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Where epitalon's antiageing power is proven by science!
• Home
• Epitalon and cancer
• As nootropic
• As anti-ageing
• For Pineal gland
ANTI AGEING
• Compare Epitalons
• Scientific References
• Resveratrol
• L-Carnosine
Epitalon’s primary role is to increase the natural production of telomerase, a natural enzyme that
helps cells reproduce telomeres, which are the protective parts of our DNA. This allows the replication of our
DNA so the body can grow new cells and rejuvenate old ones.
Younger people produce a relatively large amount of telomerase and longer telomeres. The longer the telomere
strands are, the better cell health and replication they provide. However, as people age, the production of
telomerase falls and consequently cell replication and health decline. This is the main reason that people age.
Numerous studies have shown the importance of telomerase production and telomere rejuvenation in fighting
the symptoms of aging. In one such study conducted on 913 pairs of twins, the twin with stronger telomerase
production looked younger and had better health than his/her twin counterpart. In another study of 38 people
who were 100 years or older, the healthiest participants had the strongest and longest telomeres.
As epitalon has been shown to increase the production of telomerase which in turn strengthens and lengthens
telomeres, this means that epitalon can play a vital role in decreasing the aging process and thus extending
human longevity.
This breakthrough discovery in understanding telomerase production shows that epitalon is the only known
substance to increase telomerase production and telomere strand length, which are primary factors in fighting
aging.
References
1. Anisimov, V.N., Khavinson, V.K. (2009). The use of peptide bioregulators for cancer prevention: results
of 35 years of research experience and perspectives. Voprosy Onkologii [Russia]. 55(3):291-304.
2. Bartsch, C. & Bartsch, H. (2000). Pineal gland and cancer – An epigenetic approach to the control of
malignancy: Evaluation of the role of melatonin. Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin
(TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6233/
3. Christensen, K., Thinggaarda, M., McGue, M., Rexbye, H., Hjelmborg, J.B., Aviv, A., … Vaupel, J.W.
(2009). Perceived age as clinically useful biomarker of ageing: cohort study. Bio Medical Journal
(online). 339:b5262. Retrieved from: http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/339/bmj.b5262.full.pdf
4. Dilman, V. M., Dean, W., Fowkes, S. W., & Dilman, V. M. (1992). The neuroendocrine theory of aging
and degenerative disease. Pensacola, FL: Center for Bio-Gerontology.
5. Khavinson., V.K. (2002). Peptides and ageing. Neuroendocrinology Letters [ special issue]. p. 144.
6. Khavinson, V.K., Bondarev, E., Butyugov, A.A. (2003). Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity
and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bulleting of Experimental Builogy and Medicine.
135(6): 590-592. Retrieved from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1025493705728
7. Khavinson, V.K., & Morozov, V. (2003). Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life.
Neuroendocrinology Letters. 24:233-240.
8. Korkushko, O.V., Khavinson, V.K., Shatilo, V.B., Magdich, L.V. (2004). Effect of peptide preparation
epithalamin on circadian rhythm on epiphyseal melatonin-producing function in elderly people. Bulletin
of Experimental Biology and Medicine [Russia]. 137(4): 127-146.
9. Kossoy, G., Anisimov, V.N., Ben-Hur, H., Kossoy, N., Zusman, I. (2006). Effect of the synthetic pineal
peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis in femal C3H/He mice. In Vivo. 20(2):253-257.
10.Labunets., I.F., Butenko, G.M., Magdich, L.V., Korkushko, O.V., Khavinson, V.K., Shatilo, V.B. (2004).
Effect of epithalamin on circadian relationship between the endocrine function of the thymus and
melatonin-producing function of the pineal gland in elderly people. Bulletin of Experimental and
Biological Medicine [Russia]. 137(5):617-619.
11.Terry, D.F., Nolan, V.G., Andersen, S.L., Perls, T.T., Cawthon, R. (2008). Association of longer
telomeres with better health in centenarians. The Journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological and
Medical Sciences. 63(8): 809-812.
12.Vanhee, C., Moens, G., Van Hoeck, E., Deconinck, E., De Beer, J.O. (2014). Identification of the small
research tetra peptide epitalon, assumed to be a potential treatment for cancer, old age and retinitis
pigmentosa in two illegal pharmaceutical preparations. Drug Testing & Analysis. 7(3):259-264. doi:
10.1002/dta.1771
Vinogradova, I.A., Bukalev, A.V., Zabezhinski, M.A., Semenchenko, A.V., Khavinson, V.K., Anisimov, V.N.
(2007). Effect of Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly peptide on life span and development of spontaneous tumors in female rats
exposed to different illumination regimes. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 144(6):825-830.
Epitalon and cancer
Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell growth. Users of epitalon have discovered that it has beneficial effects
on controlling this disharmonious condition. Lets try to see how that happens.
Epitalon is the synthetic version of the peptide Epithalamin which is produced naturally from the pineal gland
and regulates the endocrine system and melatonin production.
There has been a lot of scientific research made and still is being made on the use of epitalon
against cancer. It was found that epitalon has inhibitory effects on the development and growth of tumors with
studies done on mammary tumors, colon carcinogenesis, prostate cancer just to name a few.
Tumors exposed to epitalon have been shown to shrink in size. Treatment with epitalon stopped the metastases
of tumors in mice and it has oncostatic properties, halting the spread of cancer.
“Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and is a leading cause of mortality in women. It has been
shown that treatment with the pineal indole hormone melatonin inhibits the development of mammary gland
tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
Clinical use of Epithalamin was shown to be effective for the treatment of ovarian disturbances and of some
types of cancer, breast cancer included” [1]
One of the main benefits of using epitalon is the increase of telomerase and from there come the anti aging
benefits. With cell division telomere length shortens and when they become too short it triggers an alarm signal
and the cell will either stop dividing and die or will continue the multiplication by becoming abnormal and
potentially dangerous (for example leading to cancer).
n short, cells with abnormally short telomeres can become cancerous and telomere extension ought to prevent
cancer.
One of the benefits of epitalon besides his anti-aging properties is the stimulation in
production of melatonin from the pineal gland. It boosts the immune system and can slow the rate of
development of cancer cells.
