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I. TITLE
This is often formulated first even before the start of the research
study; it may be open to further revisions as the writing progresses.
The title has a close affinity with how the problem statement is
formulated.
Mechanics:
Printed on the center; front size, at least 14/14.5
If more than one line, must be in a decreasing (inverted
pyramid)downward format, single space.
All key terms in the title should be included in the definition of terms,
1 Dean Taton is the Dean of the Graduate School of Law of San Sebastian College Recoletos Manila, a
Professorial Lecturer at the University of Santo Tomas Graduate School of Law (Master of Laws and
Doctor of Civil Law), UST-University of San Agustin Master of Laws Consortium. He is also a
professorial lecturer at the SSC-R Institute of Law on Persons and Family Relations, International
Human Rights and Public International Law. He also teaches at UST Faculty of Civil Law and
Polytechnic University of the Philippines He is an MCLE lecturer on Updates and Trends in
International Dispute Resolution and International Law at the UP Law Center, Manila Law Center and
the IBP.. He has degrees in Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Bachelor of Laws, