TWMC O&m Manual - 5000 Frames Plus

ProtectIT
Multifunction Protection and Switchbay Control Unit
REF542plus
Manual Part 1
Operation and Maintenance
Level 0: Information
ABB
Multifunction Protection and Switchbay Control unit REF542plus
Manual Part 1: Operation and Maintenance
Table of Contents
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7
2 Abbreviations and Definitions ............................................................................ 8
2.1 Abbreviations .................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Definitions ......................................................................................................... 8
3 HMI Control Unit ................................................................................................. 10

3.1 The Control Elements ..................................................................................... 10
3.1.1 LCD............................................................................................... 10
3.1.2 Status LEDs.................................................................................. 11
3.1.2.1 Operational status ........................................................................ 11
3.1.2.2 Communication status .................................................................. 11
3.1.2.3 Alarm indication ............................................................................ 11
3.1.2.4 Interlocking status......................................................................... 11
3.1.3 LED Indication .............................................................................. 11
3.1.4 Optical Interface for Local PC....................................................... 11
3.1.5 Control Push buttons .................................................................... 12
3.1.5.1 Menu and Navigation Push Buttons ............................................. 12
3.1.5.2 Command Push Buttons............................................................... 12
3.1.6 LED bars for Measurement .......................................................... 13
3.1.7 Electronic Key............................................................................... 13
3.2 Menu on the LCD ............................................................................................ 14
3.2.1 Electronic Key Status ................................................................... 14
3.2.1.1 Changing the control modes......................................................... 15
3.2.1.2 Changing the protection modes.................................................... 16
3.2.2 Measurement Page ...................................................................... 17
3.2.3 Protection Alarm Page.................................................................. 17
3.2.4 Reset Page ................................................................................... 18
3.2.5 Start/Trip EventsPages................................................................. 19
3.2.6 Active SET Page .......................................................................... 19
3.2.7 Protection Functions Pages.......................................................... 20
3.2.8 Service page................................................................................. 22
3.2.8.1 Statistics ....................................................................................... 23
3.2.8.2 Versions........................................................................................ 23
3.2.8.3 Communication address............................................................... 24
3.2.8.4 LCD Contrast ................................................................................ 24
3.2.8.5 Internal MC Time (Device time).................................................... 25
3.2.8.6 Load Flow Direction...................................................................... 25
3.2.8.7 Autoreclosure mode ..................................................................... 26
3.2.8.8 IEC 60870-5-103 board ................................................................ 26
3.2.9 Test page...................................................................................... 28
3.2.9.1 Test HMI Control Unit ................................................................... 29
3.2.9.2 Test Primary Switching Devices ................................................... 29
3.3 Single Line Diagram View ............................................................................... 30
1VTA100002en-04 PTMV, 10.02.02 Operation and Maintenance 2 / 146

Updated and valid from version V4C01
3.4 Interface to local PC........................................................................................ 30

3.5 Interface HMI to Central Unit .......................................................................... 30
4 Operation ............................................................................................................ 31
4.1 Functions in Protection Mode ......................................................................... 31
4.2 Functions in Control Mode .............................................................................. 32
4.2.1 Selecting and Actuating the Switching Devices ........................... 32
4.2.2 Downloading a configuration from PC into REF542plus .............. 32
4.2.3 Uploading a configuration from REF542plus into PC................... 33
4.2.4 FUPLA Monitoring and Displaying Measurement Values ............ 34
4.2.5 Local Export of fault recorder (when configured) ......................... 34
4.2.6 Exporting the input or output status.............................................. 36
4.2.7 Exporting the operational measured values ................................. 38
4.3 Access to the Menu Pages ............................................................................. 40
4.3.1 Retrieving measured and calculated values................................. 41
4.3.2 Viewing the LED Indications......................................................... 42
4.3.3 Resetting the quantities saved in the unit..................................... 43
4.3.4 Viewing the Start/Trip page .......................................................... 43
4.3.5 Change the active parameter set ................................................. 43
4.3.6 Viewing the parameters of the individual protection functions ..... 44
4.3.7 Changing a parameter of a protection function ............................ 44
4.3.8 Starting the Service Page............................................................. 44
4.3.8.1 Viewing the FUPLA Cycle Time ................................................... 44
4.3.8.2 Viewing the Firmware Versions .................................................... 44
4.3.8.3 Viewing the Communication Address........................................... 44
4.3.8.4 Setting the LCD screen contrast................................................... 45
4.3.8.5 Setting the internal MC time ......................................................... 45
4.3.8.6 Viewing the Load Flow Direction .................................................. 45
4.3.8.7 Enable/Disable Autoreclosing....................................................... 45
4.3.8.8 Setting Communication Board according to IEC 60870-5-103 .... 45
4.3.8.9 Testing the switching devices....................................................... 46
5 Parameter names ............................................................................................... 47
6 Setting of Control and Protection Functions .................................................. 52
6.1 Requirement on Current Transformer for Protection ...................................... 52
6.1.1 CT for Distance Protection ........................................................... 52
6.1.2 CT for Differential Protection ........................................................ 55
6.1.3 CT for IDMT and Definite Time Overcurrent Protection ............... 55
6.2 Power Factor Controller .................................................................................. 56
6.3 Current protection functions ............................................................................ 62
6.3.1 Inrush blocking.............................................................................. 63
6.3.2 Directional overcurrent protection................................................. 66
6.3.3 Definite Time Overcurrent Protection ........................................... 67
6.3.4 IDMT ............................................................................................. 68
6.3.5 Earth fault protection function....................................................... 69
6.3.6 Directional Earth fault protection .................................................. 69
6.3.6.1 System with isolated neutral point................................................ 70

6.3.6.2 Systems with Petersen-Coil Earthing ........................................... 71

6.3.6.3 Systems with low-resistance earthing .......................................... 74
6.3.7 Sensitive earth fault protection ..................................................... 74
6.3.8 Earth fault IDMT ........................................................................... 76
6.4 Voltage Protection........................................................................................... 77
6.4.1 Overvoltage Protection ................................................................. 77
6.4.2 Undervoltage Protection ............................................................... 78
6.4.3 Residual Overvoltage Protection .................................................. 79
6.5 Motor Protection.............................................................................................. 80
6.5.1 Thermal Motor Protection ............................................................. 80
6.5.1.1 Setting the time constant .............................................................. 82
6.5.1.2 Setting the temperature ................................................................ 82
6.5.1.3 Setting the time............................................................................. 84
6.5.1.4 Functional test .............................................................................. 84
6.5.2 Motor Start Protection................................................................... 85
6.5.3 Blocking Rotor .............................................................................. 86
6.5.4 Number of Starts .......................................................................... 86
6.6 Distance Protection ......................................................................................... 87
6.6.1 Function ........................................................................................ 87
6.6.2 Analog inputs ................................................................................ 88
6.6.3 Start .............................................................................................. 88
6.6.4 Phase selection ............................................................................ 91
6.6.5 Determining the impedance.......................................................... 91
6.6.6 Directional memory....................................................................... 93
6.6.7 Tripping logic ................................................................................ 94
6.6.8 Autoreclosure................................................................................ 95
6.6.9 Signal comparison scheme .......................................................... 98
6.6.10 Switching onto faults...................................................................100
6.6.11 Switchover to emergency overcurrent definite time ...................100
6.6.12 Setting the Impedance Zone ......................................................101
6.7 Differential protection ....................................................................................102
6.7.1 Function ......................................................................................103
6.7.2 Vector Group Adaptation ............................................................104
6.7.3 Tripping Characteristic................................................................106
6.7.4 Inrush Stabilization .....................................................................106
6.8 Other Functions.............................................................................................107
6.8.1 Unbalanced Load Protection ......................................................107
6.8.2 Directional Power Protection ......................................................108
6.8.3 Low Load Protection...................................................................108
6.8.4 Frequency supervision ...............................................................108
6.8.5 Synchronism check ....................................................................109
6.9 Fault recorder................................................................................................110
6.10 Additional function.........................................................................................111
6.10.1 Function Autoreclosing ...............................................................111
6.10.2 Configuration ..............................................................................112
6.10.3 Autoreclosure 1 attempt successful ...........................................114

6.10.4 Autoreclosure 1 attempt unsuccessful .......................................114

6.10.5 Autoreclosure 2 attempts successful..........................................115
6.10.6 Autoreclosure 2 attempts unsuccessful......................................115
7 Maintenance Program......................................................................................116
7.1 Repeat test (function and protection test) .....................................................116
7.2 Calibration test ..............................................................................................116
8 Durability of specific components .................................................................117

8.1 Power relay contacts.....................................................................................117
8.2 Electrolyte capacitors ....................................................................................117
8.3 LCD screen ...................................................................................................117
9 List of the protection functions ......................................................................118

10 Technical data ..................................................................................................123
10.1 Analog input channels...................................................................................123
10.1.1 Current and voltage transformer input values ............................123
10.1.2 Current and voltage sensor input values....................................123
10.2 Binary inputs and outputs..............................................................................124
10.2.1 BIO module with mechanical output relays (version 3) ..............124
10.2.2 BIO module with static outputs ...................................................125
10.3 Interfaces ......................................................................................................125
10.3.1 HMI Control Unit: ........................................................................125
10.3.2 Central Unit:................................................................................125
10.4 Analog output board (optional)......................................................................125
10.5 Communication (optional) .............................................................................126
10.6 Power supply.................................................................................................126
10.6.1 Central Unit.................................................................................126
10.6.2 HMI Control Unit .........................................................................126
10.7 Environmental conditions ..............................................................................126
10.8 Degree of protection by enclosure ................................................................127
10.8.1 Central Unit.................................................................................127
10.8.2 RHMI Control Unit ......................................................................127
11 Type test............................................................................................................128
11.1 Protection function ........................................................................................128
11.2 Electro magnetic compatibility ......................................................................129
11.2.1 Emission test ..............................................................................129
11.2.2 Immunity tests - enclosure port ..................................................130
11.2.3 Immunity tests - power supply port.............................................131
11.2.4 Immunity tests - communication ports........................................132
11.2.5 Immunity tests – binary input and output ports...........................133
11.3 Insulation resistance .....................................................................................133
11.4 Mechanical robustness .................................................................................133
11.5 Climatic conditions ........................................................................................133
12 Connection Diagram ........................................................................................134

12.1 Connector Plate ............................................................................................134

12.2 HMI Control Unit............................................................................................135
12.3 REF542plus with mechanical binary I/O .......................................................136
12.4 REF542plus with solid state binary I/O .........................................................139
12.5 REF542plus with mechanical binary I/O (version 2).....................................142
12.6 Variation of the analog input board ...............................................................143

1 Introduction
This part of the manual describe the operation, commissioning and maintenance of
the REF542plus multifunction protection and switchbay control unit. The following
section and its subsections contain information on:
The control elements on the remote Human Machine Interface (HMI) as local
control unit
The different operating modes of the HMI
The control options available in the various operating modes
The different descriptions of the protection functions and their parameters in
the configuration program and on the pages that can be shown on the Liquid
Crystal Display (LCD) screen
Regular tests that should be run on the REF542plus
The maintenance schedule
The durability of single components of the REF542plus
Note This user manual is updated and valid for the application on REF542plus with firm-
ware version from 4C01 on
REF542plus is a certified product for compliance to the IndustrialIT architecture con-

cept of ABB.
IndustrialIT products can be effectively combined together into value-added systems
and solutions in a “Plug&Produce” manner.
Compliance according to “Level 0: Information” ensures that all relevant product
documentation – including the operation manual, instructions for installation and
maintenance, electrical and mechanical drawings, test reports and specific order in-
formation -is online available, in electronic format, for access via software products
and systems based on the ABB Aspect Integrator Platform.
In this way, significant benefits are enabled to the final user for much easier and ef-
fective installation, configuration, operation and maintenance of the product in the
plant.
Detailed information on Industrial IT is available at <http://www.abb.com/industrialit>.

2 Abbreviations and Definitions
2.1 Abbreviations
AR AutoReclosure
CT Current Transformer
DFT Discrete Fourier Tansformation
FUPLA FUnktionblock Programming LAnguage also used as abbreviation for
function plan or chart
HMI Human Machine Interface as control unit
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
LAG Lon Application Guide
MC MicroController
RHMI Remote Human Machine Interface, the same meaning as HMI
VDEW Association of German Utilities
2.2 Definitions
There are notes and warnings on hazards at the beginning of every section and also
in the text. They are in a different font to distinguish them from normal text.
The safety warnings must be observed in all circumstances. If they are not observed,
no guarantee claims will be accepted.
Note
A note indicates items that are significant in the specific context. A note may contain
information on the interplay of various software components and appears as shown
below.
Example:
Note Please read this section completely for information on the various formats for safety
notes.
Hazard information level 1

Level 1 hazard information indicates hazards affecting substations and devices. It
should always be observed, because otherwise function interruptions or malfunctions
may occur. An example is shown below:

Caution Do not make any changes to the FUPLA unless you are familiar with the
REF542plus and the configuration software
Hazard information level 2

Level 2 hazard information indicates hazards affecting life and limb. It must be ob-
served to avoid injury to the operator or other personnel.
Example:
Warning! Never attempt to remove the protection covers on the busbars by force.

3 HMI Control Unit

The next subsection shows what the operator needs to know to work with the HMI as
local control unit.
3.1 The Control Elements

The HMI Control Unit, as shown in figure 1, features a back-illuminated Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD), eight push buttons, several LEDs and an electronic key interface. The
language of the display, if available, can be selected via the related configuration
software tool, which is also used to define the protection and the control scheme.
Graphic Text
Display Display
Status LEDs
LED-Bars
Electronic
Key Command Menu Push
Push Buttons Buttons
Figure 1: View of the HMI Control Unit
3.1.1 LCD
The back-illuminated LCD screen of the HMI provides a graphical display of the
switching devices in the switchbay controlled by the REF542plus. The intensity and
the duration of the illumination can be set as required. The Single Line diagram
shows the current status of all the switching devices. The right half of the LCD screen
is for plain text, such as measurement values, main menu and submenu descriptions,
protection signals and event recording.
On the LCD screen, the following can be shown:
Up to eight switching device icons (when the binary I/O boards with mechanical
relays are used, a maximum of seven switching devices can be controlled)
Various icons for motors, transformers, sensors and transducers
A maximum of 40 individual lines.

3.1.2 Status LEDs

Four system LEDs indicating the status of the REF542plus. These LEDs are:
3.1.2.1 Operational status

On the HMI front panel, the operational status is called 'Ready' and is displayed by a
green LED. The unit is not operational if this LED is off, and this occurs for example
during the downloading of the configuration for the operation of the switchbay or if a
fault is detected in the Central Unit.
3.1.2.2 Communication status

On the HMI front panel, this communication status is called 'Network Communication'.
If the REF542plus is to be connected to a station automation system, an extension
with an appropriate communications board is required. In this case a green LED is
used to indicate the correct operational status of the optional board. The LED color
changes to red if a communication failure has occurred.
3.1.2.3 Alarm indication

Several arbitrary alarm conditions can be defined and configured by the user. If one
of these conditions is fulfilled, the red LED will be on.
3.1.2.4 Interlocking status

The LED is green if no interlocking conditions have been violated. In case of a switch-
ing action, which violates the interlock conditions such as switching a disconnector in
the closed condition of the Circuit Breaker (CB), the colour will change temporarily to
red.
3.1.3 LED Indication

Eight freely programmable, three color LED's are provided for local indication. The
number of LED display options can be quadrupled through the menu structure. As a
result, a total of 32 indication options are available for status indication regarding pro-
tection, control, monitoring and supervision functions.
Each of the LEDs can be associated with physical entities of the REF542plus, e.g. bi-
nary inputs, as well as with software events, e.g. start of a protection. This must be
done in the FUPLA diagram of the configuration tool. The user can also define the
character-string that can be associated to each LED for each color, e.g. green = I>>
active; yellow = I>> start; red = I>> trip.
The LEDs can operate in two modes. In the so called non-latched mode the LED
switches it`s color back when the status disappears, e.g. the auxiliary voltage is re-
covered again. In latched mode the LED maintains the same color even when the
status disappears. When the LEDs are in latched mode, they can be reset by going to
the reset page and performing the corresponding action. The reset is allowed in any
operational mode of the HMI.
3.1.4 Optical Interface for Local PC

An optical connector for connection to the local personal computer (PC), usually a
notebook running the Window NT software, for up- and downloading the configura-
tion file. On the back side of the HMI the optical interface has been changed to an
electrical interface according to RS 485 for connection to the central unit by a
shielded twisted pair wire connection. The maximum wire length shall be less than
100 m.
3.1.5 Control Push buttons

The control push buttons are used for operation of the switching devices during local
control. A total of eight push buttons are available
3.1.5.1 Menu and Navigation Push Buttons

A navigation area with three push-buttons for browsing the display of the menu after
pressing
Menu
The menu push buttons, which will be mentioned as < Menu > later in text,
The up direction push button, which will be mentioned as < ↑ > later in text,
The down direction push button, which will be mentioned as < ↓ > later in text
The enter push button, which will be mentioned as < <-' > later in text makes
entering the selected submenu possible.
3.1.5.2 Command Push Buttons

The command push buttons for local operation of the switching devices are:
O Open, as < O > later in text
l Close, as < I > later in text
Select switching device, as < > and
O Emergency open in the upper left corner. The desired action can be defined in
the FUPLA, for example by being pushed together with the open push button.

3.1.6 LED bars for Measurement

Three freely programmable LED bars have been provided on front of the HMI Control
Unit. The nominal values of each LED bar, which corresponds to the ten green LED's
are defined by the configuration software. If the measurement values are higher than
the rated values, the red LEDs will light indicating an overload situation.
Even if the value of the measurement quantities are available on the LCD, the three
LED-bars on the HMI front-panel are useful for a quick inspection of the load situation
of the feeder. The three bars are marked M1, M2, M3 respectively and are user-
configurable. Each bar can be associated with one of the measurements in the follow-
ing table:
Table 1: Measurements quantities to the LED bars
Measurement quantities Name Unit
Phase current I A
Residual current IE A
Phase voltage ULE kV
Line voltage ULL kV
Residual voltage UNE kV
Active power P kW
Reactive power Q kVAr
Apparent power S kW
The symbol of the bar (M1, M2, M3) appears on the single line diagram close to the
measurement point followed by the name and unit of the corresponding measurement
quantities. Each bar is composed of twelve LEDs. The ten green LEDs shall be nor-
mally dedicated to display between 0 and 100% of the nominal value of the config-
ured measurement quantity. If the dedication is to 100% of the nominal value, then
each LED is equal to 10% of the nominal value. Two red LEDs then indicate an ex-
ceeding of the nominal value by 20%.
3.1.7 Electronic Key

Two different electronic keys are provided. As can be seen in the previous figure 1
which shows the HMI Control Unit, one key can only be used for the parameterization
of the protection scheme. The other one is for the selection of the control modes
which can be switched off or provided in one of the three other modes: local, remote
or local/remote control mode. By using these two keys a certain separation between
protection and control operation can be achieved. If required a general key that per-
mits access to both modes is provided. The sensor for recognizing which electronic
key has been used is located on the front panel of the HMI Control Unit.

3.2 Menu on the LCD

In normal operating conditions of the REF542plus the default page of the menu will
be displayed on the right hand side of the LCD. The default page can be defined by
the user. It is recommended to use either the measurement or the alarm page as the
default page. To gain access to the menu page the button < Menu > must be pushed
as shown in the next figure.
Menu
To other
selected menu
MENU
E-Key status
DEFAULT page Measurements
Alarms
Measurements Reset page
Start/Trip page
or Active set page Select line
Protection functions
Alarms Service page
Test page
< --' to exec
Figure 2: Navigation to menu page
The navigation between the menu pages using the UP < ↑ >and DOWN < ↓ > push
buttons on the LCD is described in the following paragraphs:
3.2.1 Electronic Key Status

When using one of the two possible electronic keys, the control or the protection key,
mode changing commands are allowed. The action can be performed by highlighting
the corresponding line on the page with the cursor and subsequently pressing the
ENTER < <-' > button. By using the wrong key, no desired action, e.g. changing the
control modes or the protection settings, will happen.
There are in total six modes available for operating the HMI Control Unit. Four of
them are used to define the control functions and two of them to define the protection
functions. To set the desired modes, the right electronic key must be used.

3.2.1.1 Changing the control modes

The next figure shows the navigation through all four different control mode. At first
the menu page E-Key must be selected. Then by using the control key and pressing
the ENTER < <-' > push button the changing of the control mode will be selectable by
using the UP <↑> respectively the DOWN <↓> push button. The selected mode must
be confirmed by pushing the ENTER < <-' > push button. At the same time the former
menu page for E-Key Status will be displayed again. Then by pressing the <Menu>
push button the menu page will be shown on the LCD.
From main menu

To main menu
Menu
E-Key Status E-Key Status
Control mode - NO CONTROL

LOCAL - LOCAL
Protection mode - REMOTE
OPERATIONAL - LOCAL & REMOTE
Select line
< --' to exec
Insert KEY
and press < --'
to change status
Figure 3: Changing the control operation mode by using the control key
The control modes are as follows:
Local Control:
It is possible to control the CB and other switching devices from the front panel of the
HMI control unit using the command push-buttons. The open and close operations
are effective only if the interlocking scheme allow them. The remote control from the
station automation system is blocked. It also allows the up-and/or down loading of the
configuration file via the optical interface.
Remote Control
In this mode the operation of the CB and other switching devices can only be
achieved remotely by the interbay bus of the station automation system. The local
control is blocked. But the up- and downloading of a configuration file via the optical
interface is possible in this mode.
No Control
It is not possible to operate the CB and other switching devices either from remote or
local control. In this case it is not possible to download a configuration file either re-
motely by station automation system or locally by PC.
Local and Remote Control (special mode)

The local control of primary objects is always possible. The remote control of the
switching devices is only allowed, if a dedicated binary input is activated in the
REF542plus. The downloading of a configuration file and the parameterization of con-
trol parameters is blocked. This mode is basically a “remote control” mode with the
added possibility of locally controlling the primary objects.

Note This mode shall be selected, if the operating conditions required and the operating
Personnel at the network control centre are aware of the selection of this mode.
3.2.1.2 Changing the protection modes

The next figure shows the possibility of changing the protection mode. By using the
protection key it is possible to enter the protection mode in order to change the set-
ting.
From main menu

To main menu
Menu
E-Key Status E-Key Status
Control mode - SET

LOCAL - OPERATIONAL
Protection mode
OPERATIONAL < --' to exec
Select line
Insert KEY
and press < --'
to change status
Figure 4: Changing the control operation mode by using the protection key
The available protection modes are as follows:
Operational Protection
In this operational mode the protection functions are in operation. The local changing
of the setting parameter is blocked. Parameterization via the station automation sys-
tem is possible.
Set Protection
This mode allows the possibility of locally setting the protection parameters from the
front panel of the HMI Control Unit by using the UP <↑> respectively or DOWN <↓>
push button.

3.2.2 Measurement Page

In this menu page the values of the measurement quantities are displayed as primary
values. Depending on the number of measurements configured in the REF542plus
one or more pages are shown. The refresh time for the displayed measurements is
around 1s.
From main menu

To main menu
Menu
Measurement
Measure 1
Value Unit
Measure 2
Value Unit
Change page Measure 3
Value Unit
......
......
......
......
Figure 5: Display of the measurement page
3.2.3 Protection Alarm Page

This menu displays the character strings associated with the three color - red, green
and amber, - fully configurable LEDs. Also the off state of the LED is defined as a
color.A maximum of your pages are allocated for the Reporting of Alarms. Not more
than 8 alarms can be shown on one page. If alarms are configured in latch mode,
they can be reset by jumping into the so called "Reset Menu". Each of the color LEDs
is associated with a string, which can be freely defined in the FUPLA using the con-
figuration software. To change the alarm page the UP < ↑ > respectively or DOWN <
↓ > push button can be used.
From main menu

To main menu
Menu
Alarm 1.1
Alarm 1.2
Alarm 4.1
......
Alarm 4.2
Change page ......
......
......
......
Alarm 1.8
......
Alarm 4.8
Figure 6: Display of the alarm page

3.2.4 Reset Page

The possible reset actions are placed in these pages. Each reset can be selected
only if the HMI Control Unit is in the mode assigned to the reset. For example, the re-
setting of the fault recorder is only allowed in the SET PROTECTION MODE. If the
related mode is not active, the resetting action will be denied, as shown in Figure 7.
From main menu

To main menu
Menu
Reset page Reset page
Reset alarm
Reset max. values Reset
Reset energy values NOT allowed
Reset CB cycles in this mode
Select line Reset fault recorder
Reset Start/Trip < --' to return
Reset counters
< --' to exec
Figure 7: Resetting an information not in the appropriate control mode
Only one reset is allowed at a time. The action can be performed by highlighting the
corresponding line in the Reset Page with the help of the UP <↑> and DOWN <↓>
push buttons and by then pressing the ENTER < <-' > button.
From main menu

To main menu
Menu
Reset page Reset page
Reset alarm Reset

Reset max. values completed
Reset energy values
Reset CB cycles < --' to return
Select line Reset fault recorder
Reset Start/Trip
Reset counters
< --' to exec
Figure 8: Resetting an information in the right control mode

3.2.5 Start/Trip EventsPages

In this page up to 30 Start/Trip events are registered. The page shows a full screen
display. Correspondingly the single line diagram disappears during the display of this
page. Not more than seven events are shown on one page. The list is ordered ac-
cording to the event time appearance. The list can be cleared by using the submenu
page “Reset Start/Trip Pages ” on the menu "Reset page”.
From main menu

To main menu Menu
Start / Trip events
nnnn yyyy.mm.dd hh:mm:ss.mmm

Protection function
Start = xxxx ms
......
Change page
......
nnnn yyyy.mm.dd hh:mm:ss.xxx

Protection function
Trip = xxxxx ms
Figure 9: Display of events after protection activity
3.2.6 Active SET Page

On this page the active protection parameter set can be viewed and changed. In total
there are two parameter sets for each protection provided. To allow a parameter
change, the appropriate control mode on the HMI Control unit must be first selected.
If the control mode is wrong, no changes can be made. The next figure shows an at-
tempt to change the active parameter set in the wrong mode.
From main menu

To main menu
Menu
Active SET page Active SET page
Active SET is X Change allowed

Change SET? only in
SET PROTECTION
< --' to change mode
< --' to return
Figure 10: Changing the protection parameter set not in an appropriate control mode

In the correct control mode the change will be possible. The next figure shows the
dialog for changing the active parameter set of all protection functions implemented.
From main menu To main menu

Menu
To main menu
Menu
Active SET page Active SET page
Active SET is X Active SET is Y

Change SET? Change SET?
< --' to change < --' to change
Figure 11: Changing the protection parameter set in the right control mode
3.2.7 Protection Functions Pages

In this page a list of implemented protection functions can be seen.
From main menu

To main menu
Menu
Prot. function 1
Prot. function 2
...
...
Select line Prot. function n
< --' to exec
Figure 12: List of the implemented protection functions on the LCD
Each Protection Function has parameters, that can be displayed after selecting the
protection functions intended by using the UP <↑> DOWN <↓> and the ENTER < <-'
> push buttons. Then each protection function setting is shown in one or more pages.
These parameters can also be locally changed from the HMI Control unit.Therefore
the appropriate mode must be selected. In the wrong mode there will be no activity
possible, as shown in the next figure.

