Rehabilitation of The Lake Naivasha Waterfront 00

2018
REHABILITATION OF LAKE NAIVASHA URBAN WATERFRONT
A CASE OF KIHOTO, KARAGITA & KAMERE

Joseph Kimani
“Respectful of the environment, which is our heritage, and determined to sustain it for the benefit of future generations” –
Constitution of Kenya 2010
REHABILITATION OF LAKE NAIVASHA URBAN WATEFRONT DECLARATION
DECLARATION
This thesis is my original work and to the best of my knowledge has not been submitted in any
other University for the award of a degree. It is hereby submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Architecture, University of Nairobi
BArch Thesis
Author : Wainaina Joseph Kimani B02/54011/2012
Signature : …….........................
Date : …...........................
This thesis is hereby submitted for examination with our approval as principal University
Supervisors in the Department of Architecture and Building Sciences
Supervisor : Arch. Erastus Abonyo Year Master : Arch. Norbert Musyoki
Signature : ………………………………. Signature : ……………………………………..
Date : ..........………………………. Date : ……………………………………..
Chairman : Arch Musau Kimeu

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSYear Master : Arch.
Signature : ……………………………. Norbert Musyoki
Date: 24-10-2018 Signature : ……………………………………..

Word count: 19, 182
Date : ……………………………………..
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REHABILITATION OF LAKE NAIVASHA URBAN WATEFRONT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACTACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To the Almighty because He created all things, and because of His will they all came into
existence and were created. - Rev 4:11
My family for encouragement especially my mother for making me believe that with hard work
and determination I could accomplish the very best. Monica and Maryanne who we grew up
together and share so much, thank you for always being there for me. To Dr Romi Grammaticas
and the KSC family for the tremendous support and Mr Mungai who has been a father figure.
To the people of Naivasha who made this research possible I owe them a huge debt of gratitude.
And last but not least my friends and colleagues for the good cheer and many shared experiences
throughout this incredible journey.
Without you I could never have made it!
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REHABILITATION OF LAKE NAIVASHA URBAN WATEFRONT ABSTRACT
“This generation enjoys unprecedented technological, scientific and financial TABLE

resourcesOF . . . CONTENTS
And
yet this is perhaps the first generation to take the world to the brink of a [political, economic, and
environmental] systems breakdown.” (Awake 2018)
“Biodiversity is being lost at mass-extinction rates,” states The Global Risks Report 2018, and
“pollution of the air and sea has become an increasingly pressing threat to human health.” Also,
insect numbers are in steep decline in some lands. Because insects pollinate plants, scientists are
now warning of a potential “ecological Armageddon.” Coral reefs are in trouble too. Scientists
estimate that about half the world’s reefs have died in the past 30 years. Can mankind solve the
many challenges that rob us of our peace and security and threaten our future? The answer to
this question depends on our approach to the problem whether we seek to address the root
causes of our troubles or just treat the mere symptoms. (Awake 2018)
The aim of this study is to investigate the underlying causes of decay in the context of Lake
Naivasha, areas which were once habitats to wildlife but have been made derelict as a result of
human activities. It seeks to establish the why, what, where of the root causes of decay with an
objective of finding ways to address the underlying issues in a manner that results in conservation
of the ecosystem which in turn supports a wide array of human activities. The study employs field
research and the case study approach. Lessons are drawn from select-successful projects world
over. The case study explores social-cultural, economic and ecological aspects in the
(re)development of waterfront projects on Lake Naivasha. The findings as well as the lesson
picked will be subsequently used in coming up with guidelines for developing waterfront
communities. This study also takes into account the role of various stakeholders and regulators in
the development of waterfront communities. By analysing all different ingredients the research
aims at bridging the knowledge gap in developing waterfronts in Kenya and concludes with
giving recommendations on current best practices that can be adopted in the rehabilitation of
derelict waterfront sites and contribute to the existing body of knowledge.
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REHABILITATION OF LAKE NAIVASHA URBAN WATEFRONT TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURESTABLE OF
DECLARATION ...............................................................................................1 CON
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................2
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................4
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................8
ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 11
SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 11
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 12
1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................ 13
1.1 Background of the research ..................................................................... 13
1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................... 14
1.3 Research Objectives .............................................................................. 15
1.4 Justification of the study ........................................................................ 16
1.5 Framework of the Thesis ......................................................................... 17
1.6 Introduction to the study area .................................................................. 18
1.7 Scope and Limitations ............................................................................ 19
1.8 Research methods ................................................................................. 19
1.8.1 Literature review ................................................................................................................. 19
1.8.2 Data sources........................................................................................................................ 19
1.8.3 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................ 19
1.8.4 Data analysis and presentation ........................................................................................... 20
1.9 Definition of terms ................................................................................ 21
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 22
2.0 Overview ........................................................................................... 23
2.1 Research on urban waterfront development and its emegence as a recognised field of
study 23
2.1.1 Some literature on waterfront developments by academicians and professionals .............. 23
2.1.2 Design Principles and guidelines for waterfront developments ........................................... 35
2.1.3 Limitations of design principles and guidelines ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2 Emerging concepts in Waterfront (re)-development ......................................... 25
2.3 Major transformations and driving forces behind current urban waterfront development
27
2.4 Re-development of derelict post-industrial waterfronts .................................... 29
2.5 Significance of Waterfronts in Urban development .................................... 30
2.5.1 Benefits and risks of urban waterfront regeneration ...................................................33 4
REHABILITATION OF LAKE NAIVASHA URBAN WATEFRONT
a) Benefits .................................................................................................................................. 33
b) Risks ....................................................................................................................................... 33
2.6 Key factors behind waterfront developments................................................. 25
2.6.1 The economic sphere .......................................................................................................... 25
2.6.2 The social sphere ................................................................................................................. 25
2.6.3 The environmental sphere .................................................................................................. 26
2.7 Causes of Uncontrolled/Informal Developments ............................................. 35
2.7.1 Nature of Planning in African Urban areas .......................................................................... 40
2.7.2 Classifications of Informal Settlements ............................................................................... 41
2.8 Legal, Policy and Institutional Frameworks ................................................... 42
2.8.1 Legal & Policy Framework ................................................................................................... 42
a) The Physical Planning Act (1996) ............................................................................................ 42
b) The Water Act (2002) .............................................................................................................. 42
c) Environmental Management & Coordination Act (2005) ........................................................... 42
d) The Constitution of Kenya (2010) ........................................................................................... 42
e) Urban Areas and Cities Act (2011) ........................................................................................... 43
f) County Government Act (2012) .................................................................................................. 43
g) Land Act (2012) ....................................................................................................................... 43
h) The National Water Draft policy (2012)................................................................................... 43
i) Vision 2030 ................................................................................................................................. 43
2.8.1.1 Relevance to the Study Area............................................................................................ 44
2.8.2 Institutional Framework ...................................................................................................... 44
a) Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural resources .......................................................... 44
b) The National Land Commission .............................................................................................. 44
c) County Government of Nakuru .................................................................................................. 45
d) Municipal Council of Naivasha ................................................................................................ 45
e) National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) ...................................................... 45
f) Lake Naivasha Riparian Association (LRNA) .............................................................................. 45
g) Imarisha Naivasha Board ........................................................................................................ 45
h) Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) ................................................................................................. 45
2.8.2.1 RELEVANCE TO THE STUDY AREA ................................................................................ 46
2.8.3 Beyond the Urbanized Areas ............................................................................................... 47
2.9 CASE STUDIES ...................................................................................... 48
2.9.1 Bilbao Abandoibarra: A dilapilated industrial city turns Cultural Metroplolis ............. 48
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2.9.2 Hafen City, Hamburg, Germany .......................................................................................... 51

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 54
3.1 Research Design ................................................................................... 55
3.2 Choice & justification of Research Strategies ................................................ 56
3.3 Survey techniques ................................................................................. 59
3.3.1 Study process ...................................................................................................................... 59
3.3.2 Key elements of Analysis..................................................................................................... 60
3.4 Case Study research .............................................................................. 61
3.4.1 Justification of the Case Study approach............................................................................. 61
3.5 Research tools ..................................................................................... 62
3.5.1 Data collection sources & techniques .................................................................................. 62
a) Primary data collection ........................................................................................................... 62
b) Secondary data collection....................................................................................................... 63
3.6 Limitations of Study .............................................................................. 64
3.7 Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 64
3.7.1 Data Analysis Techniques.................................................................................................... 64
3.8 Data Reporting ..................................................................................... 64
FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................ 65
4.1 Historical Analysis of the study areas .......................................................... 66
4.1.1 Kihoto, Karagita and Kamere ..............................................................................................66
a) Kihoto .....................................................................................................................................66
b) Karagita .................................................................................................................................. 68
c) Kamere.......................................................................................................................................69
4.2 Character of the study areas .................................................................... 71
4.2.1 Legibility of the study areas ................................................................................................ 71
a) Land Uses ............................................................................................................................... 71
b) Building Structures ................................................................................................................. 72
c) Plot Patterns .............................................................................................................................. 72
d) Street pattern ......................................................................................................................... 72
4.2.2 Permeability and accessibility ............................................................................................. 72
4.2.3 Mixed use priority................................................................................................................ 73
4.3 Quality of water and the environment ......................................................... 74
4.3.1 The menace of Water Hyacinth ........................................................................................... 74
4.3.2 Pollution .............................................................................................................................. 76
RECOMMENDATIONS & CONCLUSION ............................................................. 77
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5.1 A New Vision for Lake Naivasha Urban Waterfront ......................................... 78

