7.

10 Example Problems 597

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14 [597], (187)
15
16
17 Lines: 7344 to 7384
18 ———
19 0.552pt PgVar
20 ———
21 Normal Page
22 Fig. E7.2-9
Design sketch for solid slab bridge: (a) transverse half-section and (b) reinforcement half-section. PgEnds: TEX
23
24
25 [597], (187)
26 M. Design Sketch The design of the solid slab bridge is summarized in
27 the half-section of Figure E7.2-9.
28
29 PROBLEM STATEMENT 7.10.3 T-Beam
30 Design a reinforced concrete T-beam bridge for a 44-ft-wide roadway and Bridge Design
31 three-spans of 35 ft–42 ft–35 ft with a skew of 30° as shown in Figure E7.3-1.
32 Use the concrete deck of Figures E7.1-14 and E7.1-17 previously designed
33 for an HL-93 live load, a bituminous overlay, and a 8-ft spacing of girders in
34 Example Problem 7.10.1. Use fc
= 4.5 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, and follow the outline
35 of AASHTO (2004) LRFD Bridge Specifications, Section 5, Appendix A5.3.
36 A. Develop General Section
37
The bridge is to carry interstate traffic over a normally small stream
38
that is subject to high water flows during the rainy season (Fig. E7.3-1).
39
40 B. Develop Typical Section and Design Basis
41 1. Top Flange Thickness [A5.14.1.5.1a]
42 ❑ As determined in Section 9 [A9.7.1.1]
43
44 Minimum depth of concrete deck = 7 in.

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 598 7 Concrete Bridges

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14 [598], (188)
15
16
17 Lines: 7384 to 74
18 ———
19 -2.58801pt P
20 ———
21 Long Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23
24
25 [598], (188)
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Fig. E7.3-1
33 T-beam bridge design example: (a) elevation, (b) plan, and (c) section.
34
35
36 From deck design, structural thickness = 7.5 in. OK
37
38 ❑ Maximum clear span = 20(7.5/12) = 12.5 ft > 8 ft − (b w /12)
39 OK
40 2. Bottom Flange Thickness (not applicable to T-beam)
41
3. Web Thickness [A5.14.1.5.1c and C5.14.1.5.1c]
42
43 ❑ Minimum of 8 in. without prestressing ducts
44 ❑ Minimum concrete cover for main bars, exterior 2.0 in.
[A5.12.3]

BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 598 / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker
 7.10 Example Problems 599

1 ❑ Three No. 11 bars in one row require a beam width of

2 [A5.10.3.1.1]
3
4 b min ≈ 2(2.0) + 3db + 2(1.5db ) = 4.0 + 6(1.410) = 12.5 in.
5
6 ❑ To give a little extra room for bars, try bw = 14 in.
7
8 4. Structure Depth (Table 2.1) [Table A2.5.2.6.3-1]
9 ❑ Minimum depth continuous spans = 0.065L
10 h min = 0.065(42 × 12) = 33 in., try h = 40 in.
11
5. Reinforcement Limits
12
13 ❑ Deck overhang: at least 1
3
of bottom layer of transverse reinforce-
14 ment [A5.14.1.5.2a] [599], (189)
15 ❑ Minimum reinforcement: shall be adequate to develop the lesser
16 of φM n > 1.2M cr or φM n ≥ 1.33 times the factored moment
17 Lines: 7404 to 7482
required for the strength I limit state [A5.7.3.3.2].
18 ———
19 M cr = Snc fr 4.58113pt PgVar
20 ———
 √
21 fr = 0.37 fc
= 0.37 4.5 = 0.785 ksi [A5.4.2.6] Long Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23 ❑ Crack control: Cracking is controlled by limiting the spacing s in
24 the reinforcement under service loads [A5.7.3.4]
25 [599], (189)
26 700γe
s≤ − 2dc
27 βs f s
28
29 in which:
30
dc
31 βs = 1 +
32 0.7(h − dc )
33
❑ Flanges in tension at the service limit state: tension reinforce-
34
ment shall be distributed over the lesser of the effective flange
35 1
36 width or a width equal to 10 of the average of the adjacent spans
37 [A4.6.2.6, A5.7.3.4]
38 ❑ Longitudinal skin reinforcement required if web depth > 3.0 ft
39 [A5.7.3.4]
40 ❑ Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement [A5.10.8.2]
41
42 Ag
As ≥ 0.11
43 fy
44
6. Effective Flange Widths [A4.6.2.6.1]

BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 599 / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker
 600 7 Concrete Bridges

1 ❑ Effective span length for continuous spans = distance between

2 points of permanent load inflections
3 ❑ Interior beams
4
1
5 
 4 effective span
6 bi ≤ 12ts + bw
7 

8 average spacing of adjacent beams
9
10 ❑ Exterior beams
11 1

 effective span
12 1 8
13 be − bi ≤ 6ts + 12 bw
2 

14  [600], (190)
width of overhang
15
16 7. Identify Strut and Tie Areas, if any not applicable.
17 Lines: 7482 to 75
The trial section for the T-beam bridge is shown in Figure E7.3-2.
18 ———
19 C. Design Conventionally Reinforced Concrete Deck The reinforced con- 8.2526pt Pg
20 crete deck for this bridge is designed in Section 7.10.1. The design ———
21 sketches for the deck are given in Figures E7.1-14 and E7.1-17. Normal Page
22 D. Select Resistance Factors (Table 7.10) [A5.5.4.2] PgEnds: TEX
23
24 1. Strength Limit State φ [A5.5.4.2.1]
25 Flexure and tension 0.90 [600], (190)
26 Shear and torsion 0.90
27 Axial compression 0.75
28 Bearing 0.70
29 2. Nonstrength Limit States 1.0 [A1.3.2.1]
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-2
44 Trial section for T-beam bridge.

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 7.10 Example Problems 601

1 E. Select Load Modifiers [A1.3.2.1]

2
Strength Service Fatigue
3
4 Ductility, ηD 1.0 1.0 1.0 [A1.3.3]
5 Redundancy, ηR 1.0 1.0 1.0 [A1.3.4]
6 Importance, ηI 1.0 N/A N/A [A1.3.5]
7 ηi = ηD ηR ηI 1.0 1.0 1.0
8
9 F. Select Applicable Load Combinations (Table 3.1) [Table A3.4.1-1]
10 Strength I Limit State ηi = η = 1.0
11
12 U = η(1.25DC + 1.50DW + 1.75(LL + IM) + 1.0(WA + FR) + · · ·)
13
14 Service I Limit State [601], (191)
15 U = 1.0(DC + DW) + 1.0(LL + IM) + 1.0WA + 0.3(WS + WL) + · · ·
16
17 Fatigue Limit State Lines: 7549 to 7624
18 U = 0.75(LL + IM) ———
19 0.70375pt PgVar
20 G. Calculate Live-Load Force Effects ———
21 Normal Page
1. Select Number of Lanes [A3.6.1.1.1]
22 PgEnds: TEX
   
23 w 44.0
24 NL = INT = INT =3
12.0 12.0
25 [601], (191)
26 2. Multiple Presence (Table 4.6) [A3.6.1.1.2]
27
28 No. of Loaded Lanes m
29 1 1.20
30 2 1.00
31 3 0.85
32
33 3. Dynamic Load Allowance (Table 4.7) [A3.6.2.1] Not applied to the
34 design lane load.
35
Component IM (%)
36
37 Deck joints 75
38 Fatigue 15
39 All other 33
40
41 4. Distribution Factors for Moment [A4.6.2.2.2] Applicability
42 [A4.6.2.2.1]: constant deck width, at least four parallel beams of
43 nearly same stiffness, roadway part of overhang (Fig. E7.3-3), de =
44 3.25 − 1.25 = 2.0 ft < 3.0 ft OK.