NOT in correct operating mode
From submenu prot. functions
To submenu
Menu
prot. functions
Protection 1
SET X
Parameter 1 Changes allowed
value unit only in
Parameter 2
value unit SET PROTECTION
Select line Parameter 3 mode
value unit
< --' to return
< --' to exec
Figure 13: Changing of protection parameter not in the right control mode
To change the parameter use the Up<↑> or Down <↓> push buttons to select the pro-
tection function. After pressing the Enter < <-' > push button the value of the parame-
ter can be increased or decreased by applying the Up<↑> or Down <↓> push buttons
again.
In correct operating mode
From submenu prot. functions
To submenu
Menu
prot. functions
Protection n Protection n
SET X SET X
Parameter 1 Parameter 1
value unit value unit
Parameter 2 Parameter 2
value unit value unit
Select line Parameter 3 Parameter 3 increment /
value unit value unit decrement
value
< --' to exec < --' to exec
Figure 14: Changing of the setting parameters of the selected protection function

If a parameter has been changed in the right control mode of the HMI Control unit and
the SET view is left, a message appears for accepting or discarding the changes, as
shown in the next figure.
From submenu prot. functions To submenu

prot. functions
To submenu
prot. functions
Protection functions Protection functions
Parameters Parameters
have changed! STORED
Leave & Store < --' to return

Select line
Leave & NOT Store
< --' to exec
Figure 15: Confirming the changes of the protection parameters
If the new parameter shall be stored, then the page has to be left using the "Leave
and Store" submenu. Afterwards the storing of the parameter will be confirmed. After
pushing the Enter < <-' > push buttons the menu page "protection function" will be
displayed again as from the beginning.
3.2.8 Service page

The service contains several sub-pages. The access to the sub-pages is allowed only
in the appropriate mode The selection can be performed by highlighting the corre-
sponding line in the page using the UP <↑>, DOWN <↓> and the enter < <-' > push
buttons.
From main menu

To main menu
Menu
Service page
- Statistics
- Versions
- Comm. address
- LCD contrast
Select line - MC time
- Load flow dir.
- Autoreclosure mode
- IEC 103 board
< --' to exec
Figure 16: Menu service page

The service page contains the following submenus:
3.2.8.1 Statistics
On this page a list of some constants and FUPLA cycle time can be seen.
From submenu service
To submenu
Menu
service
Statistics
Configuration:
x
FUPLA cycle time:
xxxxx us
Figure 17: Display of the submenu Statistics
3.2.8.2 Versions
This page is dedicated to show the version of the firmware of the Micro Controller
(MC), the Digital Signal Processor (DSP) and some other information more.
To submenu
Menu
service
Versions
MC software:
xxxxx
DSP software:
xxxxx
RHMI software:
xxxxx
Comm. Board:
xxxxx
Fupla date
date time
Configuration file:
xxxxx
Strings file:
xxxxx
Figure 18: Display of the submenu Versions

3.2.8.3 Communication address

The LCD shows the communication address of the REF542plus unit.
To submenu
Menu
service
Communication adress
xx
Figure 19: Display of the communication address
3.2.8.4 LCD Contrast

Through this page it is possible to modify the contrast of the LCD screen as shown in
the next figure.
To submenu
Menu
service
LCD contrast
adjust contrast
pressing UP and DOWN
buttons
adjust
contrast
Figure 20: Menu for adjusting the LCD contrast

3.2.8.5 Internal MC Time (Device time)

The actual time of the MC is shown on the page. The time is edited using the UP < ↑
>, DOWN < ↓ > and the ENTER < <-' > push buttons.
To submenu
Menu
service
MC time
Date time
<--' to edit
adjust
date / time
Figure 21: Menu for adjusting the internal clock of the REF542plus
3.2.8.6 Load Flow Direction

The direction of the load flow according to the definition of the direction in the protec-
tion functions is displayed on this page. The load flow direction is based on the exist-
ing current and voltage of the power system by using the connection of the current
and voltage transformer sensors at site.
To submenu
Menu
service
Load flow direction
FORWARD
Figure 22: Display of the load flow direction

3.2.8.7 Autoreclosure mode

On this page the autoreclosure can be switched on and off
Fromsub menu service
To submenu
service
Autoreclosure mode
NOT ENABLED
<--' to return
Figure 23: Switching the autoreclosure mode on the HMI Control Unit
3.2.8.8 IEC 60870-5-103 board

On this menu the installation of the communication board using the IEC 60870-5-103
standard protocols can be displayed. In REF542plus the standard protocol is ex-
tended with some command functions according to VDEW (Vereinigung Deutscher
Elektrizitätswerke = Association of German Utilities) guideline. In the next figure the
LCD menu is shown.
To submenu
service
IEC 103 board
NOT INSTALLED
<--' to return
Figure 24: LCD menu for communication using IEC 60870-5-103 standard protocols.

If the communication board is installed, then the following submenu can be selected:
Block Monitor Direction

If the submenu Block Monitor Direction is selected on the LCD, as shown in the next
figure, the transmission of all information, like e.g. measurement values, from the
REF542plus to the Station Automation System will be blocked.
To submenu Menu
service
IEC ... 103 board
- Block monitor dir.

- Test mode
<--' to exec
Figure 25: Selection of submenu Block Monitor Direction
After selection of the submenu block monitor direction, the page to see the status of
the monitor direction will be displayed. If desired a change in the status can be done.
From submenu IEC ... 103
To submenu Menu
IEC ... 103
Block monitor
direction
Monitor direction is
UNBLOCK
change status?
<--' to change
Figure 26: Changing of the status of block monitor direction

Test mode
If the transmission function is being tested, the test mode of the communication board
must be selected. By applying this mode all information sent from the REF542plus to
the Station automation system will be foreseen with the corresponding cause of
transmission "Test Mode". In the next figure the change in status of the test mode can
be seen.
From submenu IEC... 103
To submenu Menu
IEC...103
IEC ... 103 test mode
IEC ... 103

Test mode is
INACTIVE
change status?
<--' to change
Figure 27: Changing of the status for the test mode
3.2.9 Test page

On this Page, the following test possibilities can be viewed:
• Test RHMI
• Test primary obj.
From main menu

To main menu
Menu
Test page
Test RHMI
Test primary obj.
Select line
< --' to exec
Figure 28: Display of the Test Page
This menu page displays several sub pages. The access to the sub pages is allowed
only in the appropriate mode. The selection can be performed by highlighting the cor-
responding line on the page using the UP <↑>, DOWN <↓> and afterwards the EN-
TER < <-' > push buttons.

3.2.9.1 Test HMI Control Unit

This page displays a message indicating the button to press to start the test of the
HMI Control Unit. The test switches on and off all the existing LEDs in each color
available, writes the complete LCD area with letters and, at the end, automatically re-
turns back to the Test HMI page. During the Test, the HMI module is NOT active. It
means that:
the push-buttons are not active
LEDs and LCD do not display actual information
But all protection functions implemented in the FUPLA are active during this test pro-
cedure.
3.2.9.2 Test Primary Switching Devices

In this test mode the possibility of testing the primary switching devices is displayed.
But all interlocks defined in the FUPLA are disabled.
Caution In the test mode the interlocking of the switching device is taken out of opera-
tion.
The OPEN <O>, CLOSE <I> and SELECT < > push buttons can be used to perform
the test. When the test is terminated a warning and confirmation page is displayed:
Warning! All of the primary equipment must be in the correct position before going back
to normal operation.
From submenu test
To submenu
Menu
test
Test primary objects
Enter
TEST mode?
ALL Interlocks
will be disabled
< --' to accept
Figure 29: Menu for testing the swiching devices

3.3 Single Line Diagram View

This view is displayed on the left hand side of the LCD. In some pages the whole LCD
is needed. In this case the single line diagram is not visible. Due to the relatively quick
refresh time, the status of the switching devices is displayed immediately after the
switching action has been performed.
3.4 Interface to local PC

The HMI can be interfaced to a PC through a point-to-point serial communication
channel. The connector is an optical one and is installed on the front-panel of the
HMI. By using this interface the configuration file can be downloaded or uploaded
from the local PC, which hosts the configuration tool, to the REF542plus central unit.
Besides that, protection and operation events and the value of the measurement
quantities stored in the REF542plus.For example, the content of the start/trip, opera-
tion and measurements pages, can be uploaded from the local PC for monitoring
purpose. During this downloading or uploading phase the HMI acts as a gateway redi-
recting the data to and from the REF542plus central unit.
The optical connector on the front side of the HMI is an ABB standardized type and
requires a special cable for connection to the PC. In this way the PC can be isolated
from the REF 542 plus. The maximal speed of the data transfer is for the time being
9.6 kbit/s. In the following release the speed of the data transfer will be extended.
Opto converter
29.50
D-sub
49.75 21.50
Figure 30: Physical interface between HMI and local PC
3.5 Interface HMI to Central Unit

The physical interface of the HMI to the central unit of the REF542plus is the stan-
dardized RS485 connector with a maximum communication speed up to 38400 bit/s.
The maximum length of the cable shall be less than 100 m.

4 Operation
There are a total of six modes available for operating the HMI Control Unit on site.
Four of them are used to define the control functions and two to define the protection
functions. The control modes, as aleady mentioned before, are as follows:
No Control:
All control operations from the front panel of the HMI Control Unit are blocked
Local Control
Control operations of the switching device are enabled. Hereby the switching de-
vices are interlocked as defined in the control configuration.
Remote Control
In this mode, no local operation of the switching device is allowed. Control of the
switching device can only be performed remotely by SCADA or the station auto-
mation system.
Local and Remote Control
In this particular mode remote as well as local operation is possible.
The modes for protection are as follows:
Set
In general this mode is used to set the protection parameters. Changing the ac-
tive parameter set and setting the protection function on site is only possible in
this mode. Many protection functions and their parameters are labelled differently
in the configuration software and on some pages on the LCD. The difference will
be shown later in "Parameter Names".
Operational
In this mode no local setting of the protection functions is possible. The parame-
terization of the protection functions is only possible by the station automation
system.
4.1 Functions in Protection Mode

In the following table an overview of the functions in protection mode are list together.
Table 2:
Mode of Operation Set Operational
------------------------------------------- Protection Protection
Functionality
Local edit of protection setting Yes No
Remote edit of protection setting No Yes

4.2 Functions in Control Mode

The HMI Control Unit can be used for local control of the switchbays. The following
table shows an overview of the functionality depending on the selected control mode.
In this case the status of the protection key does not have any impact on the control
and monitoring functionality.
Mode of Operation No Local Remote L&R

------------------------------------------- Control Control Control Control
Functionality
Local Control of Switching De- No Yes No Yes
vices
Remote Control of Switching De- No No Yes Yes
vices
Up- and Download of configured No Yes Yes Yes
Application
FUPLA monitoring No Yes Yes Yes
Export Fault Recorder No Yes Yes Yes
In the following Paragraphs, the functionality in control mode of the HMI Control Unit
will be described.
4.2.1 Selecting and Actuating the Switching Devices

A switching device shown in the Single Line diagram can be selected and switched
directly on the HMI Control Unit of the REF542plus . If an interlock condition is vio-
lated, it cannot be switched. The interlocking status LED will then be red.
Press the < > key one or more times until the desired switching device is selected.
The selected switching device will be displayed inverted each time.Deciding which
switching device is selected with the first press of the key and which switchgear can
be selected is set in the configuration software.
Press the <O> or <I> push button to open or close the selected switching device.
If double actuation is activated, two switching commands in succession can be exe-
cuted in a defined period with the selected switching device. Otherwise the switching
device must be selected before every switching command.
4.2.2 Downloading a configuration from PC into REF542plus

This function is selected by the configuration software and is independent of the
status of the electronic key.
Warning! Try and avoid downloading an application into the REF542plus when the bay is
operating. The multifunction protection and switchbay control unit is inopera-
tive while an application is being loaded from a PC into the REF542plus.

Note If the PC has several serial interfaces, ensure that the one set in the configuration
software is used.
Connect the optical cable with the RS232 interface on one end to the PC and
the optical interface to the HMI of the REF542plus.
Open the application delete, that is to be transferred in the configuration soft-
ware.
Note If the alarm status LED is on, the application cannot be successfully exported from
the PC to the REF542plus.
Select the related menu item.

The test routine of the configuration program is now automatically started
again. If there is any error, the application cannot be exported.
Remove the optical cable after finalizing the download.
While the application is being transferred, status messages are shown in the configu-
ration software. Indications are given regarding which part of the configuration data is
being transferred. Messages about data received are also shown on the LCD of the
REF542plus. During the transmission of the application the Ready LED status on the
HMI Control Unit of the REF542plus is off. This indicates that the REF542plus is not
operating. When the transmission is finished, a message indicating that it is complete
appears in the configuration software. The REF542plus then restarts with the new
application. The Single Line diagram appears on the LCD screen and the green
Ready status LED is on again.
Once a new application has been created and loaded into the REF542plus, its cycle
time must be checked. The value can be found in the menu Service Page, submenu
Statistics, which will be mentioned later in this manual.
Warning! The cycle time of an application must be less than 30 ms to ensure good func-
tioning of the REF542plus.
4.2.3 Uploading a configuration from REF542plus into PC

This function is selected by the configuration software and is independent of the
status of the electronic key.
Warning! The functions of the REF542plus are not affected while an application is being
uploaded from the REF542plus to the PC. However, local control is not avail-
able during this period.

Note If the PC has several serial interfaces, ensure that one set in the configuration pro-
gram is used.
Connect the optical interface of the optical cable to REF542plus and the serial in-
terface RS232 to the PC.
Start the configuration software
Select the related menu item.
Remove the optical cable, after finalising the upload.
While the application is being transferred, status messages are shown in the configu-
ration program. Indications are given regarding which part of the application data is
being transferred. Messages on the data sent are also output to the LCD screen.
When the transmission is finished, a message appears in the configuration program.
If required, the application can be viewed and re-edited.
4.2.4 FUPLA Monitoring and Displaying Measurement Values

If required, the status of the binary inputs or outputs and the wires in the FUPLA can
be monitored. The connection between REF542plus and the PC must first be estab-
lished similar to the uploading of the configuration mentioned before. By selecting the
related menu item in the configuration software, the logical status of the wires in the
FUPLA can be viewed. Also all of the available measurement values can be dis-
played on the PC after selecting the corresponding menu item in the configuration
software.
4.2.5 Local Export of fault recorder (when configured)

This function is selected by the configuration software and is independent of the posi-
tion of the electronic key. If a fault recorder is configured in the application, its data
can be exported from the REF542plus. The configuration software converts the raw
data to the COMTRADE format. The fault events can then be displayed using, for ex-
ample, the ABB WINEVE programs. The fault recorder data can also be forwarded
to the station automation system via the interbay bus, e.g LON per Lon Application
Guide (LAG) 1.4.
Connect REF542plus to the PC using the corresponding cable having a RS232
and an optical interface.
Start the configuration software.
Select the related menu item. If there are no fault records in the REF542plus, a
message indicating that, will appear in the configuration program.

In case a fault is recorded the following dialog window appears:
Figure 31: Example of a dialog window for exporting fault records
The fault records stored in the REF542plus are shown in the side of the window. The
fault record with the highest number is the latest entry. The box window shows the
default file names of the fault records that are to be loaded.
Check the settings for saving the fault records on the PC in the Default
Settings information field.
The Path shows the memory location for the fault records.
The Prefix is the character combination that is placed in front of the four-digit
fault record number in the file name.
The Format shows the format to which the fault record data from the
REF542plus will be converted.
Please read the information in the following subsection to change the defaults.
Mark a fault record with the mouse and click the >> button. The file name under
which the fault record will be saved on the PC will appear on the right side of the
window. The characters >>> will appear in place of the moved fault record on the
left side of the window.
Repeat this operation for additional fault records if they are also to be saved.
If the Shift key on the keyboard is held down while marking the fault records, sev-
eral fault records can be marked simultaneously and then moved all at once on
the right side of the window with the >> button.
The << button removes a marked fault record from the list of fault records to be
loaded.
Click the OK button to export the marked fault records with the displayed de-
faults from the REF542plus. The dialog window is closed and the user is returned
to the main menu of the configuration program.
The Cancel button stops the export of fault records to the PC. Changes to the
defaults are not saved. The dialog window is closed and the user is returned to
the main menu of the configuration program.
Status messages are shown in the configuration program during export of the data
from the fault recorder.

Changing the default
Click the Modify Settings button to start the configuration dialog for
changing the fault records. The following dialog window appears:
Figure 32: Example of a dialog window for setting the fault record defaults
The list window, which indicates the current path, enables the memory location for the
fault records to be selected. To make a selection, double-click on the memory loca-
tion with the right mouse button. Then you can move through the directory trees of the
memory media step by step.
The input field Prefix allows the input of a maximum of 4 characters, which are
placed before the four-digit fault record number in the file name.
E.g.: Fault record 0034 will become file XXXX0034.dat when saved
Select the format in which the fault record should be saved in the file Format selec-
tion list. In this version of the configuration program the fault records can only be
saved in the COMTRADE [ASCII] format. This format is read by programs such as
WINEVE from ABB, which proceses the fault record data and displays them graphi-
cally.
4.2.6 Exporting the input or output status

The current values of the binary inputs or outputs on the REF542plus can be dis-
played. They can also be printed and saved. Because the procedure and the struc-
ture of the dialog window are identical, the two processes are described in parallel.
It is also possible to export the status of the binary inputs and outputs regularly and
automatically.
Connect the optical interface of the HMI Control Unit of the REF542plus to the
PC serial interface with the optical-RS232 cable.
Start the configuration program.
Select the menu item Main Menu/Transfer/Input Status or Main

Menu/ Transfer/Output Status.
One of the following dialog windows will appear: However, no data is yet shown in the
list field.

Figure 33: Examples of the dialog windows for displaying the status of the analog in-
puts or outputs
Click the Get new dataset button. If the connection to the REF542plus is
correct, the current data of the first two binary input and output boards will be dis-
played in the corresponding list field after transmission:
The export date and time are followed by a list of the available binary in-
puts/outputs. The status of the specific input/output is then given.
1: A logical 1 means BIO is contacted/can be tapped.
0: A logical 0 means BIO is contacted/can be tapped.
--: The input/output has not been defined in the function chart.
xxx: A connection to the REF542plus could not be established.
If it is not possible to connect to the REF542plus, an error message, which must be
acknowledged, will appear first.
Note The date and time are set by the exporting PC. Please ensure that the system time is
set correctly.
If the Get new dataset button is clicked again, another list with the new data
will be appended to the previous list.
Select the save dataset button to start a standard operating system dialog.
This enables the data to be saved in any directory under a name that can be
freely selected. The data is saved as ASCII text with line breaks.
Note There is a danger that the application will be overwritten. Therefore, do not select the
name of the current application.
Select the print dataset button to start a standard operating system dia-
log. This enables the data to be output to a printer.

Select OK button to close the dialog window and return to the main menu of
the configuration program. The Cancel button closes the dialog window and re-
turns the user to the main menu of the configuration program.
4.2.7 Exporting the operational measured values

Part of the operational measured values and the calculated values can be exported
from the REF542plus. They can also be printed and saved. Only the values that are
found in the screenshot below are displayed. For example, the external phase-to-
neutral voltages are not shown.
In addition, a configuration dialog can be started that displays the operational meas-
ured values and, if selected, the status of the binary inputs and outputs.
Connect the optical interface of the HMI Control Unit of the REF542plus to the
PC serial interface with the related optical cable.
Start the configuration software.
Select the menu item Main Menu/Transfer/Measurement….

The dialog window shown below appears. Part of the information window is still
empty at this point and no data is shown.
Figure 34: Examples of the dialog window for displaying the operational
measured values
Click the get new dataset button. If the connection to the REF542plus is
correct, the corresponding data will be displayed in the corresponding list field af-
ter transmission: This is the current data at the time of transmission.
If it is not possible to connect to the REF542plus, two error messages appear. Af-
ter acknowledging them, the dialog window appears again with the empty infor-
mation window.

If the get new dataset button is clicked again, the content of the informa-
tion window is updated.
Select the save dataset button to start a standard operating system dialog.
This enables the data to be saved in any directory under a name that can be
freely selected. The data is saved as ASCII text with line breaks.
Note There is a danger that the application will be overwritten. Therefore, do not select the
name of the current application.
Select the print dataset button to start a standard operating system dia-
log. This enables the data to be output to a printer.
Select Exit button to close the dialog window and to return to the main menu
of the configuration program.
Select the Continuously Measuring button to start the dialog as shown in Figure
35. It regularly and automatically enables the operational measured values and the
status of the binary inputs and outputs to be exported from the REF542plus.
Figure 35: Configuration dialog for the continuous measured value scan
Enter the period between measurements in seconds into the input field get
new dataset after.
Setting range: 3 … 3600 seconds (One step: 1 second)
Default: 15 seconds
Mark the Binary Inputs and/or Binary Outputs checkboxes to include

their status in the continuous measured value acquisition process.
The input field above the two buttons (measuring) has no function.
Click the Start button to begin continuous acquisition of the operational

measured values (and the status of the binary inputs and outputs, if configured).
The dialog window is closed.
Click the Stop button to close the dialog window and thus stopping continuous
acquisition of measured values.
A standard operating system dialog window for file backup appears. The va-
rious settings required to back up the data from the continuous measured value
acquisition are made here.
The data is saved as ASCII text with line breaks and the corresponding time in-

formation; some data is separated by tabs. New data is always appended to pre-
vious data.
The dialog window with the operational measured values appears. This always
shows the last set of measured values transferred from the REF542plus. The OK
button has now become the Stop button.
Click the Stop button to stop continuous measured value recording. The Stop
button then becomes the Exit button.
Press the Exit button to close the dialog window and return to the main menu of
the configuration program.
4.3 Access to the Menu Pages

The access of the menu pages depends also on the seleted mode. The following ta-
ble shows the complete access list:
Mode of Operation / No Local Remote L&R Set Opera-

Menu page Control Control Control Control tional
E-Key Status Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Measurements Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Alarms Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Reset page
– Alarm Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
- max. values No Yes No No No No
– energy values No Yes No No No No
- CB cycles No Yes No No No No
- fault recorder No No No No Yes No
- Start/Trip No No No No Yes No
– counters No Yes No No No No
Start/Trip page Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Active set page
- View pameter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Change set No No no No Yes No
- View Parameter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Change Parameter No No no No Yes No
Service Page
– Statistics Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Versions Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Communication adress Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
- LCD contrast Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
- MC time Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
- Load flow direction Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Autoreclosure mode No No No No Yes No
- IEC 60870-5-103 board Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Test Page
- HMI Control Unit Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– Primary No Yes No No No No
The handling of some important menu pages will be described in the following chap-
ters.

4.3.1 Retrieving measured and calculated values

The measured and calculated values of the REF542plus can be continuously dis-
played on the right half of the LCD screen. They are displayed as absolute values.
The maximum value within configurable time interval can also be indicated . For this
purpose the calculation of the maximum value must be configured in the configuration
software with the menu <Configure/Calculated Values>.
In addition, 3 further arbitrary measurement quantities, currents and/or voltages, can

be indicated by the LED-bar. A measurement range of e.g. 0 to 120% of the rated
value of each measurement quantity can be displayed.
The displayed values are arranged in a ring menu on several measurement pages.
Only those that have been measured or whose calculation has been configured are
displayed. The calculated values must also be required by a protection function. This
minimizes the DSP (protection and measuring processor) processing requirements.
The Selection of next/previous page can be achieved by pressing the UP < ↑ > or
DOWN < ↓ > push buttons to call up the next or previous pages in the ring menu. The
following table shows an overview of all possible displayed values, the corresponding
unit and the conditions required to display the value.
Displayed value Unit Condition

Current IL1 A Min. 1 current measurement connected at ana-
log input 1 or 4
log input 1,2 or 4,5
log input 1,2,3 or 4,5,6
Current I1L1 A Min. 6 current measurement connected at ana-
Current I1L2 log input 1, 2,3,4,5,6)
Current I1L3
Current I2L1
Current I2L2
Current I2L3
Current IE A Min. 1 current measurement connected at ana-
log input 7 or calculated by the ground fault pro-
tection
Voltage U1E kV Min. 1 voltage measurement connected at ana-
log input 1 or 4
Voltage U2E KV Min. 2 voltage measurement connected at ana-
Voltage U3E KV Min. 3 voltage measurement connected at ana-
Voltage U12 kV Min. 2 voltage measurement connected at ana-

Displayed value Unit Condition

Voltage U11E kV Min. 6 voltage measurement connected at ana-
Voltage U12E log input 1, 2,3,4,5,6)
Voltage U13E
Voltage U112
Voltage U123
Voltage U131
Voltage U21E
Voltage U22E
Voltage U23E
Voltage U212
Voltage U223
Voltage U231
Current IL1m A Maximum value for IL1 is configured
Current IL2m Maximum value for IL2 is configured
Current IL3m Maximum value for IL3 is configured
Apparent power S kVA The power calculation is activated and the cor-
Active power P kW. responding analog inputs are connected
Reactive power Q KVAr.
Active Energy KWh
Reactive Energy kVAh
Frequency Hz Always
Operating hours H Always (If the function block operating hours
counter is not activated, the time for which the
REF542plus is on the auxiliary voltage is
counted. If the function block operating hours
counter is activated, the time for which its start-
ing condition is met is counted.)
Switching cycles - CB is configured
Switched current kA
Phase Difference ° Indication only by activating the synchronism
Voltage Difference V check function
U11E kV
U12E kV
U13E kV
U112 kV
U212 kV
Motor temperature °C Indication by application of the thermal overload
Motor Start in min protection function
Trafo temperature °C Indication by application of the thermal overload
Trafo on in min protection function
Cable temperature °C Indication by application of the thermal overload
Cable On in min protection function
Energy counters - Max. 15, there are as many indication as the
number of counter configured
4.3.2 Viewing the LED Indications

The message texts of the eight LEDs can be set up as desired in the configuration
software. The text can be defined in independent of the LED color and should provide
information on what the LED is indicating. If desired, the indication of each LED can
be defined to be in latch mode. In this case, the reset of the latched LED should be
performed after the information is read out.