5.1.1 Recommendation for Kihoto ............................................................................................... 79
5.1.2 Recommendations for Kamere ........................................................................................... 79
5.1.3 Recommendations for Karagita .......................................................................................... 79
5.2 General Guiding Principles ....................................................................... 80
1. Emphasize Mixed-Use Transit-Oriented Development along the Urban Waterfront .................... 80
2. Create Strong Pedestrian, Transit and Roadway connections between The CBD and the Lakefront
.......................................................................................................................................................... 80
3. Protect, Restore and Enhance Malewa and Gilgil rivers’ ravines and Park System ........................ 80
4. Restore the Lakefront into a Regional Environmental and Recreational Asset ............................. 80
5. Create a Transportation Framework that Allows Clear Access to the Lakefront ........................... 80
6. Encourage Harbor-Related Uses that Complement an Environmentally-Based Lakefront ........... 81
5.3 Enhancing Naivaha’s role as a regional centre ................................................ 81
5.4 Regional development ............................................................................ 82
5.4.1 Strengthening the roles of Kihoto, Karagita and Kamere as urban destinations ................. 82
5.4.2 Distinguish Naivasha as a regional tourist destination ........................................................ 82
5.4.3 Promote Lake Naivasha’s maritime assets .......................................................................... 82
5.5 Waterfront development and open spaces .................................................... 83
5.5.1 Create an accessible Lakefront for all of Naivasha Citizens ................................................. 83
5.5.2 Preserve, protect and restore Lake Naivasha’s unique ecological resources ....................... 83
5.6 Urban Waterfront development ................................................................. 83
5.6.1 Establish Kihoto as the highest-density development center for the Naivasha ................... 83
5.6.2 Unlock the development potential of the Lakefront ........................................................... 83
5.6.3 Prepare the Lakefront for redevelopment by encouraging industrial uses to relocate ........ 83
5.7 Zonning and Planning of the Urban Waterside into distinct districts ...................... 85
5.7.1 Accessibility of the Lakefront and the Urban developments ............................................... 85
a) Create a network of streets that serve multiple purposes ....................................................... 85
b) Provide appropriate parking resources for all districts ............................................................ 85
5.7.2 Create clear development districts that offer a sense of completion at each stage ............. 86
5.7.3 Build on existing assets ....................................................................................................... 86
5.8 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 87
Bibliography .................................................................................................. 88
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REHABILITATION OF LAKE NAIVASHA URBAN WATEFRONT LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.0 Giraffes grazing at Lake Naivasha Source: author ..................................................................... 13
Figure 1.1 Lake Naivasha county club (Source author) .................................................................................... 14
Figure 1.2 Wildlife grazing freely at Lake Naivasha country club (source author) ............................. 14
Figure 1.3 A case of flooding at the edge of the lake (source LNRM) .................................................... 15
Figure 1.4 A hippopotamus in search of grass, they grazing habitats have been encroached by
human activity ................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 1.5 Facebook founder, Mark Zuckerberg enjoy a tour on the lake in 2016 Source:
lnra.or.ke ............................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 1.9 Great white Pelican in flight at Lake Naivasha (Source: pic-a-daykenya.blogspot.com). 16
Figuur 1.8 A family of hippos basking at Lake Naivasha (source: hipposworld.com) ........................ 16
Figure 1.7 Impalas grazing at Lake Naivasha ( Source: word suprise.com) ............................................. 16
Figure 1.8 Thesis framework....................................................................................................................................... 17
Map 1 Showing the agglomeeratopn of informal settlemnts around Lake Naivasaha (Source:
Morrison, 2013) ............................................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 1.9 Research framework ................................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 2.3 Criteria for assessing the success of waterfront revitalization (Source Clark, Revitalising
the waterfront: International dimensions of dockland redevelopment, 1988) ........................................ 35
Figure 2.4 New York city’s urban waterfront promenade (source flickr.com) .......................................... 26
Figure 2.5 Waterfront Cape Town Mall depicting retail, shopping and dining (Source:
www.iol.co.za) .................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 2.6 Lake Ontario waterfront completely transformed through human activity ......................... 39
Figure 2.10 Effects of water as a planning element in urban areas (source Onen, 2007) .................... 32
Figure 2.11 a) Recreation uses, Brighton Pier source www.aerialalarts.com b) The Victoria and
Alfred waterfront source www.thelances.co.uk ................................................................................................... 34
Figure 2.10 Abandoibara during and after construction of the Guggenheim museum (source
Balmori associates) ........................................................................................................................................................ 48
Figure 2.11 The Guggenheim museum at edge of the River Nervion ........................................................ 50
Figure 2.12 regeneration of River Elbe, Hafencity in Hamburg (Bruns, 2012) ........................................ 51
8
Figure 2.13 Waterfront terraces and descending ‘landscape’ of surfaces (source Schneider, 2010)
.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 52
Figure 2.15 A view of public activities in Haffen City Source Bruns,2012 ................................................. 53
Figure 2.16 a) Elbphilarmonie Concert Hall b) International Maritime Museum
of Hamburg (Schneider, 2010) .................................................................................................................................. 53
Figure 4.1 An IDP camp at Kihoto following the post election violence in 2007 source: getty
images ................................................................................................................................................................................ 66
Figure 4.2 Informal trading activities on the road at Kihoto estate ............................................................. 66
Map 4.1 showing Kihoto estate source Google Earth 2018............................................................................ 66
Map 4.3 Riparian level that has since been reclaimed for human activity source (EAGLO 2103) ..... 67
Map 4.2 Riparian boundary based on 1906 and 1892 contour source Naivaha municipal council67
Figure 4.4 An image depicting the state of roads at karagita estate Source: author ............................ 68
Fig 4.5 A house inhabited by flower farm workers in sprawling Karagita estate source: author ...... 68
Map 4.4 Karagita and crescent island ..................................................................................................................... 68
Figure 4.6 A Mabati structure at Kamere estate ................................................................................................. 69
Figure 4.7 Kamere shopping centre ........................................................................................................................ 69
Map 4.5 The Kamere Area.......................................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 4.8 Efforts by locals to mitigate effects of the derilict waterfront at Kamere beach Source:
author ................................................................................................................................................................................. 70
Figuur 3 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 70
Figure 4.10 The state of affairs at Kamere Beach Source: author ................................................................. 70
Figure 4.9 A resident cycling on the improved roads by the World Bank at Kamere ........................... 70
Figure 4.11 A recently improved roads at Kamere estate source: author ................................................. 71
Figure 4.12 A dumpsite at Kamere estate source: author ............................................................................... 71
Figure 4.13 A pit latrine loosely covered source: author ................................................................................. 71
Figure 4.14 A plot with units for rent at Kamere estate depicting ununiform development source:
author ................................................................................................................................................................................. 72
Figure 4.15 A corridor in one of the housing units source: author .............................................................. 72
Figure 4.16 A bird’s eye view of Kamere estate source: author .................................................................... 73
Figure 4.17 A mixed used street at kamere estate source: author ............................................................... 73
Figure 4.18 A fish shed at Kamere beach source: author ......................................................................74
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Figure 4.19 A picture showing attempts by residents to clean Kamere beach source: author.......... 74
Figure 4.20 Water accessibility is a challenge to many locals source: author .......................................... 75
Figure 4.21 Effects of water hyacinth and pollution at Kamere Beach ...................................................... 75
Figure 4. Flamingoes on Lake Naivasha : A sign of increased salinity source: pinterest ...................... 76
Figure 5.0 Hippos at lake Naivasha source: Patel ............................................................................................... 78
Figure 5.01 Birds at Lake Naivasha source: Patel ................................................................................................ 78
Figure 5.1 An artistic impression of a town square connecting the CBD to the lake ............................ 80
Figure 5.2 An artistic impression depicting new way to experience the waterfront .............................. 80
Figure 5.3 An Artistic impression for a waterfront promenade .................................................................... 81
Figure 5.4 An artistic impression depecting a nature trail .............................................................................. 81
Figure 5.5 An artistic impression of a revitalised commercial district ......................................................... 82
Figure 5.6 An artistic impression of citizens enjoying the environment ................................................... 82
Figure 5.7 Birds at Lake Naivasha source: Patel .................................................................................................. 83
Figure 5.8 Birds at Lake Naivasha source: Patel .................................................................................................. 83
Figure 5.9 Treatment of flower farm wastewater effluents using constructed wetlands at Kingfisher
farm at Lake Naivasha source (Kimani 2012) ....................................................................................................... 84
Figure 5.8 Idealized Multi-zone Riparian model source: Superior watershed partnership 2003 ...... 85
Figure 5.9 Native vegetation that provides habitat for wildlife on lake Naivasha source: author .. 85
Figure 5.10 An artistic impression depecting single-family homes, townhomes, and
neighborhood-serving retail ...................................................................................................................................... 86
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REHABILITATION OF LAKE NAIVASHA URBAN WATEFRONT ABBREVIATIONS
WRMA - Water Resource Management Authority

LRNA - Lake Naivasha Riparian Association
IWRAP - Integrated Water Resource Action Plan Programme
WWF - World Wildlife Fund
NEMA - National Environmental Management Agency
CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
CBD - Central Business District
SUMMARY
This study presents the general background to the research problems which, the study ought to
investigate. It shows that the rapid urbanization and tourism growth without proper and
coordinated planning result into numerous problems including overcrowding, environmental
degradation, and resource use conflicts. The most affected are the wildlife and traditional
resource users (i.e., fishermen) and those who directly depend on Lake’s resources and activities
for their livelihoods.
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INTRODUCTION
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1.0 Introduction
This chapter sets the scene by introducing the research objectives and research questions of this
study in the context of Lake Naivasha waterfront. Then, the chapter provides a description of the
thesis’s structure, highlighting the most important points of each part.
1.1 Background of the research
A waterfront is the interface between land and a flowing surface water body. It is also referred to
as a riparian reserve. Roles of riparian areas vary from ecological, aesthetical, and economical roles
to other general uses. The Lake Naivasha riparian has some of the richest ecosystems characterized
by extensive acacia trees, an amazing spectacle of wildlife, and is set in one of the most beautiful
sceneries in the Great Rift Valley. The Lake’s fresh water supports a thriving floriculture industry, the
third foreign exchange earner for the country, the geothermal power plants at Olkaria and a
booming tourism industry. Because of the economic benefits derived from these activities, the area
is teeming with human population.
Traditionally, the area’s economy was dependent on fisheries, boat making and agriculture. Today,
these economic sectors have been overshadowed by the development of the floriculture, tourism
and energy industries. Population growth spurred by these industries has resulted in rapid
urbanization around the lake threatening its future. As a result riparian land perceived as
underutilized has been prone to spontaneous encroachment and illegal occupation especially by
the urban poor. Unplanned settlements have sprout around Lake Naivasha, each housing tens of
thousands of people working directly in the floriculture industry and resultant service industries.
The largest centres of aggregation of settlements are: Kihoto, Karagita, Kwa Muhia, Kamere and
Kasarani. Collectively their population could amount to 250,000 inhabitants, all living in close
proximity to the lake. These communities are mostly composed of young people who immigrate
Figure 1.0 Giraffes grazing at Lake Naivasha Source: author
looking for jobs and who are ready to move elsewhere as opportunities arise. As a consequence,
the structure of the built-up area comprises mostly compounds with large numbers of small rooms
rather than family estates and homes. All residents tend to settle in close proximity to the Moi South
Lake road for easy accessibility to utilities and services.
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REHABILITATION OF LAKE NAIVASHA URBAN WATEFRONT INTRODUCTION
1.2 Problem Statement
Twenty years ago the population of Naivasha less than 300,000 people. By 2019 it is expected to
reach around one million. The flower farms are a major cause of this growth in Naivasha, followed
by the development of the tourism and fishing industries (Daily nation n.d.) Increased illegal
activities by the ever expanding informal settlements is depleting and contaminating the lake.
Increasing demand for land for farming and settlement has led to subdivision of large tracts to
small lots without proper zoning and a land management plan. According to the Lake Naivasa
boat owners’ association sewerage from Naivasha is flowing into the lake. Uncontrolled
development and pollution has brought numerous challenges to the residents including disease
outbreaks such as Cholera (Daily Nation).
Flower farms have also contributed greatly to the pollution of the lake and the declining water
levels. The natural movement of water is also on the decline in the area, due to deforestation for
Figure 1.1 Lake Naivasha county club (Source author)
charcoal and land clearance for farming The waterfront is lined by some 60 flower farms growing
cut flowers for export to the EU mostly of which until recently have been dumping chemical waste
into the lake.
This push and pull phenomena with nature needs to be addressed now by establishing an
adaptive rather than a coping strategy in which the lake’s ecosystem can coexist with the various
land-uses. The ecosystem damage in this part of East Africa is another facet of a wave of
unmistakable evidence in Africa and every other continent that climate change, population
growth, and the pursuit of industrial wealth is starting to buckle the Earth’s basic biology. The
principle resource most affected is available supplies of clean fresh water. This study however,
tackles issues related to landscape and urban design. It focuses on informal settlements at the
Figure 1.2 Wildlife grazing freely at Lake Naivasha country club shores of Lake Naivasha, at karagita, Kamere & Kihoto.
(source author)
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REHABILITATION OF LAKE NAIVASHA URBAN WATEFRONT INTRODUCTION
1.3 Research Objectives
Using a blend of qualitative and quantitative approaches the study aims at:
1. Examining the nature of landuse and activities undertaken within riparian Land on Lake
Naivasha.
2. Establish the causes of informal settlement developments and identifying guidelines that can
be used in developing prospective waterfront communities
 To identify the major causes and effects of informal settlement development.
 To determine the impacts of settlements and development projects on the Lake’s
waterfront.
 To identify the extent environmental degradation by illegal activities such as farming,
deforestation and illegal settlements in the area.
3. Identifying opportunities for sustainable development of human activities and conservation

Figure 1.3 A case of flooding at the edge of the lake (source of the riparian reserve.
LNRM)  To determine how ecotourism can be integrated into community development
 To determine the best utilization of the riparian reserve, to prevent future encroachment
This study seeks to investigate the challenges facing the Lake Naivasha waterfront through the
following research questions:
1. What is the nature of land use and activities undertaken at the Lake Naivasha waterfront?
2. What are the causes of informal settlement developments and what guidelines can be used in
developing prospective waterfront communities?
3. What opportunities arise from the existing push and pull phenomena with nature for the
sustainable development of human activities and conservation of the riparian reserve?
Figure 1.4 A hippopotamus in search of grass, they grazing

habitats have been encroached by human activity
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1.4 Justification of the study
The Nakuru county government envisages Naivasha becoming an ecotourism and conferencing
destination through a new masterplan (to be ratified by the County Assembly). There is a serious
concern that the masterplan does not to take into account the impact of pollution from informal
settlements, flower farms and the various Geothermal power projects currently underway and
plans to invest massively in industrialization. The lake, which is listed as protected by the Ramsar
Convention on Wetlands, was once an incredible tourist attraction. Development around the lake
has resulted in deforestation and now wildlife is disappearing. Little or no action has been taken
in the preservation of the lake. Hence, there is a requirement for regulations to be put into place
by the county government as well as an ecological risk assessment to help map and identify high
risk elements in and around the lake that compromise the ecosystem.
Figure 1.5 Facebook founder, Mark Zuckerberg enjoy a tour on the
lake in 2016 Source: lnra.or.ke
While it is obvious that pollution and general degradation of the lake and its catchment is
occurring there lacks a study that has delved into the causes of these problems. The proposed
study intends to fill the gap and contribute to informed debate. The study focuses mainly on the
informal settlements around the lake with an aim to propose some ways of nurturing the
opportunities through making the environment legible in order to attract business investors,
tourists, and even other kinds of visitors.
Figure 1.7 Impalas grazing at Lake Figuur 1.8 A family of hippos Figure 1.9 Great white Pelican in
Naivasha ( Source: word suprise.com) basking at Lake Naivasha (source: flight at Lake Naivasha (Source: pic-
Figure 1.6 An artistic impression of Boat riding at Lake Naivasha hipposworld.com) a-daykenya.blogspot.com)
Source author
16
1.5 Framework of the Thesis
This research project is organized into five chapters; the first chapter focuses on the introduction
which entails, problem statement, statement of the research question and objectives, and the
statement of the research methodology. The second chapter entails review of relevant literature
regarding, previous written literature, grey literature, legal, policy and institutional frameworks. The
third chapter covers the Research methodology in detail. The fourth chapter presents the field
survey findings & discussions, chapter five covers the conclusion and recommendations. Figure 2
gives a visual overview of the research framework for this thesis per chapter.
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5
Literature review Research Findings & Recommendations

Introduction
Methodology discussions & conclusion
Published material
preparation, collection evaluating results policy,legal &
unpublished thesis
of background materials, proposals & institutional
articles, journals &
field and data interventions frameworks
internet sources
analysis theoretical principles
Figure 1.8 Thesis framework
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1.6 Introduction to the study area
The thesis study area is a unique site along the waterfront, a sample of the larger fabric. It is
located at Kamere a village with a population of about 30,000 people (Source: Naivasha municipal
council) Majority of the residents work in flower farms, while a significant portion depend on the
lake directly for their livelihoods. Activities on the lake include fishing, boat making, tourism and
trading. kamere beach is the major access to the lake by the public and receives tourists from
various parts of the country especially on weekends. It strategic position attracts lots of visitors on
their way back from hell’s gate national park as well as locals working in the geothermal industry.
The map below shows major settlements and

public access points. Selection of study
locations was based on geographical
characteristics and coverage, livelihood
strategies and livelihood levels (poverty) and
designed to explore key manifestations of Study areas
diversity in Ecosystem Services livelihood
linkages within the basin as advocated in
(Fish et al, 2011)
Map 1 Showing the agglomeeratopn of informal settlemnts around Lake Naivasaha (Source: Morrison,
2013)
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1.7 Scope and Limitations
This study was carried out in an area where land is a hot issue hence obtaining data was quite
difficult. The process of data collection and analysis was time consuming and tiresome. Some
respondents were unwilling to respond thus limiting the amount of primary data. Unreliable up-
to-date data secondary data led to the reliance on data sets from previous enumerations. Natural
generalization in some instances was applied. And lastly, the research was conducted under a
short period of three months with a limited budget.
1.8 Research methods
The research methodology used, has been designed to achieve each research objective of the
study, which aims to establish the challenges on the Lake Naivasha riparian reserve.
1.8.1 Literature review

