Seismic Analysis and Design 4 Storey Using Staad by Bersamina

SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUR
STOREY REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING

(EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE) USING
STAAD AND SPREADSHEET
JP Bersamina, MSCE, RCE
October 11,2018
2
Contents
1 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN USING STAAD AND SPREADSHEET 5
2 INTRODUCTION 7
2.1 Project Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Importance of STAAD and Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Setting up design criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Modeling of Structure in STAAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6 Adding loads in structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7 Design of Gravity Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7.1 Stair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7.2 One way slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7.3 Two way slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7.4 Intermediate Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.8 Design of seismic resisting members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.8.1 Girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.8.2 Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.9 Design of Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.10 Compiling the result in structural Design Report for submission in City Hall . . . . . . . 10
3 SETTING UP THE DESIGN CRITERIA 13

3.1 Reference Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Dead Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 Seismic Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Wind Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.6 Material strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.7 Design Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4 BUILDING THE MODEL 23

4.1 Modeling the Ground Floor Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2 Building Upper Floors using Translational Repeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3 Defining section properties and assigning to structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5 ASSIGNING SUPPORT 33
5.1 Support for Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.2 Support for Footing using Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6 CREATING GROUPS IN STAAD 35

6.1 Group for Exterior Girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.2 Group for Interior Girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.3 Group for Interior Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.4 Group for Exterior Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.5 Group for Exterior Node support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.6 Group for Interior Node Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3
4 CONTENTS
7 DEFINING PRIMARY LOADS AND ASSIGNING TO STRUCTURE 41

7.1 Adding Dead Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.1.1 Adding Exterior Wall Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.2 Adding Live Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
8 DEFINING SEISMIC LOAD 51
9 GENERATING AUTOLOAD COMBINATION 53
10 RUNNING ANALYSIS AND VIEWING RESULTS 55

10.1 Earthquake Base Shear Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
10.2 Exterior Column Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
10.3 Exterior Girder Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
10.4 Support Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
10.5 Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
10.6 Storey Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
10.7 Errors and Warnings in Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
11 DESIGN OF STAIR 61
12 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB 65

12.1 Design Using Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
12.2 Design Using Finite Element Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
13 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB 69

13.1 Design Using Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
14 DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE BEAM 81
15 DESIGN OF GIRDER 87
15.1 Getting Result from STAAD Postprocessing Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
15.2 STAAD Parameters for Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
15.3 Design of Girder in Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
16 DESIGN OF COLUMN 99
16.2 STAAD Parameters for Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
16.3 Design of Column in Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
17 DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING 109

17.2 Design of Footing in Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
1
1 Bersamina
Chapter 1
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

USING STAAD AND
SPREADSHEET
In the advent of technology or faster computer capacity, analysis and design of building is now done
very quickly. Undergraduate students are trained in Theory of Structures to analyse indeterminate frame
using Moment Distribution Method or Slope Deflection Method. Reinforced Concrete Design teaches
design of beam and column using Strength Design Method.
All of these can be packaged in one software like STAAD. The background of structural analysis in
STAAD is Stiffness Method because it can be programmed using computer.
The use of software STAAD will help the student analyze the building and design it quickly thus focus-
ing on overall behavior of structure which the traditional manual calculation cannot produce in a seconds.
However, the goal of this course does not want the student to rely solely on sofware. There must be
a way to check the software result to allow the student scrutinize the software calculation and avoid the
familiar GIGO situation or ”Garbage In, Garbage Out”.
Figure 1.1
5
6 CHAPTER 1. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN USING STAAD AND SPREADSHEET
Figure 1.2
Thus, a spreadsheet must be prepared by the student to verify the software result.
Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 Project Description

Our structure is a four storey school building.
Figure 2.1: Elevation View of Structure
Figure 2.2: East West Elevation
7
8 CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION
Plans were downloaded from DPWH website. We will model this in STAAD and assume some
parameters to show features of STAAD and use of our spreadsheet.
2.2 Importance of STAAD and Spreadsheet

We will use STAAD software together with our spreadsheet to design or investigate our project structure.
STAAD is only used for analysis. It has no capability to design members in compliance to Earthquake
Provision of NSCP. Most design firms actually do that. They have separate checking of members to com-
ply with earthquake provision. Structura engineers in the Philippines should be aware of these provisions
because we are in an earthquake prone country. We expect our structure to be subjected to earthquake
during its lifetime and seismic resisting members will surely undergo inelastic deformation. Thus, seismic
detailing of these members are important part of design and the spreadsheet does that for you.
Figure below shows typical details for seismic resisting members. Images are from Google search.
Figure 2.3
2.3 Design Process