This hormone can do more then help with sleep it has been shown to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy
and contribute to the patient’s well being and also eliminate cancer cells.
According to a study published in Journal of the Danish Medical Association the survival rate of patients who
used melatonin doubled over the course of one year. The researchers behind the study are saying there are good
reasons to continue research in the use of melatonin as a standard treatment against cancer. Unfortunately
pharmaceutical interests do not allow more detailed studies to support the existing mechanisms of healing the
body.
“The role of the modulation of the pineal gland function in development of breast cancer is discussed in this
review. An inhibition of the pineal function with pinealectomy or with the exposure to the constant light regimen
stimulates mammary carcinogenesis, whereas the light deprivation inhibits the carcinogenesis.
Epidemiological observations on increased risk of breast cancer in night shift workers, flight attendants, radio
and telegraph operators and on decreased risk in blind women are in accordance with the results of
experiments in rodents.
Treatment with pineal indole hormone melatonin inhibits mammary carcinogenesis in pinealectomized rats, in
animals kept at the standard light/dark regimen (LD) or at the constant illumination (LL) regimen.
Pineal peptide preparation Epithalamin and synthetic tetrapeptide Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) are potent
inhibitors of mammary carcinogenesis in rodents and might be useful in the prevention of breast cancer in
women at risk.” [2]
More information on light and cancer can also be found in the book Great Sleep! Reduced Cancer!: A
Scientific Approach to Great Sleep and Reduced Cancer Risk by Richard L. Hansler [8]
As you can see there are many research data indicating that melatonin plays an important role in fighting
cancer, and epitalon improves the secretion of melatonin directly in the body by its function as a bioregulator
and pineal gland decalsifier.
Epitalon-Science.com
Where epitalon's antiageing power is proven by science!
• Home
• Epitalon and cancer
• As nootropic
• As anti-ageing
• For Pineal gland
ANTI AGEING
• Compare Epitalons
• Scientific References
• Resveratrol
• L-Carnosine
Epitalon as nootropic
Nootropics are substances that improve cognitive function by producing positive effects on mental
performance. They are also called brain boosters or cognitive enhancers.
The term was coined by a Romanian psychologist and chemist Corneliu E. Giurgea from the greek words νους
nous, or “mind”, and τρέπειν trepein meaning to turn.
Epitalon itself is not registered as a nootropic, but has similar effects, produced by more natural
mechanisms, than classical nootropic substances.
Epitalon is a synthetic peptide based on epithalamin which is produced in the pineal gland that has the function
of regulating the circadian rhythm and melatonin production. Both of this contribute to a better quality sleep
that brings better productivity, concentration and cognitive functions to the person.
The evidence is that many people who use epitalon reported that they experienced improved mood, mental
clarity and better concentration same as with other nootropics.
There are scientific studies and specialized publications about melatonin showing beneficial
effects on brain and sleep, but few have investigated the repercussion of introducing large amounts of synthetic
melatonin in the body that might have side effects.
The preferred way to take advantage of the benefits of melatonin is to increase the natural production by using
stimulants of endogenous melatonin secretion such as epitalon.
“This hormone (melatonin) has been proven to play the key role in biologic rhythm control and exert diverse
effects upon the functioning of the endocrine, nervous and immune systems. Reduced melatonin production is
considered to entail age-related neurodegenerative changes and certain diseases . Introduction of melatonin
produces a geroprotective influence. However, this could in some cases provoke considerable side effects,
such as neoplastic growth etc. These circumstances necessitate the search for effective stimulants of
endogenous melatonin secretion. Epithalamin and Epitalon – physiologically active preparations of the
pineal gland appear to be among the most promising medications of their kind.” [2]
Both epitalon and melatonin have been shown to contribute to the optimization of the brain cognitive function
by protracted memory and also mnemotropic properties (decreasing the extent of memory disorders). [4]
Nootropics are used more often by students in academically competitive environments as they
are trying to improve performance, concentration and memory.
Recent studies have shown that over 30% of students took a smart drug and the rate is increasing as more
people go with this new trend.
Adding epitalon to your stack of nootropics, in this age range, is ideal because besides improving the mental
capacities of the brain it also prevents telomerase shortening ahead of time thus delaying aging.
Calvin Harley talks in TEDMED about the role of telomeres in longevity and mentions that one factor that
contributes to telomerases shortening or loss is stress, that is very common in students. So besides the increase
in brain health epitalon also stops brain cell aging. [3]
Epitalon-Science.com
Where epitalon's antiageing power is proven by science!
• Home
• Epitalon and cancer
• As nootropic
• As anti-ageing
• For Pineal gland
ANTI AGEING
• Compare Epitalons
• Scientific References
• Resveratrol
• L-Carnosine
Epitalon, An Anti-Aging Serum Proven to Work
Epitalon – What is it and how does it work?
Epitalon (a.k.a. epithalon or epithalone) is a synthetically-derived tetrapeptide, meaning that it consists of four
amino acid chains. It was discovered by the Russian scientist Professor Vladimir Khavinson, who then
conducted epitalon-related research for the next 35 years in both animal and human clinical trials. The results
were astounding. For the first time ever, human clinical trials proved beyond doubt that a substance consisted of
powerful life extension and anti-aging properties.
Epitalon’s primary role is to increase the natural production of telomerase, a natural enzyme that
helps cells reproduce telomeres, which are the protective parts of our DNA. This allows the replication of our
DNA so the body can grow new cells and rejuvenate old ones.
Younger people produce a relatively large amount of telomerase and longer telomeres. The longer the telomere
strands are, the better cell health and replication they provide. However, as people age, the production of
telomerase falls and consequently cell replication and health decline. This is the main reason that people age.
Numerous studies have shown the importance of telomerase production and telomere rejuvenation in fighting
the symptoms of aging. In one such study conducted on 913 pairs of twins, the twin with stronger telomerase
production looked younger and had better health than his/her twin counterpart. In another study of 38 people
who were 100 years or older, the healthiest participants had the strongest and longest telomeres.
As epitalon has been shown to increase the production of telomerase which in turn strengthens and lengthens
telomeres, this means that epitalon can play a vital role in decreasing the aging process and thus extending
human longevity.