This chapter focuses on the revision of the existing written materials which support the study and
provide justification to the actions of the research carried out. This part identifies the principles
that should guide development of waterfront communities and select successful case studies
around the world which may be of relevance to the Lake Naivasha case study.
1.8.2 Data sources

Data required for the study was collected from various sources such as; existing literature on
rehabilitation of waterfronts, journals and grey literature from the CAE library, references from
tutuors, and last but not least the vast resource of the internet.
1.8.3 Fieldwork
Field reconnaissance was done to familiarize with the area of study, which was later followed by
field visit to collect data. Various relevant offices and government institutions were visited to get
the needed information. The data collected in the field survey included; observation,
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administration of questionnaires, institutional and key stakeholders interviews, field check lists,
notes, sketches, photographs and videos.
1.8.4 Data analysis and presentation

The data collected from various sources was analyzed and synthesized to answer the research
questions sought by this study. The findings of the study were then presented in a simple format.
Figure 1.9 Research framework
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1.9 Definition of terms
Rehabilitation- defined as the act or process of making possible a compatible use for a property
through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features which
convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values.
Waterfront- A waterfront is the interface between land and a flowing surface water body also
referred to as a riparian reserve.
Waterfront promenade-is a long, open, level area, usually next to a river or large body of water,
where people may walk.
Waterfront regeneration-any large-scale urban renewal project which has taken place along
urban coastlines or river banks.
Urban development- refers to urbanization with its different dimensions and perceptions:
physical (land use change such as urban sprawl and increase in artificial surfaces), geographical
(population and employment concentration), economic (markets, agglomeration economies and
knowledge spillovers) and societal (social and cultural change). Urbanization is a process that
takes a territory to an urban state in these different dimensions, most notably through population
and employment increase and linked land use change.
Public Private Partnerships- is a funding model for public infrastructure projects where private
developers the government collaborate to realize a common goal more efficiently.
Riparian land-Article 67 of the Kenyan Constitution says riparian land is public land hence should
not be allocated to anyone. Article 62, on the other hand, notes that all rivers, lakes and all land
between high and low water marks are public land. Kenyan laws define riparian land as being a
minimum of 6 meters and up to a maximum of 30 meters on either side of a river bank from the
highest water mark.
Watershed- an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or
seas
Policy- Policy refers to a general course of action or proposed overall direction that a
government is or will be pursuing and which guides on going decision-making. It is a statement
of intent specifying what government wants to be done.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
22
2.0 Overview
This chapter focuses on the revision of the existing written materials which support the study and
provide justification to the actions of the research carried out. There has been a significant
amount of literature on waterfront redevelopment in the context of urban history, in the fields of
urban planning and architecture. However little attention is paid to the ecological context of of
the broader project. This chapter will addresses issues relating to waterfront developments, their
historical background, planning issues related to urban waterfront developments, case studies
and a review of legal and institutional frameworks. The chapter will also look into the urban/social
discourse in a more rural setting to determine the extent to which human-oriented discourse has
found its way into ecological restoration projects.
2.1 Research on urban waterfront development and its emegence as a

Figure 2.0 Perth’s new waterfront – Elizabeth Quays. recognised field of study
World over numerous waterfront projects have been completed and many more are in progress.
It is undoubtedly clear why this type of development has become a focus of academics and
professional research from various disciplines. A plethora of seminars, workshops and
conferences, as well as books and articles from across the globe currently discuss these projects.
2.1.1 Some literature on waterfront developments by academicians and professionals

Waterfronts have been a topic of academic and professional interest since the 1960s and
overtime Waterfront development has ganered its own discipline. (Marshall, 2004) “As the 1990s
begin, waterfront planning and development is something of a field in its own right, not unlike
historic preservation”. (Breen 1994) Specialty courses on urban waterfronts are held at a number
of universities, including the Harvard Graduate School of Design and New York University’s
Graduate School of Public Service among many other universities world over.
Researchers Breen and Rigby have authored numerous articles on waterfront issues and
published their own waterfront magazines. They have also published two well regarded
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books on waterfront design: (Breen & Rigby 1994) and The New Waterfront: A Worldwide Urban
Success Story (Breen & Rigby 1996). These two volumes offer abundant examples with expert
comments, as well as comprehensively reviews and analyses the underlying causes of major
transformations. There has been an emerging pattern of singularity that begun in the 1990s
where authors and researchers focus on specicific aspects of the waterfronts, individual projects
and locations. For example, Urban Waterside Regeneration: Problems and Prospects (1993)
focuses on physical design as well as technical and environmental issues. Recreation and Tourism
as a Catalyst for Urban Waterfront Redevelopment: An international survey (1995) brings together
two universal themes: increasing demand in tourism and leisure, and waterfront redevelopment.
City, Capital, and Water (1996) incisively examines how economic and political forces influence
the waterfront planning and design process. Waterfront in post-industrial cities (2001) claims to
be part of a “second generation of waterfront publications” and explores four particular aspects:
connections to the waterfront, remaking the city image on the waterfront, port and
city relations, and new waterfronts in historic cities.
Figure 2.1 Radiddon Blue Hotel at Cape Town’s waterfront
Organization as well have focuesd on waterfront development they include, The Waterfront
Center formed in Washington DC in 1981. The Citta D’acqua Centro Internazionale (International
Center ‘Cities on Water’) formed in Venice in 1989. This particular group convenes international
conferences, publishes documents and magazines and has also established a collaborative online
network. The Waterfront Revitalization Research Center (WARRC) and the Technology Research
Center for Riverfront Development are research groups in japan. In a nut shell it is clear that there
has been considerable effort focuesd on the development of waterfronts and this has emerged as
a recognized field of study world over and such studies will continue into the future.
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2.2 Key factors behind waterfront developments
Several factors influence the development of waterfronts. (Liu, 2005) identifies seven factors;
social transformation, economic growth, environmental protection, infrastructure improvement,
betterment of living conditions, tourism development and the remaking of the city image. Zhang,
Feng and Peng (2002) identifies five factors for development which are; environmental, social,
cultural, political and economic. (Breen, Rigby 1996) outlined five factors; technological changes,
the historic preservation movement, heightened environmental awareness and water clean-up,
consistent pressure to redevelop central city areas and lastly federal urban-renewal and related
Figure 2.5 Waterfront Cape Town Mall depicting retail,
assistance. Regardless of different contexts, scale and many other conditions, in general, most
shopping and dining (Source: www.iol.co.za)
developments share similar underlying factors. Such factors can be explored in three dimensions
of sustainable development.
2.2.1 The economic sphere

Modern, large-scale ports in coastal areas have developed with the advancements in
transportation. However, many other forms of transportation are more efficient, including
railways, highways, and air travel. With less reliance on water transport, post-industrialization or
deindustrialization occurs, involving a move from being a “secondary industry” to a “tertiary
industry.” Factories and docks in a few urban areas are abandoned or relocated out of the city.
However, abandoned areas have possible economic value when converted from the previous
single industrial use to multi-purpose activity. Moreover, the value of adjacent land and property
increases.
2.2.2 The social sphere

Waterfront redevelopment involves improvements on urban development and population
growth, infrastructure and housing, as well as the overall quality of life of the residents. Thus,
waterfront redevelopment is a catalyst for adjacent urban regeneration. At the same time, job
opportunities in the construction and service sectors increase. Meanwhile, economic growth and
globalization boosts recreation and tourism across the world, with the public realm becoming
increasingly important in such activities. Many working waterfronts are converted into tourist
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attractions and public destinations, and the conservation and adaptation of historical buildings
have become important considerations in waterfront planning and design.
2.2.3 The environmental sphere

Many cities have begun to realise environmental significance, which is related to the social
sphere. This is because a good environment benefits public health and offers comfortable living
and working conditions. A good environment can also attract investment and boost tourism,
making it an important economic consideration as well. Tackling water pollution and improving
water quality are priorities in every project. Ecological restoration and conservation are integral to
beautification. At present, the treatment of water banks is becoming more environmental-friendly,
Figure 2.4 New York city’s urban waterfront promenade (source and new techniques, such as eco-bank and many others, are being developed and applied.
flickr.com)
In summary, urban waterfronts can be viewed as the result of interactions between humans and
their landscape. The waterfront provides many resources and opportunities for the public; in turn,
the waterfront landscape is gradually influenced by humans and their activities. Through this
cycle, people gain a better understanding of the waterfront value and potential. Thus, the overall
waterfront evolution may be viewed as transitions in the relationship between humans and
waterfronts sprawling economies attracts new people.
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2.3 Major transformations and driving forces behind current urban

waterfront development
There are numerous publications worldwide on waterfront re-development projects. Most of this
literature is written with a special disciplinary approach by architects, planners, historians,
economists, ecologists, geographers as well as authorities and non-governmental organizations.
Most of these are just case studies citing one example and not a theoretical background. It is thus
important to distinguish between professional orientated brochures and scholarly analyses.
(Schubert, 2011) There is need to focus more on the later.
Over the past 150 years, there has been numerous changes along waterfronts, changes which are
Figure 2.7 Vancouver waterfront park
in a way permanent and never ending. Waterfronts have been centres of urban transformation for
centuries and will no doubt, continue to do so. (Schubert, 2011) A useful periodization is
necessary for the analysis of waterfront transformations so as to give a clearer perspective. A
multidisciplinary approach is necessary in this field. Reasons and details of why and how have to
be analysed and have to be linked with questions of where, when and who? There have been
transformations in the past which will continue into the future. We are interested in where these
transformations are happening, when they began and who is involved?
Where deals with the regional perspective of the location of re-development projects in this study
the focus is on the Lake Naivasha waterfront, when refers to long time discussion processes in
place before the transformations occur which in this case is the period of the 1980s just before
the flower farms were given a greenlight to set camp at the shores of Lake Naivasha, who is a
question that has to be answered from a global level with notable impact at the local/regional
level. In this study the international players are multinational corporations which have conflicting
interests with local players and have a different power base. For instance, decisions from these
Figure 2.8 A waterfront promenade in Cyprus
corporations are made at their headquarters and do not reflect local impacts their decisions have.
There are other actors involved such as politicians, architects, and planners who have their
networks where ideas for redevelopment are discussed and circulated.
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In light of the discussion above it is important to do case studies based on interviews,

publications and archived materials and relate them to a general perspective of urban and
regional transformation. Because of the complexity of actors and transformations at different
scales a multidisciplinary perspective of research is absolutely necessary. To identify processes of
convergence and divergence regarded of these transformations only a comparative analysis
including a historical perspective is possible. (Schubert, 2011)
While waterfronts have been categorised as devaluated, underutilised areas, this image has
changed. Now they are becoming “spaces of opportunity” and “spaces of promise” especially for
the creative classes and science-based industries. New developments create, destroy, combine
and separate older structures. The waterfront is unique and the location where all these spatial
and social transformations can be analysed in an early stage and conclusion made for other
waterfront and urban areas. (Schubert, 2011)
Figure 2.8 Chicago Waterfront : Source flickr.com
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2.4 Re-development of derelict post-industrial waterfronts
In the 1980s many European cities embarked on massive re-development projects as their
waterfronts were derelict with a predominantly very bad image. These allowed for the so-called
‘pioneers’ to exploit development niches for their own purposes. This led to the re-development
of brownfield sites into lofts and expensive private apartments. It soon became apparent that
standardised regeneration projects were not delivering the desired local solutions and thus small
redevelopment projects became integrated into large-scale strategic perspectives. There has been
many successful case studies of projects restructuring derelict docks and waterfronts by
integrating mid-long term regeneration efforts with transport and landscaping projects.
Derelict waterfront sites offer opportunities for sustainable uses that no longer require a position
close to the water. Changes have been happening rapidly more as a result of planning and
design as opposed to social and economic processes on a global scale. (Schubert, 2011) New
waterfronts in particular mirror globalisation processes and have become the new locations for
work, housing and recreation in knowledge-based societies. A few examples of these are:
 Office-led London docklands
 Housing-led Amsterdam Eastern docklands
 Culture-led Bilbao Abandoibarra
 Mixed-use led Gothenberg Norra Alvstranden
Revitalization/rehabilitation however, has no precise definition, but embraces a complex field of