Design and analysis of structure is normally done in the following procedure:
2.4 Setting up design criteria

This is discussed in chapter 3. Design criteria needs to be consistent with the design drawing, specifications
and design report.
2.5 Modeling of Structure in STAAD

This is discussed in chapter 4. Modeling of structure and idealization of members should be consistent
with the design intent of the structural engineer.
2.5. MODELING OF STRUCTURE IN STAAD 9
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
2.6 Adding loads in structure

This is discussed in chapter 7. Loads applied in the model should be consistent with the design criteria
established.
2.7 Design of Gravity Members

2.7.1 Stair
This is discussed in chapter 11. Stairs location and length are configured by the architect.
2.7.2 One way slab

This is discussed in chapter 12. Both one way and two way slabs contribute to most of dead weight of
structure. Establishing its thickness is required and thus affects general structural framing of building.
2.7.3 Two way slab

This is discussed in chapter 13.
2.7.4 Intermediate Beam

This is discussed in chapter 14. Intermediate beams are the immediate support of slabs before transferring
load to the girder.
2.8 Design of seismic resisting members

2.8.1 Girder
This is discussed in chapter 15.
2.8.2 Column
This is discussed in chapter 16. Note that this is a separate spreadsheet because interaction diagrams
are programmed using macros in excel to consider biaxial bending of column.
2.9 Design of Foundation

This is discussed in chapter 17. Foundation design is dependent on the soil bearing capacity of the
soil as obtained by Geotechnical Engineer. They normally set the initial embedment of footing in the
ground where hard strata is present. Otherwise, ground improvement will be needed if soil is found with
insufficient strength to carry loads from the building.
2.10 Compiling the result in structural Design Report for sub-

mission in City Hall
Finally, when all members are designed, you can easily print out each tab in the spreadsheet to generate
a design report.
2.10. COMPILING THE RESULT IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN REPORT FOR SUBMISSION IN CITY HALL11
Figure 2.6
Chapter 3
SETTING UP THE DESIGN

CRITERIA
Design Criteria tab of the spreadsheet shows the parameters used in the whole design of the structure.
What are these parameters? These are the following:
3.1 Reference Code

In the Philippines, its NSCP which is the reference code but this is actually referenced from UBC 1997
from the USA. Modifications of UBC to adapt to local conditions is made however.
Figure 3.1
13
14 CHAPTER 3. SETTING UP THE DESIGN CRITERIA
3.2 Dead Loads

These are the permanent loads in the structure. Values in red are input values. That means these will
be referenced by other design sheets of the spreadsheet to guarantee uniformity of values.
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3: dead load
3.3 Live Loads

For residential building, a typical floor has 1.90 kpa of live load. For our school project, 2.4 Kpa is
required live load by code. Exit facilities like stair required 4.8 Kpa.
3.4. SEISMIC LOADS 15
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5: live load
3.4 Seismic Loads

Engineer will need to refer to NSCP Chapter 2 to determine seismic parameters. For seismic parameters,
just input the distance of the site from the nearest seismic fault line, importance factor, ductility coefficient
and soil profile, then the spreadsheet will come up with proper seismic values. Thus, site location of the
project is required to determine proximity in nearest fault line which will affect seismic intensity of
building.
Figure 3.6
These parameters in the figure below are incorporated in the spreadsheet.
Figure 3.7: seismic parameters

3.4. SEISMIC LOADS 17
Figure 3.8: seismic formulas
Figure 3.9: ductility coefficient values

Figure 3.10: seismic map
Observe that almost whole Philippine area is under seismic Zone 4 region and you need to realize
that any building structures designed here will be subjected to nonlinear behavior thus deforming beyond
elastic region.
3.5. WIND LOADS 19
Figure 3.11: seismic zone in philippines
3.5 Wind Loads
For wind load, you need to choose the zone factor of the site location and corresponding wind velocity
also the roughness exposure of the site.
Figure 3.12: wind load
Figure 3.13: wind map
3.6 Material strength

