Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Short Communication
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The antibacterial and mechanical properties of heat-resistant honeycomb ceramic materials produced
Received 28 January 2014 from red mud industrial waste and doped with Zn and Ag are determined. Excellent antibacterial effects
Accepted 11 March 2014 against Escherichia coli are obtained by the plate counting and vibration methods. When 5% and 6% Zn are
Available online 21 March 2014
added to the honeycombs doped with 0.3% Ag, the antibacterial rates reach 98.9% and 99.5%, respectively.
The mechanical properties are evaluated by monitoring the bending strength, open porosity, water
absorption capability, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Zn and Ag
particles are distributed uniformly in the honeycomb ceramics and the crystalline structure of the cera-
mic materials is not altered after Zn and Ag incorporation consequently enabling good dispersion of the
antibacterial metals.
Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.025
0261-3069/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
462 S. Yang et al. / Materials and Design 59 (2014) 461–465
2. Experimental procedures
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the cross section of the honeycomb ceramic carrier.
S. Yang et al. / Materials and Design 59 (2014) 461–465 463
Fig. 3. Antibacterial ratios against E. coli (Zn2+-loaded). Fig. 5. Antibacterial ratios against E. coli (Ag+ and Zn2+-loaded).
Table 1
Description of tested formulations in terms of the raw materials and corresponding
antibacterial rates [Red mud (RM) and Antibacterial agent (AA)].
RM:AA (Zn) Antibacterial ratio (%) RM:AA (Ag) Antibacterial ratio (%)
99:1 16.8 99.7:0.3 92.3
98:2 47.7 99.5:0.5 95.7
97:3 69.5 99.0:1.0 98.7
95:5 98.9 98.5:1.5 99.9
93:7 99.1 98.0:2.0 99.9
90:10 99.7 97.5:2.5 99.9
87:13 99.9 97.0:3.0 99.9
85:15 99.9
and Fig. 8 shows the broad-angle XRD patterns of the three types of
antibacterial honeycomb ceramics. The typical narrow silver dif-
fraction peaks at 2h of 38.1°, 44.3°, 64.5°, and 77.5° correspond to
the (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0), and (3 1 1) Bragg’s reflections of face-cen-
tered cubic crystalline silver. The typical zinc diffraction peaks at
2h of 31.77°, 34.42°, 36.25°, 56.60°, and 66.38° represent the
(1 0 0), (0 0 2), (1 0 1), (1 1 0), and (2 0 0) Bragg’s reflections of face-
Fig. 4. Antibacterial ratios against E. coli (Ag+-loaded).
centered cubic crystalline zinc. Furthermore, the characteristic
Table 2
Description of tested formulations in terms of the raw materials and the correspond-
ing antibacterial rate. Red mud (RM) and Antibacterial agent (AA).
RM AA AA Antibacterial RM AA AA Antibacterial
(Ag) (Zn) ratio (%) (Ag) (Zn) ratio
98 0.3 1.7 92.7 96.5 0.5 3.0 97.6
97 0.3 2.7 93.3 95.8 0.5 3.7 98.6
96.7 0.3 3 94.9 95.5 0.5 4.0 99.3
96 0.3 3.7 96.9 94.8 0.5 4.7 99.7
95.7 0.3 4 97.5 94.5 0.5 5 99.9
95 0.3 4.7 98.4 93.5 0.5 6 99.9
94.7 0.3 5 98.9 92.5 0.5 7 99.9
93.7 0.3 6 99.5
92.7 0.3 7 99.9
Fig. 7. Bending strength, open porosity and water adsorption of the antibacterial
honeycomb ceramic materials and blank sample.
Fig. 8. X-ray diffraction patterns of honeycomb ceramic materials (A, Zn2+-loaded), Fig. 10. SEM image and X-ray analysis of Ag+-loaded antibacterial honeycomb
(B, Ag+-loaded), and (C, Ag+ + Zn2+-loaded). ceramic materials.
S. Yang et al. / Materials and Design 59 (2014) 461–465 465
Acknowledgements
References
[1] Zhang YH, Chen Wei, Lv GC, Lv FZ, Chu Paul K, Guo WM, et al. Adsorption of
polyvinyl alcohol from wastewater by sintered porous red mud. Water Sci
Technol 2012;65:2055–60.
[2] Mutlu I, Oner C, Findik F. Boric acid effect in phenolic composites on
tribological properties in brake linings. Mater Des 2007;28:480–7.
[3] Lv GC, Hao J, Wei MQ, Zhang YH, Jiang ZQ. The adsorption of phenol by lignite
activated carbon. Chin J Chem Eng 2011;19(3):380–5.
[4] Biswas S, Satapathy A. Tribo-performance analysis of red mud filled glass
epoxy composites using Taguchi experimental design. Mater Des
2009;30:2841–53.
[5] Biswas S, Satapathy A. A comparative study on erosion characteristics of red
mud filled bamboo–epoxy and glass–epoxy composites. Mater Des
2010;31:1752–67.
[6] Tong WS, Zhang YH, Yu L, Zhen ZC, An Q, Zhang ZL, et al. Effects of surface
properties of red mud on interactions with Escherichia coli. J Mater Res
2013;28:2332–8.