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 602 7 Concrete Bridges

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14 [602], (192)
15
16 Fig. E7.3-3
17 Roadway part of overhang, de. Lines: 7624 to 7
18 ———
19 Cross-section type (e) (Table 2.2) [Table A4.6.2.2.1-1] -0.88235pt P
20 ———
21 No. of beams Nb = 6 ts = 7.5 in. Normal Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
S = 8 ft L 1 = L 3 = 35 ft L 2 = 42 ft
23
24 a. Interior Beams with Concrete Decks (Table 6.5) [A4.6.2.2.2b
25 and Table A4.6.2.2.2b-1] [602], (192)
26
27 Kg I
28 For preliminary design = 1.0 and = 1.0
12L t s3 J
29
30 One design lane loaded: range of applicability satisfied
31  0.4  0.3  0.1
32 S S Kg
mg SI
= 0.06 +
33 M
14 L 12L t s3
34
35 mg = girder distribution factor with multiple presence
36 factor included
37 SI = single lane loaded, interior M = moment
38
39 Two or more design lanes loaded
40
41  0.6  0.2  0.1
S S Kg
42 mg MI
M = 0.075 +
9.5 L 12L t s3
43
44 MI = multiple lanes loaded, interior M = moment

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 7.10 Example Problems 603

1 Distribution
2 Factor L 1 = 35 ft L ave = 38.5 ft L 2 = 42 ft
3 mg SI
M 0.573 0.559 0.546
4 MI
mg M 0.746 0.734 0.722
5
6
7 For interior girders, distribution factors are governed by multi-
8 ple lanes loaded.
9 b. Exterior Beams (Table 6.5) [A4.6.2.2.2d and Table A4.6.2.2.2d-1]
10 One design lane loaded—lever rule, m = 1.2 (Fig. E7.3-4)
11
12  
8.0 + 2.0
13 R = 0.5P = 0.625P
8.0 [603], (193)
14
15 g MSE = 0.625 SE = single lane, exterior
16
17 mg MSE = 1.2(0.625) = 0.750 governs Lines: 7675 to 7718
18 ———
19 Two or more design lanes loaded, de = 2.0 ft 4.94572pt PgVar
20 ———
21 mg MME = emg MMI ME = multiple lanes loaded, exterior Normal Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23 where
24
25 de 2.0 [603], (193)
e = 0.77 + = 0.77 + = 0.99 < 1.0
26 9.1 9.1
27
Use e = 1.0. Therefore
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-4
44 Definition of level rule.

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 604 7 Concrete Bridges

1 mg MME = mg MMI = 0.746, 0.734, 0.722

2
3 For exterior girders, the critical distribution factor is by the
4 lever rule with one lane loaded = 0.750.
5 c. Skewed Bridges (Table 6.5) [A4.6.2.2.2e] Reduction of live-
6 load distribution factors for moment in longitudinal beam on
7 skewed supports is permitted. S = 8 ft, θ = 30°.
8
9 r skew = 1 − c 1 (tan θ)1.5 = 1 − 0.4387c 1
10
11 where
12
13  0.25  0.5
Kg S
14 c 1 = 0.25 [Table A4.6.2.2.2e-1] [604], (194)
12L ts3 L
15
16 Range of applicability is satisfied.
17 Lines: 7718 to 7
18 Reduction ———
19 Factor L 1 = 35 ft L ave = 38.5 ft L 2 = 42 ft 4.79073pt P
20 ———
21 c1 0.120 0.114 0.109 Normal Page
22 r skew 0.948 0.950 0.952
PgEnds: TEX
23
24 d. Distributed Live-Load Moments
25
   [604], (194)
26 IM
M LL+IM = mgr (M Tr or M Ta ) 1 + + M Ln
27 100
28
29 Location 104 (Fig. E7.3-5) For relatively short spans, design
30 tandem governs positive moment (see Table 5.8a). Influence
31 line coefficients are from Table 5.4.
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-5
44 Live-load placement for maximum positive moment in exterior span.

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 7.10 Example Problems 605

1 M Ta = 25(0.20700 + 0.15732)35 = 318.8 kip-ft

2
M Ln = 0.64(0.10214)(35)2 = 80.1 kip-ft
3
4
Interior girders:
5
6 M LL+IM = 0.746(0.948)[318.8(1.33) + 80.1] = 356.5 kip-ft
7
8 Exterior girders:
9
10 M LL+IM = 0.750(0.948)[318.8(1.33) + 80.1] = 358.4 kip-ft
11
12 Location 200 (Fig. E7.3-6) For negative moment at support, a
13 single truck governs with the second axle spacing extended to
14 30 ft (see Table 5.8a). The distribution factors are based on the [605], (195)
15 average length of span 1 and span 2.
16
17 M Tr = [32(−0.09429 − 0.10271) + 8(−0.05902)]35 Lines: 7773 to 7845
18 = −237.2 kip-ft ———
19 1.79199pt PgVar
20 M Ln = 0.64(−0.13853)(35)2 = −108.6 kip-ft ———
21 1.33M Tr + M Ln = 1.33(−237.2) − 108.6 = −424.1 kip-ft Normal Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23 Interior girders:
24
25 M LL+IM = 0.734(0.950)(−424.1) = −295.7 kip-ft [605], (195)
26
27 Exterior girders:
28
29 M LL+IM = 0.750(0.950)(−424.1) = −302.2 kip-ft
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-6
44 Live-load placement for maximum negative moment at interior support.

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 606 7 Concrete Bridges

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 Fig. E7.3-7
11 Live-load placement for maximum positive moment in interior span.
12
13
14 [606], (196)
15 Location 205 (Fig. E7.3-7) Tandem governs (see Table 5.8a)
16
17 M Ta = 25(0.20357 + 0.150224)35 = 309.6 kip-ft Lines: 7845 to 7
18 ———
M Ln = 0.64(0.10286)(35)2 = 80.6 kip-ft
19 6.29005pt P
20 1.33M Ta + M Ln = 1.33(309.6) + 80.6 = 492.4 kip-ft ———
21 Normal Page
22 Interior girders: PgEnds: TEX
23
24 M LL+IM = 0.722(0.952)(492.4) = 338.5 kip-ft
25 [606], (196)
26 Exterior girders:
27
28 M LL+IM = 0.750(0.952)(492.4) = 351.6 kip-ft
29
30 5. Distribution Factors for Shear [A4.6.2.2.3] Cross-section type (e)
31 (Table 2.2) [Table A4.6.2.2.1-1], S = 8 ft, mg is independent of
32 span length.
33 a. Interior Beams (Table 6.5) [A4.6.2.2.3a and Table A4.6.2.2.3a-
34 1]
35
S 8
36 = 0.36 +
mg VSI = 0.36 + = 0.680
37 25 25
38  2  2
S S 8 8
39 mg VMI = 0.2 + − = 0.2 + − = 0.814, governs
12 35 12 35
40
41 V = shear
42
43 b. Exterior Beams (Table 6.5) [A4.6.2.2.3b and Table A4.6.2.2.3b-
44 1]

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 7.10 Example Problems 607

1 Lever rule mg VSE = 0.750 governs

2
3 mg VME = emg VMI
4
5 where
6 de 2.0
7 e = 0.6 + = 0.6 + = 0.80
10 10
8
9 mg VME = 0.80(0.814) = 0.651
10
11 c. Skewed Bridges (Table 6.5) [A4.6.2.2.3c and Table A4.6.2.2.3c-
12 1] All beams treated like beam at obtuse corner.
13  
14 12L t s3 [607], (197)
θ = 30° = 1.0
15 Kg
16  0.3
17 12L t s3 Lines: 7892 to 7955
r skew = 1.0 + 0.20 tan θ
18 Kg ———
19
= 1.0 + 0.20(1.0) (0.577) = 1.115
0.3 8.35818pt PgVar
20 ———
21 Normal Page
d. Distributed Live-Load Shears
22 PgEnds: TEX
23
V LL+IM = mgr [(V Tr or V Ta )1.33 + V Ln ]
24
25 [607], (197)
Location 100 (Fig. E.7.3-8) Truck governs (see Table 5.8b).
26
27
V Tr = 32(1.0 + 0.51750) + 8(0.12929) = 49.6 kips
28
29 V Ln = 0.64(0.45536)35 = 10.2 kips
30
1.33V Tr + V Ln = 1.33(49.6) + 10.2 = 76.2 kips
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-8
44 Live-load placement for maximum shear at exterior support.

BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 607 / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker
 608 7 Concrete Bridges

1 Interior girders:
2
3 V LL+IM = 0.814(1.115)(76.2) = 69.1 kips
4
5 Exterior girders:
6
7 V LL+IM = 0.750(1.115)(76.2) = 63.7 kips
8
9 Location 110 (Fig. E7.3-9) Truck governs (see Table 5.8b).
10
11 V Tr = 32(−1.0 − 0.69429) + 8(−0.24714) = −56.2 kips
12
13 V Ln = 0.64(−0.63853)35 = −14.3 kips
14 1.33V Tr + V Ln = 1.33(−56.2) − 14.3 = −89.0 kips [608], (198)
15
16 Interior girders:
17 Lines: 7955 to 80
18 V LL+IM = 0.814(1.115)(−89.0) = −80.8 kips ———
19 12.952pt Pg
20 Exterior girders: ———
21 Normal Page
22 V LL+IM = 0.750(1.115)(−89.0) = −74.5 kips PgEnds: TEX
23
24 Location 200 (Fig. E7.3-10) Truck governs (see Table 5.8b).
25 [608], (198)
26 V Tr = 32(1.0 + 0.69367) + 8(0.30633) = 56.6 kips
27
28 V Ln = 0.64(0.66510)35 = 14.9 kips
29 1.33V Tr + V Ln = 1.33(56.6) + 14.9 = 90.2 kips
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-9
44 Live-load placement for maximum shear to left of interior support.