4.3.3 Resetting the quantities saved in the unit

Various data are saved in the REF542plus. For example, this includes the switched
currents or the maximum currents per conductor in a specified period. The reset page
is used to delete specific data from the unit's memory.
Proceed as follows:
Set the electronic key for control to "local“. Then activate by using the UP < ↑ > or
DOWN < ↓ > push buttons on the Reset page submenu "Reset max. values". Then
the confirmation can be seen on the LCD screen. Getting back to the menu page is
achieved by pushing the Enter < <-' > button.
4.3.4 Viewing the Start/Trip page

The Start/Trip pages show full screen information based on the starting and tripping
of the configured protection functions. During the display of the Start/Trip page no
Single Line Diagram can be shown. This information is specific to the protection func-
tions and is available as soon as a protection function is started. The Start/Trip page
is structured as shown below:
Sequential number (0…65537, then 0 again),
Date and time stamping,
Name of protection function,
Action of protection function (start or trip) and
Various relevant values with units.
The data for the tripping page is saved in a ring buffer with a capacity of 30 entries. If
the ring buffer fills up, the oldest data will be deleted and the newest data saved
(FIFO strategy: First In, First Out).
Press the < Menu > and afterwards use UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons to
open the Start/Trip page. Press the UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons keys to
call up the previous or the next values. To leave the Start/Trip page again, press the
< Menu > key.
If the tripping page is opened in the event of a persistent fault, the times and trip val-
ues are shown by *****. If the fault is successfully acknowledged, the corresponding
values will be shown instead of the asterisks.
4.3.5 Change the active parameter set

Most protection functions have two parameter sets in which different starting and trip-
ping characteristics can be specified. Changing the active parameter set is only pos-
sible in the protection mode "Set". This page can be used to switch back and forth be-
tween the two parameter sets. To proceed select the protection mode "set“ by apply-
ing the right electronic key. Get into the "Active SET" page by pushing the UP < ↑ >
or DOWN < ↓ >buttons. Then the active set will be displayed on the LCD screen. By
pushing the ENTER < <-' > button the active parameter set can be changed.

Note If there is an alarm on the HMI Control Unit of the REF542plus, the active parameter
set cannot be changed. The alarm must first be acknowledged.
4.3.6 Viewing the parameters of the individual protection functions

Both parameter sets of the protection functions in the application can be viewed on
the menu page “Protection functions”. This menu page can be achieved by pressing
the <Menu> and afterwards using the UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons. On this
page the UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons can be used again to open the de-
sired parameter pages. Depending on the number of configured protection functions,
several pages are used for this purpose.
Many protection functions and their parameters are shown differently in the configura-
tion program and on the parameter pages. The differences will be listed and men-
tioned later in Chapter "Parameter names".
4.3.7 Changing a parameter of a protection function

The various parameters of the configured protection functions can be changed on the
protection page. But it is required that on the menu page “electronic key status” the
protection status is set to “Set” mode by applying the related electronic key. Using the
UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons the parameter to be changed can be selected.
After confirmation by the ENTER < <-' >.push buttons, the parameter value can be
enlarged or reduced using the UP < ↑ > or DOWN < ↓ > push buttons again. Leaving
this page can be achieved by pressing the ENTER < <-' >.push button. If desired the
changed parameter values can be stored on the next menu.
4.3.8 Starting the Service Page

The service page can be viewed by pressing the < Menu > push button and selecting
the “Service Page” by scrolling up or down using the Up < ↑ > and the Down < ↓ >
push buttons. From this page, service the following subpages can be found and ac-
cessed:
4.3.8.1 Viewing the FUPLA Cycle Time

The FUPLA cycle time can be viewed in the submenu “Statistics” of the menu “Ser-
vice page”. On this page the FUPLA cycle time can be viewed.
4.3.8.2 Viewing the Firmware Versions

The implemented firmware can be viewed in the above mentioned menu “Service
page”, submenu “Versions”.
4.3.8.3 Viewing the Communication Address

The actual communication address can also be viewed in the above mentioned menu
“Service page”, submenu “ communication address”.

4.3.8.4 Setting the LCD screen contrast

The LCD is back lighted. The duration of the lighting is fixed for the time being. If one
of the push buttons is pressed, then the LCD lighting is automatically on. The lighting
contrast of the LCD screen on the REF542plus can be changed at submenu “LCD
contrast” in menu “Service page”. To adjust the LCD contrast the Up <↑> push button
or the Down <↓> push button can be applied again to increase or to reduce the LCD
contrast.
4.3.8.5 Setting the internal MC time

The submenu “MC time” is located in menu “Service page”. On this page the date and
time of the internal clock can be set by pressing at first the Enter < <-' > push button
for selecting the related value. Afterwards the selected value can be increased or de-
creased by the using the Up <↑> push button or the Down <↓> push button.
4.3.8.6 Viewing the Load Flow Direction

To view the load flow direction the submenu “Load flow direction” of menu “Service
page” must be entered. The displayed direction of the load flow depends on the ter-
minal connection of the measured current and voltage analog measurement inputs.
4.3.8.7 Enable/Disable Autoreclosing

Some protection functions have the option of autoreclosing (AR). The autoreclosing
function may be activated or deactivated on the submenu “Autoreclosure mode”.
Note The autoreclosure must generally be enabled when setting up the application with the
configuration software
4.3.8.8 Setting Communication Board according to IEC 60870-5-103

If an optional communication board for the IEC 60870-5-103 protocol is installed in
the REF542plus and the local control mode is set on the submenu “IEC103 board”
the following parameters are provided:
Block Monitor Direction
When the parameter “Block monitor direction” is selected and confirmed by the Enter
< <-' > push buttons, the information generated in REF542plus will not be transferred
to the substation automation system. This is useful for testing the protection function
during the maintenace phase.
Test mode
In test mode all information to the station automation system is sent with the related
cause of transmission.

4.3.8.9 Testing the switching devices

This submenu is used for testing the switching devices. All interlocking are deacti-
vated. This test mode can only be achieved in “Local Control” mode. After accepting
the information displayed on the LCD screen, that all interlocks will be disabled, the
testing of each switching device can begin.
Note When setting up the application with the configuration software the test mode must be
defined as enabled.

5 Parameter names
Many of the protection functions and their parameters have different names in the
configuration software and on the following pages of the LCD screen:
Pages with the parameter view
Parameter setting pages
Tripping pages
This is the result of the limitation on the length of texts on the pages of the LC display
screen. The following table shows the equivalent names opposite one another.
Table 3: Different parameter name on configuration software and on LCD screen

Configuration Software Parameter Name on Setting Page
Current Protection functions
Inrush Blocking Inrush
N n
M m
Time Time
Overcurrent Instantaneous Overcurrent Inst

Overcurrent Definite Time High Set Overcurrent Def High
Overcurrent Definite Time Low Set Overcurrent Def Low
Start value Start

Time Time
Overcurrent Directional High Set Overc Def Dir High

Overcurrent Directional Low Set Overc Def Dir Low
Start value Start

Time Time
Direction Dir
– forward – forward
– backwards – backward
IDMT IDMT (type of curve)
I/In Start
k k
Ground fault high set Gnd Non Dir Hi

Ground fault low set Gnd Non Dir Low
Start value Start

Time Time
Ground fault Directional high set Gnd Dir Hi

Ground fault Directional low set Gnd Dir Low
Start value Start

Time Time
Network type Net type
– isolated – isolated


– earthed – earthed
Direction Dir
- backward – backward
a) Earth fault Directional sensitive a) Sensitive earth fault
Current I0 Start
Time Time
Angle alpha alpha
Angle delta delta
Voltage U0 U0
Groundfault IDMT Gnd IDMT (type of curve)
I/In Start
k k
Voltage Protection functions

Overvoltage Instantaneous Overvoltage Inst
Overvoltage High Set Overvoltage Def High
Overvoltage High Set Overvoltage Def Low
Residual Overvoltage High Set Resid OverV Def High
Residual Overvoltage Low Set Resid OverV Def Low
Start value Start

Time Time
Undervoltage Instantaneous Undervoltage Inst

Undervoltage High Set Undervoltage Def High
Undervoltage High Set Undervoltage Def Low
lowest voltage = 0 used BlockLow Yes/No

Start value Start
Time Time
Motor Protection functions

Thermal Overload Thermal Overload
T nom T nom
I nom I nom
Ini Temp T init
Time Constant I < 0.1 Ie tc OFF
Time Constant standard tc NORM
Time Constant I > 2 Ie tc FAULT
Max Temp T max
Warn Temp T warn
Enviro Temp T env
Op Time Time
Motor Start Motor start
Motor current Ie Ie
Start value Is Is
Time Time
Motor Start It


Block Rotor Blocking Rotor
Motor current Ie Ie
Start value Is Is
Time Time
Number of Starts Nr. of Starts
Number of warm starts N warm

Number of cold starts N cold
Temperature for warm start T warm
Time Recl T
Distance Potection
Distance Protection Distance protection
Network type Net type

– high ohmic – compensated
– low ohmic – low ohmic
Earth Start Est/Gst
– IE> used – IE> used
– IE> unused – IE> unused
CT grounding Tr/Gr side
– Line side – line side
– Busbar side – busbar side
Switching onto faults Switch on fault
– Normal behavior – normal behavior
– Overreach zone used – Ov. reach scheme
– Trip after occurence of general start – TripAGSt
Phase selection Phase S
– acyclical L3-L1-L2 –0
– cyclical L1-L2-L3-L1 –1
– acyclical L1-L3-L2 –2
– cyclical L3-L2-L1-L3 –3
Type of power transmission line
– Only cable – Cable homogeneous
– Only overhead line – Cond. = 1 Struck = 1
– Over before cable – OH before C
– Cable before overhead – C before OH
Border cable/overh Zb
– Cable reactance – Zcable
– Overhead line reactance – Zoverh
I> I>
I0> I0>
IF> IF>
UF< UF<
Factor k EF Real
Angle k EF Imag
Signal comp time Sig C Time
Zone 1,2,3, Overreach, Autoreclosure Zone 1,2,3, Overreach Zone, AR Zone
- Resistance R –R
– Reactance X –X
– Angle Delta 1 – d1
– Angle Delta 2 – d2
– Time – Time
– Direction – Direction
– backwards – backward
– zone unused – unused
Dir. Backup Dir. Back up

– Direction - Direction


– backward – backward
– zone unused – unused
– Time – Time
Non Dir Backup Non-dir backup
– Time – Time
Differential Protection
Differential Protection Differential protection
Transformer Group g
Transformer Earthing
– Primary side - ES1
– Secondary side - ES2
Primary Nominal Current (In1) In1
Secondary Nominal Current (In2) In2
Threshold Current Idt
Unbiased Region Limit Ibu
Slighly Biased Region Threshold Ids
Slighly Biased Region Limit Ibs
Heavily biased Slope Chi
Trip by Id> Id3
Second Harmonic Gamma
– Threshold H2BE
– Block Yes
Fifth Harmonic Epsilon
– Threshold H5BE
– Block Yes
Other Protection
Unbalanced load Unbalanced load
Is Ie
k K
Reset time Reset time
Timer decreasing rate Alpha
Directional Power Directional power
Nom Real Power Pn nom

Max Rev Load Max Rv Load
Op Time Time
Direction Direction
– forwards – forward
– backward – backward
Low Load Low Load
Nom Real Power P nom

Min Load Start
Min Curr Min Curr
Op Time Time
Frequency Supervision Frequen supervision
Start value Start

Time Time
Synchro Check Synchrocheck


Start value Delta U
Time Time
Phasen diff Delta phase

6 Setting of Control and Protection Functions

The main task of the REF542plus is to carry out the protection functions in order to
rapidly and selectively switch off all faults that have occured in the system. Therefore,
the measurement quantities must be provided with related accuracy. That is why it is
essential, if applying the conventional measurement transformers, to carefully define
the requirements of the Current Transformer (CT). Otherwise the CT will go into satu-
ration. The CT in saturation impacts the behavior of the protection function and con-
sequently the selectivity of the whole feeder protection scheme. In the following Para-
graphs, some examples for setting control and protection functions will be described.
6.1 Requirement on Current Transformer for Protection

Protection must switch off the system fault fast and selectively. To fulfill this task it is
necessary that the quantities of the current measurement are relatively good. There-
fore the CT for protection must meet the following requirement:
6.1.1 CT for Distance Protection

The behavior of distance and differential protection depends on the quality of the cur-
rent measurement quantities. In case of CT-saturation, which is normally caused by
a slowly decaying DC-component, the current measurement quantities could be de-
formed in such a manner, that the distance protection is not in position anymore to
work properly. That is why it is necessary, the CT fulfills certain requirements inde-
pendent of the magnitude of the short circuit current at the place where the CT is in-
stalled. In the following Paragraphs the design of the CT for protection purposes, es-
pecially for distance protection in REF542plus is described. The design is done in that
way, so that the proper function of the distance protection is always guaranteed. But
after the tripping is released, the CT may be saturated, so that the accuracy of the
calculation of the fault impedance in the fault locator would be strongly affected.
In principle, CTs of the type TPS, TPX or TPY with accuracies according to IEC
60044-6 or better may be used. Also linearized CTs of the type TPZ can be applied.
Due to the thermal constant it must always be considered that the ratio between the
maximal short circuit current at CT-installation to the primary nominal current should
be less then 100. On the other hand it must also be taken into account, that the mini-
mal short circuit current, which has to be detected by the protection, should be in the
range of the setting parameter of the distance protection. Because the burden of the
CT is proportional to the square nominal current, it is recommended to use preferably
CT with 1A nominal current then 5A.
In principle the distance protection in the REF542plus has already been designed in
such way that it is not sensitive against CT-saturation. With the implemented algo-
rithm based on the Digital Fourier Transformation an unwanted tripping is not to be
expected. But the tripping time can be delayed for a long time, the whole selectivity of
the system could be in danger. That is the reason why it is necessary to fulfill at least
the following minimal requirements for the design and selection of the CT. For this
reason it is necessary, that the CT must be able to transfer the symmetrical short cir-
cuit current without any saturation at faults immediately in the neighborhood of the CT
installation. From the protection point of view it is needed, that faults in forward and
the backward direction would not cause CT-saturation.
In designing the CT, it is reasonable to apply the definition of the so called ‘knee
point’ voltage of the secondary side of the CT. As result of the above mentioned
minimal requirement, the knee point voltage can be formulated as follows:
IKmax I Sn  
0,1 VA 
E 2 min ≥  RCT + RL + 2 
IPn  I 
 REF542 
Thereby
E2min minimal knee point voltage under symmetrical short circuit current
condition,
Ikmax maximal symmetrical short circuit current on the CT primary side,
Isn nominal current of CT secondary side,
IREF542 nominal current of the distance protection in REF542plus,
RCT resistance of the CT secondary winding (internal burden),
RL resistance of the connection and additional burden.
Normally the maximum magnitude of the short circuit current will be in three phase
faults. In systems with the neutral point directly grounded it is also possible that the
magnitude of the short circuit current during a phase to ground fault is higher than the
short circuit current during a three phase fault. Therefore it is recommended, that the
short circuit calculation should at least be done for both mentioned cases. Then the
larger magnitude of short circuit current should be taken when designing the CT. Fur-
thermore, it is important to distinguished between phase to phase fault and phase to
ground fault when determining the knee point voltage. In the case of phase to phase
fault, only the resistance of the direct connection from REF542plus to the CT-terminal
has to be considered. In a phase to ground fault the connection to the neutral of the
CT has also to be taken into account.
In principle the distance protection within REF542plus can be operated with above
the minimal knee point voltage. In case of a fault, where the short circuit current is
super positioned by DC-component, the occurrence of CT-saturation cannot be
avoided. In such cases the tripping of the distance protection could be delayed by up
to three times the net time constant. The fast tripping time, which is under sinusoidal
measurement quantities of about 30 ms, would not be achieved anymore. The con-
sequence is that the selectivity of the system could be in danger.
When the saturation of the current transformer cannot be avoided, it is recommended
setting the first impedance zone of the distance protection with the fast possible re-
sponse time of 30 ms. This setting strategy is necessary to relieve the CT as much as
possible. By applying this setting the CT has only to transfer correctly the short circuit
current for about 25 ms.
For the design of the CT is must be assumed that the fault location is in the middle of
the first impedance zone of the distance protection. Then the CT must be able to
transfer the short circuit current correctly within the first 25 ms. Under this condition
the distance protection would still generate the tripping of the circuit breaker after a
short tripping time of 30 ms. This rule has been derived from an extensive computer
simulation study.

Figure 36: An example of current calculation from computer simulation
In figure 36, above an example of the short circuit current calculation in distance pro-
tection REF542plus is shown. The CT is nominally burdened. The symmetrical part of
the short circuit current is, in this case, in accordance with the so called nominal over-
current-number, which means that under symmetrical condition the knee point voltage
is exactly achieved. The time constant of the decaying DC-component is 50 ms.
Thereby I1 is the primary, I2 the secondary current of the CT and I3 the calculated
current using an algorithm based on Digital Fourier Transformation. Due to the CT-
saturation in the first 25 ms the result of the current calculation leads only to 35% of
the real magnitude of the short circuit current. The consequence is that the fault will
be wrong calculated which results in an error of the real fault-distance. The tripping of
the protection will be delayed accordingly. That is the reason why it is necessary to
fulfill the above mentioned requirement.
By means of short circuit calculation the maximal magnitude of all short circuit current
and the corresponding net time constant at every CT installation places can be de-
termined. Then to calculate the minimum required knee point voltage the following
equation can be applied:
I I  
 0,1 VA 
E 2DC ≥ Kmax Sn R
 CT + RL +  K (ct )
IPn  2
IREF542 

Thereby is:
E2DC needed knee point voltage in case of short circuit current with
decaying DC-component
Ikmax maximal symmetrical short circuit current of the CT primary side,
Isn nominal current of the CT secondary side,
IREF542 Nominal current of distance protection within REF542plus,
RCT Resistance of the secondary winding (internal burden),
RL Resistance of the connection and additional burden,

K(ct) Factor for the design of the CT in case of super position by DC-
component.
The factor K(ct) is proposed for the design of the CT. By using this factor no satura-
tion can happen within the first 25 ms after the fault has appeared. The values of the
factor K(ct) can be taken from the next figure.
Figure 37: Factor K(ct) for the CT-design in used with distance protection.
6.1.2 CT for Differential Protection

The same requirement as in the case of distance protection must also be taken into
account, if a transformer is to be protected by the differential Protection. It is neces-
sary that the first 25 ms of the short circuit current can be replicated on the secondary
side without saturation. Within this time the differential protection can decide whether
the fault is inside or outside the protection zone. If this possibility is not given, then the
tripping time at fault inside the protection zone can be delayed due to the difficulties of
detecting the fault location.
In REF542plus the setting is related to the nominal current of the power transformer.
The nominal value of the current transformer applied for the measurement of the
phase current on the high and low voltage side shall not bigger than 2 times of the re-
lated nominal value of the protected transforner.
6.1.3 CT for IDMT and Definite Time Overcurrent Protection

Current transformers complying with IEC VDE Class 5P. or 10P. are recommended.
C.Ts designed according to the following requirements guarantee a correct relay trip-
ping function.
The above mentioned protection function also provides a safe tripping signal with
saturated C.T.
The high set instantaneous units that are normally realized by the function instanta-
neous overcurent protection, start up within their specified operating time as long as
the maximum fault current is not higher than 10 times the symmetrical current for
which the C.T. begins to saturate. A d.c. offset in the fault current would not have a
remarkable influence on the operating time but may increase the delay.

For the inverse time units that are is normally realized by the function IDMT protec-
tion, no c.t. saturation is acceptable up to 20 x IB. Above this limit c.t. saturation is al-
lowed, but this then will have an influence on the operation time delay, namely the c.t.
saturation will increase the tripping time of this IDMT protection function a little with
short delay settings.
It is recommended making use of the low relay setting values (i.e. IB = 0,1 x In) and a
proposed C.T. rated current is as follows:
ICT1 ≤ 6 x IL for IDMT protection
ICT1 ≤ 2 x IL for thermal protection

ICT1 = 1 x IL for any combination, when ground fault protection
functions will be added by calculating the zero sequence component of the
ground fault current.
Thereby:
ICT1: rated primary current of the c.t.
IL: primary load current of the feeder.
IB: basic setting of the protection function.
Warning! When a ground fault overcurrent function is applied by the calculation of the
zero sequence component of a three phase c.t. group and if the c.t.'s would
saturate, they will produce current signals. The output current also will appear
without having a ground fault. Under these circumstances the c.t. design
and/or the relay setting must be done in the correct way.
6.2 Power Factor Controller

The power factor controller function is in position to compensate the reactive power
with a maximum of 4 banks of capacitors that can be switched on and off. The power
factor controller is designed for reactive power compensation in power systems. The
magnitude of the reactive power in the network is derived from the measured power
factor. Consequently the power factor controller permanently monitors the power fac-
tor, which is defined as the ratio of the effective power to the active power.
When a reactive power consumer is switched into the network, the current variable
increases. Simultaneously the phase displacement increases in relation to the asso-
ciated voltage quantity. As a result, the active power increases and the power factor
is reduced by the same amount. Because of the increase in the current variable and
the angle for the phase displacement, an increased voltage drop in the power system
must be expected.
The following figure shows the origin of the increased voltage drop. The section on
the left shows the single line diagram of the power system. In this case U 1 is the
source voltage, assumed constant, U 2 is the voltage in the network with the activated
consumer of active power and reactive power. To simplify the explanation, the trans-
formation ratio of the transformer is assumed to be 1. The center of the diagram
shows the case where only pure active power is consumed. The current and voltage
quantities are in phase. As shown in the vector diagram, the amplitude of the voltage
U 2 is virtually uninfluenced by this. However, if additional inductive reactive power is
used, as shown in the vector diagram on the right, the amplitude of the voltage U 2 in
the network can be substantially reduced.

U1 U2 U1
U1
U2
U2
I I
Figure 38: Increase in voltage drop resulting from inductive reactive power
To maintain the voltage drop within limits in the event of a high consumption of reac-
tive power, capacitors must be used for compensation. The power factor controller
function integrated in the REF542plus switchbay control and protection unit offers the
option of regulating the demand for capacitor power to compensate for the inductive
reactive power in networks with variable reactive power consumption and therefore
enabling optimum switching of the required capacitor banks.
Function
The principle of compensation of the reactive power is explained in Figure 39. P is the
active power and Q the reactive power. As in the vector diagram in the previous illus-
tration, the active power P is shown on the vertical axis and the reactive power Q on
the horizontal axis. The power factor cos ϕ1 , which is shown as a straight line in the
diagram, shows the relationship between the active power P1 and the active power
S1. The active power S1 is again dependent on the magnitude of the consumed reac-
tive power Q1 . This enables the consumption of reactive power to be compensated
with the aid of the measured power factor so the voltage drop in the network always
remains within the allowable tolerance limits.
Q1 S1
ϕ1
P
P1
Figure 39: Reactive power diagram
The capacitor output required to compensate for the reactive power consumption can
be determined as shown in the power diagram in the Figure 40. In this case cos ϕ1 is
the set power factor, which is generally referred to as the reversal point in the power
factor controller. The resulting active power is S1 , active power P1 and reactive power

Q1. Furthermore, S2 is the instantaneous active power, P2 the instantaneous active

power and Q2 the instantaneous reactive power.
Q2 S2
Q1 S1
ϕ1
P
P1 = P2
Figure 40: Determining the capacitor output for compensation
To determine the required capacitor output, the active power P1 at the reversal point
or at the set power factor cos ϕ1 is set to be equal to the instantaneous active power
P2. The associated or the allowable reactive power Q1 can then be calculated with the
following equation:
1 − cos 2 ϕ1
Q1 =
cos ϕ1
The reactive power ∆Q that must be compensated is calculated from the difference of
the instantaneous and the allowable reactive power as follows:
∆Q = Q 2 − Q1
As a result, the capacitor output for the capacitor banks that are to be switched on or
off to compensate for the reactive power can be determined depending on the sign of
the reactive power ∆Q that is to be compensated.
Operating modes and requirements

The power factor controller has the following operating modes:
Manual
Automatic
During manual operation every individual capacitor bank can be switched on or off via
the inputs provided for the purpose. This requires the signals for switching on and off
to be pulse-type signals.
If a capacitor bank is switched on, a logical signal 1 will show at the associated out-
put. When it is switched off, the output will show a logical signal 0.
To ensure that the controller is always informed of the switch status of the capacitor
banks, checked confirmations of the switch settings must be fed back via the binary
inputs.
The reactive power compensation should normally only be required when the network
is in operational status. Therefore, the power factor controller's activities are made
dependent on the voltage status of the power system. For this reason, project plan-
ning for reactive power compensation must ensure that the power factor controller al-

ways includes the overvoltage (U>>) function and the undervoltage (U<<) function for
monitoring the voltage status in the network. If one of the set voltage limits, either o-
vervoltage or undervoltage, is exceeded and the associated time delay has expired,
all active capacitor banks are immediately switched off. This function is independent
of whether the power factor controller is in manual or automatic operating mode. The
binary input VMIN/MAX is used for this function.
The binary input DISCONNECT also has the capacity to disconnect all active capaci-
tor banks on receiving the logical signal 1.
Time settings
After the auxiliary voltage supply has been activated, the function of the power factor
controller is first blocked by the initialization period. It is in operation again only after
expiry of this initialization period. The initialization period is also started when the
voltage in the network returns after a system fault, e.g. when the undervoltage protec-
tion is reset from the operating position, the binary input DISCONNECT is active.
Reasonably, the initialization period should always be set to be greater than the
blocking time for discharging the capacitor banks.
If a capacitor bank is switched on to compensate for reactive power during a control
process, transient processes will generally be initiated in the network. Determining the
power for control must therefore be delayed until the transient process has mostly
subsided. The dead time required for this must be set in the power factor controller.
Further switching of the capacitor group will only be enabled when the dead time has
expired. However, this requires the capacitor bank in question to be already fully dis-
charged.
When a capacitor bank is switched off, the stored power must first be discharged. For
vent its being switched on again. The power factor controller can have a discharge
blocking period set. This ensures that a capacitor bank has sufficient time to dis-
charge the accumulated power before being switched on again.
Indications
As noted in the previous section, control is started only when the input of reactive po-
wer in the network falls below the power factor cos ϕ set as the reversal point. In ad-
dition, to be able to supervise the input of reactive power in the network continuously,
the power factor controller has an additional setting for power factor cos ϕ to generate
an alarm message (binary output ALARM COS ϕ). It makes sense for the setting va-
lue for cos ϕ alarm to be set to less than the setting value for cos ϕ reversal point for
starting the control process. This enables the cos ϕ warning to be generated only if
the power factor controller cannot switch on a capacitor bank because of operating
conditions.
However, if all capacitor banks are already switched on and the reversal point still has
not been reached, the alarm Q (binary output ALARM Q) will be generated. This sig-
nals that the needed reactive power can no longer be compensated, because all ca-
pacitor banks are already switched on.
In the event of a power system fault, such as when the overvoltage protection or un-
dervoltage protection function is activated (binary input V MIN/V MAX is used for
this function), all switched-on capacitor banks will be switched off. Then the General
Alarm (binary output ALARM GENERAL) is generated.
The power factor controller also has inputs that will generate the General Alarm mes-
sage when they receive a signal. In this case information on overtemperature (binary
input OVERTEMP.) in the capacitor banks or the upper limit of the service voltage U>
(binary input V A MAX) on the relevant inputs being exceeded is present. As soon as

the General Alarm is generated, the power factor controller functions are blocked in
the automatic mode. The power factor controller can only be reactivated after this in-
dication has been reset.
The number of switchgear switching cycles for switching the individual capacitor
banks on or off is monitored and compared with the set value for the switching cycles.
If this value is exceeded, an alarm is sent (binary output ALARM OPERAT.)
Automatic power factor controlling

