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GSM BSS Network KPI (Paging Success Rate) Optimization Manual
Contents
2 Influencing Factors........................................................................................................................9
2.1 Hardware Fault..................................................................................................................................................9
2.2 Transmission Problem........................................................................................................................................9
2.3 Parameter Setting Problem................................................................................................................................9
2.4 Interference Problem........................................................................................................................................10
2.5 Coverage Problem............................................................................................................................................10
2.6 Uplink and Downlink Balance Problem..........................................................................................................11
3 Analysis Procedure for the Paging Success Rate and Optimization Method..................12
3.1 Analysis Procedure..........................................................................................................................................12
3.2 Problem Location of the Paging Success Rate and Optimization Method......................................................13
3.2.1 Hardware and Transmission Problems...................................................................................................14
3.2.2 SDCCHs Occupied Due to Paging Overload and Heavy Burst Traffic.................................................14
3.2.3 Parameter Configuration.........................................................................................................................15
3.2.4 Interference.............................................................................................................................................20
3.2.5 Coverage.................................................................................................................................................20
3.2.6 Balance Between Uplink and Downlink................................................................................................21
4 Test Methods................................................................................................................................22
5 Cases for Optimization of the Paging Success Rate.............................................................23
5.1 Case 1: Paging Success Rate Drops Due to a Hardware Fault........................................................................23
5.2 Case 2: Paging Success Rate Drops Due to a Transmission Fault...................................................................23
5.3 Paging Success Rate Drops Due to Improper Parameter Configuration.........................................................24
5.3.1 Case 3: Paging Success Rate Drops When the Pre-paging Function Is Enabled...................................24
5.3.2 Case 4: Paging Success Rate Drops When BS-PA-MFRAMS Is Set Improperly..................................24
5.3.3 Case 5: MS Cannot Respond to a Paging Message When the Number of Pagings on the N Side Is Set
Improperly.......................................................................................................................................................25
5.3.4 Case 6: BSC Paging Is Abnormal When the LAC Is Configured Improperly for the BSC...................25
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5.3.5 Case 7: Paging Success Rate Increases After the A-interface Collaboration Paging Function Is Enabled
.........................................................................................................................................................................26
5.4 Case 8: Paging Success Rate Drops Due to Poor Coverage............................................................................26
6 Information Feedback..................................................................................................................28
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Figures
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Revision Record
References
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Abstract: This document provides the method for optimizing the paging success rate.
MS Mobile Station
IMSI International Mobile Station Identification Code
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1.1 Definition
The paging success rate is the ratio of the paging responses received by the system to the
initial paging requests sent by the system. It indicates the paging capability of the system.
The paging consists of the voice call paging, short message paging, PSI paging, and Gs
paging. For the area that does not enable the Gs interface, the paging consists of only the
voice call paging, short message paging, and PSI paging.
The wireless services are performed on the basis of paging. A high paging success rate can
improve multiple service KPIs in the case of certain hardware capacity. A high paging success
rate helps to improve user satisfaction and to promote the brands of the operators. The paging
success rate is one of important KPIs related to the network access. It is also one of important
KPIs for the operators.
Paging success rate (MTC call access measurement)note 1 = (Number of first paging responses
of common calls on the A interface + Number of repeated paging responses of common calls
on the A interface)/Number of first pagings of common calls on the A interface
Paging success rate (main services)note 2 = (Number of first paging responses of common calls
on the A interface + Number of repeated paging responses of common calls on the A interface
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+ Number of first pagings of short messages on the A interface + Number of repeated paging
responses of short messages on the A interface)/(Number of first pagings of common calls on
the A interface + Number of first pagings of short messages on the A interface)
Paging success rate (paging process measurement)note 3 = (Number of first paging responses on
the A interface + Number of repeated pagings on the A interface)/Number of first pagings on
the A interface
Note 1: Number of pagings involved in the MTC call access measurement consists of only the number of
pagings of common calls. The number of pagings of short messages, PSI, and Gs is not measured. It indicates
the success rate of the pagings initiated by the call.
Note 2: This formula is used to calculate the paging success rate of all the common CS services. It indicates
the paging processing of voice calls and short message calls. This formula is used for determining whether the
KPI reaches the standards.
Note 3: This formula is used to calculate the KPI of the MSC paging measurement corresponding to the
paging success rate. This formula is calculated according to the KPI measured on the OMC.
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2 Influencing Factors
The factors of the NEs (such as the MSC, BSC, BTS, and MS), network coverage,
interference, channel congestion, and hardware may influence the paging success rate. The
main influencing factors are listed as follows:
Hardware fault
Transmission problem
Parameter setting problem
Interference problem
Coverage problem
Uplink and downlink balance problem
Other causes
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The densely distributed buildings and thick walls cause great signal attenuation, great
penetration loss, and low indoor signal level. As a result, the MS cannot respond to the
paging.
