Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Introduction. The Zeeman effect refers to the addition of a term in the Hamiltonian
(energy) of an atomic electron due to an external magnetic field. This arises from
the interaction between the atomic magnetic dipole moment and the field. The
former has its origins in the total electron angular momentum; orbital, L, and spin, S.
When the total spin, S, happens to sum to zero – as in the case of the cadmium 5s5d
1D – 5s5p 1P transition at 643.84 nm – then we refer to the situation as the normal
Zeeman effect. In these cases the spectral line splits into three components with the
application of the external magnetic field. When S is not zero, the splitting is more
complex, and the effect goes by the name anomalous Zeeman effect. Since for most
levels of most atoms S is not zero, it is the normal Zeeman effect that is, in fact,
anomalous! Nevertheless, it was the so‐called anomalous effect that lead to the
discovery of electron spin.
Theory. Let the atomic Hamiltonain that gives rise to the levels of the transition of
interest be H0 in the absence of the external B field. The presence of the field then
adds a term due to the interaction of the atomic magnetic dipole moment and the
field given by − µ ⋅ B where µ is the magnetic moment. The dipole moment is due to
the orbital angular momentum, in this case, and is given by µ = µ B L where µB is the
so‐called Bohr magneton equal to 5.79x10‐5eV/T. Taking B to define the z‐axis, we
have for the full Hamiltonian
H = H 0 − µ B BL z
so that a level of energy E0 is split according to the values of its Lz quantum number
M. The upper level of the transition we study here has L = 2 so there are five M sub
levels with M = ‐2, ‐1, 0, 1, 2. The lower level has L =1 so M = ‐1, 0, 1. Transition
selection rules and the equality of the splittings within each level result in only three
groups of nine transitions rather than fifteen distinct ones. See diagram below.
Fig.1
The bottom of the figure 1 shows the polarization of the light observed in a direction
transverse to the field. We will also observe the emitted light in the longitudinal
direction as well. Figures 2 and 3 show that in the longitudinal direction the ΔM = 0
transmission is missing.
Spectroscopy. Let’s consider the magnitude of the splitting compared to the
transition wavelength itself.
d λ dν dE
PreLab question 1. Show that = = ~ 6x10 −5 for a magnetic field of 1 T.
λ ν E
This means that the resolving power, λ/Δλ, of the spectral device we use to resolve
the splitting must be at least 17,000! An ordinary grating spectrometer cannot
provide this power. In this experiment a Fabry‐Perot etalon is used. Figure 4 shows
a ray incident on the parallel, partially reflecting surfaces of a material of index n of
thickness d, at an angle α. The ray splits many times and is transmitted as a set of
rays each out of phase with its predecessor. The result is a series of concentric rings
Fig.4
of light. A full reference on measuring wavelength using a Fabry‐Perot etalon can be
found in “Fundamentals of Photonics” by Saleh and Teich and references therein.
( )
1/2
The theory shows that 2d n 2 − sin 2 α = mλ where m = 1, 2, 3…. Is the order of
the ring.
Pre Lab Question2. Calling λ1 – λ2 =Δλ, show that
1/2
⎛ n 2 − sin 2 α 2 ⎞ Δλ
1 − ⎜ 2 = for a particular ring.
⎝ n − sin 2 α ⎟⎠
1 λ
Depending on the output of the video software, it may be more convenient to use
this in the form
Procedure. First the magnetic field must be calibrated. Carefully remove the Cd
lamp and replace it with the magnetic Hall probe. Use KaleidaGraph to produce a
plot of B vs I for I = 0 to 10A in steps of 0.5A.
Replace, carefully, the Cd lamp, turn it on and let it warm for ~3 minutes. Start the
software VideoComInt and follow the instructions. Plot the DE splitting of the s
components as a function of B up to about 0.7 T. From the slope determine the value
of the Bohr magneton.