In automatic operating mode the power factor and its required reactive power in the
network is continuously monitored. The sign of the difference of the reactive power
∆Q, which is determined from the current and allowed reactive power, enables the
capacitor banks to be switched on or off with reference to compensation for the reac-
tive power. If the sign is positive, a capacitor bank must be switched on. In the event
of a negative sign, an appropriate bank must be switched off.
To switch on a capacitor bank, a reactive power must first be defined as the activating
threshold QON . The activating threshold here must be set by multiplying an adjustable
factor KON in percent by the smallest installed reactive power of a capacitor bank QCO.
QON = K ON QC0
Then capacitor bank 0 (C0) is set as the smallest bank. The controller is enabled for
the reversal point set as power factor cos ϕ as soon as the relationship between the
compensating reactive power ∆Q in the network and the smallest installed capacitor
output QC0 is greater than the set activating threshold QON in percent. This is shown
by the following equation:
 ∆Q K 
 − ON  > 0
 QC0 100% 
The number NON (QCO) of the capacitor banks to be switched on can be determined
with the follo-wing relationship:
 ∆Q K 
N ON (QC 0 ) =  − ON  + 1
 QC0 100% 
Once a capacitor bank is switched on, a set dead time sequence starts. It should be
delayed until the transient processes in the network have somewhat subsided. Power
calculation will only be resumed after expiry of this dead time and only then a control
process will be permitted to start again.
However, if the inductive reactive power decreases, the current power factor cos ϕ in
the network may become capacitive. In this case, the reactive power ∆Q, which is ge-
nerated from the difference between the current and the resulting reactive power cor-
responding to the reversal point, will naturally have a negative sign. This capacitive
state is also not desirable for system operation, because in these circumstances
overvoltages could be expected in the system. As a result, in this case at least one
capacitor bank must be switched off. A criterion for the switch-off threshold must also
be defined here, similar to that above for switching on.
QOFF = (K OFF − K ON ) QC0
In this case QOFF is the switch-off threshold defined here to switch off the capacitor
bank, KOFF is the so called insensitive zone in percent (hysterisis) that can be set on
the power factor controller, KON is the adjustable factor for the activating threshold in
percent and QC0 is again the smallest installed power of a capacitor bank. The power
factor controller will enable the control for switching off the capacitor bank if the ratio

of the negative reactive power difference ∆Q to the smallest installed capacitor output
is greater than the switch-off threshold QOFF in percent. This is shown by the following
equation:
 ∆Q Q 
 − ON  > 0
 QC0 100% 
The number NOFF (QC0) of the capacitor units that are to be switched off can be de-
termined. with the following relationship:
 ∆Q QOFF 
N OFF (QC 0 ) =  −  − 1
 QC0 100% 
cos ϕ
Figure 41: Configuration of the capacitor banks for reactive power compensation in the net-
work
The figure above shows an example of the configuration of the capacitor banks for
compensating reactive power in a single-line view. Capacitor banks must be switched
on and off depending on the power intake of the inductive consumer, so that the
power factor does not drop below the allowable limit.
The REF542plus bay control and protection unit enables a control process to be run
with a maximum of 4 capacitor banks. The various capacitor banks are referred to as
bank C0, bank C1, bank C2 and bank C3. The individual capacitor banks can be de-
fined separately or differently with the same reactive power. In the case of different
power ratings, bank C0 must be configured with the smallest capacitor output. Then
the recommended power rating based on C0 is listed in the following table.
Table 4: Definition of the capacitor banks

C0 / C0 C1 / C0 C2 / C0 C3 / C0
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2
1 2 2 2
1 2 4 4

C0 / C0 C1 / C0 C2 / C0 C3 / C0
1 2 4 8
If all capacitor banks are defined equally, it is possible to switch them on and off in
accordance with a linear or a circular switching program. With a linear switching pro-
gram the capacitor banks are switched on in ascending order and switched off in de-
scending order of indices. In contrast, with a circular switching program the capacitor
banks are always switched on and off in ascending order.
The capacitor banks are switched on or off in accordance with the calculated number
NON or NOFF . Only the calculated whole number before the decimal point is taken into
account. For example, if it is assumed that the calculated number of capacitor banks
to be switched on is equal to 3 and if the configuration of the capacitor banks is set to
1:2:4:8, the controller first attempts to switch on the next lower bank C1 with 2QC0 . If it
is known from the reconfirmation of the switch that bank C1 is already switched on,
the next smaller bank C0 will be addressed with QC0 . However, if bank C1 is already
switched on, the next free bank, for example bank C2 with capacitor output 4 QC0 , will
be selected and switched on.
After bank C2 has been switched on, the control function is first blocked for the dura-
tion of the set dead time. The reactive power controller only becomes active again af-
ter expiry of the dead time. Because the switched-on capacitor output is too big in the
event of unchanged network conditions, the power factor controller will have to detect
that a capacitor bank with power QC0 should be switched off. If the switch-off condi-
tions, which must be determined from the setting of the neutral zone, are met, the
switch-off process for bank C0 will be started. Switching off the capacitor banks is in
principle similar to switching them on.
6.3 Current protection functions

The overcurrent time protection, definite time or inverse time (IDMT), directional or
non-directional, acts as the main protection for simple feeder fields. It switches off
overcurrents that are above the maximum load current with a time delay. Which over-
current time protection will be used depends on the operator's protection policy and
also on the network configuration.
A non-directional definite time overcurrent protection is sufficient for a simple radial
network with a defined power direction from one power supply to several consumers.
The time delay set here depends on where the protection device is installed and is
specified in the setting table. The shortest delay period is set on the overcurrent time
protection that has the shortest distance to the end user. The delay period is adjusted
to the smallest phase fault current or the largest load current. In the setting table the
next higher-order overcurrent time protection contains a longer delay period and a
higher tripping current.
In some countries the inverse time overcurrent protection (IDMT) is used instead of
the definite time version. In this case, the delay period is inversely proportional to the
flowing fault current; if the fault currents are increasing, the trip time decreases. Sev-
eral hyperbolic (inverse time) time characteristics are available. To optimize the relay
setting, the same time characteristic for all overcurrent relays should be set for the
entire network.
If a ring or mesh network is being configured, definite time and inverse time (IDMT)
can no longer be selectively graded. In this case, as a minimum, directional definite
time overcurrent functions must be used. The protection system will then operate se-

lectively. With complex mesh networks even the directional definite time overcurrent
is no longer sufficient. Distance protection is required in this case.
All overcurrent protective functions can also be implemented as backup protective
functions in transformer and carrier feeders or cable feeders. This implementation is
also referred to as an emergency overcurrent definite time with carrier and cable
feeders.
In motor feeders the overcurrent definite time functions are included as permanent
components of the motor protection.
The items described above refer to overcurrent time protective functions for phase to
phase and also for phase to earth fault. In the latter case the analog measured
quantities can be calculated from the total of the line currents or can be tapped as
measured quantities at the seventh measuring input of the REF542plus.
The functioning and setting of the earth fault time protective functions depend,
particularly with the directional protection, on how the system earthing of the network
is handled. With low-resistance neutral point treatment the earth fault currents reach
values in the range of the multiphase phase fault currents. Therefore, the term "zero-
sequence current" is used. If the network neutral point has a high-resistance earth re-
sistance or even insulated, the earth fault current has very low values, and it is re-
ferred to as earth fault current.
Depending on whether the network neutral point is earthed directly via a resistor or a
coil or operated unearthed, the phase angle between the residual current and the
zero-sequence voltage changes. This must be observed with the earth fault direc-
tional function for locating earth faults.
6.3.1 Inrush blocking

The following current protection function can be impeded by the inrush current block-
ing on tripping. Additional wiring in the function chart is not required for this.
Overcurrent definite time protection/overcurrent instantaneous
Overcurrent definite time protection/overcurrent high
Overcurrent definite time protection/overcurrent low
Directional overcurrent definite time protection/overcurrent directional high
Directional overcurrent definite time protection/overcurrent directional low
If other protective functions are to be impeded on their tripping by the inrush current
blocking, their blocking must be implemented in the FUPLA.
Note To ensure that the inrush current blocking functions properly, it is recommended to
include the overcurrent definite time functions in the application.
The inrush current blocking can be activated on the basis of the evaluation of the tem-
poral course of the measured current (rms value). To represent a switch-on process,
the measured current must exceed the configurable value M·I> within 60 ms and then
after another 100 ms fall to less than M·0.65·I>. The timer for the time measurement
is started, if the current exceeds the value 0.1 I>. Then the inrush blocking is started
and generate a blocking for a time period of 60 ms. The inrush current blocking re-
mains active during the parameterized period (tESB). Here I> is the starting value of

the overcurrent low protective function. If this function is not configured, a standard
value of 0.05·IN is used.
The inrush current blocking itself becomes , a protection function, if the measured
current exceeds the limit N·I>> after the starting procedure. If this limit remains ex-
ceeded for at least 60 ms after the starting process, the inrush current blocking trip
immediately. In this case, the tripping of the surge short circuit protective function I>>
would still be delayed by the set delay period t>>.
The following two diagrams are not scaled and provided solely for a better under-
standing of the explanations of how the inrush current blocking functions. The vari-
ables M and N and also tESB (time) may be set in the configuration software.
The first diagram describes a detected switch-on process. The three conditions re-
quired for this have been met. Therefore, the inrush current blocking prevents the pro-
tection functions from being tripped for the time tESB.
First condition: The current exceeds the M·I> limit within 60 ms.
Second condition: The current falls below the 0.65·M·I> within the time period
tESB. After the next 100 ms the inrush blocking becomes inactive.
Third condition: The current remains below the N·I>> limit within the period
tESB.
I [A]
Inrush Tripping Overcurrent
high-set tripping
N I>> Inrush
detected
M I>
I>>
Overcurrent
0.65 M I> low-set tripping
I>
0.1 I>
t
60 ms 100 ms
tESB
Figure 42: Current-time characteristic of the detected switch-on process when using inrush
current blocking
The following diagram describes a detected system fault condition. All three condi-
tions required for detecting a switch-on process are not met simultaneously. The in-
rush current blocking prevents the protective functions described initially from being
tripped for only 160 ms.
First condition: The current exceeds the M·I> limit within 60 ms.

Second condition: The current falls below the 0.65·M·I> limit, but not below I>
after the time tESB is expired. Depending on the magnitude of the current, ei-
ther the overcurrent high protective function or the overcurrent low I> protective
function is activated.
Third condition: The time period tESB is elapsed.
The diagram shows the current course that are possible in which one of the two cur-
rent protective functions is addressed.
I [A]
high-set tripping
N I>> Inrush
detected
M I>
I>>
Overcurrent
I>
0.1 I>
t
60 ms 100 ms
tESB
Figure 43: Current-time characteristic of the detected fault when using inrush current blocking
The last diagram describes a detected fault (overload). The three conditions required
for detecting a switch-on process are not all met. The inrush current blocking prevents
other protective functions from being tripped for only 60 ms.
First condition: The current does NOT exceed the M·I> limit within 60 ms. De-
pending on the height of the current, either the overcurrent high protective func-
tion or the overcurrent low I> protective function is activated. It is then tripped
after the 60 ms plus the relay period and the minimum delay period set in the
protective function for which that of the fault current must flow.
Second condition: The current does NOT fall below the 0.65·M·I> limit within
the next 100 ms. This condition is not evaluated by the inrush current blocking,
because a current protective function has already been activated and if neces-
sary, tripped.
Third condition: The current remains below the N·I>> limit, , but not belpw I> af-
ter the period tESB is allapsed.
The diagram shows the current couse that are possible in which one of the two cur-
rent protective functions is addressed.

I [A]
high-set tripping
N I>> Inrush
detected
M I>
I>>
Overcurrent
I>
0.1 I>
t
60 ms 100 ms
tESB
Figure 44: Current-time characteristic of the detected overload when using inrush current
blocking
6.3.2 Directional overcurrent protection

There are two directional definite time functions in the REF542plus, each of which
can be independently activated and have parameters set:
Overcurrent directional low and
Overcurrent directional high.
The directional phase fault current protection function evaluates the value of the
measured current. If the setting value is exceeded the protection will be activated. Af-
ter the set operation time is expired the protection function will be tripped.
To determine the fault direction the REF542plus must be connected to all phase volt-
ages. The protection function has a voltage memory, to enable a directional decision
to be made even if a fault occurs in the immediate area of the voltage trans-
former/sensor.
The detection of the direction is made by the sound phases. A directional signal can
be sent to the opposite station with the output (trip) and/or (BO). The content of a di-
rectional signal from the opposite station (BS output) can be used to release tripping
of its own directional protective function. This enables a directional comparison pro-
tection to be established if there is a signal connection between the stations.
In the following figure in case of a three phase fault the forward and backward direc-
tion in the impedance diagram is shown. Due to the application of the sound phases,
the directional decision area in case of unsymmetrical fault condition can change de-
pending of the system parameter.

Forward
R
Backward
Figure 45: Impedance diagram of the directional area of the directional overcurrent protection
in case of a three phase faults
The one or two-stage, three-phase autoreclosure (AR) can be activated with the di-
rectional short circuit protection I>>dir.
6.3.3 Definite Time Overcurrent Protection

The REF542plus has three independent overcurrent time protective functions, which
can be independently activated and the parameters set:
Overcurrent definite time low
Overcurrent definite time high and
Overcurrent definite time instantaneous.
Each one can be configured as two-phase or three-phase. The definite time functions
evaluate the rms value and the initial phase-fault current function also evaluates the
1/√2- peak value of the measured current value. If the set response time is exceeded,
the activation occurs first. If the response time is exceeded for at least the time setting
parameter, it is tripped. It is phase-selective for these functions.
The three definite time functions enable an overcurrent time-step characteristic to be
generated for one feeder, which is shown in the following figure.
Figure 46: Schematic view of the definite time tripping steps
The one or two-stage autoreclosure (AR) can be activated with the surge I>> and the
initial I>>> phase-fault current function.
Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the three independent overcurrent
time protective functions.
6.3.4 IDMT
The REF542plus enables an IDMT function in which the four current-time characteris-
tics can be selected to be activated:
Normal inverse,
Very inverse,
Extremely inverse and
Long-term inverse.
The function can be configured as single-phase or three-phase. The trip signal for the
function is not phase-selective. Two parameter sets can be configured for the func-
tion.
The IDMT function evaluates the rms value of the measured current value. If the fault
current factor is exceeded by 1.14 times, the activation occurs first. If the response
time is exceeded for at least the time setting, it will be tripped. The time delay de-
pends here on the current quantity and the selected current-time characteristic. The
formula for the trip time according to British Standard (BS) 142 and IEC 60255-3 is as
follows:
kß k
t = t =
(I I EB )
α
−1 (G GS )α −1
BS142 IEC60255-3
t: Time until the protective function trips under sustained overcurrent
k: Curve parameter (0 =k =1)(BS 142) or time value (IEC 60255-3)
α: Constant according to the list below
ß: Constant according to the list below (BS 142)
I/I EB : Fault current factor
I = G: Actual measured current; already transformed by the transducer/sensor
IEB = GS : Base current setting value: Minimum current at which the protection is
activated; already transformed by the transducer/sensor
The following table shows the two constants α and ß of the four different current-time
characteristics. To retain the specific families of curves, the formula in accordance
with BS 142 is used and the k-factor of 0.1 to 1 is increased in increments of 0.1.
Current-time characteristic α (BS142) ß (BS142) k (IEC 255)

Normal inverse 0.02 0.14 0.14
Very inverse 1.0 13.5 13.5
Extremely inverse 2.0 80.0 80.0
Long time inverse 1.0 120.0 120.0

6.3.5 Earth fault protection function

The REF542plus has two earth fault timer functions, which can be activated and the
parameters set independently of each other:
Earth fault low and
Earth fault high.
Each earth fault function is single-phase configured. This gives the option of calculat-
ing the earth fault current from the sum of the three phase currents. This can be done
in networks with low-resistance neutral earthing in which large zero-sequence cur-
rents occur with no other settings.
The second option is to connect the earth fault current measuring input to a separate
residual current transformer. This option should be used in networks with high-
resistance, compensated or isolated neutral point. Very small earth fault currents oc-
cur here. Therefore a separate residual current transformer in the primary circuit is
needed for this purpose. This can be implemented very easily with cable feeders as a
converted transformer.
The earth fault current timer functions evaluate the rms value of the measured resid-
ual current or the calculated neutral current. As soon as the response time is ex-
ceeded, the protective function is activated. If the response time is exceeded for at
least the set time delay, the protective function will be tripped.
The one or two-stage autoreclosure (AR) can be activated with the earth fault high
protection.
Two parameter sets can be configured for both earth fault stages.
6.3.6 Directional Earth fault protection

The REF542plus has two directional earth fault functions, each of which can be in-
dependently activated and the parameters set:
Earth fault directional low
Earth fault directional high.
Each earth fault current function is single-phase configured. This gives the option of
calculating the earth fault current from the sum of the three phase currents, which can
be done in networks with low-resistance neutral earthing in which large zero-
sequence currents occur with no other settings.
residual current transformer. This option should be used in networks with high-
resistance, compensated or isolated neutral point. Very small earth fault currents oc-
cur here. A separate residual current transformer is included in the primary circuit for
this purpose. This can be implemented very easily with cable feeders as a converted
transformer.
Current and voltage quantities must be connected to the function to detect the direc-
tion. The required zero-sequence voltage is calculated from the three phase voltages.
The earth fault directional protection functions evaluate the values of the neutral cur-
rent and the neutral voltage. Calculated or measured quantities may be used. In the
case of the earth fault directional protection, all three voltages must always be config-

ured and connected, because the REF542plus uses the sum of the three phase volt-
age values.
To decide the direction for networks with permanent, low or high-resistance and with
a compensated neutral point, the effective power proportion of the neutral system is
calculated and evaluated. The reactive power proportion of the neutral system is used
for networks with isolated neutral point. A minimum neutral current and neutral volt-
age value is required to calculate the effective or reactive power of the zero sequence
system. The minimum neutral current value corresponds to the earth fault current set-
ting value of the function and the minimum neutral voltage value is permanently set
and equals 10% of the neutral to earth voltage value.
If the set earth fault current response time is exceeded and the minimum required
voltage value for specifying the directional decision is present, the protective function
will be activated. If it remains activated for at least the set time delay, the protection
function will trip.
Two parameter sets can be configured for both protection functions.
6.3.6.1 System with isolated neutral point

A medium-voltage system with isolated neutral remains in operation, even if a earth
fault occurs. For locating the earth-fault, an indication of the direction is needed. The
medium-voltage system can remain in operation. The following figure shows the earth
fault current and the residual voltage in case of an earth fault in forward direction.
UNE Earthfault in
forward direction
IE
Figure 47: Vector diagrams of the directional earth fault protection (isolated networks sin ϕ)
As shown in the following figure, the setting of the earth fault function has to be "iso-
lated" or sin ϕ. For determining the direction, a time delay of approximately 500 to
1000 msec should be used to make sure that the transients have practically subsided.
The operative direction should be generated if the earth fault is located in the direc-
tion of the line. If an indication is required with regard to the other direction as well,
output BO in the function chart needs to be serially connected, with an external time
delay (ascending edge delay), using the same setting.

Figure 48: Setting for systems with isolated neutrals
Note For checking the operative direction, it is advisable to specify a single-phase current
quantity with an inductive, leading single-phase voltage quantity. In this case, it is as-
sumed that the current transformer terminal K or P1 points in the direction of the bus-
bar and that terminal L or P2 points in the direction of the line.
Note Since, the fault current of 10A will branch off in the direction of the feeder connection
and, consequently, become smaller, it is necessary to use a current transformer with
a relatively low rated current for fault detection. It is recommend using a cable-type
current transformer. If necessary a special input transformer with 5 times magnifying
factor for earth fault measurement can be used.
6.3.6.2 Systems with Petersen-Coil Earthing

A medium-voltage system with earth-fault compensation by Petersen-coil continues to
be in operation, even if an earth-fault occurs. For locating the earth-fault, an indication
of the direction is required. The medium-voltage system can remain in operation. The
following figure shows the earthfault current and the residual voltage in case of an
earthfault in the forward direction.

UNE
IE
Earthfault in forward direction
Figure 49: Vector diagrams of the directional earth fault protection (isolated networks cos ϕ)
As in the case of systems with isolated neutrals, the function for a directional ground-
fault is used. As shown in the following Figure, the setting is "grounded" or cos ϕ. For
determining the direction, a time delay of approximately 500 to 1000 msec should be
specified. The forward direction is generated if the ground-fault is located in the direc-
tion of the line. If it should be necessary to make a statement for the other direction,
the output BO in the function chart should be connected with an external time delay in
the FUPLA, using the same setting as mentioned above.
Figure 50: Setting for systems with ground-fault compensation by Petersen-Coil
Note For checking the operative direction, it is advisable to specify a single-phase current
quantity with an inductive, leading single-phase voltage quantity. In this case, it is as-
sumed that the current transformer terminal K or P1 points in the direction of the bus-
bar and that terminal L or P2 points in the direction of the line.

Note Since, the fault current of 10A will branch off in the direction of the feeder connection
and, consequently, become smaller, it is necessary to use a current transformer with
a relatively low rated current for fault detection. It is recommended to use a cable-
type current transformer. If necessary a special input transformer with 5 times magni-
fying factor for earth fault measurement can be used.

6.3.6.3 Systems with low-resistance earthing

In systems with low-resistance earthing, the directional earth-fault protection is nor-
mally used as a back-up protection. Nevertheless, in this case as well, a relatively fast
trip is required. The setting depends on the type of grounding used.
Low-resistance earthing with reactance

In cases where a reactance is used for low-resistance earthing, the setting should be
'isolated' or sin ϕ. However, it is necessary to select the reverse direction as the set-
ting direction so that earth-faults in the direction of the line can be detected.
Note To check the operative direction, a single-phase current quantity should be specified
with a lagging capacitive, single-phase voltage quantity. It is assumed that the current
transformer terminal K or P1 points in the direction of the busbar and that terminal L
or P2 points in the direction of the line.
Low-resistance earthing with resistor
If a resistor for low-resistance earthing is used, the setting is 'grounded' or cos ϕ . The
same direction setting is also used here, so that earth faults in the direction of the line
can be detected.
Note For checking the operative direction, a single-phase current quantity should be speci-
fied with a single-phase voltage quantity in phase opposition. It is assumed that the
current transformer terminal K or P1 points in the direction of the busbar and that
terminal L or P2 points in the direction of the line.
6.3.7 Sensitive earth fault protection

Particularly in networks with strong harmonics or which is subject to significant distur-
bance variables at a frequency of 16 2/3 Hz from the railway power system, the so
called sensitive earth fault protection shall be used.
The difference from previous functions is how the measured quantities are processed
and the configuration of the transducers or sensors. Initially, the base harmonic is de-
termined from the measured quantities in the neutral system, i.e. from the neutral
point ground voltage and the ground current, with the DFT algorithm (DFT = discrete
Fourier transformation).
The neutral point ground voltage is calculated directly from the sum of the 3 conduc-
tor-ground voltages. As a result, the connection to zero-voltage transformers or open
delta winding in the voltage transformer set is not required. The ground current must
be obtained by a cable current transformer, whose rated current should be as low as
possible. The measured quantities from the cable current transformer must always be
to the 7th input. In networks with ground fault compensation, the effective power pro-
portion of the neutral system (cos ϕ scheme) is generally calculated and evaluated for
directional decision. In contrast, the reactive power proportion (sin ϕ scheme) in net-
works with isolated neutral point of the neutral system must be used.