3. Cross coverage (isolated BTS)
The cross coverage occurs in the serving cell because of various causes such as high power
and antenna azimuth angle. As a result, the MS can receive the downlink signal but the BTS
cannot receive the corresponding message sent by the MS, which leads to a decrease in the
paging success rate.
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The IMSI is used for the paging in normal cases. Because the TMSI sent by the system
cannot be identified by the MS, at least one IMSI paging must be set to enhance the
paging reliability.
9. Second paging interval
Omitted.
10. Third paging mode
Omitted.
11. Third paging interval
Omitted.
12. Number of paging retransmissions by the MSC
If the capacity of a location area is large, you are advised to set the number of paging
retransmissions to a small value. If the number of paging retransmissions is set to a large
value, the paging overload may occur.
13. Network-wide paging
If the MS roams to a new location area but does not initiate a location update request in
time (the probability of this case is low), a network-wide paging request can be initiated
to increase the paging success rate. When the network-wide paging request is initiated,
the paging traffic volume on the BSS side is greatly increased. In this case, the PCH may
be congested. You are not advised to enable the network-wide paging function for a
location area with large capacity. If the function is enabled, the BTS and BSC CPU may
be overloaded. In this case, a large number of paging messages are discarded and the
paging success rate sharply decreases. For a location area with small capacity, however,
you can enable the network-wide paging function to increase the paging success rate. If
the coverage is poor and the paging load on the BSS side is low, you can enable the
function for the last paging. <Related Cases>
14. Pre-paging
Pre-paging is a network function. When the HLR attempts to obtain a roaming number
from the VMSC Server, the VMSC Server initiates a paging procedure to the called MS
and then returns the roaming number to the HLR before the GMSC Server initiates a call
setup request to the VMSC Server. In this way, when the VMSC Server receives the call
setup request from the GMSC Server, the radio connection between the VMSC Server
and the MS is already established.
A pre-paging request is initiated when a roaming number is obtained. Thus, the system
can know whether the called MS can be paged before allocating the roaming number.
This helps to avoid the access failure of the called MS when the GMSC server is
connected to the VMSC server according to the roaming number. In this way, the
network resources can be saved. In addition, before the pre-paging, if the data restoration
is required, you can restore the data. In this way, the efficiency of incoming calls can be
improved.
During the pre-paging, however, the seizure duration of the SDCCH is increased. If the
configuration is improper, the congestion may occur, and thus the paging success rate
decreases. <Related Cases>
15. Location update optimization (MSC software parameter)
P1100.Bit1. When the MS performs location updates and pagings, this parameter is used
to control whether to optimize pagings. That is, the location update is performed and
then the paging is performed in a new location area after the location update succeeds. If
the location update fails or a follow-on request is initiated, a paging failure message is
returned. After the function is enabled, the MS can perform location updates and pagings
at the same time. In this way, the paging success rate can be increased.
0: to optimize the paging.
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This parameter indicates the level threshold for the random access of the MS. If the level
of the received RACH burst pulse is smaller than the minimum access level of the
RACH, the BTS regards the access as an invalid access and does not decode the access
request. If the level of the received random access burst timeslot is greater than the
minimum access level of the RACH, the BTS regards the access request from the
timeslot as a valid request, and then determines whether the RACH access is valid based
on the value of Random Access Error Threshold.
20. RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN
This parameter indicates the minimum RX level required when the MS accesses the
BSS. If this parameter is set to a small value, the level of the access signal is low and
thus many MSs attempt to reside in the cell. In this case, the cell may be overloaded and
the call drops may occur. Therefore, you must properly set the parameter based on the
balance between uplink and downlink.
21. Paging Times
The paging retransmission function is added to the BTS side to improve the paging
success rate and paging efficiency. If the function is enabled and the transmission quality
of the radio link is poor occasionally, the MS can still receive paging commands. If the
transmission quality of the radio link is poor continuously, you can enable the paging
retransmission function on the MSC side to ensure that the MS correctly receives paging
commands. In addition, when the paging retransmission function is enabled on the BTS
side, the number of paging retransmissions on the MSC side is decreased. In this case,
the signaling load on the network side is decreased to a certain extent.
This parameter indicates whether the BTS retransmits a paging message. The number of
paging retransmissions is determined by the parameter and the number of pagings
configured on the MSC side. The total number of pagings is approximate to the number
of pagings on the BTS side multiplied by the number of pagings on the MSC side.
22. BS_AG_BLKS_RES
This parameter indicates the number of CCCH message blocks reserved for the AGCH.
After the CCCH configuration is complete, the parameter reflects the proportion of
AGCHs and PCHs on the CCCH. The setting of this parameter affects the MS paging
response time and system service performance.
