Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

“Adolf Hitler, 1889-1945; Photomontage of Hitler, Mussolini, Daladier, & Chamberlain Playing

Cards; Hitler Holds 4 Aces.” Library of Congress, loc.gov/pictures/item/2006687014/.

Accessed 10 Jan. 2019.

This photograph is a picture of Hitler, Mussolini, Daladier, and Chamberlain playing

cards. It was used to enhance the visual aspect of the website and show Mussolini with

other world leaders. Hitler and Mussolini playing cards helps suggest that Mussolini’s

rule was a tragedy; he spent time with another well known and hated dictator.

“Black and White Bundle of Sticks Fascist Logo.” Wikipedia, 31 Dec. 2018, en.wikipedia

.org/wiki/Blackshirts. Accessed 6 Jan. 2019

This image adds to the visual aspect of the website. This image is the Blackshirt’s logo.

This image was used to add more context about Mussolini’s private military.

“Blackshirts with Benito Mussolini during the March on Rome on 28 October 1922.” Wikipedia,

31 Dec. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts. Accessed 6 Jan. 2019

This image shows Mussolini and Blackshirts invading Rome for Italy. It adds to the

visual aspect of the website. This image also helps explain why Mussolini was elected

and why the Blackshirts follow Mussolini. Italian citizens felt that Italy should have

received more territory after World War I and Mussolini promised to invade these places

for Italy.
Bowsworth, Richard. Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915-1945.

Penguin Books. Accessed 10 Jan. 2019.

This book includes information about the economy and life under Mussolini. It was used

to show how Mussolini’s rule affected the economy of Italy. This book proves that

internment camps were made under Mussolini’s rule.

Cassin, Alessandro. “House Used in an Internment Camp.” i-Italy, 2010, iitaly.org/magazine

/focus/facts-stories/article/memory-buried-in-search-mussolinis-camps. Accessed 13

Jan. 2019

This image was used to show a house that was used to hold Jews in an internment camp

in Italy while Mussolini was leader. This helps prove that Mussolini’s rule was a tragedy

because the freedom of speech of citizens was limited. Citizens didn’t have the freedom

of religion and would be punished for discussing religion and politics.

Cassin, Alessandro. “Railroad Track by an Internment Camp.” i-Italy, 2010, iitaly.org/magaz

ine/focus/facts-stories/article/memory-buried-in-search-mussolinis-camps. Accessed 13

Jan. 2019

This image was used to show a railroad by an internment camp in Italy while

Mussoliniwas dictator. This helps prove that Mussolini’s rule was a tragedy because the

freedom of speech of citizens was limited. Citizens didn’t have the freedom of religion

and would be punished for discussing religion and politics.

Cassin, Alessandro. “Soldiers Marching a Man Down the Road.” i-Italy, 2010, iitaly.o
 rg/magazine/focus/facts-stories/article/memory-buried-in-search-mussolinis-camps.

Accessed 13 Jan. 2019

This image adds to the visual aspect of the website. It was used to show that the freedom

of speech of Italian citizens was limited during Mussolini’s rule. This photograph proves

that when citizens spoke out against Mussolini or discussed original ideas, they were

punished by the Squadistri.

Cassin, Alessandro. “Soldiers Next to a Pile of Bodies.” i-Italy, 2010, iitaly.org/ma

gazine/focus/facts-stories/article/memory-buried-in-search-mussolinis-camps.

Accessed 13 Jan. 2019

This image adds to the visual aspect of the website. It proves that the persecution of

Jews happened in Italy during Mussolini’s rule. This helps prove the argument that the

freedom of speech of Italian citizens was limited and citizens were punished for religion

and individual ideas.

Cassin, Alessandro. “Ticket to an Internment Camp.” i-Italy, 2010, iitaly.org/magazi

ne/focus/facts-stories/article/memory-buried-in-search-mussolinis-camps. Accessed 13

Jan. 2019

This is an image of a ticket to an internment camp. This photograph helps proves that

internment camps happened in Italy under Mussolini’s rule. Original thought was

discouraged and citizens were punished for following different religions.

Cresciani, G. (1965). Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Italians in Australia 1922-1945. ANU Press.

Accessed 9 Jan. 2019.

This source was used to provide information about Italians immigrating to other
 countries when Mussolini took charge. This book also provides information on how

many immigrants supported Fascism. This source was used to prove that Italians

immigrated to other countries when Mussolini became leader and provide information

on how he won the favor of Italian citizens.

“Fascist Logo in Front of a Flag.” Wikipedia, 31 Dec. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts.