The red input for concrete strength will be linked to other design tabs of the spreadsheet like the slab
design, stair and beam design. Rebar strength will be referenced in designs of slab, beam and girders.
3.7. DESIGN CONSTANTS 21
Structural Steel strength

Soil data will be linked to footing design tab under chapter 17.
Figure 3.14
3.7 Design Constants

Since you have inputted material values above, design constants will be automatically computed by the
spreadsheet. These are important in design procedures of structural elements. Because you will need to
determine the max and minimum reinforcement ratio, from these parameters that will be used for beam,
slab, girder and foundation design.
Chapter 4
BUILDING THE MODEL
We refer first to architectural drawing and check column location before inputting the coordinates in
STAAD. In general, column location will be coordinates in STAAD. Note we are talking about global
axis x,y, and z coordinates.
Figure 4.1
Click on New structure. Check Space Option, Input Filename, Select Folder location and Set units
Meter and KN then click Next. Observer global axis x, y and z directions shown in bottom left of figure.
23
24 CHAPTER 4. BUILDING THE MODEL
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Below shows architectural elevation. This will be used to determine global z values in the STAAD
model.
25
Figure 4.4
Input coordinates in geometry.
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Below shows a sketch of plan and frame elevation showing column to column spacing and column
height each floor. Top left column serves as location of 0,0 coordinates.
Figure 4.7
4.1 Modeling the Ground Floor Beams

It is common practice to model the ground floor first especially if you have typical floor layout from
ground to roof beam level.
4.2. BUILDING UPPER FLOORS USING TRANSLATIONAL REPEAT 27
4.2 Building Upper Floors using Translational Repeat
Once bottom floor is modeled, we can use translational repeat to model the upper floors.
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.9
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11
4.3. DEFINING SECTION PROPERTIES AND ASSIGNING TO STRUCTURE 29
Figure 4.12
4.3 Defining section properties and assigning to structure
Refer to schedule of column and beam to define section properties in our model.
Figure 4.13
Assume column dimension of 450x450mm.

Figure 4.14
Figure 4.15
Click on beam properties then assign to beam in the model. To select all beam member quickly. Click
Select–Beams Parallel to X. Repeat this for Beams Parallel to Z to select all beam members.
4.3. DEFINING SECTION PROPERTIES AND ASSIGNING TO STRUCTURE 31
Figure 4.16
To assign properties for column, select beams parallel to Y then assign.
Figure 4.17
Click on rendered view to check if all properties are assigned in structure.

Figure 4.18
Chapter 5
ASSIGNING SUPPORT
5.1 Support for Structure
We will assume fixed supports for our structure.

Under General Tab–Support. Add Fixed Support.
Figure 5.1
Click Elevation View. Make sure Nodes cursor on and select all nodes at the bottom. Higlight support
1 then click add.
33
34 CHAPTER 5. ASSIGNING SUPPORT
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
5.2 Support for Footing using Finite Element Model

Finite Element Analysis of foundation will need subgrade modulus instead of fixed support. Subgrade
Modulus is obtained technically from the Geotech report and this will be transformed as spring constant
in the analysis of staad which is required in Stiffness Method.
Chapter 6
CREATING GROUPS IN STAAD
After structure is modeled and supports are assigned, Groups should be created to easily investigate
behavior of members like girder and column.
Figure 6.1
Select all members you want to be grouped. Press Ctrl+G–Assign to selected Geometry.
Figure 6.2
35
36 CHAPTER 6. CREATING GROUPS IN STAAD
Figure 6.3
In defining group name, no space between names are required. Select Beam as Type of members to
be grouped.
Figure 6.4
6.1. GROUP FOR EXTERIOR GIRDER 37
6.1 Group for Exterior Girder
Figure 6.5
6.2 Group for Interior Girder
Figure 6.6
6.3 Group for Interior Column
Figure 6.7
6.4 Group for Exterior Column
Figure 6.8
6.5. GROUP FOR EXTERIOR NODE SUPPORT 39
Figure 6.9
6.5 Group for Exterior Node support
Figure 6.10
6.6 Group for Interior Node Support
Figure 6.11
Chapter 7
DEFINING PRIMARY LOADS