changing uses, rejuvenation, redesign and remodelling at the intersection of diverse interests that
are interconnected at the interface of city/country – water. Modern urban waterfront
development was pioneered in the United States. This activity was mainly conducted to convert
abandoned industrial waterfronts to commercial or mixed-use activity. According to Breen and
Rigby (1994), “The urban waterfront redevelopment phenomenon of our time began in earnest in
the 1960s, bloomed in the 1970s, accelerated in the 1980s, and will continue unabated for the
foreseeable future, recessions included.”
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The waterfront redevelopment trend eventually spread across the world. Since 1990, many
Chinese waterfront cities have emphasized the significance of the waterfront, and have developed
many large-scale waterfront projects for its development (Zhang, Feng and Peng, 2002). At
present, this global phenomenon has become a special focus of interest. In fact, many researchers
have offered insights and tried to identify the factors and mechanisms behind waterfront
development.
2.5 Significance of Waterfronts in Urban development
The significance of waterfronts in urban development many cities have developed from, and are
located near, the waterside. The four ancient civilizations originated at riversides, because of the
convenient water supply for drinking and irrigation, transport, and many other benefits. Around a
third to half of the world’s population lives near coastal areas. Even inland, people prefer to live
near streams, rivers, lakes or other water resources (Liu, 2005). Only 6 out of the 75 largest cities
in the United States are not located on a significant body of water (Breen and Rigby, 1994). In
China, 33 of 34 major cities at the provincial level (provincial capitals, autonomous regions,
municipalities, and special administrative regions) are located beside a body of water (Liu, 2005).
The urban waterfront is defined as “the dynamic area of cities and towns where land and water
meet” (Breen and Rigby, 1994). Waterfronts have become increasingly important at different
levels and in diverse aspects, including economic, ecological, social, and cultural
At the city or macro level, the waterfront is the window reflecting the quality of the city. The
waterfront contributes to the formation of the city’s image and identity. Many cities are well-
known for their scenic waterfront landscapes. Some of these are very traditional, such as London,
Paris, and Venice, while some are modern, such as Boston, Sydney, and Hong Kong. The cities all
have their own unique characteristics. Recently, many waterfront cities have tried to implement
measures by which to stimulate economic growth, improve environmental condition, and
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enhance competitiveness and vitality by taking advantage of their unique waterfronts and
utilising their respective cultural and historical resources.
At the community or micro level, waterfronts are highly related to quality of life. People directly
benefit from the waterfront landscape, which is highly different from the other city areas and has
following unique functions:
I. Offers an excellent opportunity to access (even touch) a natural water resource within a
highly man-made environment;
II. serves as a stage for multiple activities, including recreation and tourism, water-related
activities (such as boating, fishing), and seasonal activities
III. offers special and diverse experiences for relaxation involving the natural landscape, which
contributes to public health; and
IV. Provides a strong sense of belongingness and leaves a substantial impression and image in
people’s minds.
Figure 2.9 The Sydney Harbour (pinterest.com)
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A waterfront in the city centre is an essential open resource where the public can enjoy life and
carry out diverse social and cultural activities on a daily basis. Many city centres become popular
venues and tourist attractions due to their vibrant waterfronts; these also contribute to local
society and economy. Therefore, waterfronts play a very critical role in shaping a city centre
landscape. Indeed, the quality of waterfront reflects the quality of the city and its quality of life.
Figure 2.10 Effects of water as a planning element in urban areas (source Onen, 2007)
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2.5.1 Benefits and risks of urban waterfront regeneration

a) Benefits
Urban waterfront regeneration, which is phenomenon in global dimension, have a social,
economic and environmental benefits to the community. According to Papatheochari (2011), the
most pronounced benefits urban waterfront regenerations are:
 The increase in real estate property values,
 The preservation historical and local heritage also re-use of historic building,
 The improvement of water quality and water ecology by means of the advanced
management processes,
 Providing of opportunities for new uses and activities,
 Representing of new economic regeneration opportunities for declining inner city areas,
 Attracting tourists not only at the regional level, but also nationally and internationally,
 The provision of many new homes,
 Providing new jobs,
 The improvement of the environmental conditions,
b) Risks
Urban waterfront regeneration may also have some of the risks and the negative effects as well as
mentioned these benefits. The risks and negative effects of waterfront regeneration explain as
follow according to (Morena 2011)
 Standardization of the interventions; when a regeneration intervention is planned, one
of the greatest risks is to select. In short, models can be unconnected with area under
evaluation. The result often leads to a kind of disorientation where the identity of the place
is lost.
 Little room to real estate logics; Sometimes, the final outcome does not correspond to
the project’s initial objectives, and the ‘common good’ in terms of spaces, enjoyment and
access, is partly neglected in favour of property interests (Morena, 2011).
 An excessively commercial-tourist functions; Domination of these functions over
residential and productive ones are an important risk. Because, these areas are usually used
a few hours a day and in the weekends. Planning should provide a long term use of these
33
areas by adding residential use as an extra commercial-tourist function (Morena, 2011).

 The surrounding of residential areas should be mixed both functionally and socially
(Moretti 2010)
 Aim of high profit margin; target of high profit margins is considered overrides the quest
for high quality developments (Moretti, 2008a).
 Free access to the waterfront; the aim in this is to provide a relationship between people
and the waterfront thus, access to this area should be free and indiscriminate. Recently,
such transformation have produced new bans and new areas reserved for just a few
categories (Morena, 2011).
Figure 2.11 a) Recreation uses, Brighton Pier source www.aerialalarts.com b) The Victoria and Alfred waterfront source
www.thelances.co.uk
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2.6 Design Principles and guidelines for waterfront developments
In as much as many waterfront publications dwell on the macro issues of waterfront

developments, the issues at the micro level should also be factored if these projects are to
succeed. Waterfronts present enormous challenges for designers and planners and there is a
need for experts in this area. Numerous study cases have covered various projects; for example
Tsukio (1984) uses three categories: conservation, redevelopment, and development. Re-
development projects have the lion share in mainstream contemporary waterfront design. Breen
and Rigby (1994) use seven themes: cultural, environmental, historic, mixed-use, recreational,
residential, and working aspects. The book; Revitalizing the waterfront: International dimensions of
dockland redevelopment, outlined numerous methods or models to analyse or evaluate waterfront
development. For example, Clark (1988) suggests a critical approach to define the success or
failure of revitalization in ten aspects
Figure 2.3 Criteria for assessing the success of waterfront revitalization (Source Clark, Revitalising the
waterfront: International dimensions of dockland redevelopment, 1988)
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The table below highlights a number of principles from select literture that can contribute to
successful waterfornt development
Selected references Principles and guidelines
Dramov (1997) 9 design principles 1. Build on the waterfront’s unique qualities

2. Respect the water as a body of space
3. Maximize waterfront views
4. Focus on water-dependent and water-related uses
5. Create a wide variety of waterfront spaces
6. Design spaces and plan public events to fit the
changeable nature
7. Design waterfront spaces for public events and
celebrations
8. Clearly define public access
9. Celebrate the waterfront’s history
Waterfront-net (2000) 9 principles for 1. Secure the quality of water and the environment
sustainable urban waterfront development 2. Waterfronts are part of the existing urban fabric
3. The historic identity gives character
4. Mixed-use is a priority
5. Public access is a prerequisite
6. Planning in public-private partnerships speeds the
process
7. Public participation is an element of sustainability
8. Waterfronts are long term projects
9. Re-vitalization is an ongoing process
Table 2.0 some principles and guidelines for successful waterfront development
36
Krieger (2004) 9 1. The transformation along the urban waterfront is a recurring event in the life
principles of of a city, and tends to occur when major economic or cultural shifts lead to
waterfront conflicting visions of contemporary urban life.
developments 2. The aura of a city largely resides and endures along its waterfront, allowing
substantial changes to occur without inevitably harming its enduring qualities of
place.
3. Despite periodic and sometimes rapid change, a waterfront preserves for its
bordering city some inherent and unalterable stability.
4. As valuable and often contested realms, urban waterfronts bring forth the
opposing, though reconcilable, human desires to preserve and to reinvent.
5. Even though a waterfront serves as a natural boundary between land and
water, it must not be conceptualized or planned as a thin line.
6. Waterfront redevelopments are long-term endeavors with the potential to
produce long-term value. Endangering this for short-term riches rarely produces
the most desirable results.
7. Underuse or obsolete urban waterfront come alive when they become
desirable places to live, not just to visit.
8. The public increasingly desires and expects access to the water’s edge. This
usually requires overcoming historic barriers, physical, proprietary, and
psychological-while persuading new investors that there is merit in maintaining
that valuable edge within the public domain.
9. The success and appeal of waterfront development is intrinsically tied to the
interrelationship between landside and adjacent waterside uses and to the
environmental quality of both the water and the shore.
Table 2.1. Factors that can contribute to successful waterfront development
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2.7 Emerging concepts in Waterfront (re)-development
There have been many discourses relating to the waterfront, some have been too utopian to be
implemented as they have been far away from legal viability and possibilities. Municipalities
attempt to give the legal framework for the new design solutions depending on the various
bodies of governmentl, regional, environmental and municipal institutions. The dialogue between
institutions is characterized by the animosity of professionals that protect their disciplines and do
not consider other disciplinary approaches. The institutions follow laid procedures and not do not
present imaginative ideas, especially if they require to think above procedures (Garcia 2011) For
the institutions in power, it might be considered useless to think beyond procedures but on the
other hand experts realize that new ideas take time to be understood by the community and it is
the task of academicians to launch new ideasthat eventually challenge the status quo.
City planning and masterplans are towards the denial of thought, where procedures become
important than the possibiltiy of thinking . They become bureaucratic tools and the bureaucracy
holds the safety zone for the mediocre(Garcia, 2011) There are two lines of thought when it
comes to the development of waterfronts. One believes in the continous urbanisation, based on
growth and expansion while the other presents a holistic notion where conservation and urban
development must be integrated to improve the environment and the community. (Garcia, 2011)
For the environmental factors a similar paradigm is observed, on the one hand there are those
who believe we can control and transform nature and those who wish to negotiate with it since
they realize nature is increasingly stronger and unpredictable. They claim nature always win, while
for the first group, the possibility to control nature is not just neccessary but desirable. They argue
man holds the mechanisms for landfill, dredging, channelization and building. Waterfront
territories and its landscapes and its landscape are absolutely artifitual and the process should
continue. The second group hold that complexity of nature is yet to be understood. They claim
interdisciplinary approaches to present solutions that integrate patterns of nature.
38
Figure 2.6 Lake Ontario waterfront completely transformed through human activity
The two philosphical points of view are not neccesarily opposed at all levels. The first group
sights that waterfront spaces attract new capital and compete with other financial centres whilst
the second group states that there is a tendency to enhance the environment, natural and urban.
The natural environment should improve the character to host urban activities, the natural
environment should be supported by letting the wildlife return. Nature and urbanity are taken as
opportunity to value the concept of the slow city. (Garcia, 2011) The difference of approaches
leads to opposite choices when dealing with urban infrastructures and natural resources. For
instance an existing water stream for the first group, should be controlled and channelized while
the second group may consider the opportunity to include it in new public spaces design around
an open air canal.
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2.8 Causes of Uncontrolled/Informal Developments
2.8.1 Nature of Planning in African Urban areas

Many African Nations adoption western theories for the development of their urban centres. (T.
Anyamba 2006) states that the 1980s neo-liberal theories have impacted negatively on many
third world urban residents. The colonial African city was largely a space of contending interests
between the colonisers and the local populations in and around the cities. Contention among the
different interest groups explains the spatial layouts and morphology of African urban centres
(Moshi, 2006) In his study of Kisumu (Anyamba 1995) states that the explanations of the built
forms and environments belonged to the set of theories commonly referred to as ‘the theory of
the colonial city’. He goes further to outline the colonial city as a distinct urban type.
On-going changes in many of the cities in poor countries have their roots in colonial planning
influences. City growth in these countries has been largely unregulated. This is because, many
formal processes have been unable to cope with the demand for urban goods and services, and
as a result informal processes spring up to fill the gap left (Anyamba, 2006)
In Naivasha particularly in Kihoto, Karagita and Kamere areas, the elements of image are affected
by informal transformation processes. These areas have become a product of individually driven
and often uncoordinated incremental changes. (Anyamba 1995) goes further and identifies three
levels, (i) the urban level, (ii) the sector level and (iii) Unit level. The urban level of the concentrates
on the social, physical and spatial development of the city. The sectoral analysis focuses on the
intra-urban relationships and characteristics of distinct sectors of the urban area. The unit analysis
focus on the particular buildings as determined by cultural responses to the requirements for
shelter (Anyamba 1995)
Transformation of built forms can occur through alterations or additions to the existing buildings
or demolitions for development of new buildings. Transformations starts at household level and
progress to affect the whole fabric. (Anyamba, 2004) in his research paper, Informalisation of a
planned neighbourhoods, establishes that individual house owners extend their houses without
consideration to planning regulations and principles under which the neighbourhood was
planned.
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2.8.2 Classifications of Informal Settlements
Informal settlements are classified into three categories according to (T. Anyamba 2006).
I. Squatter settlements –They are characterised by encroachment that goes on to spread

into a significant settlement that is generally unplanned lacking general utilities and
amenities.
II. Illegal subdivisions – These result in unauthorized land developments, many of these
developments are mainly characterised by poor standards.
III. Illegal transformation of formal housing – this occurs through the process of
extensions and alterations by users without permission.
In his paper "Adopting a new eco-ethical philosophy of living; the diminishing options for Nairobi
and humanity." Anyamba concludes by stating that mankind has got a responsibility to future
generations in the process of their current development endeavours.
41
2.9 Legal, Policy and Institutional Frameworks
2.9.1 Legal & Policy Framework
a) The Physical Planning Act (1996)

The act states the role of physical planners in the process of development. It provides any
development requires development permission. Section V of the act mandates local authorities
reservation and maintenance of land planned for open spaces, parks, urban forests and green
belts.
b) The Water Act (2002)

It provides for the public to ensure protection of any water resource, its catchment and source.
Public involvement in identification and development of regressing basin for the control and
management of flood water or any other measures for its control as well as conservation and
improvement of water quality.
c) Environmental Management & Coordination Act (2005)

According to the act every Kenyan has a right to a healthy and clean environment. Every project
undertaken should undergo an environmental impact analysis and any project with adverse
effects should be discontinued. The act also establishes the environmental standards that should
be observed and issues related to water usage.
d) The Constitution of Kenya (2010)

It supports conservation of the environment and guides the nature of planning. It condemns
activities which endanger the environment and encourage utilization of the environment and
natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya. Article 42 recognises the right of every
Kenyan to a clean heathy environment.
42
e) Urban Areas and Cities Act (2011)

The Act identifies the role of the urban boards as promotion of clean and safe environment. It
stresses on integrated urban areas and cities development planning. It lays the foundation for the
preparation of environmental management plans.
f) County Government Act (2012)

This act emphasises on the need for public participation as a key feature in decision making.
County planning should be aimed at protecting and developing county resources to align with
national and county goals. It engenders effective mobilization of resources for sustainable growth.
g) Land Act (2012)