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 7.10 Example Problems 609

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 Fig. E7.3-10
Live-load placement for maximum shear to right of interior support.
11
12
13 Interior girders:
14 [609], (199)
15 V LL+IM = 0.814(1.115)(90.2) = 81.8 kips
16
Exterior girders: Lines: 8027 to 8073
17
18 V LL+IM = 0.750(1.115)(90.2) = 75.4 kips ———
19 -0.126pt PgVar
20 6. Reactions to Substructure [A3.6.1.3.1] The following reactions are ———
21 per design lane without any distribution factors. The lanes shall Normal Page
22 be positioned transversely to produce extreme force effects. PgEnds: TEX
23
24 Location 100
25 [609], (199)
R 100 = V 100 = 1.33V Tr + V Ln = 76.2 kips/lane
26
27
Location 200 (Fig. E7.3-11)
28
29 R 200 = 1.33[32(1.0 + 0.69367 + 0.10106) + 8(0.69429 + 0.10000)]
30 + 14.3 + 14.9
31
32 = 114.0 kips/lane
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-11
44 Live-load placement for maximum reaction at interior support.

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 610 7 Concrete Bridges

1
2
3
4
5
6
7 Fig. E7.3-12
8 Uniformly distributed dead load, w.
9
10 H. Calculate Force Effects from Other Loads Analysis for a uniformly dis-
11 tributed load w (Fig. E7.3-12). See Table 5.4 for coefficients.
12
Moments
13
14 M 104 = w(0.07129)(35)2 = 87.33w kip-ft [610], (200)
15
M 200 = w(−0.12179)(35)2 = −149.2w kip-ft
16
17 M 205 = w(0.05821)(35)2 = 71.3w kip-ft Lines: 8073 to 8
18 ———
Shears
19 0.2395pt Pg
20 V 100 = w(0.37821)(35) = 13.24w kips ———
21 Long Page
22 V 110 = w(−0.62179)(35) = −21.76w kips
PgEnds: TEX
23 V 200 = w(0.60000)(35) = 21.0w kips
24
25 1. Interior Girders [610], (200)
26
27 DC Slab (0.150)(8.0/12)8 = 0.800 kips/ft
28
Girder stem (0.150)(14)(40 − 8)/122 = 0.467
29
30 w DC = 1.267 kips/ft
31
DW: FWS w DW = (0.140)(3.0/12)8 = 0.280kips/ft
32
33
By multiplying the general expressions for uniform loads by the
34
values of the interior girder uniform loads, the unfactored mo-
35
ments and shears are generated in Table E.7.3-1.
36
37 Table E7.3-1
38 Interior girder unfactored moments and shears
39
Moments (kip-ft) Shears (kips)
40
41 Load Type w (k/ft) M 104 M 200 M 205 V 100 V 110 V 200
42
DC 1.267 110.6 −189.0 90.3 16.8 −27.6 26.6
43 DW 0.280 24.5 −41.8 20.0 3.7 −6.1 5.9
44 LL + IM N/A 356.5 −295.7 338.5 69.1 −80.8 81.8

BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 610 / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker
 7.10 Example Problems 611

1 2. Exterior Girders By using deck design results for reaction on exte-

2 rior girder from Section 7.10.1, Part C:
3
4 DC Deck slab 0.314 kips/ft
5 Overhang 0.462
6 Barrier 0.464
7 Girder stem 0.459 = 0.150 × 7[(40–9) + (40–8)]/122
8
9 w DC = 1.699 kips/ft
10 DW: FWS w DW = 0.191 kips/ft
11
12 By multiplying the generic expressions for uniform loads by the
13 values of the exterior girder uniform loads, the unfactored mo-
14 ments and shears in Table E7.3-2 are generated. [611], (201)
15 I. Investigate Service Limit State
16 1–3. Prestress Girders Not applicable.
17 Lines: 8133 to 8206
4. Investigate Durability [C5.12.1] It is assumed that concrete ma-
18 ———
terials and construction procedures provide adequate concrete
19
cover, nonreactive aggregates, thorough consolidation, adequate
5.06299pt PgVar
20 ———
cement content, low water/cement ratio, thorough curing, and
21 Long Page
air-entrained concrete.
22 PgEnds: TEX
23 Concrete Cover for Unprotected Main Reinforcing Steel [Table
24 5.12.3-1]
25  [611], (201)
Exposure to deicing salts 2.5 in. 
26 cover to ties and
27 Exterior other than above 2.0 in.
stirrups 0.5 in. less
28 Bottom of CIP slabs, up to No. 11 1.0 in.
29
30 Effective Depth—assume No. 10, db = 1.270 in.
31 Positive Bending
32  
1.270
33 d pos = (40 − 0.5) − 2.0 + = 36.9 in.
34 2
35
36 Table E7.3-2
37 Exterior girder unfactored moments and shears a
38
Moments (kip-ft) Shears (kips)
39
40 Load Type w (k/ft) M 104 M 200 M 205 V 100 V 110 V 200
41
DC 1.699 148.4 −253.5 121.1 22.5 −37.0 35.7
42 DW 0.191 16.7 −28.5 13.6 2.5 −4.2 4.0
43 LL + IM N/A 358.4 −302.2 351.6 63.7 −74.5 75.4
44
a
Interior girder has larger shears. Exterior girder has larger moments.

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 612 7 Concrete Bridges

1 Negative Bending
2  
1.270
3 d neg = 40 − 2.5 + = 36.9 in.
2
4
5 5. Crack Control [A5.7.3.4] Flexural cracking is controlled by limit-
6 ing the spacing s in the reinforcement closest to the tension face
7 under service load stress fs :
8
9 700γe
10 s≤ − 2dc
βs fs
11
12 in which
13
14 dc [612], (202)
βs = 1 +
15 0.7(h − dc )
16
γe = exposure factor Lines: 8206 to 8
17
18 = 1.00 for class 1 exposure condition ———
19
= 0.75 for class 2 exposure condition
1.89209pt P
20 ———
21 dc = concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber Normal Page
22 to center of closest flexural reinforcement PgEnds: TEX
23
24 a. Effective Flange Width [A4.6.2.6.1] Depends on effective
25 span length, which is defined as the distance between points of [612], (202)
26 permanent load inflection for continuous beams (Fig. E7.3-13).
27
28 Positive Bending M 104
29 L eff = 26.5 ft
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-13
44 Length between inflection points for permanent load.

BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 612 / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker
 7.10 Example Problems 613
1
 4 L eff = 4 (26.5 × 12) = 79.5 in. governs
 1
1
2 b i ≤ 12ts + bw = 12(7.5) + 14.0 = 104 in.
3 

4 S = 8 × 12 = 96 in.
5 1
 L = 18 (26.5 × 12) = 39.8 in.
6
1  8 eff
7 b e − b i ≤ 6ts + 1 b w = 6(7.5) + 7.0 = 52.0 in.
2 
 2
8
overhang = 39.0 in. governs
9
10
b e = 39.0 + 12 (79.5) = 78.8 in.
11
12
13 Use b i = 80 in., b e = 79 in.
14 b. Positive Bending Reinforcement—Exterior Girder (Table 3.1) [613], (203)
15 [Table A3.4.1-1] Service I limit state, ηi = 1.0, gravity load
16 factors = 1.0, moments from Table E7.3-2:
Lines: 8257 to 8340
17 
18 M 104 = ηi γi Q i = M DC + M DW + mgrM LL+IM ———
19
= (148.4 + 16.7 + 358.4) = 523.5 kip-ft
6.6228pt PgVar
20 ———
21 fc
= 4.5 ksi fy = 60 ksi d pos = 36.9 in. Normal Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23 Assume j = 0.875 and fs = 0.6fy = 36 ksi:
24
25 M 523.5 × 12 [613], (203)
As ≈ = = 5.40 in.2
26 fs jd 36 × 0.875 × 36.9
27
28 Try six No. 9 bars, provided As = 6.00 in.2 (Table B.3).
29 Minimum beam width must consider bend diameter of tie [Ta-
30 ble A5.10.2.3-1].
31
32 For No. 4 stirrup and No. 9 bar (Fig. E7.3-14)
33
34 Inside radius = 2ds > 12 db
35 2(0.5) = 1.0 in. > 12 (1.128) = 0.564 in.
36
37 Center of No. 9 bar will be away from vertical leg of stirrup a
38 distance of 2ds = 1.0 in.
39
40
b min = 2(1.50 + 3ds ) + 2db + 2(1.5db )
41
42 = 2(1.50 + 3 × 0.5) + 5(1.128) = 11.64 in.
43
44 Three No. 9 bars will fit in one layer of b w = 14 in.