AND ASSIGNING TO
STRUCTURE
Our primary loads are as given in Chapter 3. However, we will ignore the wind load case for now since
for typical low rise building, earthquake loads will primarily govern the design of girder and column.
Under General Tab, click on Load Cases details then Add new load case. In general , you should add
Eq(+x),Eq(-x),Eq(-z) and Eq(+z) to capture complete behavior of structure under earthquake acting at
four directions. This tutorial shows only two major directions.
Figure 7.1
Below shows four primary load cases.
41
42 CHAPTER 7. DEFINING PRIMARY LOADS AND ASSIGNING TO STRUCTURE
Figure 7.2
Spreadsheet below shows the computation of Dead load considered in a typical one way slab. We will
assume DL=4.1 Kpa is spread each floor.
Figure 7.3
7.1 Adding Dead Load
Start to add new loads in Dead Load case first. Selfweight should be add first with -1 constant at global
Y direction.
7.1. ADDING DEAD LOAD 43
Figure 7.4
Select floor load to add -4.1 Kpa. Click on highlighted node to determine the coordinates. This is
where the minimum x and z of slab panel is located.
Figure 7.5
Click on highlighted node to determine the coordinates. This is where the maximum x and z of slab
panel is located.
Figure 7.6
Figure 7.7
If input in the dialog box is correct, you will see below the same figure without error.
Figure 7.8
Selfweight should be assigned in the structure. If your structure model consists of only beam and
column, enable beam cursor and select whole structure. Make sure selfweight load is highlighted then
click assign to selected member and Add. Below figure should be seen.
Figure 7.9
Figure 7.10
We will do the same procedure for 3rd level up to roof level. But it will be tedious, so click on staad
editor and copy paste the corresponding code for dead load cases and just edit the elevation corresponding
to 3rd level up to roof level as shown below.
Figure 7.11
Figure 7.12
Figure below shows successful adding of dead loads from 2nd level to roof level.
Figure 7.13
7.1.1 Adding Exterior Wall Load
Using the spreadsheet, a MEMBER load value of 9.9 KN/m needs to be applied at exterior girders.
Figure 7.14
Figure 7.15
Under DL case, add load–member load—9.9–GY.
Figure 7.16
Using the group definition established in 6, choose Exterior Girder groups. Apply the member load
in this highlighted member.
Figure 7.17
7.2 Adding Live Load

We follow similar procedure as before to add live load using staad editor. Just change the Pressure value
into -2.4.
Figure 7.18
Figure 7.19
Chapter 8
DEFINING SEISMIC LOAD
Seismic load will most likely govern in a four storey RC building than wind loading. Because the mass of
concrete becomes heavier as the storey increases and from principle of Newtons Law of Motion, Earth-
quake force is proportional to Mass and acceleration. These are some of the required parameters:
Click on Seismic Definition. Choose UBC 1997 since NSCP is not in the staad database and we patterned
our seismic code in UBC.Again, seismic parameters are as established in Design Criteria Chapter 3.
1. Site location
2. Soil type
3. Ductility Coefficient of the structure
4. Near source factor
5. Importance factor of structure
6. Period of structure
Figure 8.1
51
52 CHAPTER 8. DEFINING SEISMIC LOAD
Figure 8.2
Using staad editor, you can quickly complete seismic definition by copying and pasting dead load code
and editing it.
Figure 8.3
Chapter 9
GENERATING AUTOLOAD
COMBINATION
Autoload combinations are easily defined in STAAD according to the code you wanted. For example,
governing code in concrete is ACI. While governing code is AISC in steel members. For concrete member
following ACI, these are the most used load factors:
1. 1.4D
2. 1.2D+1.6L
3. 1.2D+L+Ex
4. 1.2D+L+Ez
5. 0.9D+Ex
6. 0.9D+Ez
Click on add new load case and select Auto Load combination as shown below. Select ACI since we are
concrete frame. I suggest to rename this default naming later on for easier investigation of governing
forces in girder and column.
Figure 9.1
53
54 CHAPTER 9. GENERATING AUTOLOAD COMBINATION
Chapter 10
RUNNING ANALYSIS AND