If the ground current response time and the setting value of the neutral ground volt-
age are exceeded, the protective function is started. The setting of the neutral ground
voltage is based on the neutral voltage, which is derived from the sum of the phase
voltages. If the starting and a decision in the forwards direction is present, the protec-
tion function generates a "trip" signal after expiry of the time delay, which can be ad-
justed. If the decision is in the backwards direction, a "BO" signal (= Blocking Output).
is generated.
Note The indication ground fault in the backwards direction is sent to the BO output imme-
diately. In this case, the function does not wait for the time delay to expire. The BO
signal may be used for signal comparison protection if required.
To ensure the required sensitivity and discrimination for the earth fault detection, in its
implementation in the REF542plus the response characteristic is formed with addi-
tional adjustability. The following diagram shows the shape of the response character-
istic.
Earthfault in
backward direction UNE
δ
α
IE>
Earthfault in
forward direction
Figure 51: Characteristic of the earthfault directional sensitive for networks with earth fault
compensation (cos ϕ scheme).
The parameter δ (delta) initially offers the option of variable settings for the angle be-
tween the current and the voltage-proportional measured quantities in the range of –
180° to 180°. The provides the option of compensating for a possible phase error in
the representation of measured quantities from the network. For example, if it can be
assumed that the phase errors in representation can be disregarded, in networks with
ground fault compensation (cos ϕ. circuit) the angle δ will have to be set to equal
180°. In contrast to that, in networks with isolated neutral point (sin ϕ circuit) an angle
of 90° (inductive) will have to be set. If the phase error is not to be disregarded, the
setting will have to be corrected.
The other parameter α (alpha) is used to improve the discrimination of the directional
decision. This opening angle can suppress a possible fault response of the directional
decision. This means that only directional earth -fault protection functions, which are
in the immediate vicinity of the ground fault location, should respond.
The setting value of IE> gives the parallel displacement of the response characteristic
from the axis. In the above diagram the response characteristic for networks with
ground fault compensation (cos . circuit) is shown with δ equal to 180°. The displace-
ment from the horizontal axis is set by the response time IE. The response character-
istic for the forwards or backwards direction is found to be balanced. When making
settings for networks with isolated neutral point (sin ϕ circuit), the response character-
istic must be displaced parallel to the vertical axis.
Figure 52: Setting for systems with ground-fault compensation by Petersen-coil
An example for the setting of the sensitive, directional earth fault is shown in the
above Figure. The direction angle denoted by ‘angle delta’ should be set to 180°,
which defines the operative direction. The opening angle denoted by ‘angle alpha’
should be set to zero first. If necessary, the opening angle can be increased.
6.3.8 Earth fault IDMT

The dependent earth fault current timer protection, like the IDMT, is a time-delay func-
tion with a set of hyperbolic current-time characteristics. An earthfault IDMT function
in which four current-time characteristics may be selected, can be activated in the
REF542:
Normal inverse,
Very inverse,
Extremely inverse and
Long-term inverse.
Two parameter sets can be configured for the dependent earth fault stage.
The function is single-phase configured. This gives the option of calculating the earth
fault current from the sum of the three phase currents. This can be done in networks
with low-resistance neutral earthing in which large zero-sequence currents occur with
no other settings.
residual current transformer. This option should be used in networks with high-resi-
stance, compensated or isolated neutral point. Very small earth-fault currents occur
here. A separate residual current transformer is included in the primary circuit for this
purpose. This can be implemented very easily with cable feeders as a converted
transformer.

If the fault current factor is exceeded by 1.14, the activation occurs first. If the re-
sponse time is exceeded for at least the time setting, it will be tripped. The time delay
depends here on the current quantity and the selected current-time characteristic.
The formula for the trip time according to British Standard (BS) 142 and IEC 60255-3
is as follows:
kß k
t = t =
(I I EB )α
−1 (G GS )α −1
BS142 IEC60255-3
t: Time until the protective function trips under sustained overcurrent

k: Curve parameter (0.14 < k < 120 (BS 142) or time value (IEC 60255-3)
α: Constant according to the list below
β: Constant according to the list below (BS 142)

I/I EB : Fault current ratio
I = G: Actual measured current; already transformed by the transducer/sensor
I EB =GS : Base current setting value, the minimum current at which the protection
is activated
The following table shows the values of two constants β and α for the four different
current-time characteristics. To retain the specific families of curves, the formula in
accordance with BS 142 is used and the k-factor of 0.1 to 1 is increased in incre-
ments of 0.1
Current-time characteristic α (BS142) ß (BS142) k (IEC 255)

Normal inverse 0.02 0.14 0.14
Very inverse 1.0 13.5 13.5
Extremely inverse 2.0 80.0 80.0
Long time inverse 1.0 120.0 120.0
6.4 Voltage Protection

6.4.1 Overvoltage Protection
There are three overvoltage definite time protection functions in the REF542plus,
which can be activated and the parameters set independent of one another:
Overvoltage low,
Overvoltage high
Overvoltage instantaneous.

Every overvoltage timer protective function can be one, two or three-phase config-
ured. All overvoltage timer protective functions evaluate the rms values, the overvolt-
age instantaneous function and also 1/√2 times the peak value of the line voltages. If
the response time is exceeded, it is first activated. If the response time is exceeded
for at least the time set in the parameters, it will be tripped.
The overvoltage protective functions, like the overcurrent protective function, are used
in a time graded coordination. An example of grading is shown in the following dia-
gram.
Figure 53: Overvoltage response grading.
Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the three overvoltage time protec-
tion functions.
6.4.2 Undervoltage Protection

There are three undervoltage timer protective functions in the REF542plus, which can
be activated and parameters set independently of one another:
Undervoltage low.
Undervoltage high.
Undervoltage instantaneous.
Every undervoltage timer protective function can be one, two or three-phase config-
ured. If it falls below the response time set in the parameters, it will be tripped.
The undervoltage protective functions are used in a graded coordination. An example
of staging is shown in the following diagram.
Figure 54: Undervoltage protection response stages

Because a feeder has no voltage when switched off, an undervoltage timer protection
function remains activated. It is not be possible to switch the feeder on again. There-
fore, the relevant configuration dialog provides the option of deactivating the under-
voltage function if the voltage is in the range of 0 to 40% of the response time. The
diagram below shows how this functions.
Figure 55: Configuration of the undervoltage limit = 0
If the voltage level of 40% of the response time is too high, the undervoltage function
can also be blocked via the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact. Then the entire duration
for which the feeder was switched off will be shown on the tripping side. After the cir-
cuit-breaker blocking is deactivated by the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact, activation
of the undervoltage function must be delayed. Otherwise it would trip immediately,
because its own time delay has long since expired during the blocking process.
Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the three undervoltage time protec-
tion functions.
6.4.3 Residual Overvoltage Protection

There are two residual overvoltage protection functions in the REF542plus, which can
be activated and parameters set independently of one another:
Residual overvoltage high and
Residual overvoltage low.
Both functions use the value of the residual voltage, which is fed to them over an ex-
ternal neutral to earth voltage transformer. As an alternative, the use of the sum of the
measured phase voltages is also possible.
As soon as the response time is exceeded, the protection function is activated. If the
response time is exceeded for at least the set time delay, the protective function will
be tripped.
Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the two residual voltage protective
functions.

6.5 Motor Protection

Damage caused by defects in electrical drives risks not only complex repair work but
also, and most importantly, loss of production.
To reduce the effects of faults to a minimum, overload and insulation defects must be
detected promptly. For this reason, protection equipment, particularly for high-voltage
motors, comes in the form of numerical protection devices – such as the REF542plus.
This enables them to be closely adapted to the machine characteristics as well as be-
ing space-saving solutions.
The protection functions described in the following subsections are provided for pro-
tection of the motor from overloads and faults.
6.5.1 Thermal Motor Protection

In motor protection applications, the thermal overload protection is one of the key
functions for monitoring the admissible motor temperatures with regard to potential
operational overloading. In compliance with the applicable national and international
standards, the REF542plus uses a thermal image with full memory function. Before
operation, the parameter settings described below need to be made.
Figure 56: Configuration dialog for setting of thermal overload
Thereby is:
Tnom (ϑMn) Nominal Temperature (admissible Temperature) of

the motor
Inom Nominal Current (Current value on the primary side)
of the motor

Tini Initial Temperature of the warm condition of the

memory contents after switched on or after reap-
pearance of the auxiliary voltage for the power sup-
ply.
TimeConst I < 0.1 Ie (τoff) Cooling-off time constant at I < 0,1 Imn (Motor in
standstill)
TimeConstNormal (τNORMAL) Temperature-rise time constant at 0,1 IMn < I < 2 Imn
(Motor in operation)
TimeConst I > 2 Ie (τFAULT) Temperature rise time constant at I > 2 Imn (Motor at
start condition)
Max. Temp. (ϑMAX) Setting value of the temperature for tripping
Warn. Temp (ϑWARN) Setting value of the temperature for warning
Enviro. Temp (ϑU) Setting value for the ambient temperature

Op.Time Additional time delay for tripping

Note To make a proper setting for the moror protection the relevant technical data of the
motor should be available
6.5.1.1 Setting the time constant

In this example, it is assumed that the motor is rotor-critical. Therefore the tempera-
ture-rise time constant is assumed to be the same throughout the entire current range
I > 0.1 In. Accordingly, the settings for τFAULT (Time Constant I > 2 Ie) and τNORMAL
(Time Constant Normal) have to be identical.
For setting the time constant, it can be assumed that the thermal memory is full if the
cold motor remains locked after of the blocking time has expired. The applicable
equation can be derived from the following relation:
t e (cold)
τ NORMAL = 2
(I e IMn )
ln
(I e IMn ) 2 − 1
where τNORMAL is the temperature-rise time constant (to be determined) in rotor-critical

motors, which is to be chosen equal to the setting of τFAULT. Furthermore, te (cold) is
the maximum admissible blocking time in cold motor condition, Ie is the occuring
blocking current, IMn is the nominal motor current. If the value of the blocking current
is unknown, the maximum starting current can be used instead.
The temperature-rise time constant τNORMAL for non-rotor-critical motors could typi-
cally be chosen larger than the above temperature-rise time constant. It is recom-
mended consulting with the motor manufacturer on this issue. If this parameter is not
known, the time constant τFAULT value can be used, since a premature trip is to be ex-
pected in this case.
The cooling-off time constant for in a motor at standstill τOFF (Time Constant I < 0,1 Ie)
should be at least 3 to 5 times τNORMAL. In this case, consultation with the motor manu-
facturer is also recommended.
6.5.1.2 Setting the temperature

After the time constants have been calculated, the thermal memory needs to be de-
fined. For this purpose, it is necessary to specify the temperature limits for the thermal
memory. At ϑMn , the rated temperature for the motor should be specified as the up-
per limit value. The rated temperature is that temperature which develops during
steady-state motor operation at rated current. The upper limit can be taken from the
table below, provided the thermal stability class is known.
Table 5: Thermal stability class

Thermal stability class Y A E B F H C
Continuous temperature (°C) 90 105 120 130 155 180 > 180
If the thermal stability class is not known, it may be expedient to choose 120° as the
upper limit temperature. After that, the ambient temperature ϑU (Environment Tem-

perature) is entered as the lower limit, e.g. 20 °C. The difference between the upper
and lower limit actually represents 100 % of the memory contents. In this chosen ex-
ample, 100°C corresponds to a memory contents of 100%.
Now, the temperature values for warning or tripping can be defined. When the tripping
temperature is chosen equal to the rated motor temperature, a trip will be effected at
a 100 % memory contents. If the motor manufacturer would allow a higher tripping
temperature, the memory contents could be increased by raising the tripping tem-
perature. For instance, if a trip is specified to take place at 110% of the memory con-
tents, the tripping temperature in this example — considering the chosen ambient
temperature — would be Tmax or ϑMAX = 110°C + 20°C = 130°C.
The tripping time can be calculated with the following equation:
2
 I  ϑ − ϑu
  − p
I  ϑMn − ϑu
 Mn 
t = τ ln
2
 I  ϑ * −ϑu
 
I  − ϑ − ϑ
 Mn  Mn u
where I is the actual on-load current, IMn is the nominal motor current, ϑp is the tem-
perature resulting from the initial load, ϑu is the ambient temperature, ϑMn is the rated
motor temperature, and ϑ* is the limit temperature for warning or tripping.
In the case of a thermal motor-protection image without full memory function as com-
parison example, the initial load is not taken into consideration. In this case, the tem-
perature for the initial load ϑp is chosen to be identical with the ambient temperature
ϑu. The trip temperature ϑ* is usually set to the temperature which develops during
operation at rated current ϑMn. This simplifies the above equation to:
2
 I 
 
I 
 Mn 
t = τ ln 2
 I 
 
I  − 1
 Mn 
This time, no initial load is taken into account and a trip is assumed to take place at
100% of the memory contents. For a trip at higher memory contents, 110% as men-
tioned in above example, the denominator changes accordingly as shown in the fol-
lowing equation:
2
 I 
 
I 
 Mn 
t = τ ln 2
 I 
 
 I  − 1 .1
 Mn 
If the DC supply is switched off and on again, the thermal image with a predefined
memory contents of ϑINI will start computing. It is recommended to set the value to be
in the range of 40 to 60% of the memory contents. For instance, in the case of a set-
ting to a 40% memory contents, the definition has to be derived from temperature set-
tings ϑMn and ϑU, for the entire memory contents first. It is to be noted that in warm
conditions, usually memory contents of 20 to 80% is assumed.

Based on the above example, the memory contents are proportional to the tempera-
ture difference of
(120 - 20) °C = 100 °C.
In the case of assumed memory contents of 40 %, the setting must be
ϑini = 20 + 40 = 60°C
Since the setting of ϑini is related to ϑMn , a percentage value of 50 % has to be cho-
sen.
6.5.1.3 Setting the time

It is possible to delay the trip by another, additional time setting. Since the maximum
admissible temperature has already been exceeded when a trip takes place, setting
an additional delay is not advisable. It is therefore recommended to set the time delay
to the lowest setting value, i.e. 1 sec.
6.5.1.4 Functional test

The functional test requires three-phase test equipment. The phase currents shall be
tested with three identical test currents in order to be able to check the proper tripping
times. If a functional test is to be performed with single-phase test equipment, atten-
tion must be paid to the fact that the current needs to be increased accordingly. In this
case, the calculation of the memory contents is based on the root-mean-square value
of the individual phase currents.
2 2 2
IL1 + IL2 + IL3
I average (3 - phase) =
3
where:
Iaverage (3-phase) Root-mean-square value of the temperature-rise current in a
three-phase functional test
IL1 Current in phase L1.
Therefore, in the case of single-phase test equipment, only one temperature-rise with
a current of:
2
IL1
I average (1 phase) =
3
is taken into consideration, where:
Iaverage (3-phase) Root-mean-square value of the temperature-rise current in a sin-
gle-phase functional test
IL1 Current in phase L1,

As a consequence, for a single-phase test, the current
I (1phase) = I (3phase ) 3
should be increased by a factor √3 in order to obtain a comparable temperature-rise

as in the case of a three-phase functional test.
6.5.2 Motor Start Protection

The motor start can be overloaded if the load duration or the current increases. The
motor start behavior depends on the switching torque of the specific load machine. In
general, these overloads are more critical for the rotor (rotor-critical motor) than the
stator. The manufacturer assigns an allowable current-time start integral I2·t for mo-
tors. As an alternative, information on the maximum allowable start current and the
maximum allowable start time is provided.
The current-time start integral is proportional to the short-term thermal load on the
motor. It is calculated by the integration of the current path i(t) in the time interval from
0 to tSTART:
T MStart
∫ i (t )
2 2
I ⋅T = dt
0
In a simplified form the following applies:
I 2 ⋅ T = I MStart
2
⋅ TMStart
I: Current rms value

T: Duration
i(t): Temporal current path
IMStart: Motor star current rms value
TMStart: Motor star time
The motor start protection function in the REF542plus supervises the motor start be-
havior with the values described. The current-time-starting integral is measured if the
set starting current value Istarting is exceeded within the first 100 ms while the motor is
starting. It is tripped, if the current-time integration exceeds the default I2·t value.
A start is registered when a step change increases from I < 0.10·In,M (= rated motor
current) to I > Istarting within 100 ms. The starting start signal is reset if I is < Istarting. If
the motor current falls below 0.10·In,M, the motor will shut down. The corresponding
thermal total cooling time constant will be activated. The starting supervision can then
react to the next motor start.
The starting supervision protective function totals the current-time-starting integrals of
the three conductors, divides them by three and compares them to the product
I2MStart · TMStart. The setting values start value and time of the active parameter
set are used for this product.
The motor start function block has two output signals that can be used for control and
blocking in the FUPLA. The protective function is activated (Start) if a motor start
has been detected and the response time has been exceeded. If the response time is
exceeded for at least the time set in the parameters, it will be tripped (Trip). Func-
tions available in the event of a malfunction in the motor standard operating status
can be blocked during the motor starting procedure with the starting output signal.

However, because blocked functions expire with set time delays, they would trip im-
mediately after the blocking signal stops if the activation criterion were still present.
Therefore a delayed reset timing circuit (slope delay falling) should be installed down-
stream from the blocking signal. This will delay the blocking for the time range during
which the motor current falls back from the starting response value Istarting to the rated
motor current In,M. A setting of 1% of the starting time of the motor is recommended as
the reset delay time.
The cold and warm starts are counted with the starting output signal (START) and
they also have to be configured in the FUPLA.
Two parameter sets can be configured for the starting supervision function.
6.5.3 Blocking Rotor

The blocking rotor protective function on the BS input is blocked via a tachometer
generator or a speed switch, which sends a defined signal at a specified speed. If the
rotor of the monitored motor is blocked, the missing speed signal will ensure that the
overcurrent function integrated in the protective function will continue to remain ac-
tive. If the set response time (start value) is exceeded, it will initially be activated.
If the response time is exceeded for at least the delay period (Trip) set in the pa-
rameters, it will be tripped.
The protective function can also be used like this without a speed signal. However, in
this case the trip threshold and the delay period must be selected so a standard start-
ing procedure will not be deactivated. The advantage of the fast tripping is only avail-
able with the speed signal. The trip signal can then be sent after a shorter time than
the set motor starting time if the speed signal is not received.
Note The signal of a tachometer generator or a rpm gauge should be available in the FU-
PLA for the blocking rotor protective function.
6.5.4 Number of Starts

The REF542plus has an additional motor protection function that supervises the
number of motor starts. It distinguishes between cold starts and warm starts, the al-
lowable number of which is generally provided by the motor manufacturer. If this is
not the case, in accordance with IEC 60034 and IEC 60050 three cold and two warm
starts are recommended. The starting signal (Start output) of the starting supervi-
sion protective function is used to count the starts. This must be set and configured in
the FUPLA.
The temperature calculation specifies whether a start is a cold or warm start. A tem-
perature from which starts are classified as warm starts can be set. If the calculated
temperature is below this value, a cold start will be assumed.
A reset period is also set. This has two tasks:
If the start is successful only after several allowable attempts, the counted
number of starts counted will be reset to one after the reset period has expired
(cooling period).
If the set number of starts has been reached, the protective function will be ac-
tivated and a logical 1 can be tapped at the WARN output. If there is another
start, the protective function will trip. The trip signal (TRIP output) remains in ef-

fect until the reset period has expired. A starting block can be implemented in
the FUPLA with this warning signal.
The manufacturer's information on the thermal cooling period is taken into account for
the reset period.
Two parameter sets can be configured for the number of starts function.
6.6 Distance Protection

The distance protection is dedicated to protect a meshed medium-voltage system and
a simple high-voltage system. In this case it is irrelevant how the neutral point is
treated. The distance protection comprises the following subordinate functions:
Start,
Impedance determination,
Directional memory and
Tripping logic.
6.6.1 Function
The starting is intended to check for the presence of a malfunction and selectively, to
detect the type of malfunction. The appropriate measured quantities for determining
the impedance and the directional decision are selected depending on the type of
malfunction. Once the direction and the zone of the malfunction have been deter-
mined, the tripping logic is used to determine the trip time in accordance with the set
impedance time characteristic.
The distance protection also includes the autoreclosure function, also referred to be-
low as AR. This enables short disconnections to be carried out. A maximum of two
autoreclosures is possible. It must be noted that after the second autoreclosure the
power circuit-breaker will require a longer dead time to be able to restore the com-
plete On-Off cycle.
The underlying signal comparison protective function, with which a very short line unit
can be selectively protected, is also integrated. This requires a pair of pilot wires for
signal exchange.
For network operation, it is important to localize the fault as soon as possible after
malfunction to repair the damage. Because medium-voltage networks are usually
spread over wide areas, fault tracking information in km is desirable for network op-
eration after the malfunction has caused a trip. For this reason, the fault locator,
which can derive the fault distance from the measured fault impedance, is also im-
plemented in the distance protection. It calculates the distance in km to the fault from
the carrier or cable reactance.
Once the malfunction in the network has been deactivated and localized, it may also
be of interest to network operation to run a fault analysis from the sequence of distur-
bance variables and signaling events. The fault recorder function for recording the
faulty system quantities is provided in the REF542plus for this purpose.
The fault recorder function is started either by an external signal (via a binary input) or
by a signal from the distance protection. The general start, general starting or tripping
outputs may be used for this purpose.

If the fault recorder is started with the general starting signal, the disturbance vari-
ables will be recorded for every fault that occurs in the network where the distance
protection is in an operated position on the basis of the set activation. However, if the
recording should only be done in the event of faults in the protection zone of the dis-
tance protection, the fault recorder should be started with the tripping signal.
In networks with an isolated neutral point or with earth fault compensation, the direc-
tional earth fault supervision function can be added to the distance protection.
The option of switching the protection function of the distance protection over to the
overcurrent protection is also provided. This procedure is generally referred to as
emergency definite time overcurrent and is required if the voltage input variables are
not available because of an MCB device failure. The function chart programming
(FUPLA) provided in the configuration program must be used to block the distance
protection with the aid of a binary input signal.
The FUPLA also aids in implementing any additional logic. This enables project-
specific additional circuits to be implemented with relatively little effort.
6.6.2 Analog inputs

Measured quantities proportional to the current or the voltage are required from the
distance protection to run the protective function.
The line currents and the phase voltages are always arranged in consecutive groups
of three. The following combinations can be configured here:
Measuring input 1,2,3:
current transformer or sensor in line L1, L2, L3,
voltage transformer or sensor in line L1, L2, L3,
or
voltage transformer or sensor in line L1, L2, L3,
current transformer or sensor in line L1, L2, L3,
The seventh measuring input is usually intended for acquisition of the current meas-
ured quantities for the watt-metric directional earth fault supervision.
6.6.3 Start
The start in the distance protection is there to detect faults in the network quickly and
selectively. The activation must be capable of enabling the distance protection to
function properly both in networks with high-resistance earthing and also in networks
with low-resistance earthing. Here, high-resistance earthing means that the network is
operated with an isolated neutral point or with earth fault compensation. The distance
protection must also function properly when the network operation is switched over
from earth fault compensation to low-resistance neutral earthing for a short time for
the purpose of earth fault tripping.
The activation, with a suitable selection of measured quantities, must be capable of
adapting to the variable phase-fault power in the network. During the day the mini-
mum fault current is mostly much greater than the maximum occurring load current

because of the available high phase-fault power. Over this period one overcurrent
starting is sufficient to detect the fault quickly and selectively.
However, at night the phase-fault power can decrease to such an extent that the fault
current may be less than the above-mentioned load current. Under these circum-
stances reliable fault detection is not possible without processing the voltage informa-
tion.
To ensure fault-free function for the distance protection in all situations, the activation
consists of:
Overcurrent starting I>,
Earthearth fault current starting IE> and
Voltage controlled overcurrent starting UF</ IF>
The overcurrent starting I> is used to monitor the line currents exceeding the thresh-
old values. The following diagram shows the associated signal processing.
Figure 57: Logic diagram of overcurrent starting
If the overcurrent criterion is exceeded in a conductor, the starting signals Start-R,

Start-S and Start-T for the corresponding conductor appear. The Start-E signal is de-
rived from the earth current supervision, which is calculated from the sum of all line
currents. Then the General-Start signal is generated with the OR interconnection of
all starting signals (optionally also with the Start-E signal). However, it is important to
note that the setting for the Start-E starting must be selected to prevent a starting re-
sulting from a earth fault occurring in the network with isolated neutral point or with
earth fault compensation.
The voltage-controlled overcurrent starting is formed from the logical interconnection
between the footing point current IF> and the footing point voltage UF<. The system
voltage in this case must be less than the footing point voltage UF< setting and the
associated line current must exceed the footing point current IF>.
As shown in the following diagram, the start signals for the two or three-pole malfunc-
tion without earth contact are formed from the combinations of two line currents each
with the corresponding external phase-to-neutral voltage. Only one start signal is
generated if the footing point currents are exceeded in the two conductors and the
undervoltage condition of the external phase-to-neutral voltage is met.