This breakthrough discovery in understanding telomerase production shows that epitalon is the only known
substance to increase telomerase production and telomere strand length, which are primary factors in fighting
aging.
References
1. Anisimov, V.N., Khavinson, V.K. (2009). The use of peptide bioregulators for cancer prevention: results
of 35 years of research experience and perspectives. Voprosy Onkologii [Russia]. 55(3):291-304.
2. Bartsch, C. & Bartsch, H. (2000). Pineal gland and cancer – An epigenetic approach to the control of
malignancy: Evaluation of the role of melatonin. Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin
(TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6233/
3. Christensen, K., Thinggaarda, M., McGue, M., Rexbye, H., Hjelmborg, J.B., Aviv, A., … Vaupel, J.W.
(2009). Perceived age as clinically useful biomarker of ageing: cohort study. Bio Medical Journal
(online). 339:b5262. Retrieved from: http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/339/bmj.b5262.full.pdf
4. Dilman, V. M., Dean, W., Fowkes, S. W., & Dilman, V. M. (1992). The neuroendocrine theory of aging
and degenerative disease. Pensacola, FL: Center for Bio-Gerontology.
5. Khavinson., V.K. (2002). Peptides and ageing. Neuroendocrinology Letters [ special issue]. p. 144.
6. Khavinson, V.K., Bondarev, E., Butyugov, A.A. (2003). Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity
and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bulleting of Experimental Builogy and Medicine.
135(6): 590-592. Retrieved from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1025493705728
7. Khavinson, V.K., & Morozov, V. (2003). Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life.
Neuroendocrinology Letters. 24:233-240.
8. Korkushko, O.V., Khavinson, V.K., Shatilo, V.B., Magdich, L.V. (2004). Effect of peptide preparation
epithalamin on circadian rhythm on epiphyseal melatonin-producing function in elderly people. Bulletin
of Experimental Biology and Medicine [Russia]. 137(4): 127-146.
9. Kossoy, G., Anisimov, V.N., Ben-Hur, H., Kossoy, N., Zusman, I. (2006). Effect of the synthetic pineal
peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis in femal C3H/He mice. In Vivo. 20(2):253-257.
10.Labunets., I.F., Butenko, G.M., Magdich, L.V., Korkushko, O.V., Khavinson, V.K., Shatilo, V.B. (2004).
Effect of epithalamin on circadian relationship between the endocrine function of the thymus and
melatonin-producing function of the pineal gland in elderly people. Bulletin of Experimental and
Biological Medicine [Russia]. 137(5):617-619.
11.Terry, D.F., Nolan, V.G., Andersen, S.L., Perls, T.T., Cawthon, R. (2008). Association of longer
telomeres with better health in centenarians. The Journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological and
Medical Sciences. 63(8): 809-812.
12.Vanhee, C., Moens, G., Van Hoeck, E., Deconinck, E., De Beer, J.O. (2014). Identification of the small
research tetra peptide epitalon, assumed to be a potential treatment for cancer, old age and retinitis
pigmentosa in two illegal pharmaceutical preparations. Drug Testing & Analysis. 7(3):259-264. doi:
10.1002/dta.1771
Vinogradova, I.A., Bukalev, A.V., Zabezhinski, M.A., Semenchenko, A.V., Khavinson, V.K., Anisimov, V.N.
(2007). Effect of Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly peptide on life span and development of spontaneous tumors in female rats
exposed to different illumination regimes. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 144(6):825-830.
Epitalon-Science.com
Where epitalon's antiageing power is proven by science!
• Home
• Epitalon and cancer
• As nootropic
• As anti-ageing
• For Pineal gland
ANTI AGEING
• Compare Epitalons
• Scientific References
• Resveratrol
• L-Carnosine
Compare Epitalons
There are several types of administration based on what you can find on the market. You can find epitalon in
powder form that needs preparation and then it is injected or taken sub lingual as drops or in the form of gastro
protective capsules that are taken orally probably the most convenient way.
Most of the epitalon you can find online it is in lyophilized powder form that needs careful preparation and
storage before you can use it so it does not get contaminated, but you can also find it in capsule form. If you do
not use the reconstituted solution faster then 10-14 days stored in fridge you will have to add some alcohol to it
to preserved it but that might alter its content to some extent.
Best absorbed if of course by intravenous injection but that is cumbersome and not really for everyday use,
because you have to take care to sanitise everything so you do not bring pathogens in your bloodstream. Next
best thing will be in gatro protective capsuled as it passes the digestive juices and it is absorbed in the
intestines. Also the capsules contain the peptides in more pure form as it is less processed in the freezing and
reconstituting process. There are also the sub lingual drops but some of the peptides are lost as they are
damaged by the saliva.
What does lyophilized powder mean ?
Lyophilization is a processing method used in pharmaceutical and biotechnology for storing perishable
materials and be easier to transport and also offer bigger shelf life. It is also known as the freeze-drying, a
process that consists in the conversion of water from a frozen state directly into a gaseous state without passing
through the liquid state.
You can see a demonstration of how to reconstitute peptides in powder form here :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luAHgt3bDJk
After you have reconstitute it you can take it only by injection form otherwise if taken in oral form it should be
taken in a gastro protective capsule as the peptides are broken in the stomach.
We have taken a look at the main online suppliers of epitalon and reviewed their offers and products.
Biotrends HK Co., LTD a company based in Hong Kong they provide full company information.
They sell epitalon in gastroprotective capsule so no need to bother with storage, preparation or
injecting it yourself (if you hate needles). It also comes packed other antioxidants and health maintaining
peptides : L-Carnosine, Lycopene and Resveratrol for a better synergy effect.
One bottle 60 pills and a total of 60mg Epithalamine, 9000mg L-Carnosine, 1440mg L-Carnosine, 7500mg
Resveratrol and costs 149.95$. They recommend a daily dosage of 2 pills so one bottle is enough for one
month.
They also added the Pure A.E.D.G. in sealed vial (powder form >98% purity) at a very good price of 169$ /
100mg . They pack it in 50mg vials so you open less quantity at once and you can store it for longer periods of
time.
They offer shipping methods starting with free shipping up to FED-EX or DHL depending on the destination
and payment methods : Paypal, western union or wire transfer.