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 614 7 Concrete Bridges

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14 [614], (204)
15
16 Fig. E7.3-14
Spacing of reinforcement in stem of T-beam. Lines: 8340 to 8
17
18 ———
19 0.75305pt P
20 ys = 1.5 + 0.5 + 1.128 + 12 (1.128) = 3.69 in. ———
21 Normal Page
22 d pos = (40 − 0.5) − 3.69 = 35.8 in. PgEnds: TEX
23
24 Elastic-cracked transformed section analysis required to check
25 crack control [A5.7.3.4]. [614], (204)
26
27 Es
n= = 7 from solid-slab bridge design b = b e = 79 in.
28 Ec
29
30 Assume NA (neutral axis) in flange (Fig. E7.3-15):
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-15
44 Elastic-cracked transformed positive moment section at location 104.

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 7.10 Example Problems 615


1  
nAs nAs 2 2nAs d
2 x =− + +
3 b b b
4 
 
5 −7(6.0) 7 × 6.0 2 2(7)(6.0)(35.8)
= + +
6 79 79 79
7
8 = 5.66 in. < h f = 7.5 in.
9
10 The neutral axis lies in flange; therefore, assumption OK.
11 The actual bar spacing must be compared to the maximum
12 bar spacing allowed for crack control (Fig. E7.3-16). Actual
13 s = [14 − 2(1.50 + 3 × 0.5]/2 = 4.0 in.
14 [615], (205)
700γe
15 s≤ − 2dc dc = 1.5 + 0.5 + 1.128/2 = 2.56 in.
16 βs fs
17 γe = 0.75 (class 2 exposure) Lines: 8361 to 8396
18 ———
dc 2.56
19 βs = 1 + =1+ = 1.099 * 14.51714pt PgVar
20 0.7(h − dc ) 0.7(39.5 − 2.56) ———
21 Normal Page
22 Icr = 13 bx 3 + nAs (d − x)2 PgEnds: TEX
23
24 = 13 (79)(5.66)3 + 7(6.0)(35.8 − 5.66)2 = 42,928 in.4
25 [615], (205)
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-16
44 Bar spacing in the reinforcement closest to the tension face.

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 616 7 Concrete Bridges

1 nM (d − x) 7(523.5 × 12)(35.8 − 5.66)

fs = = = 30.9 ksi
2 Icr 42,928
3
4 700(0.75)
s≤ − 2(2.56) = 10.4 in. > s = 4.0 in.
5 1.099(30.9)
6
7 Six No. 9 bottom bars OK for crack control.
8 c. Negative Bending Reinforcement—Exterior Girder
9 Service I limit state, ηi = 1.0, gravity load factors = 1.0, mo-
10 ments from Table E7.3-2.
11

12 M 200 = ηi γi Q i = M DC + M DW + mgrM LL+IM
13
14 = (−253.5 − 28.5 − 302.2) = −584.2 kip-ft [616], (206)
15
16 d neg = 36.9 in. Assume j = 0.875 and fs = 36 ksi
17 Lines: 8396 to 84
18 M 584.2 × 12 ———
19 As ≈ = = 6.03 in.2 3.43985pt P
fs jd 36 × 0.875 × 36.9
20 ———
21 Try nine No. 8 bars, provided As = 7.07 in. (Table B.3). 2 Normal Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
Tension reinforcement in flange distributed over the lesser of:
23
effective flange width or one-tenth span [A5.7.3.4].
24
25 Effective flange width be for an exterior girder [A4.6.2.6,1] [616], (206)
26
27 L eff = 17.6 ft bi = 1
4
L eff = 41 (17.6 × 12) = 52.8 in.
28
29 b e = 12 b i + 18 L eff = 12 (52.8) + 18 (17.6 × 12) = 52.8 in.
30
31
1
10
average span = 1
10
(38.5 × 12) = 46.2 in. governs.
32
33 Effective flange width b e is greater than one-tenth span, addi-
34 tional reinforcement is required in outer portions of the flange.
35
36 Additional As > 0.004 (excess slab area)
37
> 0.004(8.0)(52.8 − 46.2) = 0.21 in.2
38
39
40 Two No. 4 bars additional reinforcement, additional As = 0.40
41 in.2 (Fig. E7.3-17).
42 Spacing of nine No. 8 bars = 46.2/8 spaces = 5.8 in. Calculation
43 of maximum allowable bar spacing depends on service load
44 tension stress fs .

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 7.10 Example Problems 617

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14 [617], (207)
15
16
17 Lines: 8466 to 8491
18 ———
19 Fig. E7.3-17 3.54825pt PgVar
20 Elastic-cracked transformed negative moment section at location 200. ———
21 Normal Page
22 * PgEnds: Eject
23 Revised d neg for No. 8 bars below No. 4 transverse slab top bars
24
1.0
25 d neg = 40 − 2.5 − 0.5 − = 36.5 in. b = b w = 14 in. [617], (207)
26 2
27
28 Neglecting No. 4 longitudinal slab bottom bars
29 nAs 7(7.07)
30 = = 3.54 in.
b 14
31
32 2nAs d
= 2(3.54)36.5 = 258.4 in.2
33 b
34 
35 x = −3.54 + 3.542 + 258.4 = 12.9 in.
36
Icr = 13 (14)(12.9)3 + 7(7.07)(36.5 − 12.9)2 = 37,582 in.4
37
38 nM (d − x) 7(584.2 × 12)(36.5 − 12.9)
39 fs = = = 30.8 ksi
Icr 37,582
40
41 dc = 2.5 + 0.5 + 1.0/2 = 3.5 in. h = 40 in. γe = 0.75
42
43 dc 3.5
βs = 1 + =1+ = 1.137
44 0.7(h − dc ) 0.7(40 − 3.5)

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 618 7 Concrete Bridges

1 700γe 700(0.75)
s≤ − 2dc = − 2 × 3.5
2 βs fs 1.137 × 30.8
3
= 8.0 in. > s = 5.8 in.
4
5
Nine No. 8 top bars OK for crack control.
6
7 6. Investigate Fatigue
8
9 Fatigue Limit State (Table 3.1) [Table A3.4.1-1]

10 Uf = ηi γi Q i = 0.75(LL + IM)
11
12
13 Fatigue Load
14 [618], (208)
15 ❑ One design truck with constant spacing of 30 ft between 32-kip
16 axles [A3.6.1.4].
17 ❑ Dynamic load allowance: IM = 15% [A3.6.2.1]. Lines: 8491 to 85
18 ❑ Distribution factor for one traffic lane shall be used ———
19 [A3.6.1.4.3b]. * 15.65009pt
20 ❑ Multiple presence factor of 1.2 shall be removed [C3.6.1.1.2]. ———
21 Normal Page
22 a. Determination of Need to Consider Fatigue [A5.5.3.1] Pre- * PgEnds: Eject
23 stressed beams may be precompressed, but for the continuous
24 T-beam without prestress, there will be regions, sometimes in
25 the bottom of the beam, sometimes in the top of the beam, [618], (208)
26 where the permanent loads do not produce compressive stress.
27 In these regions, such as locations 104 and 200, fatigue must be
28 considered.
29 b. Allowable Fatigue Stress Range f f in Reinforcement [A5.5.3.2]
30 r 
31 f f ≤ 21 − 0.33f min + 8 , ksi
32 h
33
34 where f min = algebraic minimum stress level from fatigue
35 load given above, positive if tension
36 r
= ratio of base radius to height of rolled-on
37 h
transverse deformations; if the actual value is
38 not known, 0.3 may be used
39
40 c. Location 104 (Fig. E7.3-18) [C3.6.1.1.2] Exterior Girder—Dis-
41 tribution Factor
42
43 r 0.750(0.948)
g MSE r = mg MSE = = 0.593 [C3.6.1.1.2]
44 m 1.2

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 7.10 Example Problems 619

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 Fig. E7.3-18
Fatigue truck placement for maximum tension in positive moment reinforcement.
10
11
12 Fatigue load moment for maximum tension in reinforcement.
13 Influence line ordinates taken from Table 5.4.
14 [619], (209)
15 pos M u = 32(0.20700)35 + 8(0.05171)35 = 246.3 kip-ft
16  
17 pos M 104 = 0.75 g MSE rM u (1 + IM) Lines: 8562 to 8605
18 ———
19 = 0.75[(0.593)(246.3)(1.15)] = 126.0 kip-ft -0.23601pt PgVar
20 ———
21 Fatigue load moment for maximum compression in reinforce- Normal Page
22 ment (Fig. E7.3-19)
PgEnds: TEX
23
24 neg M LL = [32(−0.04135 + 0.00574) + 8(0.00966)]35
25 = −37.2 kip-ft [619], (209)
26
neg M 104 = 0.75[0.593(−37.2)(1.15)] = −19.0 kip-ft
27
28
The fatigue load moment varies from −19.0 to 126.0 kip-ft. The
29
moment from dead load for an exterior girder is given in Table
30
E7.3-2 as
31
32
M DL = M DC + M DW = 148.4 + 16.7 = 165.1 kip-ft
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-19
44 Fatigue truck placement for maximum compression in positive moment reinforcement.

