ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

1
 Our project is named as “GPS based Automatic Accident Identification
System”.

To identify the accident of vehicle based on GPS with the support of

mobile communication system.

The main intention of this project is to find the accident spot at any place
and intimating it to ambulance through the GPS and GSM networks. Now-a-
days, it became very difficult to know that an accident occurred and to locate
the position. To overcome these used to GPS based Automatic Accident
Identification System.

The sensor assemblies are mounted the vehicle body. When an accident
occurs, the vibration sensor gives the signal to the microcontroller, which sends
the information to the control room through gsm network. GPS used to finding
the current Location.

The project designed mainly for automotive applications by saving the

life during heavy accidents.

2
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM

3
 GPS GPS MICRO GSM
ANTENN RECEIVER CONTROLLER MODEM

AMPLIFIER

VIBRATION
SENSOR

MOBILE
PHONE

4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit diagram

5
 V C C (+ 5 V )

V C C (+ 5 V )
0 .1 m f
1 6 X 2 L C D D is p la y
10M F D

VCC 2 1 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 15 16
32
RX 560E
26
+5V
TX 27 10K

G PS
R e c e iv e r 560E
20
4 .7 K
470E
1 21
1N 4007 1M F D
19
GND
V C C (+ 5 V )
27

28
P IC 1 6 F 9 1 7
29
10k
V C C (+ 6 V )

34 30
S w it c h V C C (+ 5 V )
B u zze r
A N TE N N A
1 0 m f d \6 3 v 10M F D
BC 547
38
4 .7 K
1 0 m f d \6 3 v 2 16 8
1 GSM
MODEM
V ib r a t io n 3
7
Sensor 40 MAX232
26 9 4
22pf
25 10 5 1 0 m f d \6 3 v
13 6
15
20MH z
14 1 0 m f d \6 3 v

22pf
31

POWER SUPPLY

6
 +6V

4X1N 4007 1 3
IC 7 8 0 5 +5V

2
O N /O F F
+ +
- +
+ 1 0 0 0 M F D \5 0 V 0 .1 M D F 1 0 0 M F D \2 5 V
6V B A TTE R Y

CHARGER

4X1N 4007
+12V

560E

- +
+ TO
A C 220V B A T T ER Y
1 0 0 0 M F D \5 0 V
LED P

12V / 500m A

7
INTRODUCTION

GPS TECHNOLOGY

8
 The GPS is a worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a
constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. A system of satellites,
computers, and receivers that is able to determine the latitude and longitude of a
receiver on Earth by calculating the time difference for signals from different
satellites to reach the receiver While there are millions of civilian users of GPS
world-wide, the system was originally designed for and is operated by the U. S.
Department of Defense (DOD). Nowadays, the GPS is finding its usage into
cars, airplanes, ships and could be applied to all other moving facilities. There
are five stations around the world (Hawaii, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia,
Kwajalein, and Colorado Springs.) monitoring the GPS satellites, checking both
their operational functions and their exact position in space. The ground station
transmits corrections for the satellite's ephemeris constants and clock offsets
back to the satellites. The satellites can then incorporate these updates in the
signals they send to the surface of the earth and can be read by GPS receivers.
GPS satellites provide coded signals that can be processed in a GPS
receiver, enabling the receiver to compute altitude, longitude, height, velocity
and time. Precise positioning could be achieved by using GPS receivers at
different locations providing corrections and reference positioning data for
remote receivers. Time and frequency dissemination, based on the precise
clocks on board the satellites and controlled by the monitor stations, is another
use for GPS.

GPS receivers convert the satellite signals into position, velocity, and
time estimates. Four satellites are required to compute the four dimensions of
latitude, longitude, height and time. GPS receivers are used for navigation,
positioning, time dissemination, and other research. Navigation in three
dimensions is the primary function of GPS. Navigation receivers can be made
for all moving objects on earth such as vehicles, aircraft, ships.

Here's how GPS works in four logical steps:

9
The basis of GPS is " triangulation" from satellites.

1. To "triangulate," a GPS receiver measures distance using the travel time

of radio signals.

2. To measure travel time, GPS needs very accurate timing which it

achieves with some tricks.

3. Along with distance, you need to know exactly where the satellites are in
space. High orbits and careful monitoring are the secret.

4. Finally you must correct for any delays the signal experiences as it travels
through the atmosphere.

Illustration of GPS technology

The GPS receiver obtains the signal from at least four of the GPS
satellites via the GPS antenna. Using the principle of 3D trilateration, the
location of a place is determined in terms of its latitude, longitude and altitude,
which is illustrated in the above figure.

APPLICATIONS OF GPS TECHNOLOGY

Depending on your needs and the GPS technology, you can hope to gain
several benefits from using GPS technology in your environment. Some of the
benefits are:

 Offers precise location data for any point on the planet, in any weather

 Helps you find out where you are and how to get where you are going on
land or sea

 Surveys and maps precisely saving time and money with higher accuracy

 Currently being used in several different types of industries

10
 Reduced costs has made GPS technology more affordable for everyone

 The ability to track an object down to its precise location

PRINCIPLE OF TRILATERATION

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a constellation of 27

Earth-orbiting satellites (24 in operation and three extras in case one fails). The
U.S. military developed and implemented this satellite network as a military
navigation system, but soon opened it up to everybody else.

Artist's concept of the GPS satellite constellation

Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the
globe at about 12,000 miles (19,300 km), making two complete rotations every
day. The orbits are arranged so that at anytime, anywhere on Earth, there are at
least four satellites "visible" in the sky.

3-D Trilateration
Fundamentally, three-dimensional trilateration isn't much different from
two-dimensional trilateration, but it's a little trickier to visualize. Imagine the
radii from the examples in the last section going off in all directions. So instead
of a series of circles, you get a series of spheres.

If you know you are 10 miles from satellite A in the sky, you could be
anywhere on the surface of a huge, imaginary sphere with a 10-mile radius. If
you also know you are 15 miles from satellite B, you can overlap the first
sphere with another, larger sphere. The spheres intersect in a perfect circle. If
you know the distance to a third satellite, you get a third sphere, which
intersects with this circle at two points.

The Earth itself can act as a fourth sphere -- only one of the two possible
points will actually be on the surface of the planet, so you can eliminate the one
in space. Receivers generally look to four or more satellites, however, to
11
improve accuracy and provide precise altitude information. In order to make
this simple calculation, then, the GPS receiver has to know two things:

 The location of at least three satellites above you

 The distance between you and each of those satellites

The GPS receiver figures both of these things out by analyzing high-
frequency, low-power radio signals from the GPS satellites. Better units have
multiple receivers, so they can pick up signals from several satellites
simultaneously. Radio waves are electromagnetic energy, which means they
travel at the speed of light (about 186,000 miles per second, 300,000 km per
second in a vacuum).

SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

OPERATING VOLTAGE
3.3V

FREQUENCY 1575 MHz

RANGE

GPS RECEIVER

Trimble's new Lassen SQ GPS receiver adds complete GPS functionality

to mobile products, in a postage-stamp-sized footprint with ultra-low power

12
consumption. Using Trimble's breakthrough First GPS architecture, the module
delivers complete position, velocity and time (PVT) solutions for use in mobile,
battery-powered applications such as cell phones, pagers, PDAs, and digital
cameras.

The Lassen SQ GPS module is packaged in a tiny form factor (26 mm x

26 mm x 6 mm, including the metal shield). It typically requires only 100 mW
of power (at 3.3 VDC). Total typical power usage, including the Trimble 3.3
VDC miniature antenna, is 133 mW. The module includes flash memory for
field upgrades and for storing the user configuration.

Cable Strip Mating Connector

A low profile, cable strip mating connector is the second I/O mating
method. A recommended cable strip part is Samtec's part number FFSD-04-?-
XX part. The user will need to substitute the following letters and numbers into
the part number when ordering this part where the '?' and 'XX' symbols occur:
for the '?' symbol substitute the letter S for single end or D for double end; for
the 'XX' symbol substitute the overall length in inches, ± 1/8 inch, with a 2
inch minimum. Since the signals are CMOS TTL level signals, Trimble does not
recommend cable lengths of longer than six inches.

If the cable strip I/O connector scheme is used, the connector side of the
Lassen SQ module will be facing up and the mounting tabs will be on the top of
the module away from PCB. The RF connector is easily accessible, using this
interfacing methodology.

Digital IO/Power Connector Pin out information.

13
PIN NUMBER FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

1 TXD A Serial Port A transmit

2 GND Ground, Power and Signal

3 RXD A Serial Port A receive

4 PPS Pulse-Per-Second, CMOS/TTL

5 Reserve No connect

6 Reserve No connect

7 Prime Power (VCC) +3.3 VDC to ± 0.3 VDC

8 Battery Backup Power 3V

Power Requirements

The Lassen SQ GPS module requires +3.3 VDC ±0.3 VDC at 33 mA,
typical excluding the antenna. The on-board capacitance is 10 μF. An
important design consideration for power is the module's internal clock
frequency at 12.504 MHz ± 3 KHz. Interference spurs on prime power in this

14
narrow frequency band should be kept to less than 1mV. The receiver does not
require any special power up or down sequencing. The receiver power is
supplied through pin 7 of the I/O connector. See Table 2.2 for the +3.3 VDC
power specifications.

Battery Back-up

The Lassen SQ GPS receiver provides an input for battery back-up

(BBU) power to keep the module's RAM memory alive and to power the real-
time clock when the receiver's prime power is turned off. RAM memory is used
to store the GPS almanac, ephemeris, and last position. User configuration data,
including port parameters and receiver processing options can be stored in non-
volatile Flash which does not require back-up power. By using battery back-up,
time to first fix is reduced to 20 seconds (typical). Though not required,
providing BBU power can reduce time to first fix. A 3.6 volt lithium battery
used for back-up power can last up to five years.

SIGNAL VOLTAGE CURRENT PIN NO.

VCC 3.0 – 3.6 33mA 7
Battery Back-up 2.5 to 3.6 19μA 8
Ground 0 ---- 2

Serial Interface

As an embedded design, the Lassen SQ GPS module provides direct

CMOS compatible TTL level serial I/O. The RX and TX signals on the J2 I/O
connector are driven directly by the UART on the Lassen SQ GPS receiver.
Interfacing these signals directly to a UART in your application circuitry
provides direct serial communication without the complication of RS-232 or
RS-422 line drivers.

15
Pulse-Per-Second (PPS)

The Lassen SQ GPS receiver provides a four microsecond wide, CMOS

compatible TTL level Pulse-Per-Second (PPS). The PPS is a positive pulse
available on pin 4 of the power and I/O connector. The rising edge of the PPS
pulse is synchronized with respect to UTC. The timing accuracy is ±95
nanoseconds when valid position fixes are being reported. The rising edge of the
pulse is typically less than 20 nanoseconds. The distributed impedance of the
attached signal line and input circuit can affect the pulse shape and rise time.
The PPS can drive a load up to 5mA without damaging the module. The falling
edge of the pulse should not be used. The PPS is always on (early PPS) and is
driven by the Real Time Clock (RTC) until the receiver acquires GPS time from
the satellite and is getting fixes.

GPS Antennas

The antenna receives the GPS satellite signals and passes them to the
receiver. The GPS signals are spread spectrum signals in the 1575 MHz range
and do not penetrate conductive or opaque surfaces. Therefore, the antenna must
be located outdoors with a clear view of the sky. The Lassen SQ GPS receiver
requires an active antenna. The received GPS signals are very low power,
approximately -130 dBm, at the surface of the earth. Trimble's active antennas

16
include a preamplifier that filters and amplifies the GPS signals before delivery
to the receiver. A Compact Magnetic-Mount GPS Antenna with a 5m cableand
an MCX connector.

Start-up

Lassen SQ GPS module is a complete 8-channel parallel tracking GPS

receiver designed to operate with the L1 frequency, standard position service,
Coarse Acquisition code. When connected to an external GPS antenna, the
receiver contains all the circuitry necessary to automatically acquire GPS
satellite signals, track up to 8 GPS satellites, and compute location, speed,
heading, and time. The receiver will automatically begin to search for and track
GPS satellite signals at power-up.