Figure 58: Logic diagram of the voltage-controlled overcurrent starting
In the event of faults with earth contact, depending on the neutral treatment only the
phase voltages or the line voltages are combined with the earth current. In this case
the presence of the earth current is already sufficient to detect the faulty system
status. The line currents are then not monitored at all. Finally, the undervoltage condi-
tion is used to detect the faulty conductor.
In networks with low-resistance earthing the signal from the earth current is con-
nected to the signals from phase voltages. In contrast, in networks with high-
resistance earthing the signal from the earth current is logically combined with the
signals from the external phase-to-neutral voltages. The combination with the external
phase-to-neutral voltage enables starting to take place only with a cross-country fault.
The logical interconnections (Boolean algebra) of the signals for forming the corre-
sponding start signals are formulated as below:
For networks with high-resistance earthing:
Start R = IR> ∨ {(IFR > ∧ IFS> ∧ UFRS<) ∧ (IFT> ∧ IFR> ∧ UFTR<)}

∨ {(IE> ∧ UFRS<) ∧ (IFR ∧ IE> ∧ UFTR<)}
Start S = IS> ∨ {(IFS > ∧ IFT> ∧ UFST<) ∧ (IFR> ∧ IFS> ∧ UFRS<)}

∨ {(IE> ∧ UFST<) ∧ (IFS ∧IE> ∧ UFRS<)}
Start T = IT> ∨ {(IFT> ∧ IFR> ∧ UFTR<) ∧ (IFS> ∧ IFT> ∧ UFST<)}

∨ {(IE> ∧ UFTR<) ∧ (IFT ∧ IE> ∧ UFST<)}
and for networks with low-resistance earthing:
Start R = IR> ∨ {(IFR> ∧ IFS> ∧ UFRS<) ∧ (IFT> ∧ IFR> ∧ UFTR<)}

∨ {(IFR ∧ IE> ∧ UFRE<)}
Start S = IS>  {(IFS > ∧ IFT> ∧ UFST<) ∧ (IFR> ∧ IFS> ∧ UFRSRS<)}

∨ {(IFS ∧ IE> ∧ UFSE<) }

Start T = IT> ∨ {(IFT> ∧ IFR> ∧ UFTR<) ∧ (IFS> ∧ IFT> ∧ UFST<)}

∨ {( IFT ∧ IE> ∧ UFTE<)}
∨: OR interconnection
∧: AND interconnection
Note In networks with short-term low-resistance earthing the "low-resistance earthing" net-
work type should be selected.
6.6.4 Phase selection

Networks with isolated neutral point or with earth fault compensation, for reasons of
supply dependability by the network operation, are required not to shut down an earth
fault. However, if the earth fault develops into a cross-country fault, again because of
the above-mentioned dependability reasons, only one of the two earth fault footing
points may be shut down.
To coordinate the shutdown of the earth fault footing point, a phase selection is pro-
grammed into the distance protection. This enables the distance protection to shut
down the conductor with the earth fault according to a set sequence. The following
phase preferences can be set:
• Acyclical: L3 before L1 before L2
• Cyclical: L1 before L2 before L3 before L1
• Acyclical: L1 before L3 before L2
• Cyclical: L3 before L2 before L1 before L3

For example, if the acyclical phase preference L3 before L1 before L2 is set in the
distance protection, in the event of a L2-L3-E cross-country fault the earth fault foot-
ing point in conductor L3 will be shut down first. The earth fault in conductor L2 will
remain active until it is shut down from the system control center after appropriate
switchover action in the network.
Note To ensure correct functioning of the conductor preference, the measured quantities of
the phase voltages must be correctly connected (correct phase sequence).
6.6.5 Determining the impedance

After the starting has caught the fault and correctly detected it, the impedance is cal-
culated. First, the discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) is used as an aid to calculate
the associated real and imaginary components from the digitalized current and volt-
age-proportional measured quantities. The DFT is used here because the measured
quantities are mostly superimposed by transient influences or disturbance variables of
varying frequency. The DFT allows disturbance variables above the base frequency
to be eliminated so effectively that the calculation of the impedance is improved.
The equation for calculating the real and imaginary component of a current variable
with DFT is shown as an example:

2 n −1 k ⋅ 2π
Real component: Re {I } = i k ⋅ cos( )
nk = 0 n
2 n −1 k ⋅ 2π
Imaginary component: Im {I } = i k ⋅ sin( )
nk = 0 n
The sampling frequency in the REF542 is 1.2 kHz. The number of sampling values n
is 24 at a network frequency of 50 Hz.
After calculating the real and imaginary components, the fault impedance is deter-
mined with the following ratio for the two-pole fault without earth contact:
U L −L
ZL − L =
I L −L
ZL-L is the fault impedance to be determined and UL-L or IL-L is the associated voltage
or current variable. They are each formed from the geometrical difference of the volt-
age or the currents in the relevant conductors.
The following equation must be used with a fault with earth contact:
U L −E
ZL − E =
IL + k ⋅IE
ZL-E is again the fault impedance to be determined, UL-E or IL is the associated voltage
or current variable of the relevant conductor and IE is the earth current resulting from
the sum of all line currents.
I E = I R + I S + IT
However, for the final calculation of the impedance, the earth current must first be
corrected with the complex earth factor k as follows:
1  Z0 
k= ⋅  − 1
3  Z1 
In this case Z0 is the impedance of the neutral system and Z1 is the impedance of the
positive-sequence system. Positive-sequence, negative-sequence and neutral system
are defined in the theory of the symmetrical components.
To acquire all fault types correctly, six impedance loops must be calculated; three
loops for faults without earth contact and three loops for faults with earth contact. The
calculation of the impedance should be shown here based on the determination of the
fault impedance for a fault between the conductors L2 and L3. Corresponding to the
ratio previously shown, the line voltage U23 and the concatenate I23 must first be de-
rived from the difference of the two phase voltages and related line currents.
Line voltage U23:
Re{UL23} = Re{UL2} - Re{UL3}
Im{UL23} = Im{UL2} - Im{UL3}
Concatenate current I23:

Re{IL23} = Re{IL2} - Re{IL3}

Im{IL23} = Im{IL2} - Im{IL3}

Once the calculation operation has been completed, the ratio for calculating the real
resistance R and the reactive resistance X is derived:
Re{U L 23 } Re{I L 23 } + Im{U L 23 } Im{I L 23 }

R=
(Re {I L 23 })2 + (Im{I L 23 })2
Im{U L 23 } ⋅ Re{I L 23 } − Re{U L 23 } ⋅ Im{I L 23 }

X =
(Re{I L 23 })2 + (Im{I L 23 })2
The impedance is then calculated with the following equation.

Z = R + jX
Because of various influencing quantities the fault impedance may deviate greatly
from the theoretical impedance value of the line unit. A typical example for this is an
arc short circuit. In this case, the fault impedance is overlain with the non-linear arc
resistor. To prevent faults resulting from the tripping, a tripping surface is the default
for forming the OFF command.
Figure 59 shows this polygon tripping characteristic for the distance protection.
Figure 59: Tripping characteristic for the distance protection
In the first quadrant the tripping characteristic is set by a horizontal and a vertical line.
The reactance setting X is the standard for the horizontal line and the resistor setting
R for the vertical line. The tripping surface is eventually connected by two rays in the
second and the fourth quadrants. The angle of rotation of the ray is δ2 in the second
quandrant and δ1 in the fourth quadrant.
6.6.6 Directional memory

The directional decision is normally derived from the complex fault impedance vari-
able. Therefore, the voltage measured variable contained in the fault is used to de-
termine the direction. However, if the fault occurs in the immediate vicinity of where
the voltage transformers/sensors are installed, the formation of the directional deci-
sion can be seriously affected because of the low voltage measured variable and the
interspersed disturbance variables.
For this reason a voltage memory is always used to form the directional decision. All
voltages (phase and line voltages) that were measured before the fault occurred are
saved there.

After the fault occurs a phase displacement angle of approximately ± 30° may occur.
For example, this occurs on the transition from fault-free network operation to the
cross-country fault. This fact should be taken into account when setting the tripping
surface.
The tripping surface should be set as follows to retain a correct directional decision
permanently:
In the second quadrant at
δ2 = 90° + 30° = 120°

and in the fourth quadrant at
δ1 = 0° – 30° = – 30°.
6.6.7 Tripping logic

The tripping logic connects the distance and directional decision from determining the
impedance with the set timer function to impedance-timer characteristics or setting
characteristics. In total, three impedance zones, one impedance-independent direc-
tional zone and five timer functions are available. The adjustable impedance-timer
characteristics can be seen in the following diagram.
Figure 60: Impedance-timer characteristics
As can be seen in the above diagram, every impedance zone and the impedance in-
dependent directional zone can be set either backwards or forwards. The timer func-
tions are assigned as follows:
Time t1 of impedance zone Z1,
Time t4 of impedance-independent directional zone
as directional backup and

Time t5 of impedance and direction-independent zone

as non-directional backup.
Every single zone can be deactivated. Which of the impedance-timer characteristics
should be selected is determined on the one hand by the network topology and on the
other hand by the draft of the protection concept.
In addition, the tripping logic shows the interface for autoreclosure (AR), signal com-
parison protection and acquisition of switching on in the event of faults. Therefore, the
functioning of the impedance zone Z1 is superimposed by two special zones the "o-
verreach zone" and the autoreclosure blocking zone. The setting parameters that
must be taken into account are described in the following sections.
6.6.8 Autoreclosure
The autoreclosure (AR) is provided to restore network operation after a fault tripping.
The VDEW damage statistics show that faults in overhead cables are mostly of a
transient nature. A fault in an overhead cable, such as from a lightning strike, can be
corrected after an autoreclosure cycle (Off–On–Off). Network operation can then be
restarted without problems.
An autoreclosure-capable power circuit-breaker is required for this function. It must be
capable of running a complete autoreclosure cycle within a preset period. If several
autoreclosure-cycles are run, the power circuit-breaker must be able to recover rela-
tively quickly for the next cycle. This function must be activated in the distance protec-
tion to enable an autoreclosure in the network.
The autoreclosure may only become ready for operation when the power circuit-
breaker has reported that it is ready for operation (CB-OK). In this connection the
blocking time from any previously occurring autoreclosure must have expired. Once
the autoreclosure is ready for operation, the overreach zone ZÜ is activated in the dis-
tance protection with the associated time tü. The overreach zone is superimposed on
the first impedance zone Z1.
The following two diagrams show the flow chart and the signal flow chart of the auto-
reclosure for the distance protection.
Figure 61: Flow chart for the distance protection autoreclosure

Figure 62: Signal flow chart for distance protection autoreclosure
Figure 63 shows the principal view of the impedance-time characteristic. The line unit
that is to be protected is between stations A and B. The impedance-time characteris-
tic is shown with autoreclosure for distance protection in station A.
Figure 63: Impedance-time characteristics for autoreclosure on an overhead cable
In overhead cable networks the overreach zone ZÜ is generally set approximately

from 120 to 150% of the line impedance ZL. The timer setting tÜ should, in this case,
be set for the time t1 of the first impedance zone Z1. The autoreclosure blocking zone
should be set to inactive here.
When the General-Start signal occurs, the fault time tw1 is started in the event of a
fault in the network. It should also be set for the period of the overreach zone tÜ. If a
trip is actuated within this fault time by the distance protection, the autoreclosure is
started. In the event of a trip outside this fault time the autoreclosure is blocked. If the
dead time tp1 has expired after the autoreclosure has started, the power circuit-
breaker will be reactivated. The signal first AR (autoreclose) will be sent in this
event. The autoreclosure will then be blocked for the duration of the blocking time tsp if
the number of autoreclosure is set to lone.
If the fault is still present after the autoreclosure, the line unit will definitely be shut off
if only one autoreclosure cycle has been configured. The autoreclosure did not suc-
ceed in this case.
If the autoreclosure is successful, another autoreclosure cycle will not be allowed

within the blocking time tsp. Another cycle is possible if the next fault occurs after the
blocking time tsp has expired.
On expiry of the fault time tw1 the overreach zone ZÜ will be deactivated again. In the
event of an unsuccessful autoreclosure, it will be tripped in accordance with the im-
pedance-time characteristic. This means that only faults within the zone Z1 with time
t1 will be tripped. The reach of zone Z1 is normally 85 - 90% of the total line unit.
Faults outside this zone are tripped with the grading time in accordance with the set
impedance-time characteristic. Therefore, the discrimination is maintained with an
autoreclosure.
If the number of autoreclosures are set to 2, another autoreclosure is released if one
is unsuccessful. In this case, the blocking time running after the first autoreclosure
has no influence on the course of the second autoreclosure. Here also, similarly to
the first autoreclosure, the fault time tw2 is activated when the General-Start signal is
sent. This should be adapted to the time setting t2 of the second impedance zone Z2.
The second impedance zone should be set to the forward direction and the first im-
pedance zone Z1 should be immediately above. In some circumstances, this setting
enables a fault to be corrected with the second autoreclosure when it occurs in the
last range of the line unit beyond the impedance zone Z1.
If the tripping occurs after the first autoreclosure within the fault time tw2, the dead
time tp2 will be started. This must be set correspondingly longer to ensure the required
recovery time of the power circuit-breaker. The autoreclosure readiness must then be
set to safety. The autoreclosure will be set to the output state after expiry of this dead
time tp2. The power circuit-breaker is no longer directly monitored at this time and if
necessary has to be implemented via the FUPLA.
However, if the first of two possible autoreclosures is successful, when the blocking
time expires the autoreclosure will be reset to the output state. If a system fault oc-
curs at this time, the autoreclosure cycle will be restarted again.
In the event that a mixed line unit comprising cable and overhead cable has to be pro-
tected, an autoreclosure is allowed only in the area of the overhead cable. From the
distance protection point of view, if the line unit begins with the overhead cable and
ends with the cable, in principle the same setting as described above with the stan-
dard autoreclosure is valid. The autoreclosure blocking zone ZB will only be set to ap-
proximately 90% of the overhead cable impedance of the first section of the unit.
Figure 64 shows the corresponding impedance-time characteristic.
Figure 64: Impedance-time characteristics for autoreclosure on overhead cable-cable

In this case, the autoreclosure blocking zone operates to release the autoreclosure
within the set zone. If the fault occurs in the cable area, the autoreclosure will be
blocked.
The restriction on the reach of the overreach zone is required because it is known
that faults of approximately 5% must be expected with the current and voltage meas-
urement. If the current and voltage measurement is more precise, the reach of the
overreach zone should be set correspondingly.
From the distance protection point of view, if the cable is monitored first and then the
overhead cable, the autoreclosure blocking zone ZB is used for the blockade. The fol-
lowing figure shows the impedance-time characteristic that must be set.
Figure 65: Impedance-time characteristics for autoreclosure on cable-overhead cable
If there is a fault on the cable the autoreclosure will be blocked by the blocking zone
ZB. The autoreclosure blocking zone ZB, because of the above-mentioned faults with
current and voltage measurement, should be set to approximately 110% of the total
cable impedance. The reach of the overreach zone ZÜ with the associated time tÜ
sets the range for activating the autoreclosure on the overhead cable side.
6.6.9 Signal comparison scheme

If the carrier protection range is less than the smallest setting range in the
REF542plus, the distance protection must be supplemented with the underlying sig-
nal comparison protection. This enables the time-graded protection to function inter-
mittently as comparison protection. With the signal comparison protection, distance
protection becomes a protection system with a communications connection. However,
there are no specific requirements on the signal connection and transmission as
would be the case with line differential protection. A part of the protection system, in
this case the distance protection, also functions without the communications connec-
tion.
The following figure illustrates the principle of distance protection with the underlying
signal comparison protection and the pair of pilot wires required for this.

Figure 66: Impedance- time characteristic for the distance protection with underlying signal
comparison protection
As noted above, the impedance of the line unit to be protected to ensure the discrimi-
nation can be so small that the first impedance zone Z1 must be set greater than the
impedance of the entire line unit. To ensure selective tripping, a signal comparison
must be underlying. Therefore, the time t1 of the first impedance zone is initially in-
creased from, for example, 0.2 to 0.3 s. In this way, a fault can always be tripped by
distance protection in the increased base time independent of the status of the com-
munications connection.
The two distance protection units at each end of the line unit are connected to each
other with the pair of pilot wires to form a comparison protection system. This enables
the General-Start and impedance Z1< protection signals occurring during the fault to
be compared with each other. The following image shows an example of the function-
ing of the signal comparison protection with the aid of simple relay contacts.
Figure 67: Functional principle of the distance protection with underlying signal comparison
protection
The two distance protection units are connected with the pair of pilot wires. This forms
a loop over the two protection devices. An auxiliary voltage is applied at each end of
the loop. Half each of the auxiliary voltage is assigned to the two binary inputs in use.
It can also be used to monitor the pair of pilot wires. If the auxiliary voltage is faulty an
interference signal can be generated after expiry of a configurable time delay of, for
example, 5 s. If necessary, this will then be forwarded to the control station. As de-
scribed above, in the case of the faulty pair of pilot wires the line unit will continue to
be protected by distance protection with increased base time.
If a fault occurs in the network now, both distance protection units (at the line ends)
will be tripped. Each will send a General-Start signal. The G-Start N/C contacts and
with them the comparison loop will be opened. The connection to the signal compari-
son is initially broken. Because the loop is only open for a fraction of 1 s, an interfer-
ence signal is not sent.

However, a tripping by the distance protection is only possible if both protection units
send a fault impedance within the first impedance zone Z1. In this case, the signal Z1<
which closes the comparison loop is sent again. The closed state of the loop means
that the fault is within the protection zone of both distance protection units at this time.
In the event of a fault outside the protection zone, the loop cannot be closed by a di-
stance protection unit because of the missing signal Z1<. Therefore, a trip does not
occur.
The signal comparison protection also functions if the line unit is fed from only one
side after switchover actions in the network. A quasi-echo circuit is implemented with
the implemented comparison loop. The loop remains closed because the distance
protection at the other end of the line is and remains in quiescent status with a fault
within the protection zone. The tripping is then generated on the supply side by the
distance protection.
A fault within the protection zones can be tripped quickly and selectively with the sig-
nal comparison protection. However, when making the settings, the operating time of
the signals must be taken into account. It is important that the G-Start signal always
appears before the signal Z1< to ensure that the loop is opened at the right time.
In addition, the fact that the signals required for the signal comparison protection are
not always received simultaneously at both ends of the line unit must be considered.
Sufficient closing delays must be defined at the binary inputs.
6.6.10 Switching onto faults

The distance protection also has a function for switching on persistent faults. This is
generally referred to as manual-on acquisition. With this setting activated, the tripping
response of the distance protection can be remotely or locally influenced with the clo-
sing command of the power circuit-breaker as follows:
Standard operation
In this case the function "switching on persistent fault“ is not activated. The dis-
tance protection ignores the On command of the power circuit-breaker. A fault
is only tripped in accordance with the set impedance-time characteristic or the
setting characteristic. This means that a fault will be tripped in the first imped-
ance zone with the time t1 and in the second impedance zone with the time t2.
Use overreach zone
With this setting the overreach stage will be activated for about 200 ms by the
closing command of the power circuit-breaker. The protection zone is deter-
mined by the setting of the overreach stage ZÜ. This is normally about
120 … 150% of the line impedance ZL. The tripping then occurs with the asso-
ciated time tÜ. When the power circuit-breaker is closed by the autoreclosure
function, the overreach zone is not activated.
Tripping after general starting:
In this setting the General-Start signal or the general starting is standard. If the
general starting signal occurs when the power circuit-breaker is closed, the dis-
tance protection trips immediately. The impedance measurement is not used
here.
6.6.11 Switchover to emergency overcurrent definite time

In the event of an mcb device failure in the voltage instrument transformer the dis-
tance protection will be unable to function correctly because of faulty voltage meas-
ured variables. For this reason it is necessary to block the distance protection and to
switch over to the emergency definite time overcurrent protection functions. The au-
automatic switchover to the emergency definite time is currently only possible via the
automatic device failure signal.
6.6.12 Setting the Impedance Zone

Distance protection is a non-unit protection (relative selectivity). In order to get the re-
quired selectivity, time-grading is used for this purpose. The individual ranges are lim-
ited by means of impedance zones.
After generating the trip, the fault impedance and the reactance are indicated on the
LCD screen for fault-locating purposes. The values of the fault impedance and of the
reactance, as usual for fault-locator, are indicated as primary values.
The impedance zones have to be set as secondary values. These values need to be
calculated, depending on the transducers or sensors used. The secondary setting of
the impedance zone is normally based on current and voltage transformers with sec-
ondary rated values 1A and 100 V. By default, the interposing transformers for con-
verting current and voltage values are rated at 1A and 100 V. Therefore, the conver-
sion is based on the following relation:
Ti
Zsec = Zpri
Tu
where Zsec is the secondary impedance quantity, Zpri is the primary impedance
quantity, Ti is the transformation ratio for the current transformer, and Tu is the trans-
formation ratio for the voltage transformer.
If the secondary rated value of the current transformers deviates from 1A, the equa-
tion needs to be extended as follows:
Ti Isn
Zsec = Zpri
Tu 1A
where, as before, Zsec is the secondary impedance quantity, Zpri is the primary im-
pedance quantity, Ti is the transformation ratio for the current transformer, and Tu is
the transformation ratio for the voltage transformer. Furthermore, the rated current,
Isn, and the rated voltage, Usn, on the secondary side of the transducers have to be
taken into consideration.
The following example of distance protection illustrates how the primary impedance is
converted for setting the respective impedance value. For this purpose, a series of
data from the transducers and sensors are used.
CT 100/1 A and VT 20,000/100 V

The above-mentioned data for the current and voltage transformers can be used to
calculate the secondary impedance value for the protection by using the first equa-
tion:
100
Zsec = Zpri = 0.5 Zpri
200
The primary impedance values can be converted into the secondary impedance val-
ues by applying factor 0.5.

CT 100/5 A and VT 20,000/100 V

With this transducer, the calculation must be made using the second equation which
looks like this:
20 5 A
200 1A
Note Please note that the interposing transformer for the nominal current of 5A must be
used for connecting.
CT 100/1 A and VT 20,000/110 V

Since the voltage transformer transforms the primary line voltage to 110V, the refer-
ence quantity for the calculation in distance protection needs to be adapted. For this
purpose, the calibration factors for the voltage inputs have to be adjusted from 100V
to 110V, by setting them to 1.1. For converting, the same relation is used:
100
181.81
Sensor 80A/150mV and 20,000V/2V

The sensors transform the primary measured quantities directly to the reference
quantity for signal processing in the REF 542plus. The current quantity is then con-
verted to 150 mV and the voltage quantity is converted to 2V. In principle, the first
equation can be used for calculation. However, this is based on the assumption that
the primary measured quantities are converted to secondary quantities of 1A and
100V. Moreover, it must be assumed that the rated quantities for the interposing
transformers are 1A and 100 V as well. Consequently, the secondary setting is de-
termined as follows:
80
200
Note The same voltage sensor that is used for 20 kV rated voltage with a divider ratio of
10,000:1 is also used for systems with rated voltages below 20 kV. Therefore the cal-
culation of impedance values must be based on the same rated voltage 2V x 10.000
= 20 kV. The rated voltage must always be based on the actual divider ratio. For ex-
ample, a sensor with a divider ratio of 20,000 : 1 corresponds to a resulting rated
voltage of 2V x 20,000 = 40 kV.
6.7 Differential protection

Differential protection is used to protect power transformer, motor and generator in
order to switch off an occuring fault immediately and selectively. The protection func-
tion has the following properties:
Differential protection of two windings power transformer
Amplitude and vector group adaptation
Zero sequence current compensation

Three fold tripping characteristic
Inrush stabilization by the 2nd and 5th harmonics
Stabilization during through faults also in case of ct saturation
Processing of Buchholz - Signals
6.7.1 Function
The differential protection is a current comparison scheme for the protection of a
component with two ends, like e.g. two windings power transformer, therefore the in-
coming and outgoing currents through the component to be protected are compared
with each other. If no fault exists in the protection zone, the incoming current and the
outgoing current must be identical. Therefore the difference between those currents,
the differential current, can be used as criteria for fault detection. Consequently the
protection zone of the differential protection is limited by the place where the current
transformers or current sensors are installed.
To perform the current comparison, it is necessary to correct the amplitude of the cur-
rent. In the differential protection the amplitude correction adaptation is done by soft-
ware. In the case of power transformer protection for example, the current measure-
ment quantities on the primary and the secondary side must be corrected by taking
the different ct nominal values into account. Also the adaptation of the vector group
between the primary and the secondary side including the compensation of the zero
sequence component of the current must be considered.

6.7.2 Vector Group Adaptation
Vector Grounding Calculation of the current comparison

group
HS LS HS LS
0 (bzw. 6) No No IL11 IL12
IL21 IL22
IL31 IL32
No Ja ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
Ja No ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
Ja Ja ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
1 (bzw. 7) No No ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12
( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32
No Ja IL11 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3

IL21 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
IL31 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
Ja No ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12
( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32
Ja Ja ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12 - IL02

( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22 -- IL02
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32 - IL02
2 (bzw. 8) No No IL11 - IL22

IL21 - IL32
IL31 - IL12
No Ja ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
Ja No ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
Yes Yes ( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3

Vector Grounding Calculation of the current comparison

group
HS LS HS LS
3 (bzw. 9) No No ( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22
( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32
No Yes IL11 ( IL32 - IL22 ) / √3

IL21 ( IL12 - IL32 ) / √3
IL31 ( IL22 - IL12 ) / √3
Yes Yes ( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22
( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32
Yes Yes ( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 IL12 - IL02

( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 IL22 -- IL02
( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 IL32 - IL02
4 (bzw. 10) No No IL11 IL32

IL21 IL12
IL31 IL22
No Yes ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
Yes No ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
Yes Yes ( IL11 - IL21 ) / √3 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3
( IL21 - IL31 ) / √3 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
( IL31 - IL11 ) / √3 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
5 (bzw. 11) No No ( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL12
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL22
( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL32
No Yes IL11 ( IL32 - IL12 ) / √3

IL21 ( IL12 - IL22 ) / √3
IL31 ( IL22 - IL32 ) / √3
Yes No ( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL12
( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL22
( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL32
Yes Yes ( IL21 - IL11 ) / √3 IL12 - IL02

( IL31 - IL21 ) / √3 IL22 -- IL02
( IL11 - IL31 ) / √3 IL32 - IL02

The vector Adaptation table shown above is the calculation of the vector group adap-
tation for power transformer listed. In the vector group case, which number is incre-
mented by 6, has in this calculation the polarity inverted in order to achieve a phase
shift of 180°. Therefore HS is the primary high voltage side, LS the secondary low
voltage side of the power transformer, IL1 to IL3 the current in the phase L1 to L3 and
the indexes 1 and 2 represent the primary high and the secondary low voltage side of
the transformer respectively.. If a transformer is grounded on the primary or on the
secondary side it must also to take into consideration that the earthing is carried out
by grounding transformers. The vector group adaptation is also in position to cover
the situation, where the grounding transformer is inside the protection zone.
6.7.3 Tripping Characteristic

The tripping characteristic of the differential protection function is a three fold charac-
teristic. In the following figure the characteristic is shown. Therefore In is the nominal
current of the object to be protected, Id the differential current and ID the through cur-
rent. Due to the measurement error of the current quantities on both sides of the ob-
ject to be protected, a small differential current will occur during normal operation
condition. The through current according to the definition in the IEC standard is the
smaller one of the two currents to be compared.
Id/In Id>/In
I1 I2
Id
Assumption:
I1 > I2, then I2 = ID
ID Through current
Id Differentialcurrent
Slope
Id2/In
Id1/In
ID1/In ID2/In ID/In
Figure 68: Tripping characteristic of the differential protection function
The first fold of the characteristic curve is given by the settable threshold value of the
differential current Id1 by the through current ID equal to zero. The second fold of the
characteristic curve is defined by the threshold value Id2 of the differential current and
the through current ID2. Afterwards the characteristic is continued by a line with a
slope. In case of the occurrence of a high differential current, a direct tripping can also
be generated by the threshold value Id> as the third fold of the tripping characteristic.
The setting value should be selected in such a way, that no tripping could happen
during the energization of the power transformer.
6.7.4 Inrush Stabilization

When switching on a no load power transformer high inrush current might occur, es-
pecially if the switching moment happens to be at voltage zero. As a consequence
undesired tripping might happen, because of the high amplitude of the inrush current.

To stabilize this switching on condition of the power transformer the occurance of the
2nd harmonic in the differential current can be used as criteria. Therefore the portion
of the 2nd harmonic current to the current with fundamental frequency is substantial.
As soon as the threshold value is exceeded, a blocking signal must be generated in
order to block the complete protection function.
Also in case of switching on a parallel no load transformer the inrush current can also
be generated in the transformer, that is already in operation. In this case it is neces-
sary to detect the 5th harmonic in the differential current to avoid the undesired trip-
ping. For that reason the differential protection in REF542plus is foreseen with the 2nd
and the 5th harmonic blocking possibilities, which can be set separately from each
other.
Note For application in motor and generator protection the blocking provision it is not nec-
essary to use the harmonic blocking facilies.
6.8 Other Functions
6.8.1 Unbalanced Load Protection

The unbalanced load protection function is to be used to supervise and protect the
electrical component against unsymmetrical load condition. Most applications can be
found in the protetcion of motors and generators. The unbalanced load is derived in
this case from the negative sequence component of the current. According to the
definition in the standard the unbalanced load is the ratio between the negative phase
sequence current to the nominal current of the component to be protected.
Because the unbalanced load can produce a non-allowed heating, e.g. in the iron
part of the rotor, a tripping of the motor shall be performed depending on a quadratic
time characteristic. This characteristic simulates an adiabatic heating of the rotor by
the unbalanced load. The tripping characteristic can be set according to the following
equation:
K
t= 2 2
I2 − Is
Thereby t is the tripping time, K the heating parameter of the component to be pro-
tected, I2 the unbalanced load and IS the start value for the tripping time calculation of
the unbalanced load condition. Both quantites are referred to as the nominal current
of the component to be protected.
If a trip is generated, e.g. in case of a motor protection, the motor should be blocked
for reclosing. The signal BO is in this case dedicated to block the reclosing possibility
of the motor. During the blocking condition, the heating memory content will be dec-
remented linearly. Therefore it is possible, when the motor is reclosed again, a faster
tripping time will result if the unbalanced load condition is still presented.