23. BS-PA-MFRAMS
This parameter indicates the number of multi-frames as a cycle of the paging sub-
channel. Actually, the parameter determines the number of paging sub-channels into
which the PCH in a cell is divided. <Related Cases>
24. MS MAX Retrans
This parameter indicates the maximum number of retransmissions of the Channel
Request message in an immediate assignment procedure. After initiating the immediate
assignment procedure, the MS keeps monitoring BCCHs and all CCCH messages in its
CCCH group. If no Immediate Assignment message or Immediate Assignment Extend
message is received, the MS retransmits the Channel Request message periodically.
25. SDCCH Dynamic Allocation Allowed
The SDCCH dynamic allocation function can be enabled to add the number of available
SDCCHs. When the number of MSs in a cell increases sharply and many MSs cannot
access the network due to the failure to request SDCCHs, TCHs (including TCHs and
dynamic PDCHs as TCHs) are converted to SDCCHs to ensure that most MSs access the
network. The dynamic adjustment of SDCCHs can increase the system capacity.
26. Random Access Error Threshold
The system checks whether the received signal is a random access signal from the MS
based on the relativity of the training sequence code (TSC) (41 bits). In addition, the TA
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value can be calculated at the same time. If this parameter is set to a small value, the
allowable error extent for a random access signal is high and the random access of the
MS is easy. The error reporting rate, however, is high. If this parameter is set to a large
value, the error reporting rate of the MS is low. The normal access request, however,
cannot be reported.
27. T3212
This parameter indicates the period when the MS performs location updates. Generally,
the T3212 values of all the cells are the same in a location area. Otherwise, the implicit
shutdown may occur.
28. RACH Busy Threshold
This parameter indicates the level threshold for MS random access when the RACH is
busy. If the level of the received random access burst timeslot is greater than the
threshold, the BTS regards the timeslot as a busy timeslot.
29. CCCH Load Threshold
This parameter indicates that the BTS notifies the BSC of the load on the CCCH
timeslot. The load refers to the access requests on the RACH and all the messages (such
as the paging and PS immediate assignment) on the PCH. For details, see the protocol
0858. If the load on the CCCH timeslot exceeds the value specified by this parameter,
the BTS sends a CCCH overload message to the BSC at regular intervals. The interval
for sending the overload message is the value specified by CCCH Load Indication
Period.
30. Abis Flow Control Permitted
This parameter indicates whether the Abis flow control is allowed. The flow control
function is used for the call management. When the system is congested, some services
are rejected or the service request time is prolonged to reduce the system load. The Abis
flow control function is used to reduce the system load from the Abis traffic. If this
parameter is set to a small value, the BTS reports an RACH overload message to the
BSC. In this case, the BSC starts the flow control for a cell, that is, the minimum RX
level of the MS in the system message is increased to reduce the RACH access. If this
parameter is set to a large value, the BTS reports an overload message to the BSC only
when many MSs access the network and the system resources are insufficient. In this
case, the system may be faulty.
31. A-interface collaboration paging switch (software parameter)
This parameter indicates whether CS paging messages can be received on the A interface
when the MS performs GPRS services.
If the switch is turned off and the MS performs GPRS services, the MS cannot serve as a
called party for paging response.
If the switch is turned on and the MS performs GPRS services, the MS can serve as a
called party. (Note: The function is supported only in the BSC6000V900R008 and later
versions and in built-in PCU mode.) <Related Cases>
32. Paging lifecycle (software parameter 29)
This parameter determines the waiting time of paging messages in the PCH queue. If the
MSC transmits a paging request but does not receive a paging response after the
specified interval, the MSC retransmits the paging request. The retransmission interval
can be configured on the MSC side. Therefore, if a paging request message is not
transmitted to the MS within the retransmission interval on the BTS side and no response
is returned from the MSC, the paging message is retransmitted on the MSC side. If the
buffering time of a paging request in the PCH queue exceeds the paging lifecycle, the
paging request is not transmitted on the Um interface. In this way, the valid paging
requests can be transmitted in time to ensure the validity of paging request messages
transmitted on the Um interface. The value of the parameter must be smaller than or
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equal to the paging interval on the MSC side. Otherwise, the paging success rate
decreases.
3.2.4 Interference
When the intra-network or inter-network interference occurs, the Um quality is poor. Thus,
the MS cannot receive a paging message or the BTS cannot receive a paging response from
the MS. In this case, the paging success rate decreases.
You can obtain the uplink interference information through the distribution of interference
bands in the traffic statistics. If interference bands 3 to 5 are found, it indicates that the serious
uplink interference occurs. You can obtain the downlink interference information through the
DT or RX quality counter.
For the details about interference check, see the G-Guide to Eliminating the Interference.
