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Photons Meet
Electrons
Prof. Greg Kovacs
Department of Electrical Engineering
Stanford University
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 2
Overview of Optoelectronics
• Light emission:
– Incandescent lamps
– Light emitting diodes
– Laser diodes
– Vacuum fluorescent devices
– Plasma devices
– Gas lasers
– Electroluminescent devices
• Light detection:
– Photoconductors
– Solar cells
– Photodiodes
– Phototransistors
– Integrated photodetector chips
CATHODE ANODE
(-) (+)
hv
LED Input
LED
Glass
Insulator Silicon
Phototransistor
Lead-Frame
Source: National
Semiconductor
LM3909 Datasheet.
Current-source
drive - no resistors
required!
Output
R2
R1 C
Gate
1 cm
• By triggering
avalanche
breakdown in
transistors, very
high energy, short
current pulses can
be obtained.
• The energy stored
in a capacitor is
rapidly discharged
through the laser.
Source: “Semiconductor Diode
Lasers,” R. W. Campbell and F. M.
Mims, H. W. Sams & Co., 1972.
Output
10 kΩ 50 Ω
Ev Ev
Free Valence Electron Free
Hole Band Trapped by Hole
Acceptor
PHOTOVOLTAIC
E p ≥ Eg
Ec Electron Produced by
Photoionization Moving
to n-Region
Ec
Photon
Ef
Ev
p-Region
Ev
Source: National
Semiconductor
LM331 Datasheet.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 42
Color-to-Sound
Thing
Peak Detector
Max Peak
Min Peak
Midpoint
S
C = Blog 2 +1
N
1 cm
Retina Discs
Fovea
Cytoplasmic space
Outer
segment
Plasma
membrane
Outer
Light segment
Cilium
Mitochondria
Inner
Optic disc Inner Segment
Optic nerve Segment
Nucleus
Bipolar cell Receptor
Synaptic Synaptic
terminal terminal
Ganglion cell Rod Cone
Silicon
Phosphor
and
Transparent
Anode
Glass
• Easy to modify an
inexpensive safety
blinker light to use
infrared LEDs instead
of visible.
• Can also hack the
flash frequency.