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WEBSITES
Sanger Institute – Insulin Signal
Transduction Resource Site:
www.sanger.ac.uk/PostGenomics/
signaltransduction/insulin
The Internet Pathology Laboratory
for Medical Education: http://
medstat.med.utah.edu/
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF THE ACTION OF PRINCIPAL HORMONES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE WebPath/webpath.html
REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE IN THE BODY UK Government National
Statistics: www.statistics.gov.uk/
HORMONE SITE OF PRODUCTION SUMMARY OF ACTION StatBase
Insulin Pancreatic islets (beta cells) Stimulates cells to take up glucose from
the blood and so lowers blood glucose
Glucagon Pancreatic islets (alpha cells) Stimulates hepatocytes to release
glucose into the blood and so raises blood glucose
Somatostatin Pancreatic islets (delta cells) Reduces gut motility and further
absorption of nutrients
Adrenaline (epinephrine) Adrenal medulla Mobilises glycogen and suppresses the
Paul Langerhans, hence they are called Islets of lipids to release energy.
Langerhans, or simply pancreatic islets. A typical islet is These effects of insulin actively shift the metabolism
shown in Fig 2. away from fat and towards glucose. In other words,
insulin drives the body to utilise carbohydrates as a
Response to an increase in blood glucose source of energy and to spare its fat reserves.
In the absorptive state, an increase in blood glucose is
detected by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, Response to a decrease in blood glucose
causing them to increase the release of insulin into the Several hours after eating a meal, when the body is in
blood. Insulin stimulates cells, especially adipose and the post-absorptive state, insulin levels fall along with
muscle cells, to take up glucose from the blood. blood glucose and this results in the hormone glucagon
being released by the alpha cells of the pancreas.
Insulin and the transport of glucose into cells To
enter cells, glucose requires trans-membrane The role of glucagon Glucagon has the opposite
transporters and there is a family of these called GLUT effect to insulin in that it increases blood-glucose levels
(GLUcose Transporter). The most numerous is GLUT4, and promotes processes that spare glucose utilisation.
which is found on muscle and fat cells.
When insulin binds to insulin receptors on the cell
membrane, cells are stimulated to increase the number FIG 2. ISLET OF LANGERHANS SURROUNDED
of glucose transporters. The more transporters are BY EXOCRINE PANCREATIC TISSUE
produced, the more glucose is transported into cells –
with a corresponding drop in blood glucose.
The precise mechanism whereby insulin binds to
receptors causing translocation is still to be determined
(Sanger Institute, see ‘websites’).
Not all tissues require insulin to take up glucose, for
example brain and liver cells use GLUT transporters that
are not dependent on insulin.