You can read more information and testimonials on http://epitalon.net or buy it from here`
Ceretropic is a nootropics supplier based in Phoenix, AZ..
Besides this, they have no other information on the company that manufactures the peptides they sell.
They have a large variety of nootropics and peptides.
There is no information on the form but the image shows a vial and it says it requires bacteriostatic water for
reconstituting the peptides so it must be powder.
You will also require a syringe to transfer the water to the peptides and need to store it in fridge all the time
don’t drop it or shake it to hard.
One vial contains 100 ml and cost 119$ plus shipping and you also have to buy bacteriostatic water. They only
take as payment options Bitcoin or Offshore Visa/Mastercard (China).
http://www.ceretropic.com/epitalon/
BioLuma Research was one of the first lab to produce it and sell epitalon online since 2013.
They sell it in 50mg vials of freez-dried powder with more then 98% purity. The product was
marketed as Pure-Epitalon and later turned to Rejuv Epitalon.
Two bottle or 100mg costs 377$ but according to information available on the internet they do not ship
anymore and seem to be out of business. We included this in the comparison as honorary for being a pioneer in
the field. Many people have tested it and wrote their testimonials on specialised forums.
The package come with a drop applicator and instructions on how to reconstitute the peptide.
Besides their main site https://www.biolumaresearch.com/ there are a few more that sold their products.
Maxim Holding Assets LLC
They sell epithalon in powder form, 10MG vials at $34.99. They only ship to united states with USPS
and accept check for payment options.
They have a facebook page https://www.facebook.com/Maximpeptides/ that it is not maintained with only
promotions and marketing offers. There are also some people complaining that orders are not shipped and get
no responses from either facebook or email.
http://www.maximpeptide.com/epithalon-10mg/
Peptidesciences – No company information
It is a peptide provider from USA. They sell epitalon in 20mg powder vials at $95.00 more expensive
then most. You will need to buy bacteriostatic water as well, they offer it for free but only for orders over 200$.
They say on the product page they ship worldwide but when you try to checkout you can only chose united
states and only shipping method is USPS but they do accept credit card payment.
https://www.peptidesciences.com/epithalon
Extreme Peptide – no company information most likely based in usa
Epitalon in white powder form in 10ml bottle at $39.99 per vial. Wide variety of peptides. They ship
outside of united states but not worldwide only to some countries using fedex and it is quite expensive at 35$
shipping costs almost as a bottle of product. They accept credit card and have a notice for cross border
processing fee.
http://www.extremepeptides.com/epithalon-10mg/
It says it ships from china but not wordwide although they a big list of countries. They sell it in boxes
of 10 vials each one of 10mg. One box containing 100mg costs $346$. Shipping and handling expenses are 70$
one of the most expensive among the reviewed sellers. They offer payments methods bitcoin, they offer 7%
discount on bitcoin, western union and moneygram.
http://steroid.es/epitalon.html
Price/
Manufacturer Epitalon Form Payment Options Shipping
10mg
Gastroprotective capsule 60
1mg/pill Word-wide:
25$ Paypal
or Fed-ex
Biotrends or Wester Union
Pure A.E.D.G. in sealed DHL
16.9$ Wire transfer
vial 2x50mg Registered Post
(powder form >98% purity)
Bitcoin UPS
Ceretropic Vial powder 11.9$ Offshore Visa/Mastercard International Mail
(China) USPS
USPS only
Maximpeptide Powder 10mg 34.99$ Check only They only ship to
USA
Peptidesciences Powder 20mg 47.5$ Credit card USPS only
They only ship to
USA
USPS
Extreme Peptide Powder 10mg 39.99$ Credit card FedEx but not
wordwide
UPS , TNT , DHL etc
Bitcoin
(user cannot chose)
steroid 5kits Powder 34.6$ Wester Union
Fixed shipping fee
Moneygram
70$
Epitalon-Science.com
Where epitalon's antiageing power is proven by science!
• Home
• Epitalon and cancer
• As nootropic
• As anti-ageing
• For Pineal gland
ANTI AGEING
• Compare Epitalons
• Scientific References
• Resveratrol
• L-Carnosine
Scientific references behind Epitalon’s spectacular
working
Epitalon Induces Telomere Elongation in Human:
– Epithalon Peptide Induces Telomerase Activity and Telomere Elongation in Human Somatic Cells Buy
on Springer 39.95USD
Published in Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. June 2003, Volume 135, Issue 6, pp 590-592
Abstract: Addition of Epithalon peptide in telomerase-negative human fetal fibroblast culture induced
expression of the catalytical subunit, enzymatic activity of telomerase, and telomere elongation, which can be
due to reactivation of telomerase gene in somatic cells and indicates the possibility of prolonging life span of a
cell population and of the whole organism.
– Peptide Promotes Overcoming of the Division Limit in Human Somatic Cell Buy on Springer 39.95USD
Published in Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. May 2004, Volume 137, Issue 5, pp 503-506
Abstract: We previously showed that treatment of normal human diploid cells with Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-
Gly) induced expression of telomerase catalytic subunit, its enzymatic activity, and elongation of telomeres.
Here we studied the effect of this peptide on proliferative potential of human fetal fibroblasts. Primary
pulmonary fibroblasts derived from a 24-week fetus lost the proliferative potential at the 34th passage. The
mean size of telomeres in these cells was appreciably lower than during early passages (passage 10). Addition
of Epithalon to aging cells in culture induced elongation of telomeres to the size comparable to their length
during early passages. Peptide-treated cells with elongated telomeres made 10 extra divisions (44 passages) in
comparison with the control and continued dividing. Hence, Epithalon prolonged the vital cycle of normal
human cells due to overcoming the Heyflick limit.
Genetic variation in human telomerase is associated with telomere length in Ashkenazi centenarians Full
article on NCBI.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 January 26; 107(Suppl 1): 1710–1717.
Published online 2009 November 13. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0906191106
Abstract: Telomere length in humans is emerging as a biomarker of aging because its shortening is associated
with aging-related diseases and early mortality.