VIEWING RESULTS
After running analysis, you will proceed to Post processing tab in STAAD.
1. Displacement
2. Storey drift
3. Base shear result
4. Error in Analysis
5. Warnings in Analysis
6. Governing forces in Girder and Columns.
Click on run analysis.
Figure 10.1
10.1 Earthquake Base Shear Result
Base shear result of staad is displayed below. This can be verified in the spreadsheet. Typical base shear
is in the range of 10 to 20 percent of seismic weight especially when R value or ductility coefficient is 8.5.
55
56 CHAPTER 10. RUNNING ANALYSIS AND VIEWING RESULTS
Figure 10.2
Figure 10.3
You can also refine your investigation of building behavior with the help of groups that we defined in
chapter 6. Figure below shows how to access group members result by right clicking on result setup then
choosing range tab and group option.
10.2. EXTERIOR COLUMN FORCES 57
10.2 Exterior Column Forces
Figure 10.4
Thus all member forces shown in the right panel are from exterior columns that we defined.
Figure 10.5
10.3 Exterior Girder Forces
Figure 10.6
10.4 Support Reactions
Figure 10.7
10.5 Displacement
Displacement check is done using unfactore force envelope.

10.6. STOREY DRIFT 59
Figure 10.8
Figure 10.9
10.6 Storey Drift
Below is a sample checking of storey drift using staad result. Storey drift ratio formula is from NSCP.
Figure 10.10
As an exercise, do an investigation of member forces for girder, column and footing forces and reaction
using group.
10.7 Errors and Warnings in Analysis

Every analysis with seismic load will output a warning. This can be ignored in a low rise concrete
building.
Figure 10.11
Chapter 11
DESIGN OF STAIR
Stairs are also considered as non seismic members. Although in some research paper, they are studying
its contribution in seismic behavior of building. But most engineers treat it as not part of seismic resisting
frame.
The spreadsheet has built in tab to design stair as shown below.
61
62 CHAPTER 11. DESIGN OF STAIR
Figure 11.1
Figure 11.2
63
Figure 11.3
Figure 11.4
64 CHAPTER 11. DESIGN OF STAIR
Figure 11.5
Chapter 12
DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
One way slab is part of gravity members and may be designed using spreadsheet alone.
After you input values in the design criteria tab. You will need to determine slab thickness using
a separate tab in spreadsheet. A structural framing plan is required here. You will notice the rebar
strength values from design criteria tab is linked here. Assume a beam width which is conservative to
determine thickness. Remember that slab takes one of the most volume of concrete in building. Thus,
it needs to be determine early on because having a large depth will cost a lot. Observe that just input
type of span and a clear span will be determined and required thickness for one way slab.
12.1 Design Using Spreadsheet

Once thickness is settled. Its time to design slabs using spreadsheet. Lets focus on one way slab.
Figure 12.1
observe that all colored values except red are linked from the preceding tab, the design criteria tab
and slab thickness determination tab. This is the beauty of the spreadsheet. You can linked values in
the entire spreadsheet to assure uniformity.
Loads from design criteria and design constants are displayed to be consistent with what is shown in
design criteria. Input rebar diameter to be used which is normally 10mm and the spreadsheet will show
required spacing.
65
66 CHAPTER 12. DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
Figure 12.2
Observed that governing spacing is 300mm because the load for residential is lighter compared to
buildings.
Figure 12.5
12.2 Design Using Finite Element Modeling

This is also discussed in ??.
12.2. DESIGN USING FINITE ELEMENT MODELING 67
Figure 12.3
Figure 12.4
68 CHAPTER 12. DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
Chapter 13
DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB
Two way slab is part of gravity members and may be designed using spreadsheet alone. Slab thickness
is established in the previous one way slab Chapter 12
Lets design S-1 as shown below. The slab span is 4.5m x 3.5m center to center.
13.1 Design Using Spreadsheet
Figure 13.1
Governing thickness slab is 100mm.
69
70 CHAPTER 13. DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB
Figure 13.2
Green values are linked from design criteria.
Figure 13.3
For two way slab, input long and short direction span then required thickness will be determined.
Our chosen slab panel is one short and one long side continuous.
13.1. DESIGN USING SPREADSHEET 71
Figure 13.4
There are 9 cases possible for two way slab as shown in rightmost part of figure.
Figure 13.5
Figure 13.6
We will model a 4 x 4 two way slab and assume pin support around the perimeter.
Figure 13.7
Enable plate cursor and create a 4x4 single plate. Right click on the selected plate and Generate
Plate Mesh to open another dialog box.
Figure 13.8
Set parameter values below using quadrilateral meshing. Division value of 10 will divide the width
by 10 equally measured smaller plates.
Figure 13.9
Set plate thickness to 100mm.