The performance of a GPS receiver at power-on is determined largely by

the availability and accuracy of the satellite ephemeris data and the availability
of a GPS system almanac. The first time the receiver is powered-up, it is
searching for satellites from a cold start (no almanac). While the receiver will
begin to compute position solutions within the first two minutes, the receiver
must continuously track satellites for approximately 15 minutes to download a
complete almanac.
GPS Satellite Message

Every GPS satellite transmits the Coarse/Acquisition (C/A) code and

satellite data modulated onto the L1 carrier frequency (1575.42 MHz). The
satellite data transmitted by each satellite includes a satellite almanac for the
entire GPS system, its own satellite ephemeris and its own clock correction. The
satellite data is transmitted in 30-second frames. Each frame contains the clock

17
correction and ephemeris for that specific satellite, and two pages of the 50-
page GPS system almanac. The almanac is
repeated every 12.5 minutes. The ephemeris is repeated every 30 seconds. The
system almanac contains information about each of the satellites in the
constellation, ionospheric data, and special system messages.
The GPS system almanac is updated weekly and is typically valid for
months. The ephemeris contains detailed orbital information for a specific
satellite. Ephemeris data changes hourly, but is valid for up to four hours. The
GPS control segment updates the system almanac weekly and the ephemeris
hourly through three ground-based control stations. During normal operation,
the Lassen SQ GPS receiver module updates its ephemeris and almanac as
needed. The performance of a GPS receiver at power-on is determined largely
by the availability and accuracy of the satellite ephemeris data and the
availability of a GPS system almanac.
Satellite Acquisition and Time to First Fix
Cold-Start
In a cold-start condition the receiver automatically selects a set of eight
satellites and dedicates an individual tracking channel to each satellite, to search
the Doppler range frequency for each satellite in the set. If none of the eight
selected satellites is acquired after a predetermined period of time (time-out),
the receiver will select a new search set of eight satellites and will repeat the
process, until the first satellite is acquired. As satellites are acquired, the
receiver automatically collects ephemeris and almanac data. The Lassen SQ
GPS receiver uses the knowledge gained from acquiring a specific satellite to
eliminate other satellites, those below the horizon, from the search set. This
strategy speeds the acquisition of additional satellites required to achieve the
first position fix.
The cold-start search sets are established to ensure that at least three
satellites are acquired within the first two time-out periods. As soon as three
18
satellites are found, the receiver will compute an initial position fix. The typical
time to first fix is less than 2 minutes. A complete system almanac is not
required to achieve a first position fix. However, the availability and accuracy of
the satellite ephemeris data and the availability of a GPS almanac can
substantially shorten the time to first fix.
Warm Start
In a warm-start condition the receiver has been powered down for at least
one hour but has stored a current almanac, an initial position, and time, in
memory. When connected to an external back-up power source (battery back-
up), the Lassen SQ GPS receiver retains the almanac, approximate position, and
time to aid in satellite acquisition and reduce the time to first fix.
Hot Start
A hot start strategy applies when the Lassen SQ GPS receiver has been
powered down for less than 60 minutes, and the almanac, position, ephemeris,
and time are valid. The hot start search strategy is similar to a warm start, but
since the ephemeris data in memory is considered current and valid, the
acquisition time is typically less than 20 seconds.

Garage Search Strategy

During a warm start search, the Lassen SQ GPS receiver knows which
satellites to search for, based on the system almanac, the initial position (last
known position) and the current time. In some cases, the receiver may not be
able to acquire the expected satellite signals (e.g., a vehicle parked in a garage
or a vessel in a covered berth). Trimble's patented "garage search" strategy, also
known as a split search, is designed for such situations. If the receiver does not
acquire the expected set of satellites within 5 minutes of power-on, some of the
19
eight tracking channels will continue to search for the expected satellites (warm
search) while the remaining channels are directed in a cold start search. This
strategy minimizes the time to first fix in cases where the stored almanac,
position and time are invalid. The stored information is flushed from memory, if
the cold start search proves effective and the warm search fails.

System Reset

The Lassen SQ GPS receiver can be reset with software commands or by

cycling power. A system reset will cause the receiver to restart and begin the
satellite acquisition and tracking process again. There are three types of system
resets: soft reset, hard reset, and factory reset. The TSIP protocol supports all
three resets using the 0x1E command. Power cycling can be used for either the
soft reset or the hard reset. A soft reset is a system restart. In a soft reset, the
system will attempt to acquire satellites using the satellite information and last
position data stored in RAM, and the time information supplied by the real-time
clock. There are two ways to initiate a soft reset:

 Cycling main power while keeping the memory and the real-time clock
alive with back-up power.
 Issuing Command Packet 0x25.
Issuing the 0x1E command with a value of 0x4B.

Cycling power without back-up power applied. Using this method, power
must be removed for at least 3 minutes to ensure any residual memory storage is
erased. If power is cycled rapidly, the 0x1E command with a value of 0x4B
must then be issued to the receiver 2.5 seconds after power is restored to ensure
a hard reset. A factory reset is used to restore all the factory default settings into
the receiver. Any user settings stored in Flash memory will be erased. Issuing
the 0x1E command with a value of 0x46 will initiate a factory reset.

20
Satellite Mask Settings

Once the Lassen SQ GPS receiver has acquired and locked onto a set of
satellites, which pass the mask criteria listed in this section, and has obtained a
valid ephemeris for each satellite, it will output regular position, velocity and
time reports according to the protocol selected. These masks serve as the
screening criteria for satellites used in fix computations and ensure that position
solutions meet a minimum level of accuracy. The Lassen SQ GPS receiver will
only output position, course, speed and time when a satellite set can be acquired
which meets all of the mask criteria. The satellite masks can be adjusted in GPS
receivers accepting the TSIP protocol.

Satellite Mask Settings

Mask Setting
Elevation 5°
SNR 3
PDOP 12
PDOP Switch 6
Elevation Mask

Satellites below a 5° elevation are not used in the position solution.

Although low elevation satellites can contribute to a lower/better PDOP, the
signals from low elevation satellites are poorer quality, since they suffer greater
tropospheric and ionospheric distortion than the signals from higher elevation
satellites. These signals travel further through the ionospheric and tropospheric
layers. In addition, low elevation satellites can contribute to frequent
constellation switches, since the signals from these satellites are more easily

21
obscured by buildings and terrain. Constellation switches can cause noticeable
jumps in the position output.

SNR Mask
Although the Lassen SQ GPS receiver is capable of tracking signals with
SNRs as low as 0, the default SNR mask is set to 3 to eliminate poor quality
signals from the fix computation and minimize constellation switching. Low
SNR values may result from:

 Low Elevation Satellites

 Partially Obscured Signals ( e.g. Dense Foliage)
 Multi-Reflected Signals (Multi-Path)
The distortion of signals and the frequent constellation switches associated with
low-elevation satellites were discussed above . In mobile applications, the
attenuation of signals by foliage is typically a temporary condition. Since the
Lassen SQ GPS receiver can maintain lock on signals with SNRs as low as 0, it
offers excellent performance when traveling through heavy foliage.