It prevents the commission of lands from allocating public land that falls within forests, wildlife
reserves, mangroves, wetlands, buffer zones and environmental sensitive areas.
h) The National Water Draft policy (2012)

The policy identifies challenges to water provision such as climate change, disaster management
and environmental degradation. It sets standards for management of water resources and
sewerage services with an aim to eliminate conflicts over water use and enhance its availability.
i) Vision 2030
Vision 2030 addresses issues related to the environment as well as housing and urbanization.
Sectors plans and Urban Plans for Nakuru County will borrow heavily from the Nakuru CIDP, the
Vision 2030 and its Medium Term Plans. The plans will also be in recognition of the various
flagship projects being implemented in the County. (County Government of Nakuru 2013)
43
2.9.1.1 Relevance to the Study Area
There is need for public participation in developing waterfront communities as it ensures that all
stakeholders are involved in the development process. Integrated planning should be adopted for
the developing urban areas around the lake basin. Environmental impact analyses should be
carried before any development projects are undertaken in the study area. A clean and healthy
waterfront is a right and necessity for all the citizens living in the study area. All development
projects should be certified by mandated authorities and should ensure reservation and
maintenance of land planned for open spaces, parks, forests and green belts.
The Land Act discourages encroachment of riparian land for settlement, farming and other illegal
uses. Vision 2030 identifies water and sanitation, environmental conservation, housing and
urbanization as critical issues that should be addressed for its realization.
2.9.2 Institutional Framework

There are various institutions mandated to regulate and oversee development projects and other
land uses around waterfronts and riparian reserves. These are;
a) Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural resources

Protect areas of concern such as water catchment areas, forests, lakes, rivers, wetlands and marine
resources. It deals with issues of environmental degradation and rehabilitation. It ensues natural
resources are not over exploited.
b) The National Land Commission

It manages all public land on behalf of the county and national governments. It gives guidelines
on land issues and is the main body responsible for solution of land based conflicts. It conducts
research related to land and natural resources and makes recommendations to appropriate
authorities.
44
c) County Government of Nakuru

It regulates land uses in the county and provides the necessary infrastructure. It is mandated to
ensure a clean and healthy environment by establishing proper conservation measures. It protects
riparian zones, wetlands, forests and wildlife habitats from human activities.
d) Municipal Council of Naivasha

It controls development within its jurisdiction (Naivasha sub-County). It issues permits for
buildings, ensures building codes are followed and prohibits unplanned development.
e) National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)

It helps in the management and protection of the environment. It approves all projects by
conducting an environmental impact assessment before any project is carried out. Set the
environmental standards that should be observed and maintains a clean and healthy
environment. It stipulates what should be the riparian reserve for all water bodies.
f) Lake Naivasha Riparian Association (LRNA)

It serves to protect local land owner’s rights. It serves to balance the impact of the expanding
development around the lake and its environmental integrity. It is responsible for the
management of the Lake Naivasha riparian and conservation of wetlands.
g) Imarisha Naivasha Board

It helps to coordinate all actions and actors in the basin. It reverses degradation of the Lake
Naivasha ecosystem, deforestation of its catchment and economic base of the surrounding areas.
It establishes the regulations to be observed by all players in the lake’s basin
h) Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS)

KWS is a major stakeholder in conservation efforts around Lake Naivasha. It serves to protect the
wildlife in the Lake’s basin and its habitat.
45
2.9.2.1 RELEVANCE TO THE STUDY AREA
Water allocation emerges as a critical and particularly contentious issue in the Naivasha Basin.
New participatory mechanisms such as Water Resource Users Associations (WRUAs), created
through the 2002 Water Act, were an important step in enabling devolved governance and co-
management. However, ongoing issues include legitimacy of stakeholders, limited participatory
processes and marginalisation, linked to differential resources access. As highlighted in (Harper
2011) pastoralist groups in particular have experienced restricted water access in riparian areas,
albeit within rapidly evolving institutional contexts, shaped by policy/donor interventions. The
recently published Naivasha Basin Water Allocation Plan (WRMA, 2011) re-emphasises the need
for sustainable and equitable water rights and access, but realisation of these goals continues to
present a challenge; governance and access issues, with specific attention to the needs of the
poor, continue to be highlighted as ‘priority water related challenges’ for the Basin.
Unlike Lake Nakuru which is a protected national park, the fate of Lake Naivasha lies at the mercy
of stakeholders with vested interests. There is no single authority in charge of the Lake’s basin
despite concerted efforts from the various stakeholders. Lake Naivasha which is a Ramsar site, is
entirely surrounded by private land. It is not a park, it is not legislated, it is not regulated and is
left to the community to voluntarily look after.
The LNRA, purposes tries to control man’s natural excesses (Harper 2011) at it does so at its own
volition without any oversight. The management of the lake is a good example of a community-
based initiative something which gives it much strength. Some of the stakeholders who have a
say in the lake management include; a) Kenya Wildlife Service b) The Ministry of Environmental
Conservation c) Kenya Power Company (KenGen) d) Fisheries Department e) Ministry of Lands &
Settlement g) Ministry of Water Resources – Water Development Department f) Nakuru County
government g) Naivasha Municipal Council h) I.U.C.N. – The World Conservation Union i) Lake
Naivasha Fisherman’s Co-operative Society
46
There is a need for understanding of conservation issues facing the ecosystem by the local
community as well the government. The aforementioned institutions should work together if
conservation efforts around Lake Naivasha are to be effective. This is of utmost importance
because we are in a country which desperately needs jobs, foreign exchange and housing among
other issues. So if we start from the premise that the economic activity has to be sustained, then
how do we sustain it without damaging the resource? If we damage the resource the economic
activity dries up. Floriculture, tourism and geothermal thrive naturaly in this ecosystem and thus
there should be a balance in resource use for the benefit of preserving biodiversity and at the
same time promoting necessary economic activity.
2.9.3 Beyond the Urbanized Areas

Smaller working and recreational waterfronts are found at the margins of industrialized areas and
in the towns and small cities beyond the urban centers. Revitalization may begin with a local
initiative or because of government programs. Vehicles of change may include a policy process
such as legislative action, local plan amendments, or physical improvements such as boardwalks,
installation of underground utilities, and signs.
Local revitalization efforts – at the non-urban waterfront and in other venues – tend to aim for
what are known as “small wins.”
A small win is:

…a concrete, complete, implemented outcome of moderate importance. By itself, one small win
may seem unimportant. A series of wins at small but significant tasks, however, reveals a pattern
that may attract allies, deter opponents, and lower resistance to subsequent proposals. Small wins
are controllable opportunities that produce visible results.
Communities tackle small problems that can be solved, one at a time, to establish what amounts
to a record of success. (Pelham 2007)
47
2.10 CASE STUDIES

2.10.1 Bilbao Abandoibarra: A dilapilated industrial city turns Cultural Metroplolis
Figure 2.10 Abandoibara during and after construction of the Guggenheim museum (source Balmori associates)
48
The Abandoibarra Master Plan was drawn by Balmori Associates, Cesar Pelli and Eugenio
Aguinaga in 1998 Balmori Associates created park guidelines and designed all open space,
streets, sidewalks and plazas, placing emphasis on expanding the amount of green space in the
city and incorporating sustainable design practices. Two-thirds of the Master Plan area are
dedicated to parks and open space.
Only twenty years ago the rusty relics of a past industrial era were still a conspicuous element in
the city of Bilbao in the Basque region in Spain. The River Nervion was an ordos cesspool with
derelict and abandoned industrial building lining its banks. This crisis torn city became the image
of downfall, population decline and de-industrialization. In the early 1990s, after the ship-building
crisis and the decline of the steel industry unemployment exceeded 25% (Schubert. 2011) Bilbao
has only one timeframe, before and after the construction of the Guggenheim museum.
Bilbao is a key example of the comprehensive urban transformation process that was inspired by
the Guggenheim museum by Architect Frank Gerry, the lighthouse project that brought about
total reversal of the city’s image to a culture-led centre. Relocation of the harbour and port to the
periphery gave room for this redevelopment to happen.
Abandoibarra is a significant rehabilitation project that seeks to reorganize the city centre on the
River Nevron and redevelop the banks as promenades with an “Arts centre”. It is an extension of
Bilbao’s inner city and complements the area around Guggenheim museum with more cultural
uses, offices, high quality housing, a shopping centre, hotels and parks linking into a network of
footpaths along the river and bridges that connect the northern river bank. The project is divided
into phases that are structurally linked to one another: proposals are connected and as a result
the river moves to the city centre.
The civil society stakeholders formed the Bilbao Metropoli-30 (association for the revitalisation of
Metropolitan Bilbao) to further sustained modernization and transformation processes. Over 140
institutions and organizations strive to promote Bilbao’s sustainable transformation in a collective
think tank. They coined a slogan is “Bilbao as a global city” and “Making dreams come true” for
the continuous development of the city into the future.
49
The Guggenheim Museum (which receives around 1 million visitors a year) immediately to the
east of Abandoibarra and the Palacio Euskalduna (concert hall and conference centre) to the west,
frame the area that hosts many parks. The 165 m high Iberdola Tower is another significant
landmark. Numerous parks and open spaces are dominant in the area and are linked with
networks of paths and a river promenade. Euskadi square forms a central space with road axes
branching off in different directions. The waterfront area is an oasis of calm that invites people to
Many projects had in fact began before rest, walk or shop. Residential buildings, educational buildings and museums define the character
the museum was built but it was due to of the area and its immediate surroundings. The rapid boom is due to what is referred to as the
its construction that Bilbao appeared “Guggenheim effect”.
on the world map (Schuler, 2011) In a
combined effort by all the stakeholders
saw a window of opportunity and
exploited it. The success of the
conversion of a city’s image from a very
derelict one into a very positive image
came as a surprise to the stakeholders.
Other cities can learn a lesson from
Bilbao which is an impressive example
of urban transformation triggered by a
culture-led development, which can be
exploited for marketing the city.
Figure 2.11 The Guggenheim museum at edge of the River Nervion
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2.10.2 Hafen City, Hamburg, Germany

The city of Hamburg is located on the river Elbe which flows into the North Sea as Germany’s
second largest city and host to Europe’s second-largest port (Waterfront Communities Project,
2007). However most of the north-western bank became disused for port functions in 1997 and
has since been regenerated for urban use (Hans, 2008)
Figure 2.12 regeneration of River Elbe, Hafencity in Hamburg (Bruns, 2012)
This project area takes place between the historic Speicherstadt warehouse district and the River
Elbe, a new city with a mix of uses. According to Hafencity Hamburg GmbH (2006), the area
occasionally getting flooded required a smart solution for this problem, not cutting off land from
water by high defences. With the exception of the waterfront promenades, the entire area
51
was raised by 7.50 to 8.00 meters above mean sea level, creating a new and distinctive
topography while preserving access to the water (Erkök, 2009). Beside, residential areas and
promenades were to be fixed on concrete piles (Mimdaporg, 2008). In the Project area, elevated
footpaths, waterproof parking basements and the accessible waterfronts, as part of the new
emergency infrastructure, provided a successful combination of safety and spatial quality of urban
spaces.
Figure 2.13 Waterfront terraces and descending ‘landscape’ of surfaces (source Schneider, 2010)
52
Figure 2.15 A view of public activities in Haffen City Source Bruns,2012
There is a mix of projects developed by different architects in Hafencity. Cultural highlights of the
projects range from the striking landmark Elbphilarmonie Concert Hall (Figure 2.16 a), to
International Maritime Museum of Hamburg (Figure 2.16 b) and the new urban plazas being used
for smaller events (Erkök, 2009). Besides the reuse of the warehouse, bridges and canals were
provided to integrate the historical texture and the waterfront.
Figure 2.16 a) Elbphilarmonie Concert Hall b) International Maritime Museum of Hamburg (Schneider, 2010)
53
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
54
This chapter will focuses on the methodology of the thesis with an objective of showcasing the
strategy employed in studying the Lake Naivasha waterfront. It will describe the design of the
research, the selection of the study area, and the research methods, including means of data
collection used. The study employs a triangulation that consists of a combination of interviews,
questionnaires, observations and taking of photographs and videos to document findings.
3.1 Research Design
The aim of the research design was to prevent a situation where the evidence collected does not
address the research objectives and questions. The research questions guided the researcher to
determine the most appropriate strategy to conduct the research, while the sub questions
provided direction to the type of data that needed to be collected. Key elements of analysis were
set at the outset to help define the ‘case’ to be studied. (Rehabilitation of the Urban waterside)
Research questions The Why, What and How
reasons and results
Background information Literature review on waterfronts, semi-structured

questionnaires, interviews with stakeholders,
observations, taking photos, measurements and
analysis of relevant documents (PDPs, maps, plans,
newspaper articles and satellite images etc)
Key Elements of Analysis Character of riparian land use, land tenure, Lake’s
Ecology, livelihoods, characteristics of informal
settlements, typography of built forms, planning and
zoning regulations
Table 3.0 Research design (source author)
55
3.2 Choice & justification of Research Strategies
This study dwells on two distinct strategies namely case studies and surveys. Surveys enable the
researcher to obtain data by means of questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative analytical
techniques are then used to infer the underlying relationships from this data. The survey
approach permits the researcher to study more variables. Its major weakness is that it is very
difficult to establish the underlying interrelationships of the scenario being investigated. However
when combined with the case study approach the study is strengthened. Use of multiple sources
and the case study effectively answers the research questions.
For objective (1) to examine the character of land use and settlement development at Lake
Naivasha Urban Waterside, a historical analysis of secondary sources, information from the
municipal council and long-time residents of the area is necessary. For objective (2) to examine
the causes for informal and uncontrolled settlement development and identifying guidelines that
can be used in developing prospective waterfront communities, the dimensions needed are user’s
perceptions, urban typology, urban form elements, and street analysis. This research utilises data
sources; interviews, observation, mapping as well as secondary sources. The main parameters
used for studying streetscapes were; building shapes and geometry, building heights, street
character and orientation, uses of the buildings, materials, facade treatments, internal
organisation and structure. These were then documented in the field by means of photography,
observation, interviews and questionnaires. For objective (3) to identify the opportunities for
sustainable development of the studied estates and the riparian reserve the role of public parks
and open spaces is studied and patterns analysed.
This thesis is an explanatory study aimed at using the case study method to investigate issues of
decay in the informal settlements of Kamere, karagita and Kihoto. To support the study, business
owners; hoteliers, fishermen and traders were interviewed to establish the impact population has
on the way business is conducted.
56
Strategy of the research Study variables
1. Surveys
 Historical identity & character  Geography, development of settlements, buildings

of historic significance, nodes of activity, patterns
of ancient origin, development patterns, nature of
change
 Legibility of settlement developments  Livelihoods of settlers, nature of planning, land

tenure, characteristics, availability of utilities
 Public beaches, access by local pastoral