Figure 13.10
Assign pin support around the perimeter.
Figure 13.11
Figure 13.12
Plate load is applied as -9 Kpa from ultimate factored load of 1.2DL +1.6LL.
Figure 13.13
Figure 13.14
Click Design Tab–Concrete–Design Command–Design Slab/Element. Parameters like fy,f’c and con-
crete cover are set similar to what we did in 15.2.
Figure 13.15
Figure 13.16
There are many plate stress results that can be displayed in STAAD containing plate elements like
plate center and corner stresses. The plate stresses that are reported include the following:
Figure 13.17
Note the plate stresses and axis orientation for element in STAAD. Myx and Mxy correspond to local
moment in the plate and SQx and SQy correspond to shear stresses.
Figure 13.18
Using STAAD Editor, copy paste the whole Load 1 code and edit the load value as -7 KPa to simulate
unfactored load of DL+LL. This will be Load 2 for deflection checking. Notice also that Load List 1 is
only used for design purpose since it is an unfactored load.
Figure 13.19
After running the analysis, proceed to postprocessing tab and check displacement using unfactored
load.
Figure 13.20
You may obtained Global Moment value for design purpose by Plate–Contour–Stress Type–Global
Moment and choose either x or z direction.
Figure 13.21
Figure 13.22
Notice Max Moment is 6.15KNm/m under plate no. 68 and is consistent with the staad output below.
Governing rebar is minimum reinforcement only.
Figure 13.23
Chapter 14
DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE
BEAM
Intermediate beam is part of gravity members and may be designed using spreadsheet alone. You can
verify in STAAD that intermediate beams will not carry much seismic forces. Figure below shows moment
diagram from seismic load. Intermediate beams shows almost negligible moment from seismic load despite
modeling it fixed connected in the girder.
Figure 14.1
Design of intermediate beam in staad can be done by following section 15.2

We will choose Beam B1 as shown below. Length is 4.50m.
81
82 CHAPTER 14. DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE BEAM
Figure 14.2
The spreadsheet contain separate tab for design of intermediate beam or stringer as shown below. All
green values are linked in design criteria that we established in Chapter 3.
83
Figure 14.3
Please note the coefficient values below are from NSCP. They are from analysis of continuous beams
and slab provisions.
Figure 14.4
85
Figure 14.5
Chapter 15
DESIGN OF GIRDER
Since girders are modeled in STAAD, we will get result from STAAD then paste it to our spreadsheet
for detailed design. This will ensure that we follow seismic provision from NSCP.
For a SMRF(special moment resisting frame) system, the earthquake lateral force is primarily resisted
by girders and columns. Thus, they must be designed in consideration of earthquake provision in the
code.
If you are new to earthquake code per ACI or NSCP, this spreadsheet has Notes beside the formulas
to let you know what section it is located in the code. Thus, this helps in guiding you what important
provision is really used in the code and you avoid reading too much unnecessary provisions.
Again, green values are linked from the Design Criteria tab. You just need to input(red fonts) the
STAAD member forces and this spreadsheet will give you:
1.required top and bottom bars
2.hoops spacing from shear forces
3.stiffener requirement
4.and verification of section of beam assumed
15.1 Getting Result from STAAD Postprocessing Tab

In the postprocessing tab, select all factored load combinations.
Figure 15.1
87
88 CHAPTER 15. DESIGN OF GIRDER
Note that local z axis of beam corresponds to our bending moment in our member. Thus, local Fy
force will correspond to shear force in our member.
Figure 15.2
Figure 15.3
Select Max Mz row and observe that value=204 KNm. This occurred in the highlighted beam.
15.1. GETTING RESULT FROM STAAD POSTPROCESSING TAB 89
Figure 15.4
You can hide Mz diagram to show clearly the highlighted beam.
Figure 15.5
Click on the beam and click on shear bending choose the Load case corresponding to Max Mz.
Figure 15.6
Figure 15.7
15.2. STAAD PARAMETERS FOR BEAM 91
15.2 STAAD Parameters for Beam
Figure 15.8
Figure 15.9
Figure 15.10
Figure 15.11
Figure 15.12
Figure 15.13
By default, parameters defined are in question mark icon until you assigned them to specific members.
Figure 15.14
By using group members, select girders and apply the parameters just defined.
Figure 15.15
Figure 15.16
After applying the parameters, go to command button and click design beam.
Figure 15.17
Figure 15.18
Below shows the staad editor with design parameters applied to selected memers.
Figure 15.19
15.3 Design of Girder in Spreadsheet

Input the values of Max Mz and Min Mz in the spreadsheet to design girder conforming to NSCP
Earthquake provision.
15.3. DESIGN OF GIRDER IN SPREADSHEET 97
Figure 15.20
Figure 15.21
Figure 15.22
Chapter 16
DESIGN OF COLUMN
Column results from STAAD will be used as input in our spreadsheet.