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 620 7 Concrete Bridges

1 The combined moment at location 104 due to permanent loads

2 plus the fatigue truck is always positive and never produces
3 compression in the bottom flexural steel. Therefore, the max-
4 imum and minimum fatigue stresses are calculated using posi-
5 tive moment cracked section properties. The maximum fatigue
6 stress is
7
n(M DL + M FTrmax )(d − x)
8 f max =
9 Icr
10 7(165.1 + 126.0)12(35.8 − 5.66)
11 = = 17.17 ksi
42,928
12
13 The minimum fatigue stress is
14 [620], (210)
15 n(M DL + M FTrmin )(d − x)
16 f min =
Icr
17 Lines: 8605 to 8
18 7(165.1 − 19.0)12(35.8 − 5.66) ———
= = 8.62 ksi
19 42,928 7.47725pt P
20 ———
21 and the stress range f f for fatigue at location 104 becomes Normal Page
22 * PgEnds: Eject
23 f f = f max − f min = 17.17 − 8.62 = 8.55 ksi
24
The limit for the stress range is
25 r  [620], (210)
26 21 − 0.33f min + 8 = 21 − 0.33(8.62) + 8(0.3)
27 h
28 = 20.6 ksi > 8.55 ksi OK
29
30 d. Location 200 Based on previous calculations, the moments
31 due to LL + IM at location 200 are less than those at loca-
32 tion 104. Therefore, by inspection, the fatigue stresses are not
33 critical.
34
7. Calculate Deflection and Camber (Table 3.1) [Table A3.4.1-1]
35
36 Service I limit state, ηi = 1.0, gravity load factors = 1.0
37 
38 U = ηi γi Q i = DC + DW + (LL + IM)
39
a. Live-Load Deflection Criteria (optional) [A2.5.2.6.2]
40
41 ❑ Distribution factor for deflection [C2.5.2.6.2]
42
43 NL 3
mg = m = 0.85 = 0.425
44 NB 6

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 7.10 Example Problems 621

1 NL = No. design lanes NB = No. of beams [A3.6.1.1.2]

2 ❑ A right cross section may be used for skewed bridges.
3
❑ Use one design truck or lane load plus 25% design truck
4
[A3.6.1.3.2].
5
6 ❑ Live-load deflection limit, first span [A2.5.2.6.2].
7 span 35 × 12
8  allow = = = 0.53 in.
800 800
9
10 b. Section Properties at Location 104 Transformed cracked sec-
11 tion from Section 7.10.3, Part I.5b:
12
13 d pos = 35.8 in. x = 5.66 in. Icr = 42,928 in.4
14 [621], (211)
Gross or uncracked section (Fig. E7.3-20)
15
16
Ag = 79(7.5) + 14(32) = 592.5 + 448 Lines: 8670 to 8739
17
18 Ag = 1040.5 in. 2 ———
19 -0.4559pt PgVar
20 592.5(32 + 3.75) + 448(16) ———
y= = 27.25 in.
21 1040.5 Normal Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23 Ig = 1
12
(79)(7.5)3 + 592.5(12.25 − 3.75)2 + 1
12
(14)(32)3
24
25 + 448(27.25 − 16)2 = 140,515 in.4 [621], (211)
26
27 c. Estimated Live-Load Deflection at Location 104 Assume de-
28 flection is maximum where moment is maximum (Fig. E7.3-21):
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-20
44 Uncracked or gross section.

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 622 7 Concrete Bridges

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 Fig. E7.3-21
10 Live-load placement for deflection at location 104.
11
12 M 104 = 25(0.20700 + 0.15732)35
13 = 318.8 kip-ft Coefficients from Table 5.4.
14 [622], (212)
15 M 200 = 25(−0.08250 − 0.09240)35 = −153.0 kip-ft
16
17 Total moment at 104, Lines: 8739 to 8
18 ———
M a = M DC + M DW + mgM LL (1 + IM)
19 -2.8547pt Pg
20 = 148.4 + 16.7 + 0.425(318.8)(1.33) = 345.3 kip-ft ———
21 Normal Page
22 Effective moment of inertia [A5.7.3.6.2] PgEnds: TEX
23
24 fc
= 4.5 ksi
25  √ [622], (212)
26 Ec = 1820 fc
= 1820 4.5 = 3860 ksi [C5.4.2.4]
27  √
fr = 0.24 fc
= 0.24 4.5 = 0.509 ksi [5.4.2.6]
28
29 Ig 140,515
30 M cr = fr = 0.509 12 = 218.8 kip-ft
yt 27.25
31
 
 
32 M cr 3 M cr 3
33 Ie = Ig + 1 − Icr ≤ Ig

Ma Ma
34
35    
M cr 3 218.8 3
36 = = 0.254
37 Ma 345.3
38
Ie = (0.254)(140,515) + (1 − 0.254)(42,928) = 67,715 in.4
39
40 EI = Ec Ie = (3860)(67,715) = 261.4 × 106 kip-in.2
41
42 Calculate deflection at location 104 by considering first span
43 as a simple beam with an end moment and use superposition
44 (Fig. E7.3-22). Deflections for a design truck are (Eq. 5.19)

BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 622 / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker
 7.10 Example Problems 623

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14 [623], (213)
15
16
17 Lines: 8791 to 8822
18 Fig. E7.3-22 ———
19 Deflection estimate by superposition. 2.06416pt PgVar
20 ———
21 Normal Page
22 L2      x
y1 = M ij 2ξ − 3ξ 2 + ξ 3 − M ji ξ − ξ 3 ξ= PgEnds: TEX
23 6EI L
24
M ij = 0 M ji = M 200 = −153.0 kip-ft
25 [623], (213)
26 L = 35 ft = 420 in. ξ = 0.4
27
28 (420)2
y1 = − [−(−153.0 × 12)(0.4 − 0.43 )]
29 6(261.4 × 106 )
30
= 0.069 in. ↑ (upward)
31
32 Pbx  2 
33 y 2 = x (x < a) = L − b2 − x2
6EIL
34
35 [AISC Manual (2001), Case 8]
36
37 For P = 25 kips, x = 0.4L = 168 in., b 2 = 0.6L = 252 in.
38 25(252)(168)  
39 y2 = 4202 − 2522 − 1682
6(261.4 × 10 )(420)
6
40
41 = 0.136 in. ↓ (downward)
42
43 For P = 25 kips, x = 0.4L, a 3 = 0.5143(420) = 216 in.,
44 b 3 = L − a 3 = 204 in.

BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 623 / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker
 624 7 Concrete Bridges

1 25(204)(168)  
y3 = 4202 − 2042 − 1682
2 6(261.4 × 10 )(420)
6
3
4 = 0.139 in. ↓ (downward)
5
6 Estimated LL + IM deflection at 104 With three lanes of traffic
7 supported on six girders, each girder carries only a half-lane
8 load. Including impact and the multiple presence factor, the
9 estimated live-load deflection is
10
11 104
LL+IM
= mg (−y 1 + y 2 + y 3 )(1 + IM)
12 = 0.85(0.5)(−0.069 + 0.136 + 0.139)(1.33)
13
14 = 0.12 in. <  allow = 0.53 in. OK [624], (214)
15
16 d. Dead-Load Camber [A5.7.3.6.2]
17 The dead loads taken from Tables E7.3-1 and E7.3-2 are Lines: 8822 to 8
18 ———
19 Dead Loads Interior Girder Exterior Girder 0.2254pt Pg
20 w DC 1.267 kips/ft 1.699 kips/ft ———
21 w DW 0.280 0.191 Normal Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23 w DL 1.547 kips/ft 1.890 kips/ft
24
25 Unit Load Analysis (Fig. E7.3-23) [624], (214)
26 Deflection Equations Simple beam at distance x from left end,
27 uniform load:
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-23
44 Unit uniformly distributed load analysis.