6.8.2 Directional Power Protection

Directional power supervision can be added as a supervision function with genera-
tors, transformers and three-phase asynchronous motors. It monitors the direction of
the power flow and generates an alarm or a tripping after detecting reverse power.
The directional power supervision is based on comparing the calculated effective
power with a configured limit value. If the result of the internal power calculation is
negative, reactive power is measured. If this exceeds the set response time, a start-
ing follows. If the response time is exceeded for at least the time set in the parame-
ters, it will be tripped.
The nominal effective power that must be set (P nom) is based on the three-phase
calculated effective power. This is determined from the voltage and current measured
quantities, which are always based on the rated quantities of the analog inputs of the
REF542plus.
The correct directional condition must be present at the transducer and sensor termi-
nal, because otherwise the power calculation will not function correctly.
6.8.3 Low Load Protection

Low load supervision calculates the effective power from the configured REF542plus
current measurement inputs and automatically adds the corresponding voltage
measurement inputs. For this reason the parameters for the relevant voltage inputs at
the analog inputs must be set.
The low load supervision is based on comparing the calculated effective power with
the configured response time. If the response time falls below the set response time,
the protective function will be activated. If it falls below the response time for at least
the time set in the parameters, it will be tripped. The rated effective power that must
be set is based on the one, two or three-phase effective power calculated from the
rated values of the current and voltage measurement inputs.
In addition, a pick-up current (Min.Current) can be configured from which the low
load supervision is first activated. Offload and pick-up ratios can be taken into ac-
count with this parameter.
6.8.4 Frequency supervision

Frequency changes influence, for example, the power dissipation, the speed (motors)
and the firing characteristics (converters) of equipment. There are also consumers
that control their time settings over the network frequency.
The frequency supervision function block is used to report frequency variations in a
frequency band with configurable positive and negative frequency difference. A start-
ing is activated initially after the response time has been exceeded or underrun. If the
frequency range is exceeded or underrun for at least the parameters in the time set-
ting, it will be tripped. The frequency is automatically determined from the voltage
measured value of an analog input.
The rated frequency is specified in the basic settings for the calculated quantities dur-
ing the configuration.
Two parameter sets can be configured for frequency supervision.

6.8.5 Synchronism check

The paralleling monitoring checks the voltage quantities of two networks and only ge-
nerates a closing command if the difference of the voltage amplitudes, the phase dif-
ference and the frequency vary within the set allowable limits for a specific period. For
this purpose the paralleling monitoring initially uses two conductor-ground voltages
from the 1st network, i.e. the voltage U1L1E from the phase L1 and voltage U1L2E from
the phase L2. Then the line voltage U1L12 is calculated from the above measured val-
ues. Therefore, to implement the synchronism monitoring, the line voltage U2L12 from
the 2nd network between the phases L1 and L2 is required.
To execute the synchronism check function a differential voltage ∆U must initially be

determined from the two line voltages as an auxiliary quantity. This auxiliary quantity
is used to check the synchronism of the two networks with respect to their phase an-
gle and amplitude, in which the differential voltage in amplitude and phase must re-
main within set time limits.
If the values of the differential voltage and the phase difference are within the set
limit, the protection function will be started (St). When the values remain within these
limits for at least the set time, both networks are equal in their frequencies. The signal
(SYN) for parallel switching of both networks is formed. Two parameter sets may be
configured for the paralleling monitoring.
The setting of the switching monitoring function is shown by examples below. If two
networks must be switched in parallel, the voltage amplitudes in both networks must
first be almost equal and should approximate the value of the rated voltage. So long
as the frequencies in the networks are different, the two voltages will naturally not be
synchronous. A phase displacement occurs between the two voltages that need to be
equalized. As a result a differential voltage dependent on the time occurs. This differ-
ential voltage can be used to determine whether the two networks can be switched in
parallel. The voltage ratios are shown in an example in the following diagram.
U2
δ ∆U
U1
Figure 69: Vector diagram of the voltage quantities with unequal frequencies.
As shown in the diagram, the phase difference that needs to be set depends on the
setting of the differential voltage as follows:
 ∆U 
∆δ = arctan  
 U 
∆δ: Setting the phase difference
∆U: Setting the differential voltage as start value
U: Nominal voltage as reference quantity
After transposing the above equation the required voltage difference can be calcula-
ted:
∆U = U tan ∆δ

A time window, t, can be used to check the frequency variation
2 Tn ∆δ fn
t =
360° ∆f
t: Time window to check frequency
Tn: Period duration at rated frequency
fn: Rated frequency
∆f: Frequency difference
So long as the frequency difference remains within an allowable limit, the set time can
run out. This enables the signal "SYN" to be formed for parallel switching of both net-
works.
A synchronism check function is required for coupling two networks. The sycnchro-
nism check function can also be used before autoreclosing of a switch off line.
6.9 Fault recorder

This function block allows the seven REF542plus analog input signals to be recorded
for a period of at least 1 second and for a maximum of 5 seconds. It is also possible
to record up to 32 digital signals simultaneously from the function chart.
The fault recorder is started within the application. The recording time of the fault re-
corder is a combination of the time before the fault and the time after the fault. The
time before the fault refers to the period recorded before the fault recorder has actu-
ally started. The time after the fault is the period after the fault recorder has started.
Dynamic recording of the fault record (e.g. from start signal to signal CB OFF) is not
possible.
The specific fault record is saved by the ring buffer process, i.e. the oldest fault record
is always overwritten with a new one. The number of saved fault records depends on
the record time. The total duration of all saved fault records is 5 seconds. For exam-
ple, 5 fault records can be saved with a record time of 1 s (time before the fault + time
after the fault).
The fault records are exported with the configuration software and then converted to
the COMTRADE format. The fault records can also be exported over the interbay
bus.
Please observe the following limitations on the use of the fault recorder:
• At least one protective function must be configured and
• The start signal for the fault recorder must be implemented in the FUPLA.
The analog signals are digitised and processed with a 1.2 kHz sampling rate, be-
cause they are decisive for the protection trips. They therefore within a time grid of
0.833 ms. Start and trip signals from protection functions are recorded and sent to the
binary outputs immediately.
In contrast, the digital signals are processed in accordance with the FUPLA cycle
time. The cycle time depends on the application in this case.
The digital signals are therefore in a grid that is significantly larger than the analog
signal grid. The fault recorder is dedicated for recording fault data during a short cir-
cuit in the network. The data can be exported from the REF542plus later and dis-
played with suitable program.

Figure 70: Example showing the graphic display of fault record data of a two-pole short circuit
with the WINEVE program
6.10 Additional function

The function described in the following subsections cannot be started as an inde-
pendent function block, but it is a component of some protective functions.
Note Autoreclosure for the distance protection is described in the distance protection sec-
tion.
6.10.1 Function Autoreclosing

In overhead cable networks most faults are short circuits with arcing. The line has to
be temporarily switched off to stop the arc. It can be reactivated after deionizing the
arc section. The fault is tripped by protection equipment and the subsequent quick,
independent autoreclosure is also referred to as a short disconnection (SD) (also AR,
“autoreclose“ or “refermeture automatique“).
To enable this procedure, the following protective functions implemented in the
REF542 can be combined with the autoreclosure (AR) function:
Overcurrent instantaneous
Overcurrent high
Overcurrent directional high
Earthfault high
Earthfault directional low
Two parameter sets can be configured for the autoreclosure.

6.10.2 Configuration
Please observe the following basic conditions for proper functioning of the autoreclo-
sure:
The autoreclosure must generally be released in the REF542 hardware con-
figuration.
The blocking time must be set longer than the longest dead time.
The auto reclose specific time (ArTime) must be longer than the trip time of the
protection for which the autoreclosure is configured.
The power circuit-breaker closing command may not be interlocked while the
autoreclosure is running.
The dialog window is the same for all autoreclosure-compatible protective functions
and is reached via the autoreclosure button in the configuration dialog of the corre-
sponding protective function.
Caution The definition of the auto reclose specific time (ArTime) used here is not the
same as the standard definition of the specific time.
The definition used here is in the following description shown in Figure 71 of the con-
figuration dialog. In contrast to this, the definition of the fault time for the distance pro-
tection-autoreclosure is the same as the standard definition.
Figure 71: Configuration window autoreclosure (AR)
Input field number of recloses (once per parameter set/setting): Indicates how
often the autoreclosure is activated in succession.
Setting range: 0, 1 or 2
Default: 0
Input field ArTime Shot 1 (once per parameter set/setting): Input of the time in ms
for which a protective starting must persist after the first tripping before a second trip-
ping.
Setting range: 30 ms … 300 000 ms (increment: 1 ms)
Default: 80 ms
Note The time set in the configuration dialog of the protective function will be overwritten by
this parameter (fault time 1).

Input field ArDelayTime Shot 1 (once per parameter set/setting): The time in ms
for which the power circuit-breaker (LS) remains open before the first autoreclosure.
Finally an LS-On command is generated.
Default: 2 000 ms
Input field Artime Shot 2 (once per parameter set/setting): Input of the time in ms
for which a protective starting must persist after the second tripping before a third
tripping.
Default: 300 ms
Note The time set in the configuration dialog of the protective function will be overwritten by
this parameter (fault time 2).
Input field ArDelayTime Shot 2 (once per parameter set/setting): The time in ms
for which the power circuit-breaker (LS) remains open before the second autoreclosu-
re. Finally an LS-On command is generated.
Setting range: 200 ms …300 000 ms (increment: 1 ms)
Default: 20 000 ms
Input field ArReclaimTime (once per parameter set/setting): Recovery time in ms for
the power circuit-breaker; i.e. the time in which the autoreclosure is generally blocked.
If the protective function is tripped during the blocking time, there will be no autoreclo-
sure.
Default: 2000 ms
Button OK: All settings are saved in the configuration program. The dialog window is
closed.
Button Cancel: Settings are not saved in the configuration program. The dialog win-
dow is closed.
Note An unsuccessful autoreclosure must be acknowledged. The autoreclosure-active sig-

nal persists until it is acknowledged. A successful autoreclosure need not be ack-
nowledged.
Note The binary output AR is an indication that the autoreclosing process is being active.
This signal is not dedicated for closing the CB on the FUPLA. The closing of the CB is
done internally by the software, if the autoreclosing condition is fulfilled.

Some flow charts of autoreclosures are shown below to clarify its functioning.
6.10.3 Autoreclosure 1 attempt successful
Figure 72: Autoreclosure flow chart, one successful attempt
6.10.4 Autoreclosure 1 attempt unsuccessful
Figure 73: Autoreclosure flow chart, an unsuccessful attempt

6.10.5 Autoreclosure 2 attempts successful
Figure 74: Autoreclosure flow chart, two successful attempts
6.10.6 Autoreclosure 2 attempts unsuccessful
Figure 75: Autoreclosure flow chart, two unsuccessful attempts

7 Maintenance Program
Because of the high quality standards of the REF542plus and its components and
processing, we suggest the following procedure:
Function test (automatically done on commissioning)
Secondary test (protection test – also automatically done on commissioning)
Regular tests of the REF542plus are not really necessary. The self-monitoring func-
tions immediately signal all faults that occur. However, the following tests are worth
carrying out to check the safety technology of the unit.
7.1 Repeat test (function and protection test)

Six months after commissioning and then every 2-5 years.
7.2 Calibration test

The calculated long-term drift of the components in use is 0.3% per 10 years. For this
reason we recommend that the analog input values be tested every 10 years. Recali-
bration can be done on site with little effort.

8 Durability of specific components

8.1 Power relay contacts
The power relay contacts on the binary input/output board with conventional relays in
the REF542plus cannot directly trip the trip coil without shortening their life. However,
the contact life is at least 10 full load trips.
Normally a mechanical auxiallary switch is switched in series with the trip coil to re-
duce the load on the power relay contacts. This again increases their life cycles.
8.2 Electrolyte capacitors

The durability of the electrolyte capacitors used depends primarily on the ambient
temperature. The calculated operational life of the REF542plus under normal condi-
tions is more than 35 years.
If the REF542plus is continuously operated at temperatures over the specifications,
the electrolyte capacitors of the power supply board should be replaced every 10
years.
8.3 LCD screen

The guaranteed life of the LCD screen is 16 years at ambient temperatures below
55°C and subject to 60°C for no more than 10% of operational time. The end of its life
is signaled by black or white spots on the display.
If black spots that do not change when the display changes become obvious well be-
fore the end of its life, the seal of the LCD screen is defective and must be replaced.
If the contrast is too low and can no longer be increased, there is a fault in the LC
display screen control electronics. The complete display screen module must be re-
placed in this case.

9 List of the protection functions

The table below illustrates the protection functions in the current REF542plus Re-
lease 1.1. Every selected protection function increases the load on the DSP. The con-
figuration software takes care that 100% of DSP processing power is not exceeded.
ANSI Protection Function and DSP Load

Code the Setting Parameter in %
Digital Filtering as basic load 16
68 Inrush stabilization (Only in connection with I>> and I>) 3
N = 2.0 … 8.0
M = 3.0 … 4.0
Time = 220 … 100.000 ms
67 Overcurrent directional high 7
I>> = 0.05 ... 40.00 In
t = 70 ... 300 000 ms
67 Overcurrent directional low 7
I > = 0.05 ... 40.00 In
t = 220 ... 300 000 ms
50 Overcurrent instantaneous 3
I>>> = 0.10 ... 40.00 In
t = 20 ... 300 000 ms
51 Overcurrent high 2
I>> = 0.05 ... 40.00 In
t = 40 ... 300 000 ms
51 Overcurrent low 2
I > = 0.05 ... 40.00 In
t = 40 ... 300 000 ms
51 IDMT 3
Normal-, Very-, Extremely- or Longtime- inverse time characteristic
Ie = 0.05 ... 40.00 In
K = 0.05 ... 1.5
51N Earth fault high 3
IE>> = 0.05 ... 40.00 In
t = 70 ... 100 000 ms
51N Earth fault low 3
IE> = 0.05 ... 40.00 In
t = 70 ... 100 000 ms
67N Earth fault directional high 3
IE>> = 0.05 ... 40.00 In
t = 40 ... 100 000 ms
forward- / backward direction
isolated (sin ϕ) and earthed (cos ϕ)
67N Earth fault directional low 3
IE> = 0.05 ... 40.00 In
t = 40 ... 300 000 ms
forward- / backward direction
isolated (sin ϕ) and earthed (cos ϕ)


67N Earth fault directional sensitive 12
IE> = 0.05 ... 2.00 In
t = 120 ... 100.000 ms, for- / backward
Angle α = 0 ... 20°,
Angle δ = - 180 ... 180°
UNE> = 0.05 ...0.70 Un
51N Earth fault IDMT 3
Standard, very, extremely or long time inverse time characteristic,
Ie = 0.05 ... 40 In
K = 0.05 ... 1,5
59 Overvoltage instantaneous 2
U>>> = 0.10 ... 3.00 Un
t = 20 ... 300.000 ms
59 Overvoltage high 2
U>> = 0,10 ... 3.00 Un
t = 70 ... 300 000 ms
59 Overvoltage low 2
U> = 0.10 ... 3.00 Un
t = 70 ... 300 000 ms
27 Undervoltage instantaneous 2
U<<< = 0.10 ... 1.2 Un
t = 50 ... 300 000 ms
27 Undervoltage high 2
U<< = 0.1 ... 1.2 Un
t = 70 ... 300 000 ms
27 Undervoltage low 2
U< = 0.1 ... 1.2 Un
t = 70 ... 300 000 ms
59N Residual overvoltage high 2
UNE>> = 0.05 ... 3.00 Un
t = 40 ... 300 000 ms
59N Residual overvoltage low 2
UNE> = 0.05 ... 3.00 Un
t = 40 ... 300 000 ms
49 Thermal overload protection (thermal equation 1st order with com- 3
plete memory function)
Tn = 50 ... 400 °C (nominal temperature at In)
In (Mot) = 1 ... 10000 A (primary value of the nominal motorcurrent)
Tini = 50 ... 120 % Tn (initial temperature at power on)
τcool = 10 ... 20.000 s (time constant at I< 0.1 In and n = 0)
τwarm = 10 ... 20.000 s (time constant normal)
τwarm = 10 ... 20.000 s (time constant at I > 2 In)
Tmax = 20 ... 400 °C (maximal temperature)
Twarn = 20 ... 400 °C (warn temperature)
Tenvi = 50 ... Tnom * Tini (environment temperature)
Op. Time = 1.02 … 1000s (additional delay time)


51 Motor start protection (adiabatic characteristic) 2
Ie = 0.3 ... 1.2 In (motor current)
Is = 1.00 ... 20.00 Ie (start value)
t = 70 ... 300 000 ms
I> = 0.6 ... 0.8 Is (motor start)
51LR Blocking rotor (definite time characteristic) 3
Ie = 0.3 ... 1.20 In (motor current)
Is = 1.00 ... 20.00 Ie (start value)
t = 70 ... 300 000 ms
66 Number of starts 0
n(warm) = 1 ...10 (number of warm starts)
n(cold) = 1 ...10 (number of cold starts)
t = 1.02 .. 7200.00 s
T (warm) = 20 ... 200 °C (temperature limit warm start)
21+79 Distance protection with autoreclosing 18
Net type = high/low ohmic
ct – grounding = line side, bus bar side
earth start IE> used or unused
switching onto faults = normal, overreach zone, trip after start
Signal comparison overreach scheme time set = 30 …. 300.000 ms
U / I- Start characteristic:
I>, IE> and IF> = 0.05 ... 4.00 In
UF< = 0.05 ... 0.9 Un
Phase selection = cyclic/acyclic
Earth factor:
k = 0.00 ... 10.00
ϕ (k) = -60 ... 60°
3 Impedance- and 1 overreachstage:
R = 0.05 ... 120 Ω (secondary values)
X = 0.05 ... 120 Ω (secondary values)
t = 20 ... 10.000 ms
1 directional stage
Direction 0 ... 90 bzw.-45 ... 135°
t = 25 ... 10 000 ms
1 non directional stage
t = 25 ... 10 000 ms
2 shots AR with short/long time reclosing
87 Differential protection 22
Transformer group = 0 ... 11
Transformer earthing = primary and or secondary side
Nom. current In on the primary/secondary side of the transformer =
0.00 ... 100.000A (prim value)
Threshold current = 0.10 ... 0.50 In
Unbiased region limit = 0.50 … 5.00 In
Slightly biased region threshold = 0.20 ... 2.00 In
Slightly biased region limit = 1.00 ... 10.0 In
Slope = 0.40 ... 1.00
Trip with Id> = 5.00 ... 40.00 In
Blocking by 2nd harmonic = 0.10 … 0.30 In
Blocking by 5th harmonic = 0.10 … 0.30 In
46 Unbalance load 9
Is = 0.05 ... 0.3 In (start value of the negative phase sequence)
K = 2.0 ... 30.0
tReset = 0 ... 200 s
Timer decreasing rate = 0 … 100%


32 Directional power 2
Nominal real power Pn = 1 ... 1000 000 kW (primary values)
Max.reverse load P> = 1 ... 50 % Pn
Op. time = 1.02 ... 1000 s
forward / backward
37 Low load 2
Nominal real power Pn = 50 ... 1000 000 kW (primary values)
Minimal load P = 5 ... 100% Pn
Minimal current I = 2 ... 20 % In
Op. time = 1 ... 1000 s
81 Frequency supervision 2
Start value = 0,04 ... 5 Hz
time = 1.02 ... 300.00 s
25 Synchronism check 4
Start value (∆ U) = 0.02 ... 0.40 Un
Time = 0.52 ... 1000.00 s
Phasediff (∆ ϕ) = 5 ... 50°
Fault recorder 2
Recording time = 1000 ... 5000 ms
Pre fault time: = 100 ... 2000 ms
Post fault setting = 100 ... 4900 ms
Max. 5 records
55 Power factor controller 0
Power factor = 0,70 ... 1,00
QC0 = 1,000 ... 20000,000 kVAr
Series of banks = 1:1:1:1 ... 1:2:4:8
Number of banks : 1 ... 4
Insensitivity = 105 ... 200 % QC0
Threshold = 0 ... 100 % QC0
Switching program = sequential/circuit switching

Note Due to the limitation of the DSP calculation power related to the micro controller not all function
blocks can be combined without restrictions. Please refer to the following table for applicable
restrictions.
Function block Restrictions

Protection functions Max. 12 protection functions
Max. 120 protection parameters
100% DSP load
Fault recorder Max. 1 fault recorder and
Min. 1 configured protection function
Cycle time of application Max. 30 ms
Memory object Max. 1
Power counter Max. 15
Switching object Max. 62
Threshold object Max. 10 per analog input
Direct write-read command Max. 100
Connections Max. 700, number of connections 512
Signaling LED's Max. 32 on 4 sides of 8 LED's each

10 Technical data
10.1 Analog input channels
Accuracy for measurement including the measurement sensors: Class 1
Accuracy for protection applications: Class 3
Accuracy of the operation time characteristic min. ± 20ms or Class 3
10.1.1 Current and voltage transformer input values
Rated current In 1A or 5A
Rated voltage Un 100V (also suitable for 110V)
Rated frequency fn 50 Hz / 60 Hz
Thermal load capacity

Current path 250 In (peak value) dynamic,
100 In for 1s,
4 In continuous,
Voltage path 2 Un /√3 continuous.
Consumption
Current path ≤ 0.1 VA with In
Voltage path ≤ 0.25 VA with Un
10.1.2 Current and voltage sensor input values
Voltage at rated current In 150 mV (rms)

Voltage at rated voltage Un 2V (rms)
Rated frequency fn 50 Hz / 60 Hz

10.2 Binary inputs and outputs

Each Binary I/O module has the following number of inputs and outputs:
10.2.1 BIO module with mechanical output relays (version 3)
14 input channels Possible auxiliary voltage ranges:

• 20 to 90 V DC (threshold 14 V DC)
• 80 to 250 V DC (threshold 50 V DC)
Each input has a minimum fixed filter time of 1 ms. Addi-
tional filter time can be configured.
6 power outputs (channels Maximum operating voltage 250V AC/DC
BO 1 to 6). Make current 20 A
Load current 12 A
Breaking capacity 300 W at L/R <15 ms
Operating time 6 ms
2 signal outputs (BO7 and 8) Maximum operating voltage 250 V AC/DC
and 1 Watchdog output (WD) Make current 8
Load current 2A
Breaking capacity 90W at L/R <10ms
Operating time 5 ms
Optional: 1 Static signal out- Maximum operating voltage 250 VDC
put on BO7 Make current 1.5 A peak
Load current 0.7 A continuous
Breaking capacity 62W at L/R <3 ms
Operating time 1 ms
1 coil supervision circuit for
channel BO2

10.2.2 BIO module with static outputs
14 inputs (BI 1-14) Auxiliary voltage range

• 48 to 265 VDC (Threshold 35 VDC)
Each input has a minimum fixed filter time of 5 ms. Addi-
tional filter time can be configured.
3 power outputs (BO1,2 Operating voltage 48 to 265 VDC
and 7)
Make current 70 A for t ≤ 10 ms
Load current 12 A for t ≤ 30 s
Operating time 1 ms
4 power outputs (BO3 to 6) Operating voltage 48 to 265 V DC
Make current 16 A for t ≤ 10 ms
Load current 10 A for t ≤ 30 s
Operating time 1 ms
2 Signal outputs and 1 Operating voltage 48 to 265 V DC
Watchdog output
Make current 0.3 A
Operating time 1 ms
2 coil supervision circuits for
channel BO1 and BO2
Power Transistor feedback on
8 Transistor
10.3 Interfaces
10.3.1 HMI Control Unit:
Optical/electrical standard interface RS 232 to the Notebook PC (at the front)
Electrical isolated standard interface RS 485 to the Central Unit (at the rear)
10.3.2 Central Unit:

Electrical isolated standard interface RS 485 to the HMI
Electrical standard interface RS 232 for updating the firmware
10.4 Analog output board (optional)

Four channel 0 to 20 mA or 4 to 20 mA

10.5 Communication (optional)

SPABUS, electrical interface with standard RS232 or optical interface with
snap-in type connector for plastic fiber or SMA connector for glass fiber (multi
mode)
LON (according to ABB LAG1.4), optical interface with ST connector for glass
fiber (multi mode)
IEC 60870-5-103 with extension according to VDEW guidelines for controlling,
optical interface with ST connector for glass fiber (multi mode)
MODBUS RTU, electrical interface with two RS485 ports or optical interface
with two standard ST connector for glass fiber (multi mode)
10.6 Power supply

10.6.1 Central Unit
Rated voltage 110 VDC (-15%, +10%),

220 VDC (-15%, +10%) or
48 to 220 VDC (-15%, +10%)
Power consumption ≤ 18 W (base version with 1 BIO)
Inrush current ≤ 10 A peak value
10.6.2 HMI Control Unit
Rated voltage: For auxiliary voltage in the range of:

• 48 … 110 VDC (-15%, +10%)
• 110 … 220 VDC (-15%, +10%)
Power consumption ≤6W
10.7 Environmental conditions
Ambient operation temperature -5 ..+ 55°C

Ambient transport and storage tem- -20..+70°C
perature
Ambient humidity Up to 95% without condensation