 Lake accessibility communities, blocking of ancient migratory wildlife
corridors
 Extent of pollution of the waterfront, nature of

 Quality of water and the environment activities conducted at the waterfront, condition of
vegetation, water hyacinth
 Dominant usage of the lake’s waterfront, typology

of developments, capacity to attract investors
 Mixed use priority
Table 3.1 The survey strategy
57
Strategy of the research Study variables
2. Case studies
 Nature of planning  Controlled, un-controlled, zoning ordinances,

PDPs, Integrated Masterplans, CBO standards,
types,
 Land tenure/Land management  land ownership, leasehold, free hold, rented,

community ownership
 Building typologies  permanent, semi-permanent or temporary
 formal and informal, squatter settlements,

 Characteristics of the settlements illegal transformation of formal housing, ex-
formal settlements
 enforcement, incentives, involvement of

 Legal, policy and institutional frameworks stakeholders
Table 3.2 The Case study approach
58
3.3 Survey techniques
The techniques used in this study are divided into three parts. The first part deals with the study
process while the second part deals with the historical aspects of the study area and the nature of
change that has taken place. The final part investigates the case studies thoroughly with aim to
make inferences of the research questions.
3.3.1 Study process

The research was carried out in four stages, preparation, and collection of background materials,
fieldwork, and data analysis.
 The first stage was carried out at the University of Nairobi from August to October 2018.
The major tasks in this stage were to narrow down the research topic, read relevant
academic materials, design the detailed research process, selecting appropriate
methodologies, design interview question lists and a questionnaire, and applying for
permission and clearance from the Department of Architecture to leave for the fieldwork.
 The second stage was carried out in Naivasha’s Kamere estate, from October 15th to
October 21st 2018. In this period, the researcher searched for background information
related to the actual situation of Kamere, Kihoto and Karagita from the Municipal offices in
the sub-county, reading from the county integrated plans to get background information
related to planning.
 In the third stage fieldwork was conducted from 22nd to 29th October 15th to 17th
November, 30th to 3rd December where site visits, observations, taking photos, taking field
notes, conducting interviews and issuing questionnaires were done.
 The last stage was conducted at the University of Nairobi from 4th December 2018. The
major tasks in this stage were to analyse the data and other materials, and to document the
findings of the research and the conclusions and recommendations.
59
3.3.2 Key elements of Analysis

The major units of analysis were the informal settlements/built form and the effects on ecology
and the Lake Naivasha Urban Waterside. To effectively administer the study of settlements sub-
units of analysis were established to facilitate a detailed descriptive account.
(T. Anyamba 2006) Diverse informalities provided the foundation for the study of these
settlements. It was found crucial to systematically carry out the research based on three levels, (i)
the urban level, (ii) the sector level and (iii) Unit level. Interrelationships of the various
components were studied. They include; Buildings and their related open spaces, plots and
streets, scale – buildings and plots, and the town- lakefront interface. The three fundamental
components of urban morphological research are; form, resolution and time.
Kevin Lynch’s 5 elements of design were also used as a benchmark of the study methodology.
These are;
 Paths - These are the streets, sidewalks, trails, canals, railroads, and other channels in which
people travel; they arrange space and movement between spaces. Pedestrianised streets
enhances paths’ image as a meeting point (Moughtin, 2003). If paths link the main public
buildings, located within important public squares, routes taken by processions at times of
public festivals
 Edges - Edges are two-dimensional elements where the function of pathway is of less
importance than the role of boundaries; they can be either real or perceived; these are
walls, buildings, and shorelines, kerbstone, streets, overpasses, etc.
 Buildings - The city is divided into quarters or districts, each having some identifying
characteristic.
 Nodes of human activity along the lake basin - Nodes are focal points of activity such as
the junction of paths, meeting places, market squares, or places of transport interchange.
 Landmarks - Landmarks are points of reference that are experienced at a distance. They are
three-dimensional sculptural objects in contrast to nodes, which are places to be entered
and experienced from within. These are buildings, obelisk, signs, stores, mountains, public
art; Mobile Points like the Sun can be used
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3.4 Case Study research
A case study examines a phenomenon in its natural setting, employing triangulation to gather
information from one or a few entities.The boundaries of the phenomenon are not clearly evident
at the outset of the research and no experimental control or manipulation is used. When deciding
whether to use the case study approach or not, there are a number of factors to consider; If there
is a need to focus on contemporary events or phenomena in a natural setting and if there is no
strong theoretical base for the research.
3.4.1 Justification of the Case Study approach

It is viable for three reasons i) The researcher can ask "how" and "why" questions, so as to
understand the nature and complexity of the processes taking place ii) Research is being
conducted in an area where few, if any, previous studies have been undertaken. Iii) the
phenomenon is studied in its natural context. In this study case study areas considered to be
information rich are selected. Kihoto, Karagita and Kamere are considered appropriate areas for
this particular study because they are the largest urban agglomerations on Lake Naivasha and are
rapidly urbanizing centres in the sub-county.
The selection of these case study areas is due to fact that, they are unplanned urban settlements
which are undergoing unguided transformations at higher rate than any other urban settlements
in Naivasha. They have a history of being an African accommodations since colonial times. They
have progressed to house thousands of farm workers in present day. This makes them a good
source for studying African urbanism nature and its transformation practices. There is another
large centre of agglomeration at Kasarani on Lake Naivasha but was not covered for the purposes
of this research.
61
3.5 Research tools
There are four main tools in science and these were employed in the process of data collection.
Namely;
 Interviews
 Questionnaires
 Observation; both structured and unstructured observations will be employed. They shall be
carried out with the aim of establishing land use patterns, variables such as allowable
building heights, allowable setbacks, cladding, permitted typologies of development,
 Document review
3.5.1 Data collection sources & techniques
The research method made use of multiple sources of evidence and built upon prior development
of theoretical propositions. The triangulation technique was used to ensure that all the loopholes
of the research are airtight.
a) Primary data collection
This is the act of administering research tools. (Leeds, 1993). To collect data from primary sources
the author used a number of techniques 1. Interviews with various stakeholders, sub county
planner, surveyor, other administrators as well as business owners. 2. Questionnaires were
administered, 3. Photographs, were taken using the author’s smartphone camera. 4. Field notes
were taken separately from the data collected but shall be useful during analysis. 5. Sketches were
quickly drawn where necessary. A sketchpad and a pen are used for the exercise 6. Data from
county manuals
62
b) Secondary data collection
Secondary data collection methods involved sourcing data from secondary sources. The literature
review of the study was covered in Chapter provides a theoretical and conceptual background to
the study. The literature review is sourced from books, journals, reports, internet sources and
publications from various authorities on the subject matter.
63
3.6 Limitations of Study
The main hurdles encountered while conducting this research study were inadequate time,
financial constraints and data unavailability in some cases. This resulted in a cross sectional study
conducted over a period of 3 months that was dependent on published work, research that was
previously done, observations and interviews.
3.7 Data Analysis
The researcher should keep an open mind throughout the entire process so as to seize
opportunities to triangulate data to strengthen findings. Case studies deliberately create new
insights, expose new angles and look for conflicting data to disconfirm analysis. Data analysis
entails the examining, categorizing, tabulating, testing or otherwise recombining both
quantitative and qualitative evidence so as to address the initial propositions of a study (Yin,
2002).
3.7.1 Data Analysis Techniques
These are the various ways used to decode the data gathered from the field into a manner that is
easily understood. There are a number of techniques that can be employed. These are listed as
follows; 1. Placing information into arrays 2. Creating matrices of categories 3. Flow charts,
diagrams 4. Tabulating frequencies of events.
3.8 Data Reporting
Data should be presented in a way that simplifies issues to be synthesized easily by the reader.
The main goal is to portray a complex problem in a way that conveys a vicarious experience to
the reader. This study employs a descriptive form of presentation where images are used to
convey the main ideas behind the study. Tables are also used to show interrelationships between
the various facets of the research.
64
FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS
65
4.1 Historical Analysis of the study areas

4.1.1 Kihoto, Karagita and Kamere
Peeling back the layers of history, which entrust the modern city, reveals the reasons for its
present form and function (Moughtin,1999). History of the study areas of Kihoto, Karagita and
Kamere was established through a study of recent planning documents, interviews with surveyors
and planners from the municilal council of Naivasha as well as long-time residents of the study
areas. The study analysed the fundamental components of settlement development in these areas
including changing economic patterns.
a) Kihoto
Figure 4.1 An IDP camp at Kihoto following the post election Naivasha
violence in 2007 source: getty images
CBD
Lake Kihoto Estate

Naivasha
Figure 4.2 Informal trading activities on the road at Kihoto estate

Map 4.1 showing Kihoto estate source Google Earth 2018
“If you don’t know history then you don’t
know anything. You are part of a leaf that Kihoto is a Kikuyu name that stands for justice. It was previously under the British government in
doesn’t know it is part of a tree” – Michael the colonial era as a key recreational area for affluent settlers living along the shores of lake
Chrichton Naivasha. In the 1950 it was allocated to a white settler who used for farming. The land was
approximately 600 acres.
66
After his retirement and an impediment of rising water levels and africanisation as per Sessional
paper no 10 of 1965, the white settler felt the urge to leave Kenya for his native land Britain. He
thus entered into agreement with his 30 workers in sale of the farm which by 1970 had 100 Ha
under water. The agreement was made under then District Officer in whose custody the title was
left. The cooperative society formed by the thirty stakeholders came to be known as Kihoto
farmers, which since has been dissolved. Each of the shareholders had to pay Ksh.1000 as per the
sale agreement. A subdivision survey was done for the 30 shareholders in 1970. (Mugo 2015) The
land was subdivided into 30 narrow pieces each running from the old Naivasha road to the shores
of the lake. This was to enhance the access to water from the lake for irrigation and access to the
main road. The land was originally used for farming but has since changed use to settlement that
has become Kihoto estate. The extent of the settlement is shown in Map 2 According to the map
3 alongside between 1892 and 1906 all of what is now Kihoto estate and part of the CBD fell
under the riparian zone.
Map 4.3 Riparian level that has since been

Map 4.2 Riparian boundary based on 1906 and 1892 contour reclaimed for human activity source (EAGLO
source Naivaha municipal council 2103)
67
b) Karagita
According to sources on the ground the name Karagita stemmed from the term character. An
englishman spoke of the people in the area as being people of “character” and thats how the
locals adopted the name “Karagita”.
Crescent
Island
Figure 4.4 An image depicting the state of roads at karagita estate

Source: author Karagita Estate
Map 4.4 Karagita and crescent island
The larger Karagita area is 6 km2 with the town centre covering 1 km2. Karagita was initially
private land which was acquired by Naivasha Mushiringiri Co-operative Society. The members in
the society got shares each share being worth 3 Acres of land. After acquiring land title deeds the
shareholders were free to do whatever they pleased with their land. Overtime the land was sub-
divided into 40x80 ft and 50x100 ft lots and sold to individual land owners under a free-hold
agreement. No planning whatsoever had been done initially and this would later be major source
Fig 4.5 A house inhabited by flower farm workers in sprawling
Karagita estate source: author
of chaos. Fragmentation and uncontrolled developments have arised to a lack of planning and
zoning. Efforts to create feeder and access roads as well utilities and amenities have been a major
source of conflict with the land owners. No sewer line exists in the area and residents rely on pit
latrines and soak pits. Karagita had an influx of migrants with the advent of flower farms in the
area and most recently victims of post election violence.
68
c) Kamere
Figure 4.6 A Mabati structure at Kamere estate
Map 4.5 The Kamere Area
Kamere estate was private land owned by a former Attorney General of Kenya _ Kamere. Mr
Kamere subdivided the land into plots of 40x80 ft and sold it off to individual buyers. Just like in
the other estates there was no planning nor zoning of the land. As a result development has
turned out to be uncontrolled and unregulated. This situation has resulted in derelict and
polluted settlements unsafe for the residents. The urban model promoted has proved both
unaffordable and inadequate for catering to the diversity of activities and uses.
Kamere lies on a challenging topography on a hillside and without proper drainage effluent and
garbage is carried by surface runoff straight in the lake. Living conditions of people in kamere are
so poor but this can be improved as recent examples and the literate review showed.
Figure 4.7 Kamere shopping centre
69
Until recent involvement by the word bank and the Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement
Programme (KISIP) roads and drainage systems were in a derelict state. The World Bank has
invested 1.3 billion shillings in the estates of Tarumbeta, Kigoto, Karagita and kamere to address
issues of water, sanitation and street lighting.
Figure 4.8 Efforts by locals to mitigate effects of the derilict

waterfront at Kamere beach Source: author
Figure 4.9 A resident cycling on the improved roads by the World

Figure 4.10 The state of affairs at Kamere Beach Source: author
Bank at Kamere
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4.2 Character of the study areas