DOP Mask
Position Dilution of Precision (DOP) is a measure of the error caused by
the geometric relationship of the satellites used in the position solution. Satellite
sets which are tightly clustered or aligned in the sky will have a high DOP and
will contribute to a lower position accuracy. For most applications, a DOP mask
of 12 offers a satisfactory trade-off between accuracy and GPS coverage time.
With world-wide GPS coverage now available, the DOP mask can be lowered
even further for many applications without sacrificing coverage
PDOP Switch
22
 The default positioning mode for the Lassen SQ GPS receiver is
Automatic. In this mode, the receiver attempts to generate a 3- dimensional
(3D) position solution, when four or more satellites meeting the mask criteria
are visible. If such a satellite set cannot be found, the receiver will automatically
switch to 2-dimensional (2D) mode. The PDOP switch establishes the trade-off
between 3D positioning and PDOP. With the PDOP Switch set to 6, the receiver
will compute a 2D position with a HDOP below 6 rather than a 3D position with
a PDOP greater than 6, even when four or more satellites are visible.
Standard Operating Modes
The tracking mode controls the allocation of the receiver's tracking
channels and the method used for computing position fixes.
Fix Modes
The Lassen SQ GPS receiver offers three positioning modes: 2D Manual,
3D Manual, and Automatic 2D/3D. Automatic 2D/3D is the default mode for

23
 GSM
(Global System for
Mobile communications)

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it

by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four
different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or
1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including Canada and the
United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800
MHz frequency bands were already allocated.

24
 The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some
countries where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation
systems.

GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile

station to the base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction
(downlink), providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at
200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used. In some countries the GSM-900
band has been extended to cover a larger frequency range. This 'extended GSM',
E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink) and 925–960 MHz (downlink), adding 50
channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the original GSM-900 band.
Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate
speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots
(giving eight burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half
rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate
for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.

The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts

in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.

GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into
between 5.6 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data
channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (5.6 kbit/s) and Full
Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear predictive coding
(LPC). In addition to being efficient with bitrates, these codecs also made it
easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface
layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal.

25
 GSM was further enhanced in 1997[12] with the Enhanced Full Rate
(EFR) codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the
development of UMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called
AMR-Narrowband, which is high quality and robust against interference when
used on full rate channels, and less robust but still relatively high quality when
used in good radio conditions on half-rate channels.

There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—macro, micro, pico,
femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the
implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the
base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top
level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level;
they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage
diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are
cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect
to the service provider’s network via a broadband internet connection.

Network structure

The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large and
complicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It is
divided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separate
articles.

 The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their

controllers).

 The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network

most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called
the core network.
26
 The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet
based Internet connections).

 All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM

services such as voice calls and SMS.

27
 EMBEDDED
SYSTEM

WHY WE ARE USING EMBEDDED SYSTEM?

 Cost of production is very low.

 It is an advanced and latest technology.
 Production time is very less.
 It improves the efficiency of the host machine tremendously.
.
WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM?

28
 Embedded System is a small computer system that is generally hidden
inside equipment [machine, electrical appliances, or electronic gadget] to
increase the intelligence of the equipment for better or more efficient
functionality. This kind of system always involves both the software and the
hardware co-development.

Embedded Systems are often easier understood in terms of Smart devices,

intelligent or automated equipments. Embedded Systems do not need a
complete operating system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating
system. Hence Embedded System can be defined as follows:

 It is embedding or inserting human intelligence by means of a software into

a Microcontroller chip and designing a hardware for the purpose.
 It is a combination of software and hardware with automatic working
without user interface.
 It performs specific functions in host systems like satellites, remote
controllers, televisions, robotics, ATMs, pagers, laser printers, missile launch
systems, etc.
 It is a closed loop system i.e., change in the input will not affect the output.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software

and additional mechanical parts, designed to perform a specific function .An
embedded system is designed to do a specific task within a given time frame,
repeatedly, without human interaction. Embedded system do not need a
complete operating system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating
system in a real-time environment, that is, a real time operating system.
(RTOS). Frequently, embedded system does not have a user interface.

29
 Application Area of embedded system include aerospace/defense
systems, telecommunication equipments and switches, mobile computing,
broadcast, automotives, industrial process control and monitoring, medical
electronics, consumer electronics, etc. Main hardware components of an
embedded system are microprocessor or micro controller, and supporting ICs.
The combination of micro-controller and ICs are application specific.
Commonly used microprocessors include the following. Motorola 680XX
series, IBM PowerPC series processors, MIPS processors, Intel 386 and
compatible CPUs, ARM processors, Sun SPARC series, etc. Embedded systems
need memory for storing programs and data, and usually programs are stored in
ROM or EPROM. Often these systems have a serial port network interface, I/O
interface for interacting with sensors and actuators in the case of process
controlling systems.

30
MICROPROCESSO
R Vs
MICROCONTROLL
ER

31
 MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is a general-purpose device which has an in-built CPU,

Memory and peripherals, which make it function as a mini computer.

Both Microcontroller and microprocessor can be employed for designing

products or applications in Embedded System. But Microcontroller has its own
advantages over microprocessor. They are as follows:

 For transfer of data from external memory to the CPU, microprocessor

needs many operational codes. But in Microcontroller, one or two codes
are enough.
 Microcontroller have many bit-handling instructions, but microprocessor
have only one or two.
 Microcontroller have built-in peripherals whereas microprocessor lack in-
built peripherals.
 Microcontroller work faster than microprocessor because of rapid
movement of bits within the chip.
 Microcontroller have simple circuit structure compared to
microprocessor.
 Microcontroller have only 35 instructions whereas microprocessor have
75.
 Microcontroller are costly when compared with microprocessor.
 Microcontroller can function as a mini computer without any additional
parts.
 Microcontroller instructions are simple, single word instructions.

32
 PIC
(PERIPHERL INTERFACE CONTROLLER)

33
 PIC (PERIPHERL INTERFACE CONTROLLER)

PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller as coined by Microchip

Technology, USA. MCU overview and Roadmap Microchip PIC micro MCUs
combine high-performance, low-cost and small package size, offering the best
price/performance ratio in the industry. More than 1.5 billion of these devices
are shipped to customers worldwide since 1990.

PIC(Peripheral Interface Controller) is the IC which was developed to

control the peripheral device, dispersing the function of the main CPU.
When comparing to the human being, the brain is the main CPU and the PIC
shares the part of which is equivalent to the automatic. However, the through
out, the memory capacity are not big. It depends on the kind of PIC but the
maximum operation clock frequency is about 29 MHZ and the memory capacity
to write the program is about 1k to 4k words. It is possible to make the compact
circuit when using PIC.

34
 The point which the PIC is convenient for the calculation part, the
memory, the input/output part and so on are incorporated in to one piece of the
IC.