However, genetic mechanisms responsible for these associations are not known. Here, in a cohort of Ashkenazi
Jewish centenarians, their offspring, and offspring-matched controls, we studied the inheritance and
maintenance of telomere length and variations in two major genes associated with telomerase enzyme activity,
hTERT and hTERC.
We demonstrated that centenarians and their offspring maintain longer telomeres compared with controls with
advancing age and that longer telomeres are associated with protection from age-related diseases, better
cognitive function, and lipid profiles of healthy aging.
Sequence analysis of hTERT and hTERC showed overrepresentation of synonymous and intronic mutations
among centenarians relative to controls. Moreover, we identified a common hTERT haplotype that is associated
with both exceptional longevity and longer telomere length.
Thus, variations in human telomerase gene that are associated with better maintenance of telomere length may
confer healthy aging and exceptional longevity in humans.
A role for sister telomere cohesion in telomere elongation by telomerase Full article on PMC.
Cell Cycle. 2012 January 1; 11(1): 19–25.
Published online 2012 January 1. doi: 10.4161/cc.11.1.18633
Abstract: Telomere length homeostasis is achieved by a balance of telomere shortening caused by DNA
replication and nucleolytic attack and telomere lengthening by telomerase.
The importance of telomere length maintenance to human health is best illustrated by dyskeratosis congenita
(DC), a disease of telomere shortening caused by mutations in telomerase subunits. DC patients suffer stem cell
depletion and die of bone marrow stem cell failure.
Recently a new class of particularly severe DC patients was found to harbor mutations in the shelterin subunit
TIN2. The DC-TIN2 mutations were clustered in small domain of unknown function.
In a recently published study we showed that the DC mutation cluster in TIN2 harbored a binding site for
heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) and, further, that HP1 binding to TIN2 was required for sister telomere
cohesion in S phase and for telomere length maintenance by telomerase.
We briefly review and discuss the implications of our findings in this Extra View and present some new data
that may shed light on how sister telomere cohesion could influence telomere elongation by telomerase.
Introduction: Human telomeres are comprised of double-stranded TTAGGG repeats that run out as a single
stranded overhang to the 3′ end of the chromosome and a six-subunit complex called shelterin.[1] Due to the
end replication problem and nucleolytic processing, telomeres shorten with each round of cell division.
This shortening functions as a molecular clock inducing cells to cease division and senesce.[2,3] Shortening can
be counteracted by telomerase, a specialized reverse transcriptase that adds telomere repeats to chromosome
ends.[4,5]
In humans, telomerase is expressed in the germ line and during embryogenesis but is repressed for the most part
in the human soma.[6] Hence, the stock of telomeres that an individual possesses at birth must suffice over their
lifetime.
Defects in telomere maintenance can have severe consequences for human health, as evidenced by the genetic
disease dyskeratosis congenita (DC).[7] DC is caused by mutations in telomerase subunits, resulting in very
short telomeres in highly proliferating tissues.[8,9] DC patients suffer stem cell depletion and die of bone
marrow stem cell failure.
Understanding how telomerase functions in the germ line and during embryogenesis will be crucial to
understanding the mechanism of disease in DC and the role of telomerase in human health.
– 1. de Lange T. Shelterin: the protein complex that shapes and safeguards human telomeres. Genes Dev.
2005;19:2100–2110. doi: 10.1101/gad.1346005. [PubMed]
– 2. Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature.
1990;345:458–460. doi: 10.1038/345458a0. [PubMed]
– 3. Hastie ND, Dempster M, Dunlop MG, Thompson AM, Green DK, Allshire RC. Telomere reduction in
human colorectal carcinoma and with ageing. Nature. 1990;346:866–868. doi: 10.1038/346866a0. [PubMed]
– 4. Greider CW, Blackburn EH. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in
Tetrahymena extracts. Cell. 1985;43:405–413. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9. [PubMed]
– 5. Greider CW, Blackburn EH. The telomere terminal transferase of Tetrahymena is a ribonucleoprotein
enzyme with two kinds of primer specificity. Cell. 1987;51:887–898. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90576-
9. [PubMed]
– 6. Wright WE, Piatyszek MA, Rainey WR, Byrd W, Shay JW. Telomerase activity in human germline and
embryonic tissues and cells. Dev Genet. 1996;18:173–179. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-
6408(1996)18:2<173::AIDDVG10>3.0.CO;2-3. [PubMed]
– 7. Bessler M, Wilson DB, Mason PJ. Dyskeratosis congenita. FEBS Lett. 2010;584:3831–3838. doi:
10.1016/j.febslet.2010.05.019. [PMC free article]
– 8. Alter BP, Baerlocher GM, Savage SA, Chanock SJ, Weksler BB, Willner JP, et al. Very short telomere
length by flow fluorescence in situ hybridization identifies patients with dyskeratosis congenita. Blood.
2007;110:1439–1447. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-075598. [PMC free article]
– 9. Gadalla SM, Cawthon R, Giri N, Alter BP, Savage SA. Telomere length in blood, buccal cells, and
fibroblasts from patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes.Aging (Albany NY) 2010;2:867–
874. [PMC free article]
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Women Free .PDF.
Mengmeng Du, Jennifer Prescott, Peter Kraft, Jiali Han, Edward Giovannucci, Susan E. Hankinson, and
Immaculata De Vivo
Abstract: Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a potential indicator of cellular aging; however, its relation to
physical activity and sedentary behavior is unclear.
The authors examined cross-sectionally associations among activity, sedentary behavior, and LTL among 7,813
women aged 43–70 years in the Nurses’ Health Study. Participants self-reported activity by questionnaire in
1988 and 1992 and sedentary behavior in 1992. Telomere length in peripheral blood leukocytes, collected in
1989–1990, was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The least-squares mean telomere length
(z-score) was calculated after adjustment for age and other potential confounders. For total activity, moderately
or highly active women had a 0.07-standard deviation (SD) increase in LTL (2-sidedPtrend¼0.02) compared
with those least active.
Greater moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity was also associated with increased LTL (SD ¼ 0.11 for 2–4 vs.
<1 hour/week and 0.04 for 7 vs. <1 hour/week; 2-sided Ptrend ¼ 0.02). Specifically, calisthenics or aerobics
was associated with increased LTL (SD ¼ 0.10 for 2.5 vs. 0 hours/week; 2-sided Ptrend ¼ 0.04). Associations
remained after adjusment for body mass index. Other specific activities and sitting were unassociated with LTL.