BOOKCOMP, Inc. — John Wiley & Sons / Page 624 / Printer Proof / Design of Highway Bridges, 2e / Barker
 7.10 Example Problems 625

1 wx  3  5 wL 4
2 x = L − 2Lx 2 + x 3  centerline =
24EI 384 EI
3 [AISC Manual (2001), Case 1]
4
5 Simple beam at ξ = x/L from i end, due to end moments:
6
7 L2      x
y= M ij 2ξ − 3ξ 2 + ξ 3 − M ji ξ − ξ 3 ξ =
8 6EI L
9
10 Flexural Rigidity EI for Longtime Deflections The instantaneous
11 deflection is multiplied by a creep factor λ to give a longtime
12 deflection:
13 LT = λi
14 [625], (215)
15 so that
16 camber = i + LT = (1 + λ)i
17 Lines: 8867 to 8945
18 If instantaneous deflection is based on Ig : λ = 4.0 ———
19 [A 5.7.3.6.2] 0.44331pt PgVar
20 If instantaneous deflection is based on Ie : ———
21 
 Normal Page
22 AS
λ = 3.0 − 1.2 ≥ 1.6 PgEnds: TEX
23 AS
24
25 Location 104, x = 0.4L = 168 in. [625], (215)
26
27 w = 1.0 kips/ft (unit load) M ij = 0 M ji = −149.2 kip-ft
28
1.0(168/12)  
29 i = (420)3 − 2(420)(168)2 + (168)3
30 24 × 261.4 × 10 6

31 (420)2  
32 − −(−149.2 × 12)(0.4 − 0.43 )
6 × 261.4 × 10 6
33
34 i = 0.123 − 0.068 = 0.055 in. ↓ (downward)
35
36 Using As = six No. 9 bars = 6.0 in.2, As
= two No. 8 bars = 1.57
37 in.2
38
39 1.57
λ = 3.0 − 1.2 = 2.69
40 6.0
41
42 Exterior girder, we = 1.890 kips/ft
43
44 camber = 1.890(1 + 2.69)(0.055) = 0.38 in.

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 626 7 Concrete Bridges

1 (wi = 1.547 kips/ft) = 0.31 in., say 0.35 in. average

2
3 Location 205 Assume same EI as at 104:
4
5 w = 1.0 kips/ft (unit load) M ij = −M ji = 149.2 kip-ft
6
7 x = 0.5L L = 42 × 12 = 504 in.
8 5 1.0(504)4 /12 (504)2
9 i = −
384 261.4 × 106 6 × 261.4 × 106
10
 
11 3 1 1 1
149.2 × 12 1 − + + −
12 4 8 2 8
13
14 = 0.268 − 0.217 = 0.051 in. ↓ (downward) [626], (216)
15
16 By using λ = 2.69 and we = 1.890 kips/ft
17 Lines: 8945 to 89
18 camber = 1.890(1 + 2.69)(0.051) = 0.36 in. ———
19
(wi = 1.547 kips/ft) = 0.29 in., say 0.33 in. average
8.8481pt Pg
20 ———
21 Normal Page
Dead-Load Deflection Diagram—All Girders (Fig. E7.3-24) Up-
22 PgEnds: TEX
ward camber should be placed in the formwork to offset the
23
estimated longtime dead-load deflection. The dead-load deflec-
24
tions are summarized in Figure E7.3-24.
25 [626], (216)
26 J. Investigate Strength Limit State The previous calculations for the ser-
27 vice limit state considered only a few critical sections at locations 104,
28 200, and 205 to verify the adequacy of the trial section given in Fig-
29 ure E7.3-2. Before proceeding with the strength design of the girders,
30 it is necessary to construct the factored moment and shear envelopes
31 from values calculated at the tenth points of the spans. The procedure
32 for generating the live-load values is given in Chapter 5 and summa-
33 rized in Tables 5.8a and 5.8b for spans of 35, 42, and 35 ft.
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Fig. E7.3-24
44 Dead-load deflection diagram—all girders.

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 7.10 Example Problems 627

1 The strength I limit state can be expressed as

2
3 ηi = η = 1.0
4
U = 1.0[1.25DC + 1.50DW + 1.75(mgr )LL(1 + IM)] (E7.3-1)
5
6 With the use of permanent loads given in Tables E7.3-1 and E7.3-2, the
7 critical live-load moments and shears from Tables 5.8a and 5.8b, and
8 live-load distribution factors (mgr ) determined earlier, the envelope
9 values for moment and shear are generated for interior and exterior
10 girders. Using Eq. E7.3-1, the envelope values are generated and given
11 in Tables E7.3-3 and E7.3-4 in the columns with the factored values of
12 moment and shear. The envelope values for moment and shear are
13 plotted in Figure E7.3-25. Notice the closeness of the curves for the
14 [627], (217)
interior and exterior girders. One design will suffice for both.
15
1. Flexure
16
17 a. and b. Prestressed Beams Not applicable. Lines: 8992 to 9089
18 c. Factored Flexural Resistance [A5.7.3.2, Table A3.4.1-1] Exte- ———
19 rior girder has slightly larger moment. 4.0007pt PgVar
20    ———
21 Mu = ηi γi Mi = 1.0 1.25M DC + 1.50M DW + 1.75M LL+IM Normal Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23
24 Table E7.3-3
25 Moment envelope for three-span continuous T-beam 35–42–35 ft (kip-ft) [627], (217)
26 Positive Moment Negative Moment
Unit
27 Uniform Critical Factored Factored Critical Factored Factored
28 Location Load LL + IM Int. Girder Ext. Girder LL + IM Int. Girder Ext. Girder
29
30 100 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
31 101 40.21 225.2 359.3 377.1 −29.7 44.3 59.9
102 68.16 374.5 600.1 630.3 −59.3 64.2 90.3
32 103 83.87 468.1 747.4 784.6 −89.0 59.4 91.2
33 104 87.32 504.2 799.0 837.8 −118.6 30.3 62.6
34 105 78.53 495.8 771.0 806.2 −148.3 −23.6 4.4
35 106 57.49 449.5 671.5 697.8 −178.0 −102.0 −83.4
36 107 24.19 359.0 492.8 505.0 −207.6 −204.9 −200.5
108 −21.35 232.5 245.0 237.8 −237.3 −332.4 −347.3
37 109 −79.15 94.5 −41.6 −73.2 −279.6 −499.8 −539.4
38 110 −149.19 75.8 −205.1 −265.3 −422.9 −815.0 −886.9
39 200 −149.19 75.8 −205.1 −265.3 −422.9 −815.0 −886.9
40 201 −69.81 106.0 −8.7 −36.4 −245.7 −439.7 −474.6
41 202 −8.07 258.3 303.5 301.9 −196.5 −256.0 −264.5
203 36.03 389.9 554.7 572.0 −180.1 −147.6 −137.7
42 204 62.49 470.3 707.3 735.8 −177.8 −91.8 −71.1
43 205 71.31 492.8 752.8 785.0 −175.5 −71.3 −47.0
44

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 628 7 Concrete Bridges

Table E7.3-4 1
Shear envelope for
2 three-span continuous T-beam 35–42–35 ft (kips)
3 Positive Shear Negative Shear
Unit
4
Uniform Critical Factored Factored Critical Factored Factored
Location 5
Load LL + IM Int. Girder Ext. Girder LL + IM Int. Girder Ext. Girder
6
100 7
13.24 76.2 147.6 143.4 −9.4 15.1 20.2
101 89.74 63.4 120.2 116.3 −9.6 7.8 11.5
102 96.24 51.8 94.8 90.8 −14.0 −4.6 −2.4
103 2.74 42.5 73.0 68.8 −22.8 −22.3 −21.8
104 10
−0.76 33.7 52.0 47.5 −31.6 −40.1 −41.2
105 11
−4.26 25.7 32.3 27.3 −40.3 −57.7 −60.5
106 −7.76
12 18.4 13.7 8.2 −48.8 −75.1 −79.6
107 −11.26
13 12.1 −3.3 −9.4 −57.8 −93.1 −99.2
108 −14.76
14 6.6 −19.1 −25.9 −68.4 −113.0 −120.9 [628], (218)
109 −18.26 2.9 −32.0 −39.8 −78.7 −132.6 −142.1
110 15
−21.76 2.2 −40.1 −49.2 −89.0 −152.2 −163.4
200 16
21.00 90.2 185.3 182.6 −8.4 31.8 40.1
201 17
16.80 78.5 158.3 155.4 −8.5 23.3 29.9 Lines: 9089 to 9
202 12.60
18 66.2 130.4 127.3 −9.9 13.2 18.0 ———
203 8.40 53.9 102.4 99.1 −17.0 −3.9 −1.0
204
19
4.20 43.4 77.3 73.6 −25.1 −22.2 −21.2
0.5198pt Pg
205 20
0.00 34.0 54.0 49.8 −34.0 −41.5 −42.4 ———
21 Normal Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23
Location 104 Computation of the factored moment requires
24
the unfactored values for moment from Table E7.3-2:
25 [628], (218)
26
M104 = 1.0[1.25(148.4) + 1.50(16.7) + 1.75(358.4)]
27
28 = 837.8 kip-ft
29
30 This number is the same as the value of 837.8 kip-ft found in
31 Table E7.3-3.
32 Check resistance provided by bars selected for crack control
33 (Fig. E7.3-26). Assume a < ts = 7.5 in.
34 As fy 6.0(60)
35 a=

