= < ρ = density
t S p = pressure
Eliminate t to give: t = wall thickness
σy= yield strength
2 ρ S = safety factor
Metric 1 m = 2 πR L(1 + Q) p S Q = aspect ratio 2R/L
σ y
Objective 2 C = Cm m
2 Cm ρ
Metric 2 C = 2 πR L(1+ Q) p S
σ
y
Multiple Constraints and Objectives 19
Relative mass and cost
z This is another problem of substitution. The tank is currently made of a
plain carbon steel.
z The mass m and cost C of a tank made from an alternative material M,
differs (for the same strength) from one made of Mo by the factors:
m ρ σ y 0 C Cm ρ σ y 0
= ⋅ = ⋅
m0 σ y ρ 0
C0 σ y C m 0 ρ 0
m C
z Explore the trade-off between and
m0 C0
10
Copper alloys
Med. C steel
Stainless steel
High C steel Nickel alloys
Titanium alloys
GFRP
Al/SiC Composite
CFRP
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Cost Relative to Annealed 1020 Steel
z The lightest solutions are GFRP, CRRP and Titanium alloys, but at
a cost penalty -- is it worth it? Define a relative value function:
V E1m − C
V =*
=
C0 C0
E1 m0 m C
if E =
*
1 then V = E *
− *
1
C0 m0 C0
m0 C0
m C
10
m0 C0 Med. C steel
Stainless steel
High C steel
scales. 0.1
Al alloys Mg alloys
0.1 1 10
Cost Relative to Annealed 1020 Steel
m0 C0
10
Med. C steel
Stainless steel
$1000/kg is typical of High C steel
high-performance 1
aircraft applications.
applications. 0.1
Titanium alloys
Al-SiC Composite