The following table lists the traffic measurement counters related to the interference.
3.2.5 Coverage
You can check the coverage through the outdoor DT and indoor dialing test. If the downlink
RX level is small (smaller than –100 dBm), the following cases may occur: (1) The MS
cannot access the network; (2) The quality is poor; (3) No neighboring cell is available for the
handover for a long time; (4) The level quality is poor. If any of the preceding cases occurs, it
indicates that the coverage is poor.
When the coverage of a cell is poor, the call drop rate on the TCH is high, the handover
success rate is low, and more handovers are performed due to the signal strength. You can
check whether the coverage of a cell is poor by viewing the traffic measurement counters. The
following table lists the related traffic measurement counters.
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When the coverage is poor, you can adjust the antenna tilt, increase the transmit power, add a
repeater, or change the combination mode to solve the coverage problem. For the details about
the solution, see the GSM BSS Network KPI (Network Coverage) Optimization Manual.
<Related Cases>
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4 Test Methods
The paging success rate is a traffic measurement counter. You can obtain the counter through
traffic measurement or DT. Because the DT data sample is limited, the paging success rate
obtained through the DT has a large error. The special DT equipment is required in the DT.
During the DT, you can observe the network counters of the serving cell and neighboring cells
such as the level, interference, and uplink/downlink quality and save the DT signaling file that
is used to identify the causes for no paging response. Considering the limited DT data sample,
you are not advised to obtain the paging success rate through the DT method. If the DT is
required, a short call must be made in the DT.
When the blind areas and limited frequency resources cause co-channel or adjacent-channel
interference, repeater interference, or cross coverage, no paging response occurs. The cause of
no paging response should be identified according to the actual situation.
The paging success rate is shown by the traffic measurement data on the MSC side. If the
paging data on the MSC side cannot be extracted in real time, you can extract the traffic
measurement data on the BSC side to linearly indicate the change trend of the paging success
rates on the MSC side. The procedure is as follows:
Extract the traffic measurement counters on the BSC side. 1. Measure the counter "A330:
Delivered Paging Messages for CS Service" in Paging Measurement, and then sum the
counters measured in 24 hours in a cell. The sum determines the number of paging messages
delivered by the BSC (including the first paging messages and second paging messages).
2. Measure the counter "A3030C: Call Setup Indications (MTC) (SDCCH)" in Immediate
Assignment Measurement per Cell in Call Measurement, and then sum the counters
measured in 24 hours in a cell. The sum determines the number of paging response messages
received by the BSC (including the first paging response messages and second paging
response messages).
You can calculate the paging success rate on the BSC side through the two counters. As the
number of first paging response messages cannot be distinguished from the number of second
paging response messages on the BSC side, the paging success rate cannot be shown
correctly. The changes in the paging success rate, however, can be shown indirectly.
Therefore, you can obtain the change trend of the paging success rate when the paging data on
the MSC side is unavailable.
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For the delivery efficiency of the Um interface, the number of paging messages carried
in a paging block is fixed. Thus, when the value of BS_PA_MFRMS is small, the
number of paging sub-channels in a cell is small. That is, the number of MSs on each
paging sub-channel is large and the probability of fully loaded messages on the Um
interface is high. In addition, when the value of BS_PA_MFRMS is small, the delivery
period of a paging group is short. That is, the delay for the paging message waiting for
delivery is short. If the buffer of the paging queue is not overloaded and the value of
BS_PA_MFRMS is set to a small value, the efficiency of the Um interface is high.
In practice, you need to modify the parameter and other paging-related parameters to
optimize the paging performance.
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In addition, the problem may be caused when the MS cannot access the network normally.
The causes are as follows:
A. When the downlink signal quality is poor, the MS does not receive a paging message.
B. When the uplink signal quality is poor or the access signals collide, the network does not
receive a paging response from the MS.
In this case, there are many three-TRX cells and the antenna system is configured with many
SCUs. Because the insertion loss of the SCU is 3 dB to 4 dB higher than that of the CDU and
the power level is high in the original data configuration, the coverage in some areas is poor.
After the TRX power level of the SCU is decreased by two levels (the static power is
increased by 4 dB), the coverage in some cells is improved greatly. In this case, the paging
success rate increases.
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6 Information Feedback
When the paging success rate decreases, you need to report the following data for the problem
analysis and location:
35. MSC software version and vendor information, BSC software version, and BTS software
version
36. Paging policy and paging measurement counters on the MSC side: used to obtain the
data configuration on the N side and the change trend of paging success rates
37. *.dat files: used to obtain the parameter configuration on the BSS side
38. Signaling: signaling messages traced on the faulty BTS
39. Traffic measurement: traffic measurement counters related to paging
40. Alarm information: used to check whether the hardware or transmission link is faulty
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