= = 1.19 in. [A5.7.3.2.2]
0.85fc be 0.85(4.5)(79)
36
37
All compression is in flange.
38
   
39 a 1.19
40 φM n = φA s f y d − = 0.9(6.0)(60) 35.8 − 12
2 2
41
42 φMn = 934.5 kip-ft > Mu = 837.8 kip-ft OK
43
44 Use six No. 9 bottom bars.

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 7.10 Example Problems 629

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14 [629], (219)
15
16
17 Lines: 9127 to 9127
18 ———
19 * 58.952pt PgVar
20 ———
21 Normal Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23
24
25 [629], (219)
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38 Fig. E7.3-25
39 Envelopes of factored moments and shears at tenth points for T-beams.
40
41
42
43
44

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 630 7 Concrete Bridges

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 Fig. E7.3-26
Positive moment design section.
13
14 [630], (220)
15 Location 200 Computation of the factored moment requires
16 the unfactored values for moment from Table E7.3-2
17 Lines: 9127 to 9
18 M200 = 1.0[1.25(−253.5) + 1.50(−28.5) + 1.75(−302.2)]
———
19 = −888.5 kip-ft 0.65202pt P
20 ———
21 This number is comparable to the value of −886.9 kip-ft found
Normal Page
22 in Table E7.3-3. Check resistance provided by bars selected for
crack control (Fig. E7.3-27). Neglecting compression rein- PgEnds: TEX
23
24 forcement
25 7.07(60) [630], (220)
26 a= = 7.92 in.
0.85(4.5)(14)
27
 
28 7.92
29 φMn = 0.9(7.07)(60) 36.4 − 12
2
30
31 φMn = 906.1 kip-ft > Mu = 888.5 kip-ft OK
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42 Fig. E7.3-27
43 Negative moment design
44 section.

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 7.10 Example Problems 631

1 Use nine No. 8, top bars.

2 d. Limits for Reinforcement
3
4 β1 = 0.85 − 0.05(4.5 − 4.0) = 0.825 [A5.7.2.2]
5 c
6 Maximum reinforcement such that ≤ 0.42 [A5.7.3.3.1]
de
7
8 Minimum reinforcement such that φMn ≥ 1.2Mcr [A5.7.3.3.2]
9
10 Gross section properties ȳ = 27.25 in., h − ȳ = 12.25 in., Ig =
11 140,515 in.4
12  √
13 fr = 0.37 fc
= 0.37 4.5 = 0.785 ksi
14 [631], (221)
15 Location 104
16
c a/β1 1.19/0.825 Lines: 9157 to 9231
17 = = = 0.040 ≤ 0.42 OK
18 de ds 35.8 ———
19 fr Ig 0.785(140,515) 1.14824pt PgVar
20 Mcr = = 12 = 337 kip-ft ———
ȳ 27.25
21 Normal Page
22 φMn = 934.5 kip-ft > 1.2Mcr = 1.2(337) = 405 kip-ft OK PgEnds: TEX
23
24 Location 200
25 [631], (221)
26 c a/β1 7.92/0.825
= = = 0.26 ≤ 0.42 OK
27 de ds 36.4
28
29 fr Ig 0.785(140,515)
Mcr = = 12 = 750 kip-ft
30 h − ȳ (12.25)
31
φMn = 906 kip-ft > 1.2Mcr = 1.2(750) = 900 kip-ft OK
32
33
2. Shear (Assuming No Torsional Moment)
34
35 a. General Requirements
36 ❑ Transverse reinforcement shall be provided where
37 [A5.8.2.4]
38
39 Vu ≥ 0.5φ(Vc + Vp ) φ = φv = 0.9
40
41 where Vu = factored shear force (kips)
42 Vc = nominal shear resistance of concrete (kips)
43 Vp = component of prestressing force in the direc-
44 tion of the shear force (kips)

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 632 7 Concrete Bridges

1 ❑ Minimum transverse reinforcement [A5.8.2.5]

2
 bv s
3 Av ≥ 0.0316 fc

4 fy
5
6 where Av = area of transverse reinforcement within dis-
7 tance s (in.2)
8 bv = effective width of web adjusted for the pres-
9 ence of ducts (in.) [A5.8.2.9]
10 s = spacing of transverse reinforcement (in.)
11 fy = yield strength of transverse reinforcement
12 (ksi)
13
14 ❑ Maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement [A5.8.2.7] [632], (222)
15 If vu < 0.125fc
, then s max = 0.8d v ≤ 24 in.
16 If vu ≥ 0.125fc
, then s max = 0.4d v ≤ 12 in.
17 Lines: 9231 to 9
 
18 Vu − φVp  ———
where vu = shear stress (ksi) = [A5.8.2.9]
19 φb v d v 9.3091pt Pg
20 b v = minimum web width, measured parallel to the ———
21 neutral axis, between the resultants of the ten- Normal Page
22 sile and compressive forces due to flexure, PgEnds: TEX
23 modified for the presence of ducts (in.)
24 d v = effective shear depth taken as the distance,
25 measured perpendicular to the neutral axis, [632], (222)
26 between the resultants of the tensile and com-
27 pressive forces due to flexure; it need not be
28 taken less than the greater of 0.9d e or 0.72h
29 (in.)
30
31 b. Sectional Design Model [A5.8.3]
32
❑ Based on equilibrium of forces and compatibility of strains
33
(Collins and Mitchell, 1991).
34
35 ❑ Where the reaction force produces compression at a sup-
36 port, the critical section for shear shall be taken as the larger
37 of 0.5d v cot θ or d v from the internal face of the bearing (see
38 Fig. E7.3-28) [A5.8.3.2].
39 Nominal Shear Resistance Vn [A5.8.3.3]
40
41 ❑ Shall be the lesser of
42
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp
43
44 Vn = 0.25fc
b v d v + Vp

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 7.10 Example Problems 633

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 Fig. E7.3-28
Shear sectional design model.
9
10
11
12 ❑ Nominal concrete shear resistance
13 
14 Vc = 0.0316β fc
b v d v [633], (223)
15
16 where β is the factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked
17 concrete to transmit tension [A5.8.3.4] (traditional value of Lines: 9295 to 9339
18 β = 2.0) [A5.8.3.4.1]. ———
19 ❑ Nominal transverse reinforcement shear resistance 1.70921pt PgVar
20 ———
21 A v f y d v (cot θ + cot α) sin α Normal Page
Vs =
22 s * PgEnds: Eject
23
24 for vertical stirrups α = 90° [C5.8.3.3]
25 [633], (223)
26 A v f y d v cot θ
Vs =
27 s
28
29 where θ is the angle of inclination of diagonal compressive
30 stresses [A5.8.3.4] (traditional value of θ = 45°, cot θ = 1.0)
31 [A5.8.3.4.1].
32 Determination of β and θ Use tables in AASHTO [A5.8.3.4.2]
33 to determine β and θ. These tables depend on the following
34 parameters for nonprestressed beams without axial load:
35 ❑ Nominal shear stress in the concrete:
36
37 Vu
vu =
38 φb v d v
39
40 ❑ Tensile strain in the longitudinal reinforcement for sections
41 with transverse reinforcement:
42
43 |Mu |/d v + 0.5|Vu |cot θ
εx = ≤ 0.001
44 2Es As

