Chapter

VII :

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Approximate TDM

Analysis of
Statically
Indeterminate
Structures
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Subjects:
Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

VII.1 Use of Approximate Methods. (Ref. P.263)

VII.2 Trusses. (Ref. P.264-269)

VII.3 Vertical Loads on Building Frames. (Ref. P.270-272) TDM

VII.4 Portal Frames and Trusses. (Ref. P.273-281)

VII.5 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method.

(Ref. P.282-287)

VII.6 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method.

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(Ref. P.288-293)

VII.1 Use of Approximate Methods

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 Structure Dimensions are Unknown  Loads unknown  No analysis

could be realized    Ned for some approximation Analysis.

 After Predefining the Dimensions, and assuming type of Supports, Final

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exact method will be taken in.
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 Defining the “correct” Approximated Methods has to be provided according

the structure types.

 Final Verifications should be conducted.

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VII.2 Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Truss Analysis: Two cases to be considered

1. Diagonals have the necessary rigidity to resist traction and Compression

forces  tension & compression diagonals each carry half the panel
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shear.
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2. Under compression, slender members will fail or Buckle, they cannot
support a compressive force  compressive diagonal is assumed to be a
zero-force member.

VII.2 Trusses
Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.1: Determine (approximately) the forces in the members of the

truss as shown. The diagonals are to be designed to support both tensile and
compressive forces, and therefore each is assumed to carry half the panel
shear. The support reactions have been computed.
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VII.2 Trusses
Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.1: Solution- (Degree of indeterminacy)???  2

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VII.2 Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.1: Solution

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VII.2 Trusses
Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.2: Cross bracing is used to provide lateral support for this bridge
deck due to the wind and unbalanced traffic loads. Determine (approximately)
the forces in the members of this truss. Assume the diagonals are slender and
therefore will not support a compressive force. The loads and support reactions
are as shown. TDM

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VII.2 Trusses
Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.2: Solution - (Degree of indeterminacy)???  4

Zero-forces Members ……..

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VII.2 Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.2: Solution -

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VII.2 Trusses
Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.2: Solution -

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VII.3 Vertical Loads on Building Frames

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 Structural Behavior:
1. Given Data (Geo) & Approximate Method
2. Rigid / Fixed connection Beam/Columns
3. Points of inflection locations
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4. Deformation / Displacement / Deflection – Predictions and assuming
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VII.3 Vertical Loads on Building Frames

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 Structural Behavior:

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VII.3 Vertical Loads on Building Frames

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 Structural Behavior:
1. Beams supporting the Vertical Loads;
2. Fixed connections 9negative moment)
3. Simulation to simply supported beams
 The following three assumptions are incorporated in this model: TDM

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1. There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the left support.
2. There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the right support.
3. The girder does not support an axial force.
By using statics, the internal loadings in the girders can now be obtained
and a preliminary design of their cross sections can be made.

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VII.3 Vertical Loads on Building Frames

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.3: Determine (approximately) the moment at the joints E and C

caused by members EF and CD of the building bent in the figure as shown.

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VII.3 Vertical Loads on Building Frames

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.3: Solution
Approximate Method: 
Cantilever section reactions:

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VII.4 Portal Frames and Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 Frames: Portal frames are frequently used to:

To transfer horizontal forces applied at the top of the frame to the found.
On bridges, Resist the forces caused by wind, earthquake, etc…
Portals can be pin supported, fixed supported, or supported by partial
fixity. TDM

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Approximate analysis of each case will now be discussed for a simple
three-member portal.

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VII.4 Portal Frames and Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 Pin supported:
• 4 Unknowns with three equations  Indeterminate  1 degree
• Using the elasticity behavior  Determinate
• At the middle of the beam, Curvature changed, bending moment sign,
Inflection point, etc….  Hinge exists at this point. TDM

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VII.4 Portal Frames and Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 Fixed supported:
• Six Unknowns  Indeterminacy 3 degrees
• Determinate structure  three more conditions
• Hinges formed at the middle of beam and columns
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VII.4 Portal Frames and Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 Fixed supported:
• By a simple calculation we may determine the internal efforts.

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VII.4 Portal Frames and Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 Partial Fixity:
• Improper or partial rigidity  No pinned neither fixed
• This case could be adapted to reduce the cost ??????
• Or soil behavior under foundations  possibility of rotations
• New locations for inflection points at h/3 TDM

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VII.4 Portal Frames and Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 Trusses:
• Used to support heavy loads with longer spans.
• Connection at column-truss are considered as pinned
• h/2 or h/3 according to support behaviors.
• Lateral supports (Fx) are to be considered equal TDM

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VII.4 Portal Frames and Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.4: Determine by approximate methods the forces acting in the

members of the Warren portal as shown

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VII.4 Portal Frames and Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.4: Solution

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VII.4 Portal Frames and Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.4: Solution

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VII.4 Portal Frames and Trusses

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.4: Solution

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VII.5 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 For a complicated frame, as shown:

• Define the inflection points based on the structural and support
conditions
• The columns will carry out the shear forces (lateral forces)
• Considering as independent simple portal, so V value for exterior TDM

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columns and 2V for the interior columns.

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VII.5 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

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VII.5 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.5: Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the

columns of the frame as shown here under. Use the portal method of analysis.

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VII.5 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.5: Solution

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VII.5 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.5: Solution

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VII.5 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.6: Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the

columns of the frame as shown here under. Use the portal method of analysis.

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VII.5 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.6: Solution

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VII.5 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.6: Solution

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VII.6 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

 Cantilever Structure to be considered

 Bending moment to be considered at support

 Uniform distribution of stresses under the supports

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 Defining the neutral axis based on the centroid of Suj I

all column sections

 Method to be adopted for tall building or structure

considered as long elements.

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VII.6 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

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VII.6 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.7: Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of
the columns of the frame as shown Here under. The columns are
assumed to have equal cross-sectional areas. Use the cantilever method
of analysis
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VII.6 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.7: Solution

Centroid of sections 

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Similar triangles  Suj I

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VII.6 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.7: Solution

Equilibrium equations for different parts:

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VII.6 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.8: Show how to determine (approximately) the reactions at
the base of the columns of the frame shown in Fig. a. The columns
have the cross sectional areas as shown in Fig. b. Use the cantilever
method of analysis
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VII.6 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.8: Solution

Centroid of sections

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Triangular repartition for stresses at articulations points

Then we induce the forces values abed on column section values.

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VII.6 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method

Chapter VII: Approximate Analysis

Example 7.8: Solution

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