From STAAD result, we will focus on Fx, My and Mz forces acting on our column.
Fx is the axial forces, My is the bending moment acting at local y-axis and Mz is the bending moment
acting at local z-axis. This makes our column subject to axial and biaxial bending moment.
The spreadsheet will require you to input at least 5 cases of Pu,Muz and Muy load combinations.
Then an interaction diagram will be generated.
From STAAD post processing tab, click on Max Fx
Figure 16.1
Note that our axis convention in column is shown below
99
100 CHAPTER 16. DESIGN OF COLUMN
Figure 16.2
Click on Max My, below shows My=245Knm
Figure 16.3
Look at column schedule to see the reinforcement of the selected column

16.2. STAAD PARAMETERS FOR COLUMN 101
Figure 16.4
16.2 STAAD Parameters for Column
Using parameters defined and applied for girder, you can quickly create parameter for column as shown
below by copying code for beam/grider and pasting in staad editor. Member numbers can be copied from
group defined above the staad editor specific for column.
Figure 16.5
Run the analysis and view design for each member by double clicking each member. Select concrete
design tab. Below shows column and beam output design respectively.
Figure 16.6
Figure 16.7
16.3 Design of Column in Spreadsheet

Input the reinforcement detail in our spreadsheet of column.
16.3. DESIGN OF COLUMN IN SPREADSHEET 103
Figure 16.8
Max Fx=948, and My =245knm is input in the case 1 row and observe remark below. The column
has demand capacity ratio of more than 1 thus indicates failure.
Figure 16.9
But when you changed the moment value into 90knm, the column is now safe. Thus, We must perform
a more detailed analysis of the structure to check what causes this kind of failure.
One solution is to model the slab as plate element in the structure. This will simulate the diaphragm
action in our building thus reducing bending in our column. Also, during earthquake, slabs act as rigid
diaphragm due to its rigidity in the in plane direction. We leave it as an exercise to student.
Figure 16.10
Figure 16.11
Figure 16.12
The figure below shows another spreadsheet computing for required ties spacing for column member
part of seismic moment resisting frame
Figure 16.13
Figure 16.14
Figure 16.15
Figure 16.16
Chapter 17
DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING
Support reactions from a chosen node will be used and input in the spreadsheet for designing of isolated
footing.
We need two sets of forces to design our footing.
1. Unfactored forces are required in sizing up the footing and checking to our allowable soil bearing
capacity.
2. Factored forces are required to design the footing for rebar.

Below shows typical set of forces imported from STAAD and transferred to spreadsheet.
Figure 17.1
Since the autoload combination is only for factored forces, we need to add another autoload combi-
nation for unfactored load.
109
110 CHAPTER 17. DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING
Figure 17.2
Figure below shows part of our spreadsheet for isolated footing design.
Figure 17.3
Below shows set of forces obtained from STAAD for both unfactored and factored forces.
111
Figure 17.4
Click on autoload combination and choose AISC because it contains most unfactored loadings. For
example, LC 2 below is just D+L.
Figure 17.5: sda
Unselect LC no. 12 to 16. For the meantime, this is the way we did the generation of unfactored
load. I suggest to have a template for all factored and unfactored load in actual project.
Figure 17.6: unfactored
Re run the analysis to include a result for all unfactored load cases.
Figure 17.7
17.1. GETTING RESULT FROM STAAD POSTPROCESSING TAB 113
Click post processing tab.
Figure 17.8
Click Result–View value–Remove all to clear out all support reactions displayed.
Figure 17.9
Figure 17.10
Go to Results Setup–Select all factored forces.

17.2. DESIGN OF FOOTING IN SPREADSHEET 115
Figure 17.11
Figure 17.12
17.2 Design of Footing in Spreadsheet
Output forces from STAAD will be inputted in our spreadsheet.