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 634 7 Concrete Bridges

1 Longitudinal Reinforcement [A5.8.3.5] Shear causes tension

2 in the longitudinal reinforcement that must be added to that
3 caused by flexure. Thus,
4  
5 |Mu | |Vu |
A s fy ≥ + − 0.5Vs cot θ
6 φf d v φv
7
8 If this equation is not satisfied, either the tensile reinforce-
9 ment As must be increased or the stirrups must be placed
10 closer together to increases Vs .
11 The procedure outlined in Section 7.8.3 for the shear de-
12 sign of members with web reinforcement is illustrated for a
13 section at a distance d v from an interior support. The fac-
14 tored Vu and moment Mu envelopes for the strength I limit [634], (224)
15 state are plotted in Figure E7.3-25 from the values in Tables
16 E7.3-3 and E7.3-4.
17 Lines: 9339 to 9
Step 1 Determine Vu and Mu at a distance d v from an interior sup-
18 port at location 200 + d v . [A5.8.2.7]. From Figure E7.3-27 ———
19 -0.95377pt P
20 As = nine No. 8 = 7.07 in.2 b v = 14 in. b w = 14 in. ———
21 Normal Page
22 As fy (7.07)(60) PgEnds: TEX
a= = = 7.92 in.
23 0.85fc
b w 0.85(4.5)(14)
24  
25 1.0 [634], (224)
d = d e = d s = (40 − 0.5) − 2.5 + = 36.5 in.
26 2
27 
28  d − a/2 = 36.5 − 7.92/2 = 32.5 in.
29 d v = max 0.9d e = 0.9(36.5) = 32.9 in., governs

30 0.72h = 0.72(40) = 28.8 in.
31
32 Distance from support as a percentage of the span
33
34 dv 32.9
= = 0.0653
35 L2 42 × 12
36
37 Interpolating from Tables E7.3-3 and E7.3-4 or the factored shear and
38 moment at location 200.653 for an interior girder:
39
40 V200.653 = 185.3 − 0.653(185.3 − 158.3) = 167.7 kips
41 M 200.653 = −815.0 + 0.653(815 − 439.7) = −569.9 kip-ft
42
43 These values are used to calculate the strain εx on the flexural tension
44 side of the member [A5.8.3.4.2]. They are both extreme values at the

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 7.10 Example Problems 635

1 section and have been determined from different positions of the live
2 load. It is conservative to take the highest value of Mu at the section,
3 rather than a moment coincident with Vu . Moreover, if coincident
4 actions are used, the maximum moment with coincident shear should
5 be checked as well.
6 Step 2 Calculate the shear stress ratio vu /fc
.
7
8 |Vu | 167.7
vu = = = 0.405 ksi
9 φb v d v 0.9(14)(32.9)
10
so that
11
vu 0.405
12 = = 0.0899
13 fc
4.5
14 [635], (225)
Step 3 Estimate an initial value for θ and calculate εx from Eq. 7.170.
15
16 First trial θ = 30°, cot θ = 1.732, E s = 29,000 ksi:
17 Lines: 9398 to 9470
569.9 × 12
18 (|Mu |/d v ) + 0.5|Vu |cot θ + 0.5(167.7)(1.732) ———
εx = = 32.9
19
2E s As 2(29,000)(7.07) 0.0244pt PgVar
20 ———
21 = 0.861 × 10−3 < 1.0 × 10−3 OK Normal Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23 Step 4 Determine θ and β from [Table A5.8.3.4.2-1] and iterate until
24 θ converges. Second trial: θ = 35°, cot θ = 1.428:
25 (569.9 × 12/32.9) + 0.5(167.7)(1.428) [635], (225)
26 εx = = 0.799 × 10−3
2(29,000)(7.07)
27
28 Third trial: θ = 34.5°, cot θ = 1.455:
29
30 569.9 × 12
31 + 0.5(167.7)(1.455)
εx = 32.9 = 0.804 × 10−3
32 2(29,000)(7.07)
33
34 Use θ = 34.5°, β = 2.31.
35 Step 5 Calculate the required web reinforcement strength V s :
36
37 |Vu | 
Vs = − 0.0316β fc
b v d v
38 φv
39
167.7 √
40 = − 0.0316(2.31) 4.5(14)(32.9) = 115.0 kips
41 0.9
42 Step 6 Calculate the required spacing of stirrups:
43
44 No. 4 U-stirrups, Av = 2(0.20) = 0.40 in.2

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 636 7 Concrete Bridges

1 Av fy d v 0.40(60)(32.9)
2 s≤ cot θ = = (1.455) = 10.9 in.
Vs 115.0
3
4 Av fy 0.40(60)
≤  = √ = 25.6 in.
5

0.0316 fc b v 0.0316 4.5(14)
6
7 vu = 0.405 ksi < 0.125fc
= 0.125(4.5) = 0.563 ksi
8 s ≤ 0.8d v = 0.8(32.9) = 26.3 in. or 24 in.
9
10 Use s = 10 in.
11
Step 7 Check the adequacy of the longitudinal reinforcement:
12
 
13 |Mu | |Vu |
14 As fy ≥ + − 0.5Vs cot θ [636], (226)
d v φf φv
15
16 Av fy d v cot θ 0.40(60)(32.9)
17 Vs = = (1.455) = 114.9 kips Lines: 9470 to 95
s 10.0
18
 ———
19 569.9 × 12 167.7 2.91928pt P
7.07(60) ≥ + − 0.5(114.9) (1.455)
20 32.9(0.9) 0.9 ———
21 Long Page
22 424.2 kips ≥ 418.5 kips OK
PgEnds: TEX
23
24 The above procedure is repeated for each of the tenth points. The
25 results are summarized in Table E7.3-5 and plotted in Figure E7.3-29. [636], (226)
26 Stirrup spacings are then selected to have values less than the calcu-
27 lated spacings. Starting at the left end and proceeding to midspan of
28 the T-beam, the spacings are 1 at 12 in., 15 at 21 in., 5 at 12 in., 10 at 9
29 in., 4 at 12 in., and 7 at 21 in. The selected stirrup spacings are shown
30 by the solid line in Figure E7.3-29. This completes the design of the T-
31 beam bridge example. Tasks remaining include the determination of
32 cut-off points for the main flexural reinforcement, anchorage require-
33 ments for the stirrups, and side reinforcement in the beam stems.
34
7.10.4 35 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Prestressed 36 Design the simply supported pretensioned prestressed concrete girder
Girder Bridge 37 bridge of Figure E7.4-1 with a span length of 100 ft center to center of
38 bearings for an HL-93 live load. The roadway width is 44 ft curb to curb.
39 Allow for a future wearing surface of 3-in.-thick bituminous overlay and use
40 the concrete deck design of Example Problem 7.10.1 ( fc
= 4.5 ksi). Fol-
41 low the beam and girder bridge outline in Section 5, Appendix A5.3 of the
42 AASHTO (2004) LRFD Bridge Specifications. Use fci
= 6 ksi, fc
= 8 ksi, fy =
43 60 ksi, and 270 ksi, low-relaxation 0.5 in., seven-wire strands. The barrier
44 is 15 in. wide and weighs 0.32 kips/ft. The owner requires this load to be
assigned to the exterior girder.

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 7.10 Example Problems 637

1 Table E7.3-5
2
Summary of stirrup spacing for T-beam
3
4
Location vu /f c
θ Strain εx (in./in.) β s Req’d (in.) s Prov’d (in.)
5
6 100 + dv 0.0624 31.6 0.000587 2.52 24 21
7 101 0.0602 32.1 0.000627 2.48 24 21
8 102 0.0475 34.1 0.000789 2.36 24 21
103 0.0366 35.1 0.000881 2.30 22 21
9
104 0.0261 35.2 0.000888 2.30 24 21
10 105 0.0303 35.4 0.000912 2.28 21 21
11 106 0.0399 34.8 0.000848 2.32 24 21
12 107 0.0497 33.2 0.000712 2.41 24 21
13 108 0.0649 31.2 0.000553 2.55 23 21
109 0.0763 33.6 0.000741 2.38 14 12
[637], (227)
14
110 − dv 0.0788 34.4 0.000809 2.34 12 12
15 200 + dv 0.0900 34.5 0.000806 2.31 10 9
16 201 0.0850 33.0 0.000689 2.40 12 12
17 202 0.0653 31.8 0.000599 2.51 22 Lines: 9561
21 to 9561
18 203 0.0513 33.8 0.000763 2.37 24 ——— 21
204 0.0387 34.8 0.000852 2.32 24 21
19
205 0.0271 34.8 0.000849 2.32 24 13.0726pt21 PgVar
20 ———
21 Long Page
22 PgEnds: TEX
23
24
25 [637], (227)
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44 Fig. E7.3-29
Stirrup spacing for T-beam.

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