11/9/2017 7 STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION.

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The reduction formulas for large l/r,

given in Fig. 7–31 do not apply to steel
beams fully encased in concrete, even
though no other lateral support is pro- vided.

Introducing a secondary member to

cut down the unsupported length does
not necessarily result in adequate lateral
support. The resistive capacity of the
member and its supports must be traced
through the system to ascertain effect- iveness. For example t
system in Fig.

7.22a may be free to de ect laterally as

shown. This can be prevented by a rigid
oor system that acts as a diaphragm, or
in the absence of a oor, it may be nec- essary to X-brace the s
as shown

FIGURE 7.22 Lateral bracing systems; (a) in Fig. 7.22b.

without and (b) with X bracing.

FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS

7.13 FLOOR-FRAMING

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Selection of a suitable and economical oor system for a steel-frame building in- volves many considerations: load-carrying capacity, dura
re resistance, dead

weight, overall depth, facility for installing power, light, and telephones, facility for
installing aid conditioning, sound transmission, appearance, maintenance, and con- struction time.

Building codes specify minimum design live loads for oor and roof systems.
In the absence of a code regulation, one may use ‘‘Minimum Design Loads in
Buildings and Other Structures,’’ ASCE 7-93, American Society of Civil Engineers.
See also Art. 5.1.2. Floors should be designed to support the actual loading or these
minimum loads, whichever is larger. Most oors can be designed to carry any given
load. However, in some instances, a building code may place a maximum load limit
on particular oor systems without regard to calculated capacity.

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