Figure 17.13
Figure 17.14
17.2. DESIGN OF FOOTING IN SPREADSHEET 117
Figure 17.15
Figure 17.16
Figure 17.17
Figure 17.18
Below shows required reinforcement for both x and z direction.
Figure 17.19

We will model a 4x4 footing supported by soil with subgrade modulus of 1000KN/m spring value.
Figure 17.20
Enable plate cursor and create a 4x4 single plate. Right click on the selected plate and Generate
Plate Mesh to open another dialog box.
Figure 17.21
Set parameter values below using quadrilateral meshing. Division value of 10 will divide the width
by 10 equally measured smaller plates.
Figure 17.22
Notice that there are now 10 rows and 10 columns of plates from an original single plate.
Figure 17.23
Thickness of footing is 400mm.

Figure 17.24
Click Support–Foundation–Plate Mat–Y only–Modulus value–Compression only. Select all the plates
and assign this to support.
Figure 17.25
Figure 17.26
Add nodal load at the center of the footing from the reactions obtained in STAAD.
Figure 17.27
Displacement check is done using unfactored loads and it should be below permissible limit.
Figure 17.28
Base Pressure is 64KPa. This value must be less than assumed Soil Bearing Capacity.
Figure 17.29
You may obtained Global Moment value for design purpose by Plate–Contour–Stress Type–Global
Moment and choose either x or z direction.
Figure 17.30
Figure 17.31
Click Design Tab–Concrete–Design Command–Design Slab/Element. Parameters like fy,f’c and con-
crete cover are set similar to what we did in 15.2.
Figure 17.32
Observe that governing reinforcements only require minimum steel ratio which is typical to most
footing design.
Figure 17.33
Bibliography
[1] ASEP Seminar

[2] Mcgregor
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SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUR

STOREY REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING

JP Bersamina, MSCE, RCE

1 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN USING STAAD AND SPREADSHEET 5

3 SETTING UP THE DESIGN CRITERIA 13

4 BUILDING THE MODEL 23

6 CREATING GROUPS IN STAAD 35

7 DEFINING PRIMARY LOADS AND ASSIGNING TO STRUCTURE 41

8 DEFINING SEISMIC LOAD 51

9 GENERATING AUTOLOAD COMBINATION 53

10 RUNNING ANALYSIS AND VIEWING RESULTS 55

12 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB 65

13 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB 69

14 DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE BEAM 81

17 DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING 109

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

2.1 Project Description

Figure 2.1: Elevation View of Structure

Figure 2.2: East West Elevation

2.2 Importance of STAAD and Spreadsheet

2.3 Design Process

2.4 Setting up design criteria

2.5 Modeling of Structure in STAAD

2.6 Adding loads in structure

2.7 Design of Gravity Members

2.7.2 One way slab

2.7.3 Two way slab

2.7.4 Intermediate Beam

2.8 Design of seismic resisting members

2.9 Design of Foundation

2.10 Compiling the result in structural Design Report for sub-

SETTING UP THE DESIGN

3.1 Reference Code

3.2 Dead Loads

Figure 3.3: dead load

3.3 Live Loads

Figure 3.5: live load

3.4 Seismic Loads

These parameters in the figure below are incorporated in the spreadsheet.

Figure 3.7: seismic parameters

Figure 3.8: seismic formulas

Figure 3.9: ductility coefficient values

Figure 3.10: seismic map

Figure 3.11: seismic zone in philippines

3.5 Wind Loads

Figure 3.12: wind load

Figure 3.13: wind map

3.6 Material strength

Structural Steel strength

3.7 Design Constants

BUILDING THE MODEL

Input coordinates in geometry.

4.1 Modeling the Ground Floor Beams

4.2 Building Upper Floors using Translational Repeat

4.3 Defining section properties and assigning to structure

Assume column dimension of 450x450mm.

To assign properties for column, select beams parallel to Y then assign.

Click on rendered view to check if all properties are assigned in structure.

5.1 Support for Structure

We will assume fixed supports for our structure.

5.2 Support for Footing using Finite Element Model

CREATING GROUPS IN STAAD

6.1 Group for Exterior Girder

6.2 Group for Interior Girder

6.3 Group for Interior Column

6.4 Group for Exterior Column

6.5 Group for Exterior Node support