10.8 Degree of protection by enclosure

10.8.1 Central Unit
Housing IP20
10.8.2 RHMI Control Unit
Front IP 54
Rear IP 22

11 Type test
11.1 Protection function

All relevant tests are performed according to the IEC 60255 standard.
ANSI Code Protection Function and the Setting Parameters Test Procedure
68 Inrush stabilization IEC 60255-3
67 Overcurrent directional high IEC 60255-12
67 Overcurrent directional low IEC 60255-12
50 Overcurrent instantaneous IEC 60255-3
51 Overcurrent high IEC 60255-3
51 Overcurrent low IEC 60255-3
51 IDMT, Normal-, Very-, Extremely- or Longtime- in- IEC 60255-3
verse time characteristic
51N Earth fault high IEC 60255-3
51N Earth fault low IEC 60255-3
67N Earth fault directional high IEC 60255-12
67N Earth fault directional low IEC 60255-12
67N Earth fault directional sensitive IEC 60255-12
51N Earth fault IDMT, Normal, very, extremely or long IEC 60255-3
time inverse time characteristic,
59 Overvoltage instantaneous IEC 60255-3
59 Overvoltage high IEC 60255-3
59 Overvoltage low IEC 60255-3
27 Undervoltage instantaneous IEC 60255-3
27 Undervoltage high IEC 60255-3
27 Undervoltage low IEC 60255-3
59N Residual overvoltage high IEC 60255-3
59N Residual overvoltage low IEC 60255-3
st
49 Thermal overload protection (thermal equation 1 or- IEC 60255-8
der with complete memory function)
51 Motor start protection (adiabatic characteristic) IEC 60255-3
51LR Blocking rotor (definite time characteristic) IEC 60255-3
66 Number of starts
21+79 Distance protection with autoreclosing IEC 60255-16
87 Differential protection IEC 60255-13
46 Unbalance load IEC 60255-3
32 Directional power IEC 60255-12
37 Low load IEC 60255-12

ANSI Code Protection Function and the Setting Parameters Test Procedure
81 Frequency monitoring IEC 60255-3
25 Synchronism check IEC 60255-12
Fault recorder IEC 60255-24
55 Power factor controller IEC 60255-12
11.2 Electro magnetic compatibility

All relevant tests are according to the basic standard IEC 60255, EN 61000 and to EN
50263 for electromagnetic compatibility product standard for measuring relays and
protection equipment (99.08) and EN 60694 + IEC 60694 Amd.1:2000 for common
specifications for high-voltage switchgear and control gear standards. At the date of
this document, some quoted normative can be under preparation.
11.2.1 Emission test

Test valid for both central unit and HMI control unit.
Port Frequency Limits Basic Test pro- Class/

range standard cedure level
Enclosure 30 - 230 MHz 50 dB(µV/m) quasi peak, EN 55022 EN 55022 Group 1
measured at 3 m distance Class A
230 - 1000 MHz 57 dB(µV/m) quasi peak,
measured at 3m distance
Power Sup- 0.15 - 0,50 MHz 79 dB(µV) quasi peak, EN 55022 EN 55022 Group 1
ply 66 dB(µV) average Class A
0.5 - 5 MHz 73 dB(µV) quasi peak,
60 dB(µV) average
5 MHz - 30 MHz 73 dB(µV) quasi peak,
60 dB(µV) average

11.2.2 Immunity tests - enclosure port

Environmental Test Units Basic Test pro- Class/

phenomena specification standard cedure level
Radiated radio frequency 80 – 1000 MHz EN IEC 61000- 3
electromagnetic field, Am- 10 V/m (unmod, rms) 61000-4-3 22-3
plitude modulated 80 % AM (1 kHz)
Radiated electromagnetic 900 ± 5, MHz EN IEC 61000- 3
field from digital radio 10 V/m (unmod., rms) 61000-4-3 22-3
telephones, 50 Duty cycle %
Pulse modulated 200 Rep. Frequency Hz
Electrostatic discharge 6 (Contact KV (charge volta- EN EN 60255- 3
discharge) ge) 61000-4-2 22-2
8 (Air dis-
charge) KV (charge volta-
ge)
Power frequency 50 Hz EN EN 61000- 4
magnetic field 30 A(rms)/m (continu- 61000-4-8 4-8
ous)
300 A(rms)/m
( 3 sec)

11.2.3 Immunity tests - power supply port


phenomena specification standard cedure Level
Conducted disturbance 0,15 – 80 MHz EN IEC 60255- 3
induced by radio- 10 V (unmod., rms) 61000-4-6 22-6
frequency fields, 80 % AM (1 kHz) and IEC
amplitude modulated 150 ohms Source im- 60694
pedance
Fast transients 5/50 Tr/Th ns EN IEC 60255- 4
4 kHz repetition fre- 61000-4-4 22-4 and
quency IEC 60694
4 kV (peak)
1 MHz burst 1 MHz frequency EN IEC 60255- 3
75 Tr ns 61000-4- 22-1 and
400 Hz repetition fre- 12 IEC 60694
quency
200 ohms Source im-
pedance
Differential mode 1 kV (peak)
Common mode 2,5 kV (peak)
Surge 1,2/50 (8/20) Tr/Th us EN EN 61000- 3
Differential mode 1 kV charge voltage 61000-4-5 4-5
Common mode source 2 kV charge voltage
12 ohms Source im-

pedance
Voltage Interruption 100 % reduction EN IEC 60255- 3
61000-4- 11
50 ms interruption 29
time
Voltage Ripple 10 % of d.c. compo- EN IEC 60694 2
nent 61000-4-
17
Insulation 2 or kV/AC 1 Minute IEC60255 IEC60255-5
3 kV/DC 1 Minute -5
Central unit
5 kV impulse
1,2/50us; 0.5J
Insulation 2 or kV/AC 1 Minute IEC60255 IEC60255-5
3 kV/DC 1 Minute -5
HMI control unit
4 kV impulse
1,2/50us;0.5J

11.2.4 Immunity tests - communication ports


Conducted disturbance 0,15 – 80 MHz EN IEC 60255- 3
induced by radio- 10 V (unmod., rms) 61000-4-6 22-6
frequency fields, 80 % AM (1 kHz)
amplitude modulated 150 ohms Source im-
pedance
Fast transients 5/50 Tr/Th ns EN IEC 60694 4
5 kHz repetition fre- 61000-4-4 and
quency IEC 60255-
2 kV (peak) 22-4
1 MHz burst 1 MHz frequency EN IEC 60694 3
75 Tr ns 61000-4- and
400 Hz repetition fre- 12 IEC 60255-
quency 22-1
200 ohms Source im-
pedance
Common mode 2.5 kV (peak)
Insulation 2 kV/AC 1 Minute IEC60255 IEC60255-5
-5

11.2.5 Immunity tests – binary input and output ports

Test valid for Binary IO version 3

Conducted disturbance 0.15 – 80 MHz EN EN 61000- 3
induced by radio- 10 V (unmod, rms) 61000-4-6 4-6
frequency fields 80 % AM (1 kHz)
Amplitude modulated 50 ohms Source im-
pedance
Fast transients 5/50 Tr/Th ns EN IEC 60694 4
4 kV (peak) 61000-4-4 and IEC
4 kHz repetition fre- 60255-22-4
quency
1 MHz burst 1 MHz frequency EN IEC 60694 3
75 Tr ns 61000-4- and
400 Hz repetition fre- 12 IEC 60255-
quency 22-1
200 ohms Source im-
pedance
Common mode 2,5 kV (peak)
Surge 1,2/50 (8/20) Tr/Th µs EN EN 61000- 3

61000-4-5 4-5
Differential mode 1 kV charge voltage
Common mode 2 kV charge voltage
42 ohms Source im-
pedance
Insulation 2 kV/DC 1 Minute IEC60255 IEC60255-5 N.A.
5 kV impulse 1,2/50 -5
µs; 0.5J
11.3 Insulation resistance

Insulation resistance >100MOhm 500V DC
11.4 Mechanical robustness

Vibration test according to IEC 60255-21-1
11.5 Climatic conditions

Cold test according to IEC 60068-2-1
Dry heat test according to IEC 60068-2-2

12 Connection Diagram
12.1 Connector Plate
Figure 76: REF542plus connector plate for the wide case mixed analog input version
Figure 77: REF542plus connector plate for the short case mixed analog input version

Figure 78: REF542plus connector plate for analog input with transformers or with sensors
12.2 HMI Control Unit
Figure 79: Power Supply and communication connection for HMI Control Unit
- X10: Power Supply

1: L+
2: L-
- X20: RS 485 to Central Unit

12.3 REF542plus with mechanical binary I/O

Example of REF542plus base version with one mechanical binary I/O version 3
(BIO3). Extension up to two additional mechanical binary I/O version 3 (BIO3) possi-
ble. Other configurations of the analog input board available, e.g. mixed configuration
for input transformers and sensors connection.
Note: Please connect the right polarity on binary output BO02.
-X10: 1 2 3
-X80:
1A + -
11
5A
07 T1
AI 01 DC
03
1A
22 DC
5A
18 T2
AI 02
14
1A
10
5A
06 T3 REF542plus
AI 03
02 Base version with
100/110V
21
AI 04 T4 binary I/O version 3
17
100/110V
05
AI 05 T4
01
100/110V
23
AI 06 T6
19
1A
24
5A T7
16
AI 07
20
-X21:
-X20:
+ z02
d02
- BI01 BO01
z02 z04
+ d02
d04
- BI02 d04
z04
+ z06
+
d06 BO02
- BI03 z08
z06 -
+ d06
d08 d08
- BI04
z08 d10
+ BO03
d10 d12
- BI05
z10 z10
+ z12
d12
- BI06 d14
z12
BO04
+ d16
d14
- BI07 z14
z14
+ z16
d16
- BI08 d18
z16 BO05
d20
+
d18 d22
- BI09 BO06
z18 z18
+
d20 z20
- BI10
z20 z22
+ d24
d22
- BI11 z24
z22
BO07
+ z26
d24
- BI12 z28
z24
+ d26
d26 BO08
- BI13 d28
z26
+ d30
d28
- BI14 WD1 z30
z28
z32

Extension with second additional mechanical binary I/O version 3 (BIO3)
Note: Please connect the right polarity on BO 10

-X30: -X31:
+
d02
- BI15 z02
z02 BO09
+ z04
d04 d02
- BI16
z04 d04
+ +
d06 z06
- BI17 BO10
z06 z08
+ -
d08 d06
- BI18
z08 d08
+ d10
d10 BO11
- BI19 d12
z10
+ z10
d12
- BI20 z12
z12
d14
+ BO12
d14 d16
- BI21
z14 z14
+
d16 z16
- BI22
z16 d18
+ BO13
d18 d20
- BI23 d22
z18
BO14
+ z18
d20
- BI24 z20
z20
+ z22
d22
- BI25 d24
z22
+ z24
d24 BO15
BI26 z26
-
z24
z28
+
d26 d26
- BI27 BO16
z26 d28
+
d28 d30
- BI28
z28 WD2 z30
z32

Extension with third additional mechanical binary I/O version 3 (BIO3)
Note: Please connect the right polarity on BO 18

-X40: -X41:
+
d02
- BI29 z02
z02 BO17
+ z04
d04 d02
- BI30
z04 d04
+ +
d06 z06
- BI31 BO18
z06 z08
+ -
d08 d06
- BI32
z08 d08
+ d10
d10 BO19
- BI33 d12
z10
+ z10
d12
- BI34 z12
z12
d14
+ BO20
d14 d16
- BI35
z14 z14
+
d16 z16
- BI36
z16 d18
+ BO21
d18 d20
- BI37 d22
z18
BO22
+ z18
d20
- BI38 z20
z20
+ z22
d22
- BI39 d24
z22
+ z24
d24 BO23
BI40 z26
-
z24
z28
+
d26 d26
- BI41 BO24
z26 d28
+
d28 d30
- BI42
z28 WD3 z30
z32

12.4 REF542plus with solid state binary I/O

Example of REF542plus base version for sensor connection with one solid state bi-
nary I/O. Extension up to two additional solid state binary I/O possible. Other configu-
rations of the analog input board available, e.g. mixed configuration for input trans-
formers and sensors connection.
Note: Please connect the right polarity
-X10: 1 2 3
+ -
A
-X81: D Sensor 1
DC
A Sensor 2
-X82: D
DC
A Sensor 3
-X83: D
A Sensor 4
-X84: D REF542plus
A Base version with
-X85: D Sensor 5
sensor and
A Sensor 6 solid state binary I/O
-X86: D
A Sensor 7
-X87: D
A Sensor 8
-X88: D
-X20: -X21:
+
d02
- BI01
z02
+
d04
- BI02 +
z04 d02
+ BO01
d06 d04
- BI03
z06
+ -
d08 z02
- BI04
z08 z04
+
d10
- BI05 +
z10 d06
+ BO02
d12 d08
- BI06
z12
-
+ z06
d14
- BI07 z08
z14
+ +
d16 d10
- BI08 BO07
z16 d12
+ -
d18 z10
- BI09 z12
z18
+ +
d20 d18
- BI10 BO03
z20 d20
BO05
+ d22
d22 BO04 +
- BI11 z20
z22 BO06 +
+ z22
d24
- BI12 z18
z24 +
d24
+ BO08
d26 z26
- BI13 +
z26 z28
+ BO09
d28 d28
- BI14 +
z28 d30
WD1
z32

Extension with second solid state binary I/O.

-X30: -X31:
+
d02
- BI15
z02
+
d04
- BI16 +
z04 d02
+ BO10
d06 d04
- BI17
z06
+ -
d08 z02
- BI18
z08 z04
+
d10
- BI19 +
z10 d06
+ BO11
d12 d08
- BI20
z12
-
+ z06
d14
- BI21 z08
z14
+ +
d16 d10
- BI22 BO16
z16 d12
+ -
d18 z10
- BI23 z12
z18
+ +
d20 d18
- BI24 BO12
z20 d20
BO14
+ d22
d22 BO13 +
- BI25 z20
z22 BO20 +
+ z22
d24
- BI26 z18
z24 +
d24
+ BO17
d26 z26
- BI27 +
z26 z28
+ BO18
d28 d28
- BI28 +
z28 d30
WD2
z32

Extension with third additional solid state binary I/O

-X40: -X41:
+
d02
- BI29
z02
+
d04
- BI30 +
z04 d02
+ BO20
d06 d04
- BI31
z06
+ -
d08 z02
- BI32
z08 z04
+
d10
- BI33 +
z10 d06
+ BO20
d12 d08
- BI34
z12
-
+ z06
d14
- BI35 z08
z14
+ +
d16 d10
- BI36 BO25
z16 d12
+ -
d18 z10
- BI37 z12
z18
+ +
d20 d18
- BI38 BO21
z20 d20
BO23
+ d22
d22 BO22 +
- BI39 z20
z22 BO24 +
+ z22
d24
- BI40 z18
z24 +
d24
+ BO26
d26 z26
- BI41 +
z26 z28
+ BO27
d28 d28
- BI42 +
z28 d30
WD3
z32

12.5 REF542plus with mechanical binary I/O (version 2)

For the time being the REF542plus can only be delivered with binary I/O version 2.
Extension up to two additional mechanical binary I/O version 2 (BIO2) possible. Other
configurations of the analog input board available, e.g. mixed configuration for input
transformers and sensors connection.
Note: Please connect the right polarity on binary output BO01 and BO2.
-X10: 1 2 3
-X80:
1A + -
11
5A
07 T1
AI 01 DC
03
1A
22
5A DC
18 T2
AI 02
14
1A
10
5A
06 T3
AI 03 REF542plus
02
100/110V Base version with
21
AI 04 T4
17 binary I/O version 2
100/110V
05
AI 05 T5
01
100/110V
23
AI 06 T6
19
1A
24
5A T7
16
AI 07
20
-X20: -X21:
+ z02
+
d02 BO01
- BI01 z04
z02 -
+ d02
d04
- BI02 d04
z04 + z06
+ BO02
d06 z08
- BI03 -
z06 d06
+
d08 d08
- BI04
z08 d10
+ BO03
d10 d12
- BI05 z10
z10
+ z12
d12
- BI06 d14
z12 BO04
+ d16
d14
- BI07 z14
z14
z16
+
d16 d18
- BI08
z16 BO06 BO05 d20
+
d18 d22
- BI09
z18 z18
+ z22
d20
- BI10
z20
+ z20
d22
- BI11 d24
z22
+ z24
d24 BO07
- BI12 z26
z24
z28
+
d26 d26
- BI13 BO08
z26 d28
+
d28 d30
- BI14
z28 WD1 z30
z32

12.6 Variation of the analog input board

REF542plus can have at most 8 analog input channels. They can be from instrument
transformers of from non-conventional sensors. Also mixed combinations are possi-
ble, with some inputs from instrument transformers and others from sensors. The ta-
ble below lists all the supported combinations.
Table 6: List of the variation of the analog input board

AI 1 AI 2 AI 3 AI 4 AI 5 AI 6 AI 7 AI 8
Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor
Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor CT 1/5A
Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor CT 1/5A
Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor CT (EF) CT 1/5A
Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor CT (EF) VT 100V
Sensor Sensor Sensor VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V
Sensor Sensor Sensor VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT 1/5A
Sensor Sensor Sensor VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT (EF) VT 100V
Sensor Sensor Sensor CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A
Sensor Sensor Sensor VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V
VT 100V CT 1/5A
VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V
VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT 1/5A
VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT (EF)
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT 1/5A
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT (EF) CT 1/5A
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT (EF) VT 100V
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT 1/5A
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT 1/5A
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT (EF)
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT 1/5A 1VT 100V
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT 1/5A CT 1/5A
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT (EF) CT (EF)
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT (EF)
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT (EF) VT 100V
CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A CT 1/5A

AI 1 AI 2 AI 3 AI 4 AI 5 AI 6 AI 7 AI 8
VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V
VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V CT (EF) CT (EF)
VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V VT 100V
CT (EF) is a special input transformer to measure the earth fault current in isolated or
with Petersen coil compensated system by means of cable current transformer. For
the setting of the related analog input the primary nominal current of the cable current
transformer must be divided by 5.
The connections to the Compel connectors for the analog input board are shown in
the next following figures. The connection of AI07 and AI08 can principally be derived,
depending on the input transformer used.
-X80: -X80: -X80:

1A 1A
11 11
5A 5A
07 T1 07 T1 100/110V
AI 01 AI 01 11
03 03 AI 01 T1
1A 1A 03
22 22 100/110V
5A 5A 22
18 T2 18 T2 AI 02 T2
AI 02 AI 02 14
14 14 100/110V
1A 1A 06
10 10 AI 03 T3
5A 5A 02
06 T3 06 T3
AI 03 AI 03
02 02
100/110V 1A 100/110V
21 21 21
AI 04 T4 5A AI 04 T4
17 17 T4 17
100/110V AI 04 100/110V
05 13 05
AI 05 T5 1A AI 05 T5
01 05 01
100/110V 5A 100/110V
23 09 T5 23
AI 06 T6 AI 05 AI 06 T6
19 01 19
1A
23
5A
15 T6
AI 06
19
Figure 80: Connections of the analog input with transformer for AI01 to AI06
-X80: -X80: -X80:

1A
24
5A
16 T7
AI 07 100/110V CT (EF)
20 20 16
1A AI 07 T7 AI 07 T7
12 16 20
5A T8 100/110V CT (EF)
04 08 04
AI 08 AI 08 T8 AI 08 T8
08 04 08
Figure 81: Connections of the analog input with transformer for AI07 to AI08

Product Information
ABB Transmission and Distribution Limited ABB Secheron SA
Indoor Switchgear Medium Voltage
Bapaume Road Rue des Sablieres 4-6
Moorebank NSW CH – 1217 Meyrin
Australia Switzerland
Phone: +61 2 9821 0007 Phone: +41 22 306 2646
Fax: +61 2 9602 2454 Fax: +41 22 306 2682
E-mail: elton.judd@au.abb.com E-mail: info.secheron@ch.abb.com
Internet:: http://www.abb.com Internet: http://www.abb.ch
ABB Xiamen Switchgear Co. Ltd ABB High Voltage Switchgear Co. Ltd.
Engineering MV Technical
ABB Industrial Park, Torch Hi-Tech Indus- No. 7 Shiliuzhuang Nanli, Nanding Road,
trial Development Zone, Xiao Dong Shan Yongdingmen Wei, Fengtai District
Xiamen S.E.Z., Fujian 361006 Beijing 100075
P.R. China P.R. China
Phone: +86 592 6026-033 Ext. 4061 Phone: +86 10 6764-0055
Fax: +86 592 603-0525 Fax: +86 10 6766-3121
E-mail: david-xiangdong.xu@cn.abb.com E-mail: guoqing.pei@cn.abb.com
Internet: http://www.abb.com Internet: http://www.abb.com
ABB s.r.o. ABB Arab

MV Switchgear Technical Marketing
Videnska 117 Industrial Zone – B1
61900 Brno 10th of Ramadan City
Czech Republic Egypt
Phone: +420 5 4715 2413 Phone: +2 15 36 1288
Fax: +420 5 4715 2190 Fax: +2 15 36 1642
E-mail: info.ejf@cz.abb.com E-mail:
Internet: http://www.abb.com Internet: http://www.abb.com/eg
ABB Calor Emag Hochspannung GmbH ABB Calor Emag Mittelspannung GmbH
High Voltage Switchgear Product Management
Käfertalerstr. 250-256 Oberhausener Straße. 33
68167 Mannheim 40472 Ratingen
Germany Germany
Phone: +49 621 386 2938 Phone: +49 2102 12 1901
Fax: +49 621 386 2909 Fax: +49 2102 12 1808 1901
E-mail: thomas.haas@de.abb.com E-mail: calor.info@de.abb.com
Internet: http://www.abb.com/de Internet: http://www.abb.de/calor
ABB Ltd Nashik India PT. ABB Transmission and Distribution

Design & Engineering Marketing
Plot – 79, street – 17, MIDC SATPUR Jl. Gajah Tunggal Im 1, Jatiuwung
Nashik – PIN - 422007 Tangerang 15135
India Indonesia
Phone: +91 0253 351095 Phone: +62 21 590 9955 x2551
Fax: +91 0253 350644 Fax: +62 21 590 0116
E-mail: sanjib.mitra@in.abb.com E-mail: martha.bachtiar@id.abb.com
Internet: http://www.abb.com Internet: http://www.abb.com

Product Information
ABB T&D S.p.A, Unita’ Operativa ABB Ltd.
SACE T.M.S. Power Technology Medium Voltage
Product Management
513 Sungsung-dong (Chonan Foreign In-
Via Friuli 4 vested-Enterprises Industrial Park)
I-24044 Dalmine (BG) Chonan, Chungchong-namdo, Post 330-300
Italy Korea
Phone: +39 035 395 710 Phone: +82 41 529 2458
Fax: +39 035 395874 Fax: +82 41 529 2500
E-mail: sacetms.tipm@it.abb.com E-mail: swgr.info@kr.abb.com
Internet: http://www.abb.com Internet: http://www.abb.com.kr
ABB Transmission & Distribution Sdn. Bhd. ABB b.v.

Manufacturing Power Distribution
Lot 608, Jalan SS 13/1K Marten Meesweg 5
47500 Subang Jaya, Petaling Jaya 3068 AV Rotterdam
Selanggor Darul Ehsan Netherland
Malaysia
Phone: +31 1 4078149
Phone: +603 5628 4888 Fax: +31 10 4078576
Fax: E-mail: bert.engbers@nl.abb.com
E-mail: chun-siaw.ng@my.abb.com Internet: http://www.abb.com
Internet: http://www.abb.com
ABB Elektrik Sanayi. A.S.

Design & Engineering
Organize Sanayi Bölgesi 2 Cadde: No. 16
Yukar Dudullu
81260 Istanbul
Turkey
Phone: +90 216 365 2900
Fax: +90 216 365 2943
E-mail: muharrem.pektas@tr.abb.com
Internet: http://www.abb.com
ABB Utilities GmbH ABB Oy Substation Automation

Product Management Protection Substation Automation Products
Kallstadter Straße 1 Muottitie 2A (P.O. Box 699)
68309 Mannheim 65101 Vaasa
Germany Finnland
Phone: +49 621 381 8965 Phone: +358 10 22 4000
Fax: +49 621 381 8625 Fax: +358 10 22 41094
E-mail: christoph.gatzen@de.abb.com E-mail: jarkko.makela@fi.abb.com
Internet: http://www.abb.de Internet: http://www.abb.com


TWMC O&m Manual - 5000 Frames Plus

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ProtectIT

Multifunction Protection and Switchbay Control Unit

Operation and Maintenance

3 HMI Control Unit ................................................................................................. 10

1VTA100002en-04 PTMV, 10.02.02 Operation and Maintenance 2 / 146

3.4 Interface to local PC........................................................................................ 30

1VTA100002en-04 PTMV, 10.02.02 Operation and Maintenance 3 / 146

6.3.6.2 Systems with Petersen-Coil Earthing ........................................... 71

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6.10.4 Autoreclosure 1 attempt unsuccessful .......................................114

8 Durability of specific components .................................................................117

9 List of the protection functions ......................................................................118

12 Connection Diagram ........................................................................................134

12.1 Connector Plate ............................................................................................134

1VTA100002en-04 PTMV, 10.02.02 Operation and Maintenance 6 / 146

REF542plus is a certified product for compliance to the IndustrialIT architecture con-

1VTA100002en-04 PTMV, 10.02.02 Operation and Maintenance 7 / 146

2 Abbreviations and Definitions

Hazard information level 1

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Hazard information level 2

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3 HMI Control Unit

3.1 The Control Elements

Figure 1: View of the HMI Control Unit

1VTA100002en-04 PTMV, 10.02.02 Operation and Maintenance 10 / 146

3.1.2 Status LEDs

3.1.2.1 Operational status

3.1.2.2 Communication status

3.1.2.3 Alarm indication

3.1.2.4 Interlocking status

3.1.3 LED Indication

3.1.4 Optical Interface for Local PC

3.1.5 Control Push buttons

3.1.5.1 Menu and Navigation Push Buttons

3.1.5.2 Command Push Buttons

O Open, as < O > later in text

l Close, as < I > later in text

Select switching device, as < > and

1VTA100002en-04 PTMV, 10.02.02 Operation and Maintenance 12 / 146

3.1.6 LED bars for Measurement

3.1.7 Electronic Key

1VTA100002en-04 PTMV, 10.02.02 Operation and Maintenance 13 / 146

3.2 Menu on the LCD

< --' to exec

Figure 2: Navigation to menu page

3.2.1 Electronic Key Status

1VTA100002en-04 PTMV, 10.02.02 Operation and Maintenance 14 / 146

3.2.1.1 Changing the control modes

From main menu

E-Key Status E-Key Status

Control mode - NO CONTROL

The control modes are as follows:

Local and Remote Control (special mode)

1VTA100002en-04 PTMV, 10.02.02 Operation and Maintenance 15 / 146

3.2.1.2 Changing the protection modes

From main menu

E-Key Status E-Key Status

Control mode - SET

The available protection modes are as follows:

1VTA100002en-04 PTMV, 10.02.02 Operation and Maintenance 16 / 146

3.2.2 Measurement Page

From main menu