Although associations were modest, these findings suggest that even moderate amounts of activity may be
associated with longer telomeres, warranting further investigation in large prospective studies.
Telomere length, cigarette smoking, and bladder cancer risk in men and women. Free on PMC.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Apr;16(4):815-9.
Abstract: Truncated telomeres are among the defining characteristics of most carcinomas. Given the role of
telomeres in tumorigenesis, we reasoned that constitutionally short telomeres might be associated with an
increased risk of bladder cancer. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we measured relative telomere length in
bladder cancer cases and healthy controls and evaluated the association between telomere length, cigarette
smoking, and bladder cancer risk in a case-control study nested within the Health Professionals Follow-up
Study and a case-control study nested within the Nurses’ Health Study.
Telomeres were significantly shorter in bladder cancer cases (n = 184) than in controls (n = 192). The mean
relative telomere length in cases was 0.23 (SD, 0.16) versus 0.27 (SD, 0.15) in controls (P = 0.001). The
adjusted odds ratio for bladder cancer was 1.88 (95% confidence interval, 1.05, 3.36) for individuals in the
quartile with the shortest telomeres as compared with individuals in the quartile with the longest telomeres
(P(trend) = 0.006).
We observed a statistically significant difference in telomere length among men and women (P < 0.001);
however, the interaction between gender, telomere length, and bladder cancer risk was not significant.
We also observed a significant difference in telomere length across categories of pack-years of smoking (P =
0.01). These findings suggest that truncated telomeres are associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.
Associations between Rotating Night Shifts, Sleep Duration, and Telomere Length in Women Free on
PMC.
PLoS One. 2011; 6(8): e23462. Published online 2011 August 10. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023462
Background: Telomere length has been proposed as a marker of aging. However, our knowledge of lifestyle
risk factors determining telomere length is limited.
Methods: We evaluated the associations between years of rotating night shifts, self-reported sleep duration, and
telomere length in 4,117 female participants from the Nurses’ Health Study. Telomere length in peripheral blood
leukocytes was determined by Real-Time PCR assay. Information on rotating night shifts and sleep duration
was collected via questionnaires prior to blood collection. We used multivariable linear regression to investigate
the associations between rotating night shifts, sleep duration, and telomere length.
Results: Compared with women in the category (9 hours), those in the lowest category of sleep duration (<6
hours) had a 0.12 unit decrease in z score after adjustment for age, BMI and cigarette smoking (equivalent to 9-
year telomere attrition, P for trend =0.05). Significant positive association between sleep duration and telomere
length was seen among women under age of 50 (P for trend =0.004), but not among those over 50 (P for trend
=0.33) (P for interaction =0.005). In addition, we observed that women with a longer history of rotating night
shifts tended to have shorter telomere length, but this relation was not statistically significant (P for trend
=0.36).
Conclusion: We found that sleep duration was positively associated with telomere length among women under
50 years old. Further research is needed to confirm the observed associations.
Relative Telomere Length and Cognitive Decline in the Nurses’ Health Study Free on PMC.
Neurosci Lett. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 March 29.
Abstract: Telomeres are short DNA repeats on the ends of mammalian chromosomes, which can undergo
incomplete replication leading to gradual shortening with each cell cycle.
Age and oxidative stress are contributors to telomere shortening; thus, telomere length may be a composite
measure of biologic aging, and a potential predictor of health status in older adults.
We evaluated whether relative telomere length (the proportion of telomere repeat copy number to single gene
copy number, using a real-time PCR method) predicts cognitive decline measured ten years later among ~2,000
older participants in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS). Mixed linear regression was used to evaluate mean
differences in cognitive decline according to telomere length. After adjustment for potential confounders, we
found that decreasing telomere length was associated with more cognitive decline, although associations were
modest (e.g. for a global score, averaging all six tests in our cognitive battery, mean difference=0.03 standard
units per SD increase in telomere length; p=0.04).
The magnitude of these estimates was similar to the differences we find in this cohort for women one year apart
in age (e.g. the differences that we observe between women who are 73 versus 74 years of age); thus, our
results suggest that telomere length is not a particularly powerful marker of impending cognitive decline.
Free Radicals
Free radicals are groups of atoms with unpaired electrons which are created when certain molecules interact
with oxygen. Once these free radicals are formed, they start a harmful chain reaction that damages cellular
components. As a result, cells start aging, their performance significantly slows and they eventually die. The
key defense our body uses to fight free radicals is antioxidants.
Antioxidants
Antioxidants are a group of molecules that safely interact with free radicals and neutralise them. In the body,
there is a comprehensive system of antioxidants including vitamins C and E. However, there are many powerful
antioxidants that our bodies don’t synthesize including Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in plants and red wine.
References
1. American Association for Cancer Research (2008). Cancer Preventive Properties Identified In
Resveratrol, Found In Red Wine, Red Grapes. Science Daily. Retrieved July 4, 2015
from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080707081848.htm
2. Athar M., Back J.H., Tang X., Kim K.H., Kopelovich L., Bickers D.R., Kim A.L. (2007). Resveratrol: A
review of pre-clinical studies for human cancer prevention. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology .
224(3): 274–283.
3. FREE PDF: Baur, J.A., Pearson, K.J., Price, N.L. (2006). Resveratrol improves health and survival of
mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature. 444(7117):337-42.
4. Chung, M.Y., Lim, T.G., Lee, K.W. (2013). Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive phytochemicals
against gastroenterological cancer development. The World Journal of Gastroenterology. 19(7): 984-
993.
5. Guarente, L., Picard, F. (2005). Calorie restriction—the SIR2 connection. Cell. 120(4):473-82.
6. FREE PDF: Heilbronn, L.K., de Jonge, L., Frisard, M.I. (2006). Effect of 6-month calorie restriction on
biomarkers of longevity, metabolic adaptation, and oxidative stress in overweight individuals: a
randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 295(13):1539-48.