The efficiency, and the function are limited but can compose the control
unit only by the PIC even if it does not combine the various IC’s. So the circuit
can be compactly.

Microchip offers five families of MCUs to best fit your application needs:

 PIC12CXXX 8-pin 12-bit/14-bit program word

 PIC16C5X 12-bit program word
 PIC16CXXX 14-bit program word
 PIC17CXXX 16-bit program word
 PIC18CXXX enhanced 16-bit program word

ADVANTAGES IN USING PIC

 Microchip is the world’s first largest chip Manufacturer.

 Focus on high performance cost-effective, field-programmable
embedded control Solutions.
 Microchip is the first Manufacturer of 8 pin RISC MCU.
 Variety of end-user Application-specific Standard Products (ASSP) &
Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC).
 Global network of manufacturing and customer support facilities.
 Non-Volatile memory.

35
HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF PIC16F72

This powerful yet easy-to-program (only 35 single word instructions)

8-bit microcontroller packs Microchip's powerful PIC architecture into an 28-
pin package and is upwards compatible with the PIC16C5X, PIC12CXXX and
PIC16C7X devices. The PIC16F72 features, self programming, an ICD, 2
Comparators, 5 channels of 8-bit Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2
additional timers, the synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3-wire
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI™) or the 2-wire Inter-Integrated Circuit (I 2C™)
bus and a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART). All of these
features make it ideal for more advanced level A/D applications in automotive,
industrial, appliances and consumer applications.

36
 HARDWARE
COMPONENTS
OF
PIC16F917

HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF PIC16F917

37
 This powerful yet easy-to-program (only 35 single word instructions)
8-bit microcontroller packs Microchip's powerful PIC architecture into an 40- or
44-pin package and is upwards compatible with the PIC16C5X, PIC12CXXX
and PIC16C7X devices. The PIC16F917 features 256 bytes of EEPROM data
memory, self programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, 8 channels of 10-bit
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2 additional timers, the synchronous serial
port can be configured as either 3-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI™) or the
2-wire Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C™) bus and a Universal Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter (USART). All of these features make it ideal for more
advanced level A/D applications in automotive, industrial, appliances and
consumer applications.

38
PIN DIAGRAM
OF
PIC16F917

PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC16F917

39
40
PIC16F917 BLOCK

41
PIC16F917 BLOCK

42
 The PIC16F917 has 40 pins. These 40 pins can be connected to different
ports like PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, PORTD and PORTE. Apart from these it
can be used for transmitting and receiving different analog signals. Oscillators,
Capacitors, Resistors of varying value can be used with this. The ports in this
can be configured as either an output port or as an input port .If it is configured
as output port either LED’s or LCD’s or seven segment displays can be used to
view the output. If the ports are configured as input then signals can be received
by using keys. These ports have 3-8 pins. Port A, B, C, D has eight pins each
and Port E has only 3 pins. Supply of +5v are used in pins 1 and 32 where a
resistor of 1K is used in pin 1.Similarly pin 31 is used as ground. This IC is
particularly used for storing values in its memory. RTC (Real Time Clock) is an
added feature. When there is a need to use five ports or lesser than five ports we
can always go for 877 since it gives us an advantage to use EEPROM, RTC and
different types of input and output.

Oscillators
There are 4 common oscillator modes that are available on most PIC
micro devices. HS, XT, LP and RC.
These modes support crystals, canned oscillator modules, some resonators
or the use of an external resistor and capacitor as a clock source. When using a
crystal or resonator, other components such as capacitors may be needed. The
XT mode stands for “Crystal” mode and will produce a medium drive level. It is
designed to be used with crystals and resonators of about 1 to 4 MHz TX.
Master Clear Resets (MCLR)
Resets can be caused by a signal on the MCLR pin, by powering
up the device, by a Watchdog timer timeout, by a Brown-Out voltage Reset
43
(BOR), by a software reset instruction, or by a stack overflow or underflow
reset. The MCLR pin can be used to generate a reset. On most PIC micro
devices the MCLR pin is always active.

PCB

44
PCB

45
 CIRCUIT
EXPLANATION

46
 POWER SYSTEM

Every electronic system we need low voltage DC power supply in

different electronic circuits operated in different power supplies, the ratings
depending upon load current and voltage. The load current depending on load
resistance i.e load current is inversely proportional to load resistance. So the
matched designation of power supply is very important to every electronic
circuit.

In this circuits we need two power supplies .All ICs are worked on
regulated DC power 5v with GND. Relay derive worked on dc 12v with
GND .This unit consist of battery, rectifier, filter & regulator. Battery voltage
typically 12v RMS is connected to a Diode rectifier then provides a bridge
rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a
DC voltage. This resulting DC voltage usually has some ripple or Ac voltage
variations. A regulator circuit can use this DC input to provide DC voltage that
not only has much less ripple voltage but also remains the same DC value even
the DC voltage varies somewhat,. OR the load connected to the output DC
voltages changes.

BLOCKDIAGRM:

Battery Rectifier Filter Regulator

BATTERY:
A battery is a static power source Robots electric system. It works
with the principle of charging and discharging. In our project we are using
maintenance free dry battery for providing a necessary supply for the electronic
circuits .In our project we are using a 6V.

47
RECTIFIER

The reverse protector obtained from a battery input can be improved

100% using a process called full wave rectification. It uses 4 diodes in a bridge
configuration. From the basic bridge configuration. we see that two diodes
(say D2 &D3) are conducting while the other two diodes (D1&D4) are in “off”
state during the period t = 0 to T/2.Accordingly for the negative of the input the
conducting diodes are D1&D4.Thus the polarity across the load is the same.

FILTER

The filter circuit used here is the capacitor filter circuit where a capacitor
is connected at the rectifier output, and a DC is obtained across it .The filtered
wave form is essentially a dc voltage with negligible ripples, which is ultimately
fed to the load.
REGULATOR

The output voltage from the capacitor is more filtered and finally
regulated. The voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage
constant irrespective of the changes in supply variations, load variation and
temperature changes. Here we use one fixed voltage regulator namely
LM7805.The IC 7805 is a+5 voltage regulator.

3-Terminal Positive Voltage Regulators

48
 The LM341 and LM78MXX series of three-terminal positive voltage
regulators employ built-in current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-
operating area protection which make them virtually immune to damage from
output overloads. With adequate heat sinking, they can deliver in excess of 0.5A
output current. Typical applications would include local (on-card) regulators
which can eliminate the noise and degraded performance associated with single-
point regulation.