Accessed 6 Jan. 2019

This image adds to the visual aspect of the website. It’s the Fascist’s logo in front of the

Italian flag. This image was used to add more context about Mussolini’s private military.

Ghiringhelli, Peter. “A Childhood in Nazi-Occupied Italy.” BBC, BBC, 8 Nov. 2003,

www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/03/a1993403. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018

This article is about Peter Ghiringhelli’s childhood as an Italian immigrant in Great

Britain in 1940. This was used to show how Italian citizens that fled the country still

suffered the consequences of Mussolini’s rule. Italians were ridiculed for their heritage

and arrested when Mussolini decided to join World War II.

“March on Rome 1922.” Wikimedia Commons, 17 May 2018, commons.wikimedia.org/

wiki/File:March_on_Rome_1922_-_Mussolini. Accessed 10 Jan. 2019.

This photograph shows Mussolini and The Blackshirts invading Rome. It was used as

the background for the home page and helps prove that Mussolini was a dictator. The

photograph shows him taking control of Rome, something the Italian citizens strongly

supported.

Mori, Cesare. The Last Struggle With The Mafia. 1933. Accessed Jan. 10, 2019.
 This book was written by Cesare Mori, the Iron Prefect. This source was used to show

how Mussolini improved the amount of crime in Sicily by appointing Mori to get rid of

the mafia. This provides information on the triumphs of Mussolini’s rule. The decrease

of people in the country let Mussolini spend more time and money on decreasing crime

in the country.

Mussolini, Benito. Ibiblio. 11 Dec. 1941, Rome, www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/1941-12-11c.

Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.

This article is a declaration of war by Benito Mussolini. In this speech, he declared war

against the United States and established Japan and Germany as Italy’s allies. This

speech was used to provide information about Italy’s side in World War II.

Mussolini, Benito. “Mussolini: Speech of the 10 June 1940, Declaration of War on France and

England.” Historical Resources About The Second World War RSS, 10 June 1940,

www.historicalresources.org/2008/09/19/mussolini-speech-of-the-10-june-1940-declarat

ion-of-wa-on-france-and-england/. Accessed 14 Nov. 2018.

This article is a speech by Benito Mussolini. In this speech, Mussolini declared war on

France and Great Britain. The speech is used to provide information about when Italy

joined World War II and why Italy joined the war.

Mussolini, Benito. “ Sections of a Speech by Mussolini to the Fascist Grand Council, 7 April

1932, on Italy’s Economic Problems.” The National Archives, The National Archives, 7

Apr. 1932, www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/heroesvillains/transcript/g3cs1s3t.

Accessed 14 Nov. 2018.

This article is a speech by Benito Mussolini. This speech is about unemployment rates
 and the level of poverty in Italy. This speech was used to give examples of

how the population decline in Sicily helped Mussolini improve the economy.

Mussolini, Benito. Speech Delivered by Premier Benito Mussolini. New York Times, 23 Feb.

1941, astro.temple.edu/~rimmerma/speech_delivered_by_premier_beni. Accessed 15

Nov. 2018.

This article is a speech by Mussolini. This speech and the way Mussolini addresses Italy

and the Blackshirts were analyzed to provide background information about when and

how Mussolini came to power in Italy. This speech also provides information about

Italy’s involvement in World War II.

Mussolini, Benito. Fascisti Leader, Begins His Active Work Today As Italian Premier. (1922,

October 31).RareNewspapers, rarenewspapers.com/view/595686. Accessed 7 Jan. 2019.

This newspaper article was used to explain who supported Mussolini. It also provides

background information about Mussolini’s “domestic goal”. A picture of the newspaper

was used on the website.

Mussolini, Benito. “The Doctrine of Fascism.” 1932,sjsu.edu/people/cynthia.rostankow

ski/courses/HUM2BS14/s0/The-Doctrine-of-Fascism. Accessed 10 Jan. 2019

This article was used to clearly define Mussolini’s views. Information from this article

was used to show that Italians could not trust each other during Mussolini’s rule. Fighting

broke out among citizens in towns after the March on Rome, which was started by

Mussolini.

“MVSN Insignia, Helmet Stencil Version.” Wikipedia, 31 Dec. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Blackshirts. Accessed 6 Jan. 2019

 This image adds to the visual aspect of the website. It’s a helmet stencil of the

Blackshirt’s logo. This image was used to add more context about Mussolini’s private

military.

“Topic 2, Fascism [Fragment].” Topic 2, "Fascism" [Fragment]. Harvard,\

Jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKPP/004/JFKPP-004-010. Accessed Jan. 11

2019.