7. Ingram, D.K., Anson, R.M., DeCabo, R. (2004). Development of calorie restriction mimetics as a
prolongevity strategy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1019: 412-423.\
8. FREE PDF: Pistell, P. J., Bauer, J. A., Pearson, K. J., Price, N. L., Kalra, A., Allard, J. S., . . .
Sinclaire, D. A. (2006). Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet (7117).
Retrieved from Nature website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17086191
9. FREE: Prasad K. (2012). Resveratrol, Wine, and Atherosclerosis. The International Journal of
Angiology. 21:7–18.
10.Dr. Sinatra, S. (2015, March 9). Retrieved from http://www.drsinatra.com/the-health-benefits-of-
resveratrol
11.BOOK: Dr. Sinclair, D.A. (2005). Toward a unified theory of caloric restriction and longevity
regulation. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 126(9): 987-1002.
12.FREE PDF: Smoliga, J.M., Bost, J., Maroon, J.C. (2007). Potential benefits of resveratrol
supplementation for optimizing health and preventing chronic disease. ConsumerLab.
13.BOOK: Soleas, G. J., Diamandis, E. P., & Goldberg, D. M. (2000). The world of resveratrol. NY: The
American Institute of Cancer Research. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publisher. Retrieved from FREE
PDF: http://www.utoronto.ca/acdclab/pubs/PM/11480664.pdf
14.The Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (2008). Grape Skin Compound Fights The
Complications of Diabetes. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 21, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com
/releases/2008/03/080318094514.htm
15.Valenzano, D.R., Terzibasi, E., Genade, T. (2006). Resveratrol prolongs lifespan and retards the onset of
age-related markers in a short-lived vertebrate. Current Biology. 16(3):296-300.
Epitalon-Science.com
Where epitalon's antiageing power is proven by science!
• Home
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ANTI AGEING
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• Scientific References
• Resveratrol
• L-Carnosine
Carnosine: The Naturally Occurring Wonder
Supplement
The modern day vitamin and supplement market is filled with products making bold and
unsubstantiated claims. There are products alleging they can prevent cancer, eliminate wrinkles, slow down the
ageing process, and more. A very small percentage of these products actually do what they claim.
L-Carnosine is one among the rare dietary supplements that studies show do deliver on their health claims. This
dietary supplement is a naturally-occurring protein that was showcased on the Dr. Oz TV show in 2012 as the
miracle drug that cures aging. It has since been shown to cure certain types of cancer and has many other health
benefits backed up by scientific evidence.
What is L-Carnosine?
L-Carnosine, or simply carnosine, is a naturally-occurring dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alinine and
histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the muscle tissue, brain, heart, and eyes; basically in those tissues
that live longest in mammals. It is a natural protein that has a lot of essential benefits for a healthy life. It was
discovered by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich in the early 1900s, and even though there wasn’t much
interest in Carnosine outside Russia until the 1990s, it has recently been causing quite a stir.
Carnosine delivers its benefits in two basic ways. First, it delays the aging process of cells (senescence) and
rejuvenates these healthy cells. Secondly, it is toxic to cancerous cells, thereby inhibiting their growth. It is its
dual action – lengthening the lifespan of good cells while being toxic to degenerated ones. Scientists speculate
that Carnosine implements these double actions
“by affecting the energy metabolism and/or protein homeostasis (proteostasis)…Carnosine’s ability to reduce
the formation of altered proteins…and enhance proteolysis of aberrant polypeptides is indicative of its
influence on proteostasis” (Hipkiss et al., 2013. p. 1).
It means that Carnosine can be used in the treatment and prevention of a wide variety of age-related conditions.
A proven wonder drug indeed.
REFERENCES
1. PDF: Boldyrev, A.A., Gallant, S.C., Sukhich, G.T. (1999). Carnosine, the protective, anti-aging
peptide. Bioscience Report. 19: 581-587
2. Boldyrev, A.A. (1999). Effect of carnosine on age-induced changes in senescence-accelerated
mice. Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine. 2(4):337-342.
3. Chan, W.K., Decker, E.A., Chow, C.K., Boissonneault, G.A. (1994). Effect of dietary carnosine on
plasma and tissue antioxidant concentrations and on lipid oxidation in rat skeletal muscle. Lipids.
29(7):461-466.
4. Ermakova, V.N., Babizhaev, M.A., Bunin, A. (1988). Effect of carnosine on intraocular
pressure. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 105(4):451-453. doi:10.1007/BF00841198
5. Gaunitz, F., Renner, C., Zemitzsch, N., Fuchs, B., Geiger, K., Hermes, M., . . . Meixensberger, J.
(2010). Carnosine retards tumor growth in vivo in an NIH3T3-HER2/neu mouse model. Molecular
Cancer, 9(2).
6. Hipkiss, A.R., Michealis, J., Syrris, P. (1995). Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the dipeptide L-
carnosine, a potential anti-protein-cross-linking agent. FEBS Letters. 371:81-85
7. Hipkiss, A.R., Brownson, C., Carrier, M.J. (2001). Carnosine, the anti-ageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide,
may react with protein carbonyl groups. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 122(13):1431-1445.
8. PDF: Hipkiss, A.R., Brownson, C., Bertani, M.F., Ruiz, E., Ferro, A. (2002). Reaction of carnosine with
aged proteins: Another protective process? Annals of the New York Academy of the Sciences. 959:285-
294.
9. Hipkiss, A. R. (2006). Would carnosine or a carnivorous diet help suppress aging and associated
pathologies? Annals of the New York Academy of the Sciences. 1067:369-374.
10.Hipkiss, A. R., Cartwright, S. P., Bromley, C., Gross, S. R., & Bill, R. M. (2013). Carnosine: can
understanding its actions on energy metabolism and protein homeostasis inform its therapeutic
potential? Chemistry Central Journal, 1-9. Retrieved from
journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/pdf/1752-153X-7-38.pdf
11.BOOK: Holliday, R., Mcfarland, G.A. (2000). A role for carnosine in cellular
maintenance. Biochemistry (Moscow). 65:843-848.