The character of developments was documented using photographs, sketches and taking notes.
The folowing elements were analysed;
4.2.1 Legibility of the study areas

(Lynch 1960) demonstrated a method for analyzing legibility and suggested ways in which the
concept can be used to structure new developments and strengthen the legibility of existing
areas where quality of the environment has been impaired by developments.
Figure 4.11 A recently improved roads at Kamere estate source:
author Kevin Lynch with his studies of mental mapping illustrated that a legible environment is one
capable of being captured by people into accurate images. A user can react to the environment
more effectively with this clear picture of the city in mind. There are five key elements by which
the user structures city image are; districts, edges, paths, nodes and landmarks. Conglomerations
of settlements in the study area forms districts which are characterized by various space uses,
land uses, forms, building types, activities, inhabitants, degree of maintenance, and topography.
The elements according to (Lynch 1960) lose or change their qualities whenever that particular
setting undergoes changes or transforms, as a result its legibility becomes affected. In Naivasha
particularly in Kihoto, Karagita and Kamere areas, the elements of image are affected by informal
transformation processes. These areas have become a product of individually driven and often
Figure 4.12 A dumpsite at Kamere estate source: author uncoordinated incremental changes. Lack of sufficient knowledge on transformation of Naivasha’s
urban settlements and its impacts on legibility of its urban waterfront, limits the mainstreaming of
interventions to spatial quality (particularly on aspect of legibility) development and management
process within the urban planning framework.
a) Land Uses
The present structure of land uses in Kihoto, Karagita and Kamere has been influenced by a lack
of zoning and planning at the outset and poor land management policies. A masterplan which
should be a road map for development is yet to be realized. Initially the land in these areas was
Figure 4.13 A pit latrine loosely covered source: author predominantly farmland but this has since changed to settlements development. Intensive
building activities in this area started with advent of the floriculture industry in the 1980s. 71
b) Building Structures
The dwellings in the study areas were mostly single dwellings. However, with the influx of people
seeking jobs in flower farms this created demand for more housing. As a result, many land owner
applied for a change of user to set up multi-dwelling units. Most of the buildings especially those
at major nodes have shops at the front and residential spaces at the back. For multi-storey
buildings the ground floor is reserved for commercial activities and the rest for residential
purposes.
c) Plot Patterns
As has been established in the history of the study areas, the land was subdivided and sold to
individuals who further subdivided the land into plots. This process was supported by sessional
paper 10 of 1966 which encouraged Africanisation of settlers land. The study established that in
all the studied areas the plots were units of 40x80 and 50x100 ft. Since planning follows the
subdivision processes, not much change has happened regarding the nature of the plots. Its only
plot ratio that has been changing for plots adjacent to the major roads.
d) Street pattern
Figure 4.14 A plot with units for rent at Kamere estate depicting
ununiform development source: author
The street pattern in the study areas is completely disintegrated and only few streets have
sufficient connectivity. The World Bank together with KISP are currently trying to improve the
street structure in the study areas. Narrow streets are being widened to 9m roads together with
provision of a functional drainage system. There is a concentration of activities along major roads
Development continues rapidly, in these unplanned settlements, grouping like satellites around a
core.
4.2.2 Permeability and accessibility
This involves both visual and physical permeability. It depends on how the network of public
space divides the environment into blocks: areas of land entirely surrounded by public routes. In
Figure 4.15 A corridor in one of the housing units source: author the study area the public routes include wildlife migration corridors. The pattern routes of is one
measure of permeability and accessibility. The frontage between public and private space is 72
the one mechanism for ensuring privacy while maintaining a friendly and safe environment at the
public interface. All riparian land around the lake is public land but how it is accessed by the
public both visually and physically was accessed. It was realized in this study that there only a few
designated areas for public access to the lake. This is because all the land surrounding the lake is
privately owned. Stakeholders like the native Maasai have been dealt a major blow by recent
developments and are forced to seek other alternatives for their livestock. Locations where the
public access the lake were studied especially Kamere beach. It was realized that the public beach
has been encroached by illegal farming activities and settlements. This made it difficult for the
public to have any meaningful connection with the waterfront. Permeability was also assessed in
the settlements through a study of the interconnectivity of streets as discussed in earlier text.
Figure 4.16 A bird’s eye view of Kamere estate source: author
4.2.3 Mixed use priority
Mixed usage of waterfronts is too varied. Natural and artificial water surfaces and their
surrounding can serve many recreational uses such as swimming, fishing, boat touring,
entertainment, walking etc the basic checklist on the mix of uses is as outlined (i) the dominant
activities along the waterfront (ii) Nature of buildings their uses. The determinants of type of
developments such as economic activities, land value, etc are also looked at. At the study areas
the dominant activities at the waterfront were flower farming & tourist hotels at both Kamere and
Karagita and settlement developments in Kihoto. The major settlement along the waterfront was
Kihoto estate where all buildings were of residential use. The only other land use at Kihoto was
farming for food. The once vibrant sporting and recreational area that celebrated the lake’s
presence near the CBD has since transformed. At all the locations the waterfront lacked clarity in
Figure 4.17 A mixed used street at kamere estate source: author
its usage while the hotels made little or no effort to celebrate the presence of the lake. The study
found no significant mixed use development at the lake’s urban waterside.
73
4.3 Quality of water and the environment
The Environment Act stipulates that all citizens have a right to a clean and healthy environment
and access to safe and clean drinking water. The main aim here was to access the condition of the
environment and if residents had access to clean and safe drinking water. Water hyacinth issues
were also dealt with. The perception of the residents on the waterfront and riparian was accessed
as well.
4.3.1 The menace of Water Hyacinth

Figure 4.18 A fish shed at Kamere beach source: author Water hyacinth success as an invader is attributed to its ability to outcompete native vegetation
and phytoplankton for light and its release from consumers found within its native range (Wilson
et al. 2007). Invasions vary in extent and duration but generally cause similar problems. Changes
to water hyacinth density have the potential to affect other ecological and human communities in
areas where it is established; these changes may be perceived as positive or negative depending
on the designated or beneficial uses of the water body (Gibbons et al., 1994).
At Lake Naivasha, hyacinth appears as floating mats blocking drainage, causing flooding or
preventing subsidence of floodwaters. Large rafts accumulate where water channels narrow,
sometimes trapping boats. It hinders irrigation by impeding water flow, by clogging irrigation
pumps, and by interfering with weirs. Hyacinth infestations have block access to recreational areas
and decreased waterfront property values, oftentimes harming the economies of communities
Figure 4.19 A picture showing attempts by residents to clean Kamere that depend upon fishing and water sports for revenue. Shifting water hyacinth mats sometimes
beach source: author prevent boats from reaching shore, trapping the occupants and exposing them to environmental
hazards. Water hyacinth infestations intensify mosquito problems by hindering insecticide
application, interfering with predators, increasing habitat for species that attach to plants, and
impeding runoff and water circulation.
74
Water Hyacinth is a major impediment to recreation activities at the Lake Naivasha waterfront as
shown in the figure below.
Figure 4.20 Water accessibility is a challenge to many locals source: Figure 4.21 Effects of water hyacinth and pollution at Kamere Beach
author
75
4.3.2 Pollution
Lake Naivasha, faces major challenges from excessive water abstraction, over fishing, improper
agricultural practices, catchments degradation, environmental pollution, invasive species and
effects of climate change. The lake is surrounded by a large number of flower farms, which have
been blamed for excessive pollution of the Lake ecosystem. Some 60 flower farms line the entire
lakeside, growing cut flowers for export largely to the EU. While the flowers industry is Kenya’s
largest horticultural export (approx. 405.5$ million a year) it may have also produced an
environmental nightmare. Long-ignored by policymakers, the situation has recently reached a
head due to thousands of fish and other freshwater organisms perishing in the lake.
Apart from the direct pollution from flower farms, the uncontrolled population growth of the
urban poor in Naivasha has been the main source of pollution. The number of people living
within five kilometres of the lake has risen from 50,000 in 1980 to 300,000 this day. Job
opportunities in the flower farms have attracted an increasing number of people to the town.
The falling water levels, pollution caused by agro chemicals, overexploitation of fisheries as well as
fuel leakage from the farm machinery are taking their toll on the only non-soda lake and its
biodiversity. Fertiliser residue and other agro-chemicals have been trapped in the soil along the
lake’s shores next to the flower farms, according to the Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Even birds, fish-eagles and kingfishers that captured and ate the
poisoned fish died at worst or have been affected – (source CGIAR researcher who asked not to
be named)
Figure 4. Flamingoes on Lake Naivasha : A sign of increased salinity
source: pinterest It is obvious that flower farms and the urban poor have been a major source of pollution,
however the economy still needs flower farms as well as the urban poor. However, it is not wise to
sit on such a resource as Lake Naivasha and do absolutely nothing with it or to overexploit it
beyond its capacity. Thus a balance needs to be established and the later chapter of this research
tries to propose sustainable ways of exploiting this wonderful resource.
76
RECOMMENDATIONS & CONCLUSION
77
5.1 A New Vision for Lake Naivasha Urban Waterfront
With thousands of jobs created by the floriculture, tourism and energy industries Lake Naivasha
Urban Waterfront has many of the elements necessary for success. However, the wellbeing of this
rich ecosystem has been declining due to mismanagement, pollution and illegal activities on the
waterfront. After a thorough investigation of issues in the study areas this research recommends
the creation of a full Master Plan to create a vision and action agenda for implementation.
While the lakefront and urban areas around it present challenges, the opportunities are greater.
Lake Naivasha’s urban waterfront can move quickly to build on national trends that support urban
living, working, learning, shopping and entertainment. The lakefront can become a national
Figure 5.0 Hippos at lake Naivasha source: Patel
model for ecological restoration and sensitive redevelopment.The comprehensive masterplan
should provide for new homes and new retail, hospitality, entertainment, education and cultural
activity. This transformation will provide new options and opportunities for today's residents in
the urban areas and for the residents of the future.
For this vision to be realized adoption of a new working framework is a must. The Municipal
Council of Naivasha should steer this process as mandated by the constitution. The Local
Government Act (Cap 265) gives powers to the municipal council of Naivasha to plan and develop
the urban area of Naivasha. It should also co-ordinate the efforts of all the other stakeholders and
institutions. Public participation should also be accomodated through a series of townhall
meetings.
This report highlights the major findings, ideas and recommendations for a new Master Plan. It is
intended to be used by the municipal council, other public agencies, the development community
and the residents of Naivasha as a vision for the future and a guide to action.
Figure 5.01 Birds at Lake Naivasha source: Patel
78
5.1.1 Recommendation for Kihoto

Due to its proximity to the Naivasha CBD, Kihoto should be revived and contibute as a downtown
area of the municipality. Once revived by implementing the new masterplan it will be a
destination for jobs, entertainment, unique retail and popular lunch and dining spots. It will be a
regional center where people work, live and play. New housing and cultural and educational
institutions will create a vibrant scene at all times of the day. Beautifully landscaped streets and
city parks will draw people from homes and offices. This will restore the connection to the
waterfront that has long been lost. The lakefront and its ravine will be restored. Naivasha CBD
lacks a public park and hence a new park at the lakefront would act to fill this gap.
A new Harborfront Park could become Naivasha’s new civic garden. Festivals, special events,
family sports and entertainment would bring people to Naivasha from around the region.
5.1.2 Recommendations for Kamere

Kamere should take advantage of its waterfront location and lake views to become a primarily
residential mixed-use neighborhood. Product development, boat service and launch facilities and
civic and education activities could be part of this new neighborhood. Kamere Beach which is the
largest of three public beaches should be revitalized by introducing new waterfront
developments, a good example being a theme park as it would be different from any other
development and would bring with it a new mix of uses.
5.1.3 Recommendations for Karagita

Karagita Lakefront should emphasize open space, ecological restoration, wetlands, habitats and
public access. It should be a place for play, relaxation and reflection. Public access to the water's
edge should be maximized. Karagita’s waterfront is lined by major tourist hotels, lodges and is a
major wildlife migration corridor and thus the tourism industry should be known for its far
reaching efforts to restore its lakefront environment. Clean land, air and water will provide a place
for native vegetation, wildlife, recreation and education to come together. Natural features should
be restored. New environmental facilities that celebrate this unique place and an ecological
approach to industry and utilities would bring regional, national and international visitors.
79
5.2 General Guiding Principles
1. Emphasize Mixed-Use Transit-Oriented Development along the Urban Waterfront
The lake’s urban centres should become a compact, walkable center for jobs, living, learning,
entertainment, shopping and dining. Mixed-use districts should be established around the lake as
population projections for these urban centres are expected to reach a million people by the year
2020 according to the National Bureau of Statics (NBS)
2. Create Strong Pedestrian, Transit and Roadway connections between The CBD and the
Lakefront
Figure 5.1 An artistic impression of a town square connecting the
CBD to the lake CBD and the Lakefront should be connected by strong, clear pedestrian, bicycle, roadway and
transit connections.
3. Protect, Restore and Enhance Malewa and Gilgil rivers’ ravines and Park System
The two inlet rivers and ravines comprise an irreplaceable open space asset, which should be
protected and enhanced.
4. Restore the Lakefront into a Regional Environmental and Recreational Asset
Lake Naivasha should be known for the restoration of its lakefront environment, where clean land,
air and water will enhance ecological restoration and wildlife protection and complement
recreational opportunities.
Figure 5.2 An artistic impression depicting new way to experience the 5. Create a Transportation Framework that Allows Clear Access to the Lakefront
waterfront
Modifications to the existing road and infrastructure should clarify access to new development,
strengthen routes to the Lakefront, establish streets as civic places, and consolidate
80
underutilized land. Unsused railway land adjacent to the CBD should reclaimed and repurposed
for new development.
6. Encourage Harbor-Related Uses that Complement an Environmentally-Based Lakefront
A new Harbor for sailing and boating should be established. The adaptation of remaining industry
and utilities to a new vision for the Lakefront will establish Naivasha as an international model for
sustainability. Naivasha currently ranks second after Mombasa as a main tourist destination.
5.2 Enhancing Naivaha’s role as a regional centre