This is a document about Fascism. This source was used to define Fascism and shows

how Mussolini went from Socialist to Fascist. It provides background information about

Mussolini’s political ideals and why he became leader of Italy.

Secondary Sources

Amadeo, Kimberly. “Fascism: Characteristics, Pros, Cons, and Examples.” The Balance, 20

Nov. 2017, www.thebalance.com/fascism-definition-examples-pros-cons-4145419.

Accessed 1 Nov. 2018.

This article discusses the pros and cons of fascism. It shows how Mussolini supporting

fascism could have benefited Sicily. It helped expand each argument by providing

multiple reasons why fascism could be good for Sicily.

Anna Colibri. “The Benefits of Fascism - Anna Colibri, SF Writer & Digital Marketer.” ​Anna

Colibri | Writer & Digital Marketer,​ 19 Dec. 2016,0 www.annacolibri.com/the-benefits-

of-fascism/. Accessed 1 Nov. 2018.

This article is about the benefits of fascism. It was used to show how Mussolini utilized

some of fascism’s benefits. This information was also used to provide information about
 how the loss of Italian citizens improved Italy’s economy. The source directly says that

because of the large number of Italian citizens in internment camps or being deported,

there were fewer mouths to feed and more jobs available.

Greenspan, Jesse. “9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini.” ​History.com,​ A&E

Television Networks, 25 Oct. 2012, www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-

Know-about-mussolini. Accessed 11 Oct. 2018.

This article discusses things that aren’t commonly known about Mussolini. This article

was used to provide background information about when Mussolini became a dictator. It

also provided an example of what Mussolini did when he first came to power in Italy.

Kesternich, Iris, et al. “The Effects of World War II on Economic and Health Outcomes across

Europe.” NBCI, 8 Jan. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025972/.

Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.

This article provides statistics about European nations’ poverty levels before, during,

and after World War I. This information was used to prove that the efforts Mussolini

made to improve Italy’s economy only lasted twenty years. After Italy joined the war,

their economy became worse than before Mussolini was dictating the country.

Knights, Melanie F., and Paola E. Signoretta. “Italy.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia

Britannica, Inc., 21 Nov. 2018, www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Economic-policy.

Accessed 29 Nov. 2018

This article is about the economy while Mussolini was in power. Information from this

article was used to show Mussolini’s efforts to fix Italy’s economy. This proves that \

Mussolini improved the economy of Italy for a few years and that the economy \
 decreased after Italy joined the war.

Locke, John. Social Contract Theory. 1600. Accessed 29 Nov. 2018.

This theory is about basic human rights. This theory was used to prove that the loss of

freedom of speech is tragic. This information efficiently information about how citizens

lost their freedom of speech in Italy because of Mussolini and the Blackshirts to the

thesis.

Newark, Tim. ​Mafia Allies the True Story of America's Secret Alliance with the Mob in World

War II​. Zenith Press, 2007. Accessed 29 Nov. 2018.

This book discusses the mafia in Sicily and America. It includes statistics of how much

crime was reduced by Mori Cesare. This information was used to give an example of a

problem the government was able to focus on fixing after improving the economy of

Italy.

Parenti, Michael. Blackshirts & Reds: Rational Fascism & the Overthrow of Communism. City

Lights Books, 1997. Accessed 29 Nov. 2018.

This book is about the Blackshirts and has background information about Mussolini. It

was used to give examples of what Blackshirts did to citizens that spoke against

Mussolini and includes information on why landowners and industrialists wanted

Mussolini to be in charge. This source provides information that supports the argument

of how the loss of freedom of speech is a tragedy and Mussolini’s economic solutions

were in favor of the wealthy.

“The Lost Sicilians.” Best of Sicily, Best of Sicily, 25 Aug. 2018, www.bestofsicily.c

om/fascism.
 Accessed 23 Nov. 2018.

This article provides information about Sicily and how citizens fled the country when

Mussolini took power. This information was used to argue that Mussolini caused the loss

of original thinkers. The loss of original thinkers resulted in the decline of artwork,

inventions, and new discoveries.

Trueman, C N. “Life in Fascist Italy.” History Learning Site, 25 May 2015,

www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/italy-1900-to-1939/li

fe-in-fascist-italy/. Accessed 11 Oct. 2018.

This article discusses what it was like living in Fascist Italy. This supports the theme by

providing information on what Mussolini and the Blackshirts did when people spoke out

against Fascism or didn’t obey Mussolini. It provides information on how tight

Mussolini’s rule was and the consequences of people not listening to him.