 Internal thermal overload protection

 Internal short circuit current-limiting
 Output transistor safe
 ea compensation
 Available in TO-220, TO-39, and TO-252 D-PAK packages
 Output voltages of 5V, 12V, and 15V
 Output current in excess of 0.5A

49
LCD DISPLAY

LCD DISPLAY

50
 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the
properties of both liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they
have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as
they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to
a crystal.

Liquid crystal display

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material
sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated
with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be
displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid
crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined
orientation angle.

One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These
polarisers would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in
a particular direction When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by
the two polarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the
LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.

51
 When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal
molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing
through the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in
activating / highlighting the desired characters.

The LCD's are lightweight with only a few millimetres thickness. Since
the LCD's consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic
circuits, and can be powered for long durations. The LCD's don't generate light
and so light is needed to read the display.

Interface PIN Connection

PIEZOELECTRIC SOUNDER AND BUZZER

52
 A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used
in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game
shows.

It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a

control unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has
lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control
panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing
or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical
system which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which
makes the ringing noise). Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling
and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board.

Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to

implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a
loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker.

53
 MAX232 SERIAL
DRIVER

MAX232 SERIAL DRIVER

DESCRIPTION
54
 A standard serial interfacing for PC, RS232 requires negative logic, i.e.,
logic '1' is -3V to -12V and logic '0' is +3V to +12V. To convert TTL logic, say,
TxD and RxD pins of the mcu chip, we use a converter chip. A MAX232 chip
has long been using in many mcu boards. It provides 2-channel RS232 C port
and requires external 10µF capacitors. Carefully check the polarity of capacitor
when soldering the board.

The MAX220–MAX249 contain four sections: dual charge-pump DC-

DC voltage converters, RS-232 drivers, RS-232 receivers, and receiver and
transmitter enable control inputs.

Dual Charge-Pump Voltage Converter

55
 The MAX220–MAX249 have two internal charge-pumps that convert
+5V to ±10V (unloaded) for RS-232 driver operation. The first converter uses
capacitor C1 to double the +5V input to +10V on C3 at the V+ output. The
second converter uses capacitor C2 to invert +10V to -10V on C4 at the V-
output. A small amount of power may be drawn from the +10V (V+) and -10V
(V-) outputs to power external circuitry (see the Typical Operating
Characteristics section), except on the MAX225 and MAX245–MAX247,
where these pins are not available. V+ and V- are not regulated, so the output
voltage drops with increasing load current. Do not load V+ and V- to a point
that violates the minimum ±5V EIA/TIA-232E driver output voltage when
sourcing current from V+ and V- to external circuitry. When using the shutdown
feature in the MAX222, MAX225, MAX230, AX235, MAX236, MAX240,
MAX241, and MAX245–MAX249, avoid using V+ and V to power external
circuitry. When these parts are shut down, V- falls to 0V, and V+ falls to +5V.
For applications where a +10V external supply is applied to the V+ pin (instead
of using the internal charge pump to generate +10V), the C1 capacitor must not
be installed and the SHDN pin must be tied to VCC. This is because V+ is
internally connected to VCC in shutdown mode.

The typical driver output voltage swing is ±8V when loaded with a
nominal 5kΩ RS-232 receiver and VCC = +5V. Output swing is guaranteed to
meet the EIA/TIA- 232E and V.28 specification, which calls for ±5V minimum
driver output levels under worst-case conditions. These include a minimum 3kΩ
load, VCC = +4.5V, and maximum operating temperature. Unloaded driver
output voltage ranges from (V+ -1.3V) to (V- +0.5V). Input thresholds are both
TTL and CMOS compatible. The inputs of unused drivers can be left
unconnected since 400kΩ input pull-up resistors to VCC are built in (except for

56
the MAX220). The pull-up resistors force the outputs of unused drivers low
because all drivers invert.

The MAX239 has a receiver three-state control line, and the MAX223,
MAX225, MAX235, MAX236, MAX240, and MAX241 have both a receiver
three-state control line and a low-power shutdown control. Table 2 shows the
effects of the shutdown control and receiver three state control on the receiver
outputs.

RS-232 Receivers
EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 specifications define a voltage level greater than
3V as a logic 0, so all receivers invert. Input thresholds are set at 0.8V and 2.4V,
so receivers respond to TTL level inputs as well as EIA/TIA-232E andV.28
levels. The receiver inputs withstand an input over voltage up to ±25V and
provide input terminating resistors with nominal 5kΩ values. The receivers
implement Type 1 interpretation of the fault conditions of V.28 and EIA/TIA-
232E. The receiver input hysteresis is typically 0.5V with a guaranteed
minimum of 0.2V. This produces clear output transitions with slow-moving
input signals, even with moderate amounts of noise and ringing. The receiver
propagation delay is typically 600ns and is independent of input swing
direction.

57
 SOFTWARE

MPLAB
INTRODUCTION
MPLAB is a Windows program package that makes writing and developing
a program easier. It could best be described as developing environment for some
standard program language that is intended for programming a PC computer.
Some operations which were done from the instruction line with a large number
of parameters until the discovery of IDE "Integrated Development
Environment" are now made easier by using the MPLAB. Still, our tastes differ,

58
so even today some programmers prefer the standard editors and compilers
from instruction line. In any case, the written program is legible, and well
documented help is also available.

MPLAB CONSISTS OF
 Grouping the projects files into one project (Project Manager)
 Generating and processing a program (Text Editor)
 Simulator of the written program used for simulating program
 Function on the microcontroller.

REQUIREMENTS
 PC compatible computer 486 or higher
 Microsoft Windows 3.1x or Windows 95 and new versions of the
Windows
Operating system
 VGA graphic card
 8MB memory (32MB recommended).
 20MB space on hard disc
 Mouse

HITECH C
INTRODUCTION
The HI-TECH C Compiler is a set of software, which translates
programs written in the C language to executable machine code programs.
Versions are available which compile programs for operation under the host
operating system, or which produce programs for execution in embedded
systems without an operating system.

59
FEATURES

Some of HI-TECH C's features are:

1. A single batch file or command file will compile, assemble and

link entire programs.

2. The compiler performs strong type checking and issues warnings

about various constructs which may represent programming errors.

3. The generated code is extremely small and fast in execution.

4. A full run-time library is provided implementing all standard C

input/output and other functions.

5. The source code for all run-time routines is provided.

6. A powerful general purpose macro assembler is included.

Programs may be generated to execute under the host operating system, or

customized for installation in ROM.

60
 ADVANTAGES
AND
APPLICATION

ADVANTAGES

 The vehicle which is under zone an accident can be identified by

using tracking technologies without any delay.