As the Master Plan is implemented, Waukegan will re-establish its position as a significant
Figure 5.3 An Artistic impression for a waterfront promenade regional centre. The master plan which is yet to be ratified by the county assembly of Nakuru
should build upon Naivasha's three greatest regional assets: its national parks, its lakefront
ecosystem, and its location on the new SGR rail line. The new SGR line brings with it an industrial
park in Naivasha and an inland depot for goods. This wave of development is expected to bring
with it migrants from other regions and Naivasha will become a thriving metropolis. Hence the
new masterplan will play a role in the future of recreational and commercial maritime uses on
Lake Naivasha.
The lakefront ecosystem is an example of a classic biodiversity, and is an amenity on par with the
major national parks in Kenya. It is said that the lakes birds species once surpassed those in the
entire island of the United Kingdom. The enhancement and unification of Naivasha’s lakefront,
together with links Lake Naivasha National Park, Hell’s Gate and Longonot National parks, will
create an unparalleled ecological resource for the County of Nakuru.
Naivasha’s position within the SGR rail network will should be enhanced by the Master Plan. As
Figure 5.4 An artistic impression depecting a nature trail
the proposed line is completed and service to the region enhanced, the city's ability to serve an
expanded transit customer base should be strengthened by a new creation of a new intermodal
transit center. Naivasha is currently served by two roads from Nairobi and the old railway
network.
81
5.3 Regional development
5.2.1 Strengthening the roles of Kihoto, Karagita and Kamere as urban destinations
This should be realised by;
 Building on Naivasha's growing population and diversity
 Building on the market strength of the South lake region
 Transforming the perception of these estates from that of centres of poverty, crime and
prostitution into that of a centres offering a high quality of life.
5.2.2 Distinguish Naivasha as a regional tourist destination

Naivasha is midway between Maasai mara and the Great rift valley national attractions, and it
Figure 5.5 An artistic impression of a revitalised commercial district offers rich cultural opportunities leveraging Hell’s and Longonot National Parks each of which
bring a significant number of visitors to the area. It sits on the floor of the world’s gratest valley
which makes it a leading tourist destination. Revitalizing these informal settlements to be leading
urban centres improves the imageabilty of the region, controls pollution of the lake and damage
to the ecosystem.
5.2.3 Promote Lake Naivasha’s maritime assets

Lake Naivasha is the only fresh water in the Kenyan Rift valley and the second largest after Lake
Victoria. Its location towards the center of the country makes it a major regional recreational
amenity. Lake Victoria is located towards the edge of the country which makes its harnessing for
the greater good of the country practically impossible. Thus, Lake Naivasha supports the third
largest industry in Kenya, floriculture as well as the geothermal industry located at its shores.
Figure 5.6 An artistic impression of citizens enjoying the environment
82
5.3 Waterfront development and open spaces
5.3.1 Create an accessible Lakefront for all of Naivasha Citizens

 Connect the Lakefront to adjacent open space amenities, via trails and bike paths
 Maximize public access along the Urban Lakefront
 Re-connect natural resources to Hell’s gate National Park and other open spaces.
5.3.2 Preserve, protect and restore Lake Naivasha’s unique ecological resources
 Acknowledge the Lakefront as Naivasha’s defining natural amenity.
 Enhance the Naivasha’s ravine systems as great open space resources.
 Preserve and enhance the lakefront bluff as an open space resource
Figure 5.7 Birds at Lake Naivasha source: Patel  Provide connections between open-space resources to maximize recreational
opportunities for all residents
5.4 Urban Waterfront development
5.4.1 Establish Kihoto as the highest-density development center for the Naivasha
 Create a dynamic, mixed-use downtown that is active during the day, evening and weekend.
 Strengthen Kihoto residential neighborhoods by providing all the necessary utilities, street
connectivity and security.
5.4.2 Unlock the development potential of the Lakefront

 Create new residential and mixed-use development districts at the lakefront.
 Reconfigure infrastructure to set the stage for lakefront redevelopment.
Figure 5.8 Birds at Lake Naivasha source: Patel

5.4.3 Prepare the Lakefront for redevelopment by encouraging industrial uses to relocate
Flower farms should not be given the first row to the waterfront. It has been established that they
flower farms can operate even on the second or third row to the waterfront. They need to be
located near the airport (to be revamped) and along transportation corridors.
83
For the purposes of this study floriculture in other counties especially in Europe was studied. A
few key lessons were learnt and are recommended for the flower farms at Lake Naivasha. They
are:
 The trend in Europe is that supermarkets, garden centres and warehouses want to be sure the
products are produced in a sustainable way. This is called production in the triple P-concept;
a way of producing combining making money (Profit), with care for the environment (Planet)
and a social responsible way (People).
 The word Profit contains items like assets, return on investment, partnerships, mergers etc.
Planet refers to entities as soil, air, water and the effects of the use of fertilizer, chemicals for
pest control, use of energy and the amount of waste.
 ‘ People’ requires that attention is paid to human rights, poverty, workers, health and
security. These are schemes like, Eurep-GAP with demands on producing in a environmental
and social responsible way. A scheme like this can also be covered with the MPS-label for
environmental inputs, the MPS-scheme for socially qualified holdings, and product specs
from a label called Florimark, combined in MPS-GAP. (Ruud 2010)
It thus recomended that flower farms adopt the tripple P concept of production. This will ensure
that production is sustainable, does not damage the environment is profitable without
exploitation of workers. The study established that workers earn a meagre salary averaging Ksh.
5000 which is barely enough to cover living expenses let alone housing expenses. Hence, slary for
flower farm workers should be standardized to offset poverty levels in the area.
To make sure no chemical waste gets into the lake, flower should utilize existing technology. The
figure alongside depicts a constructed wetland where by effluent go through a set of chambers
that remove harmful substances from the water. The system has been working effectively at
Figure 5.9 Treatment of flower farm wastewater effluents using Kingfisher farm setting an example for other growers to follow.
constructed wetlands at Kingfisher farm at Lake Naivasha source
(Kimani 2012)
84
5.5 Zonning and Planning of the Urban Waterside into distinct districts
The Lakefront’s urban waterside forms the project focus area. Encompassing approximately 1400
acres, the areas of Kihoto, karagita and Kamere should be the focus of three primary initiatives.
Voluntary
management
 The first is to reconnect the Lakefront with both the CBD and surrounding neighborhoods
zone by eliminating or minimizing barriers.
Protected Intermediat
zone e zone Physical  The second is to create new Lakefront development districts that celebrate the presence of
boundary
zone the lake by introducing mixed use developments, marinas, waterparks etc.
 The third initiative is to reconnect the Lakefront's disparate open space components into a
unified recreational and ecological resource that will be a model within the Great Lakes
region of East Africa.
Figure 5.8 Idealized Multi-zone Riparian model source: Superior
watershed partnership 2003
 The riparian zone should be clearly outlined and earmarked for conservation efforts.
 Woodlands, grasslands and other wildlife habiatats should be protected.
The Master Plan should articulates a vision that balances new growth with open space,
creating approximately 200 acres of new development. Formed into distinct
neighborhoods, or development districts, this acreage is the equivalent of two new
downtowns. This is densifying the study areas which will release over 50% of the study area
as open space. These extensive natural areas will provide a legacy landscape for the city
and contribute to the transformation of the Lakefront into a civic asset.
5.5.1 Accessibility of the Lakefront and the Urban developments
a) Create a network of streets that serve multiple purposes

Design streets that (1) provide automobile access (2) create great places (3) build community (4)
Figure 5.9 Native vegetation that provides habitat for wildlife on lake
Naivasha source: author
are an aesthetic asset to the urban areas and (5) unite development districts and minimize
barriers.
b) Provide appropriate parking resources for all districts

 Create opportunities for shared parking between weekend and weekday functions
85
5.5.2 Create clear development districts that offer a sense of completion at each stage
 Kihoto should be the first phase as the first development district
 New mixed-use, waterfront neighborhoods should be created: Kihoto, Kamere and
Karagita
 Pedestrian-scaled framework of streets, blocks and development parcels should be
established
5.5.3 Build on existing assets

 Governmental and educational base Historic buildings e.g the Naivasha golf club adjacent
to Kihoto estate.
 Stable adjacent neighborhoods
 Transit access and roadway infrastructure
 A Lakefront location
Figure 5.10 An artistic impression depecting single-family homes, townhomes, and neighborhood-serving retail
86
5.6 Conclusion
Lake Naivasha is at risk of extinction because of the human-induced land use changes. The
heightened demand for environmental resources especially land, water and forestry for human
settlement threaten to irreversibly damage the watershed. The watershed suffers from water
deficit during the dry season. Therefore rising demand for water either from within or outside the
basin poses serious threat to its sustainability. The watershed continues to register a rapid growth
of population and socio-economic activities and must continue meeting the rising water demand
from neighboring settlements specifically Nakuru Municipality that falls outside the basin. The
water bodies in Lake Naivasha Watershed face serious risks of pollution and nutrient enrichment,
because of rapid growth of (rural and urban) human settlements and intensive/extensive
commercial and small scale agriculture. Rapid growth of human settlement occurs in the absence
of appropriate infrastructure such as water and sanitation. Inadequate planning and development
control in the watershed has exposed the area to a serious threat of environmental degradation.
For example, as the lake recedes human settlements and related activities have led to reclamation
of wetland, construction of dykes (to prevent the lake from attaining its natural level) and the
construction on the riparian reserve.
This paper recommends adoption of a new Masterplan that will be a major step in transformation
of Lake Naivasha urban waterfront. The good thing is that the County government is currently
working on a new masterplan. This will bring together city and other government officials,
business leaders and the residents of Naivasha together to establish shared goals for the future.
The transformation of the Naivasha Lakefront will offer enormous public benefits in terms of new
homes, stores, entertainment and offices, recreation resources, high quality transit service and a
new framework of streets and public spaces. New revenues for Naivasha Municipality and new
jobs for residents will result. Sustained and focused public and private investment will be required
to strengthen development and unlock the full potential of the Lakefront. This should be done in
a sustainable manner to guarantee the Lake’s resources for future generations.
87
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88
When we are stricken and cannot bear our lives any longer, then a tree has something to say to
us: Be still! Be still! Look at me! Life is not easy, life is not difficult. Those are childish thoughts. Let
God speak within you, and your thoughts will grow silent. You are anxious because your path
leads away from mother and home. But every step and every day lead you back again to the
mother. Home is neither here nor there. Home is within you, or home is nowhere at all. ―
Herman Hesse
89

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2018

REHABILITATION OF LAKE NAIVASHA URBAN WATERFRONT

A CASE OF KIHOTO, KARAGITA & KAMERE

Author : Wainaina Joseph Kimani B02/54011/2012

Supervisor : Arch. Erastus Abonyo Year Master : Arch. Norbert Musyoki

Signature : ………………………………. Signature : ……………………………………..

Date : ..........………………………. Date : ……………………………………..

Chairman : Arch Musau Kimeu

Date: 24-10-2018 Signature : ……………………………………..

Without you I could never have made it!

“This generation enjoys unprecedented technological, scientific and financial TABLE

2.9.2 Hafen City, Hamburg, Germany .......................................................................................... 51

5.1 A New Vision for Lake Naivasha Urban Waterfront ......................................... 78

WRMA - Water Resource Management Authority

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Research Objectives

3. Identifying opportunities for sustainable development of human activities and conservation

Figure 1.4 A hippopotamus in search of grass, they grazing

1.4 Justification of the study

1.5 Framework of the Thesis

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Literature review Research Findings & Recommendations

Figure 1.8 Thesis framework

1.6 Introduction to the study area

The map below shows major settlements and

1.7 Scope and Limitations

1.8 Research methods

1.8.1 Literature review

1.8.2 Data sources

1.8.4 Data analysis and presentation

Figure 1.9 Research framework

1.9 Definition of terms

2.1 Research on urban waterfront development and its emegence as a

2.1.1 Some literature on waterfront developments by academicians and professionals

2.2 Key factors behind waterfront developments

2.2.1 The economic sphere

2.2.2 The social sphere

2.2.3 The environmental sphere

2.3 Major transformations and driving forces behind current urban

In light of the discussion above it is important to do case studies based on interviews,

Figure 2.8 Chicago Waterfront : Source flickr.com

2.4 Re-development of derelict post-industrial waterfronts

Revitalization/rehabilitation however, has no precise definition, but embraces a complex field of

2.5 Significance of Waterfronts in Urban development

Figure 2.9 The Sydney Harbour (pinterest.com)

2.5.1 Benefits and risks of urban waterfront regeneration

areas by adding residential use as an extra commercial-tourist function (Morena, 2011).

2.6 Design Principles and guidelines for waterfront developments

In as much as many waterfront publications dwell on the macro issues of waterfront

Selected references Principles and guidelines

Dramov (1997) 9 design principles 1. Build on the waterfront’s unique qualities

Table 2.1. Factors that can contribute to successful waterfront development

2.7 Emerging concepts in Waterfront (re)-development

2.8 Causes of Uncontrolled/Informal Developments

2.8.1 Nature of Planning in African Urban areas

2.8.2 Classifications of Informal Settlements

I. Squatter settlements –They are characterised by encroachment that goes on to spread

2.9 Legal, Policy and Institutional Frameworks

2.9.1 Legal & Policy Framework

a) The Physical Planning Act (1996)

b) The Water Act (2002)

c) Environmental Management & Coordination Act (2005)

d) The Constitution of Kenya (2010)

e) Urban Areas and Cities Act (2011)

f) County Government Act (2012)

g) Land Act (2012)