12.FREE: Iovine B, Oliviero G, Garofalo M, Orefice M, Nocella F, Borbone N, et al. (2014) The Anti-
Proliferative Effect of Carnosine Correlates with a Decreased Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factor
1 alpha in Human Colon Cancer Cells. PLoS ONE. 9(5): e96755. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096755
13.Kamei, J., Ohsawa, M., Miyata, S., & Tanaka, S. (2008). Preventive effect of carnosine on changes in
the thermal nociceptive threshold in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. European Journal of
Pharmacology, 600:83-86.
14.Kim, J., Sohn, E., Kim, C. S., & Kim, J. S. (2011). Renal podocyte apoptosis in Zucker diabetic fatty
rats: involvement of methylglyoxal-induced oxidative DNA damage. Journal of Comparative
Pathology, 144:41-47.
15.PDF: Kreloff, J. (2002). Carnosine: Powerful anti-aging nutrient. Retrieved from Designs for Health
Institute website:
www.rockwellnutrition.com/assets/images/docs/Carnosine-Anti-Aging.pdf
1. Kumar, P. A., Kumar, M. S., & Reddy, G. B. (2007). Effect of glycation on alpha-crystallin structure and
chaperone-like function. Journal of Biochemistry. 408:251-258.
2. FREE: Maynard, L.M., Boissonneault, G.A., Chow, C.K., Bruckner, G.G. (2001). High levels of dietary
carnosine are associated with increased concentrations of carnosine and histidine in rat soleus
mucscle. Journal of Nutrition. 131(2):287-290.
3. PDF: Mcfarland, G. A., & Holliday, R. (1994). Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid
fibroblasts by carnosine. Experimental Cell Research. 212(2):167-175. doi:10.1006/excr.1994.1132
4. Mcfarland, G.A., Holliday, R. (1999). Further evidence for the rejuvenating effects of the dipeptide L-
carnosine on cultured human diploid fibroblasts. Experimental Gerontology. 34:35-45.
5. Naghshvar, F., Abianeh, S. M., Ahmadashrafi, S., & Hosseinimehr, S. J. (2012). Chemoprotective effects
of carnosine against genotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in mice bone marrow cells. Cell
Biochemical Functions. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535690
6. Ohsawa, M., Mutoh, J., Asato, M., Yamamoto, S., Ono, H., Hisa, H., & Kamei, J. (2012). Carnosine has
antinociceptive properties in the inflammation-induced nociceptive response in mice. European Journal
of Pharmacology. 682:56-61.
7. Quinn, P. J., Boldyrev, A. A., & Formazuyk, V. E. (1992). Carnosine: Its properties, functions, and
potential therapeutic applications. Molecular Aspects in Medicine. 13:379-444.
8. Renner, C., Asperger, A., Seyffarth, A., Meixensberger, J., Gebhardt, R., & Gaunitz, F.
(2010). Carnosine inhibits ATP production in cells from malignant glioma. Neurological Research. p.
101 – 105.
9. Ririe, D. G., Roberts, P. R., Shouse, M. N., & Zaloga, G. P. (2000). Vasodilatory actions of the dietary
peptide carnosine. Nutrition. 16:168-172.
10.Roberts, P. R., Black, K. W., Santamauro, J. T., & Zaloga, G. P. (1998). Dietary peptides improve wound
healing following surgery. Nutrition. 14:266-269.
11.Stovlinsky, S. L., & Dobrota, D. (2000). Anti-ischemic activity of carnosine. Biochemistry
(Moscow). 65:849-855.
12.Stvolinsky, S.L., Kukley, M., Dobrota, D., Mezesova, V., Boldyrev, A. (2000). Carnosine protects rats
under global ischemia. Brain Research Bulletin. 53(4):445-448.
13.Tamaki, N., Funatsuka, A., Fujimoto, S., Hama, T. (1984). The utilization of carnosine in rats fed on a
histidine-free diet and its effect on the levels of tissue histidine and carnosine. Journal of Vitamin and
Nutritional Science (Tokyo). 30(4):541-551.
14.FREE: Yuneva, M.O., Bulygina, E.R., Gallant, S.C., Kramarenko, G.G., Stvolinsky, S.L., Semyonova,
M.L. (1999). Effect of carnosine on age-induced changes in senescence-accelerated mice. Journal of
Anti-Ageing Medicine. 2:337–42
PDF: Zaloga, G. P., Roberts, P. R., & Black, K. W. (1997). Carnosine is a novel peptide modulator of
intracellular and contractility in cardiac cells. American Journal of Physiology, 272.
Epitalon and pineal gland
The pineal gland
The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland located in the epithalamus close to the middle of
the brain and it has the shape of a pine cone, hence the name. Structurally the pineal gland is composed mostly
of pinealocytes, the cells that produce melatonin.
The pineal gland is an important bioregulatory system of the body that produces the hormone melatonin which
has the role of controlling our biological clocks,our sleep and wake cycles based on the level of received light,
and regulate certain reproductive hormones.
There are a few studies that show that besides melatonin there is a peptide made by the pineal gland called
epithalamin that also has a big influence on health of the body. [2][3]
“Most investigators have invoked melatonin as the primary mediator of the endocrine capabilities of the
pineal gland. However, there is evidence that some of the effects of the pineal gland may be a result of pineal
peptide secretion.” [3]
Epithalamin is also known and sold as Epitalon, it is a small peptide made of four amino acids
(Ala–Glu–Asp–Gly) and a potent bioregulator that increases melatonin production, has antioxidant effects,
inhibits the formation and growth of cancer, elongates telomeres, attenuates inflammation and helps regulate
the endocrine activity in the body. [2][3]
It has also been proven through studies that the use of epitalon combats the negative effects of stress and
regulates pineal secretions and protects the pineal gland of pathological changes. [1]
The pineal gland often appears in x-rays as calcified due to fluoride, calcium and phosphorus
crystal deposits that accumulate with age.
There are many assumptions about what causes the calcification, among the reasons most mentioned including
fluoride in water and toothpaste, food additives and artificial sweeteners.
Calcification rates of the pineal gland vary widely from country to country and are correlated with age,
although cases have been observed even in children as early as 2 years old. Calcification occurs in an estimated
40% of Americans by their 17th year.
It is very important to maintain the proper functioning of the pineal gland due to the important work it does in
the body, namely to ensure the proper transmission of nerve signals and ensure a balanced hormonal endocrine
system.