 The immediate medication will provide to the accident victims in

remote areas.

61
  It’s one life saving equipments.

 Efficient & Economy.

APPLICATION

 Current vehicle tracking systems have their roots in the shipping industry.

 Corporations with large fleets of vehicles required some sort of system to

determine where each vehicle was at any given time.

 Vehicle tracking systems can now also be found in consumers vehicles as

a theft prevention and retrieval device.

 Police can simply follow the signal emitted by the tracking system and
locate the stolen vehicle.

 It is used in Navigation.

62
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

BIBILIOGRAPHY

WEBSITE REFERENCE

www.datasheetarchive.com

www.microchip.com

www.google.com

BOOK REFERENCE

63
1. Microprocessor by Nagoor Kani

2. Programming In ANSI C by Balagurusamy

3. Embedded C by jerk

CONCLUSION
64
 CONCLUSION

To minimize the death and severe conditions due to accidents the GPS
and GSM Technologies are used ware the immediate action would be take place
by the Ambulance / Police service which might reduces the severity.

65
66
 ENTREPRENEURS
HIP

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Basics of Entrepreneurship

It is a well-known fact that the scope of for absorbing the ever increasing
number of unemployment in government departments is very much restricted on
account of various factors. Absorption of unemployment people government
service takes place either on account of retirement of the existing staff or due to
launching of development programs. The employment so generated covers only
a segment of the unemployed. The private sector is also offering very little
opportunity to the young unemployed people due to various reasons. In such
adverse situation the Indian youth has to wage a bitter fight to solve the problem
of unemployment.

67
 The plan document of our country lays emphasis on self-employment to
reduce unemployment in the country. We are a developing country and there is a
wider scope for the development of self employment to all types of job.
Industrial development in a country depends greatly upon the type of human
resources the country possesses. A country may be rich in material resources
and capital, but if entrepreneurship is lacking, the utilization of resources would
not be as expected. The developing economics of resources would not be as
expected.

Concept
Entrepreneurship prevails environment in a country. Entrepreneurship
being an innovator who introduces something new into the economy, a method
of protection not yet tested by experience in the branch of manufactured
concerned, a product with which the consumes are not familiar, a new source or
raw materials, or a new market higher exploited and similar other innovations.
Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur is said to be a person who organizes, manages and issue
the risk for a business or enterprise. Commonly entrepreneur is understood to be
those persons who start build their own enterprise rather than taking up a job.
Entrepreneurship is the trait taking up own enterprises.

Role of entrepreneurship
An entrepreneur is a part of industrial society. He is responsible for not
only making his own source of live hood but also for creating avenues of
employment for others and making additions to the gross national product. If a
larger number of entrepreneurs set up enterprise of their own, there is a great
deal of transformation of an area. The industrial entrepreneurs are thus the

68
agents of charge in removing back wardens and disparities of an area. An
entrepreneur has a great social responsibility.
An enterprise consists of not only those who manage it but a host other
segments of society, workers, consumers, the state and the surrounding
community.
Some of the qualities are inherent but the others are mostly acquired.
Broody speaking four qualities are the most important one, e.g. intelligence,
motivation, knowledge and opportunity. While the first one is inherent, a
continuous process generally gains the knowledge, the qualities of entrepreneurs
further be sub-divided as under
 Capacity to take risk
 Capacity to work hard
 Desire for deferred consumption
 Capacity to take advantage of an external situation
 Imagination
 Emulation

69
Expectation

 Increase number of industries is expected from the

entrepreneurs that they will help to.
 Increase production
 Earn foreign exchange through exports
 Develop the underdeveloped parts of the country.
 Develop economy

Small – scale industries facilitate production of consumer goods locally

and help reduction of prices. Some of the important measures of assistance now
available are briefly noted below:

1. Technical assistance: complete technical, economic and managerial

consultancy services are provided to SSO through Small Industries
Services Institute (SISI) and Industrial Extension centers.
2. Assistance for obtaining raw materials: small – scale units are
helped to obtain controlled indigenous raw materials through state
director of industries and imported raw materials through State
Trading Corporation of India (STC).
3. Supply of machinery Hire Purchase: The National Small Industries
Corporation (NSIC) is giving assistance to small scale units by
supplying machinery to them on deferred credit basis.
4. Marketing assistance: SS units are helped to market their products
through Trade centers and by participating in government’s Stores
Purchase Programme.
5. Assistance to small entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurial Development
programmer is conducted by SSI and Small Industries

70
Self-employment schemes

The following are the four important government schemes for prompting
self-employment.

i. District Manpower Planning and Employment Generation Council

The Council prepares a list of investment opportunities in the self-
employment in the district. The major objective of the council is to remove the
handicaps and difficult faced by the youth in entering self-employment project.

ii. Employment Exchange

A special Vocational Guidance Unit functioning in every
Employment Exchange with the object of giving guidance and motivation to
unemployed persons to take up self employment ventures. In addition to
furnishing information on self-employment projects, until also helps in
obtaining loans from the banks.

iii. The Prime Minister Scheme for providing self-employment to

educated Unemployed youth.
The objective of the scheme is to encourage the educated
unemployed youth to undertake self-employment ventures in industry, service
and business through provision of a package of assistance.
The scheme covers all unemployed youth who are matriculates and above, and
in the age group of 18 to 35 years. District Industries Centers (DIC) are
assigned the operational responsibility of the scheme.

71
Product Selection

A prospective entrepreneur should first prepare a shore list of product

lines that he wants to establish. Then, he should select the product to be
manufactured based upon market survey and demand survey, financial
implementations involved, technical know-how available, and his own
experience in the line.

Market survey involves the following:

 Study similar product available in the market that can be probable

Competitors.
 Analyze them in regards to their utility, quality and cost.
 Check whether it is a seasonal product or needed throughout the
year.
 Find the probable extend of the market.
 Find whether the product can be exported.
 Explore the possibility of manufacturing in collaboration with a
foreign company.
 A demand survey is made to determine
 Whether survey demand for the product is or inelastic.
 The trend of the demand.
 The composition and pattern of the potential users.

72
Site Selection
The important factors to be considered in selecting the site for an industry
are given below.
 Nearness to raw material: It will reduce the cost of transportation
of raw materials to the factory.
 Nearness to market: It will reduce transportation cost of the
finished products and also help to catch the share of the market.
 Easy availability of labor: If highly skilled workmen are required,
it is better to locate the plant near a large town.
 Availability of power and fuel: Electrical power and fuel required
for the plant should be easily obtainable in the area, Reliability of
power supply must be ensured.
 Availability of water: Water for drinking and for other purposes
should be easily available. If the process requires large quantity of
water, then the plant should be located near a major water source.

