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Regulatory Compliance
Positive Material Identification (PMI)
• Does the employer ensure that replacement piping
is suitable for its p
process application?
pp
– Yes, No, N/A
• If no, possible violations include:
– The employer did not follow RAGAGEP when it failed to
conduct Positive material identification (PMI) testing to
ensure that construction materials of replacement/repaired
piping were adequate for process conditions (An example
RAGAGEP for PMI testing for existing piping systems
includes but is not limited to, API RP 578, Material
Verification Program for New and Existing Alloy Piping
Systems, Section 4.3), and CSB, Safety Bulletin – Positive
Material Verification: Prevent Errors During Alloy Steel
Systems Maintenance, BP Texas City, TX Refinery Fire);
PMI Standards
• ASTM E1916
Standard Guide for Identification and/or Segregation of Mixed Lots of
Metals
American Society of Testing Material /1997 , reaffirmed 2004
PMI Standards
• API R P 578
Material Verification Program for New and
Existing Alloy Piping Systems
American Petroleum Institute / May 1999
By counting the number of photons of each energy emitted from a sample, the
elements present may be identified and quantified.
PMI Testing
The elements of the basic alloy materials to be verified should be
in accordance with Table below:
Component Identification
• The ASME B31.3 Code requires random
examination
i ti off materials
t i l andd components t to
t
ensure conformance to listed specifications
and standards.
• B31.3 also requires these materials to be free
from defects.
• Component standards and specifications have
various marking requirements.
The carbon steel section had a thickness of only 0.090 to 0.125 in.
(2.3 to 3.2 mm) prior to the failure while the adjacent pipe was
between 0.250 and 0.260 in. (6.4 to 6.6 mm) thick.
Carbon steel RHU heat exchanger outlet pipe (arrow) ruptured after operating only
3 months in high-temperature hydrogen service.
Ruptured 8-inch carbon steel pipe elbow pieces recovered after the fire
Markings – Pipe
Standard Title and Marking Requirements
Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc Coated, Welded and
Seamless
ASTM A53 1. Name of Brand of Manufacturer
2. Kind of Pipe (e.g. ERW B, XS)
3. Specification Number
4. Length
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
1. Marking requirements of A530/A530M
2. Heat Number
3. Hydro/NDE
y Marking
g
ASTM A106 4. “S” for supplementary requirements as specified (stress-relieved
annealed tubes, air underwater pressure test, and stabilizing
heat treatment)
5. Length
6. Schedule Number
7. Weight on NPS 4 and larger
Markings – Fittings
Standard Title and Marking Requirements
Factory Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings
Factory-Made
1. Manufacturer’s Name or Trademark
2. Material and Product Identification (ASTM or ASME grade
ASME B16.9 symbol).
3. “WP” in grade symbol.
4. Schedule number or nominal wall thickness.
5. NPS
Markings - Fasteners
Standard Title and Marking Requirements
Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High-
Temperature Service
ASTM 193 1.Grade or manufacturer’s identification symbols shall be applied to one end of studs
3/8” in diameter and larger and to the heads of bolts ¼ ” in diameter and larger.
Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High-Pressure and
High-Temperature Service
ASTM 194 1.Manufacturer’s identification mark.
2.Grade and process of manufacture (e.g. 8F indicates nuts that are hot-forged or
cold-forged)
Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs
ASTM 307 1.Manufacturer’s identification mark.
2.All bolt heads, one end of studs 3/8” and larger, and whenever feasible studs less
than 3/8”, shall be marked with a grade material.
Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts
1.Grades O, A, and B are not required to be marked unless identified as such by the
purchaser.
ASTM 563 2.Grade D, DH, DH3 shall be marked with the symbol HX3 on one face. Heavy hex
nuts made to the requirements of DH3 are marked with HX3 on one face.
3.Grades C, C3, D, DH, and DH3 and hex nuts made to the requirements of DH3,
are marked with the manufacturers symbol.
Metal Analyzers
Positive Material Identification (PMI) refers to the identification and
analysis of various metal alloys based on their chemical composition
in non-destructive testing (NDT). Measurement results are shown in
the form of elemental concentration in percentage or by specific
alloy name such as SS316L or Inconel 625. PMI is a field-testing
method made possible by the portability of most PMI analyzers.
NITON XRF instruments report a two-sigma precision along with the result for
each element. This represents an error band of two standard deviations on either
side of the result. The two sigma precision represents a 95 % confidence interval
for the data. Note the precision, or +/- error band, is not an indication of accuracy,
but a measurement of repeatability around a most probable value. Accuracy must
be assessed by comparing the measured result and precision to known values
from a reference standard.