[7] Gracia D, Lopez J, Balart R, Ruseckaite RA, Stefani PM. Composites based on
sintering rice husk-waste tire rubber mixtures. Mater Des 2007;28:2234–8.
[8] Sandhyarani B, Satapathy A. Tribo-performance analysis of red mud filled
glass-epoxy composites using Taguchi experimental design. Mater Des
2009;30:2841–53.
[9] Zhang YH, Anzhen Zhang, Zhichao Zhen, Fengzhu Lv, Chu Paul K, Junhui Ji. Red
mud/polypropylene composite with mechanical and thermal properties. J
Compos Mater 2011;45:2811–6.
[10] Zhen ZC, Zhang YH, Ji JH, Yin YX, Tong WS, Chu Paul K. Novel functional
materials with active adsorption and antimicrobial properties. Mater Lett
2012;89:19–21.
[11] Guo YX, Zhang YH, Huang HW, Meng K, Hu KR, Hu Pan, Wang XK, Zhang ZL,
Fig. 11. SEM image and X-ray analysis of Ag+ + Zn2+-loaded antibacterial honey- Meng XH. Novel glass ceramic foams materials based on red mud, Ceram Int.
comb ceramic materials. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.11.128.
[12] Niira R, Yamamoto T, Uchida M. Antibiotic Zeolite. US Patent No: 4938958.
1990.
[13] Alt Volker, Bechert Thorsten. An in vitro assessment of the antibacterial
peaks of silver and zinc imply the existence of large and crystalline properties and cytotoxicity of nanoparticulate silver bone cement.
silver and zinc particles in the matrix. As a result, the crystal struc- Biomaterials 2004;25:4383–91.
[14] Balamurugan A, Balossier G. An in vitro biological and anti-bacterial study on a
ture of the carrier is not altered enabling good dispersion of the
sol–gel derived silver-incorporated bioglass system. Dent Mater
antibacterial metals throughout the materials. 2008;24:1343–51.
SEM is conducted to examine the surface morphology and size [15] Wang Jin, Li Jianxin, Ren Ling. Antibacterial activity of silver surface modified
distribution of the antibacterial honeycomb ceramic materials. polyethylene terephthalate by filtered cathodic vacuum arc method. Surf Coat
Technol 2007;201:6893–6.
Figs. 9–11 depict the SEM images of the Zn-doped, Ag-doped, [16] Shi ZL, Neoh KG, Kan ETg, Wang W. Antibacterial and mechanical properties of
and Ag and Zn co-doped materials, respectively. The figures reveal bone cement impregnated with chitosan nanoparticles. Biomaterials
heterogeneity and EDS confirms the existence of Zn and Ag in the 2006;27:2440–9.
[17] De la Rosa-Gómez I, Olguín MT, Alcántara D. Antibacterial behavior of silver-
honeycomb structure with a porous surface. modified clinoptilolite–heulandite rich tuff on coliform microorganisms from
wastewater in a column system. J Environ Manage 2008;88:853–63.
[18] Hernández-Sierra Juan Francisco. The antimicrobial sensitivity of Streptococcus
4. Conclusions
mutans to nanoparticles of silver, zinc oxide, and gold. Nanomed Nanotechnol
Biol Med 2008;4:237–40.
Using red mud industrial waste as the raw materials, honey- [19] Yamamoto Osamu. Influence of particle size on the antibacterial activity of
comb ceramic materials are produced and subsequently endowed zinc oxide. Int J Inorg Mater 2001;3:643–6.
[20] Li JH, Hong RY. Effects of ZnO nanoparticles on the mechanical and
with antibacterial properties by doping with silver and zinc. When antibacterial properties of polyurethane coatings. Prog Org Coat
5% and 6% Zn are further added to the honeycombs doped with 2009;64(4):504–9.
0.3% Ag, the antibacterial rates reach 98.9% and 99.5%, respectively. [21] Osinaga Prudencio WR, Grande Rosa Helena M. Zinc sulfate addition to glass-
ionomer-based cements: influence on physical and antibacterial properties,
From the commercial standpoint, the use of 0.3% Ag is better than zinc and fluoride release. Dent Mater 2003;19:212–7.
0.5% Ag because the former is cheaper. The bending strength, open [22] GB/T 21551.2-2010. Antibacterial and cleaning function for household and
porosity, and water absorption capability of the materials are not similar electrical appliances – particular requirements of material, China:
2010.
compromised by the addition of the two antibacterial agents. Scan- [23] GB/T 4740-1999. Standard test method for compressive resistance of ceramic
ning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction reveal the existence materials, China: 1999.
of large and crystalline silver and zinc particles in the matrix. As a [24] GB/T 3810.3-2006. Test methods of ceramic tiles-part 3: Determination of
water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk
result, the crystal structure of the carrier is not altered enabling density, China: 2006.
good dispersion of the antibacterial metals throughout the [25] Top Ayben, Ülkü Semra. Silver, zinc, and copper exchange in a Na-clinoptilolite
materials. and resulting effect on antibacterial activity. Appl Clay Sci 2004;27:13–9.