Plant Layout
Plant layout means the disposition of the various (equipments, material,
manpower, etc) and services of the plant within the area of the site selected.
Plant layout begins with the design of the factory building and goes up lathe
location and movement of a worktable. All the facilities like equipments, raw
material, machinery, tools fixtures,
Workers, etc, are given a proper place. In deciding the place for equipment, the
supervisors and workers who nave to operate them should be consulted.

There are three types of plant layout:

1. Process Layout (functional layout) in which all machines or
process of the same types is grouped together in the same area.

73
 2. Product Layout (line layout) in which equipments regardless of
process is arranged as per the sequence of operations in which a
given product will be manufactured.
These are:
1. Placement of facilities in a logical and balanced manner.
2. Minimum movements for workers and materials
3. Smooth and continuous flow of operations
4. Optimum space utilization.
5. Flexibility
i. Private Limited Company
ii. Public Limited Company

Registration
The prospective entrepreneur in the small – scale sector need not obtain
any Industrial Licenses, provided the item of manufacture is not governed by
special regulations. However, to facilitate identification, the Directorate of
Industries (through District Industries Center - DIC) issues certificates
registering a unit as a Small Scale / Ancillary / Tiny Unit.
Registration is done is two stages, Via, provisional and permanent. The
issue of Provisional certificate almost automatic, with Unit / ail validity of 6
months and with a further extension for another 6 months.

Financial Assistance
With a view to ensure adequate of funds, the small scale Industrial frame
work for the flow of Financial Assistance to small
scale sector comprises of banks (Commercial Banks, Co-Operative banks,
Regional rural banks). State Financial Corporation, National Small Industries
Corporation INSIC and State Small Industries Corporations (SSIDCS).

74
Commercial Banks
The Reserve Bank of India issued instructions that no worth wile
proposals of the Small scale unit should be rejected merely on the ground that
these are not supported by adequate security. The commercial Banks have been
advised by the Reserve Bank of India to give special Attention to the needs of
the priority sector borrowers, particularly of the weaker section.
Small scale Industrial units also being charged lower rates of interest on
their borrowings from commercial Banks.

State Financial Corporations

Provide medium and long-term Loans to Small Scale Industries, granting
Loans raised by Industrial undertakings and differed payments and subscribing
to stocks, Shares and bonds of an Industrial Concern.

Lead Banks
The Scheme is designed to enable the bank to work effectively as an
Instrument of development. Under the scheme, the district in the country have
allocated to different commercial banks each of whom is expected to act as a
consortium and as a leader of the financial institutions operating in allotted
districts in matters relating to deposit mobilization, identifying of prospective
avenues for financial assistance and ensuring adequate credit flow for the
various development programs of the districts.

Institutional support
The success of Small Scale industries depends solely on the well –
established institutional setup. In order to accelerate the small industries
development, government at the central and state levels has setup a number of
development agencies / institutions. Functions of some these are mentioned.
75
 1. District Industries Center (DIC)
Each district has a DIC at its headquarters. The main responsibility of DIG is to
act as the chief coordinator or multi functional agency in; respect of various
governments can get all assistance from DIC for setting up and running the
industry in rural areas. Each DIC has one General Manager in the rank of Joint
Director of industries as the head and seven managers each looking after
separate functional area.
 Identification of Entrepreneurs.
 Selection of Projects
 Provisional registration under SSI
 Purchase of fixed Assets
 Clearances from Various Departments.

Functions
The main functions of the SIDCD are co-ordination, industrial
development and industrial extension service. Some important functions are:
a. To assess the requirements of indigenous and imported raw materials and
components for the small-scale sector and to arrange their supplies.
b. To collect data on consumer items, which are imported and encourage the
setting up of new units giving them coordinate assistance.
c. To prepare model schemes, projects reports and other Technical literature
for prospective entrepreneurs.

2. National Small Industries Corporation Limited (NSIC)

The NSIC was setup in 1955 with the objective of supplying machinery and
equipment to small enterprise on a hire-purchase basis and assisting them in
procuring government orders for various items of stores. The corporation’s head
office is at Delhi and it has four regional officers at Delhi, Bombay, Madras.

76
3. The main functions of NSIC are
 To develop small scale units as ancillary units to large scale industries.
 To provide SSIS with machine on hire-purchase basis
 To assist small enterprises to participate in the stores purchase
Programme of the Central Government.
 To assist small industries with marketing facilities.
 To distribute basic raw materials through their depots

Forms of Business Enterprise Topics

 Sale Proprietorship
 Partnership
 Private Limited
 Public Limited
 Co-operatives
 State enterprise
Sole Proprietorship
 Ownership when applied to an industrial enterprise means title to and
possessions of the assets of the enterprise, the power to determine the
policies of operation, and the right to receive and dispose of the proceeds.
 It is called a single ownership when an individual exercise and enjoys
these rights in his own interest.
 A business owned by one man is called single ownership.
 Single ownership does well for those enterprises, which require little
capital and lend themselves readily to control by one person.
 Examples of enterprise run by single owner are printing press, auto retail
trades, service industries and small engine forms.

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Partnership
 A single owner becomes inadequate as the size of the business enterprise
grouse. He may not be in a position to do away with a1 the duty and
responsibilities of the grown business.
 At this stage the individual owner may associate with him more persons
who have either capital to invest or possess special skill and knowledge
to make the existing business still more profitable.
 Such a combination of individual traders is called partnership.
 Partnership may be defined as the relation between persons who have
agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them
acting for all. Individuals with common purposes join and partners and
they put together their property, ability, skill, knowledge, etc, for the
purpose of making profits.
Private Limited
 The capital is collected from the private partners; some of them may be
active while others are sleeping.
 Private limited restrict the right to transfer shares, avoids public to take
up shares or debentures.
 The number of members is between two and 50, excluding employee and
ex-employee, share holders.
 The company need not file document such consent of directors, list of
directors, etc. the register of joint stock companies.
 The company need not obtain from the register, a certificate of
commencement of business.

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Public Limited

 In public limited company, the capital is collected from public by issuing

shares having small face value (Rs. 50,20,10).
 The number of share holders should not be less than 7, but there is no
limit to their maximum number.

Co-operatives
 The main aim of the co-operative is to eliminate profit and provide goods
an services to the members of the co-operative cost.
 Members pay fees or buy shares the co-operative, and profits are
periodically redistributed to them.
 Since each member has only one (unlike in joint stock companies), this
avoid the concentration of control in few hand.

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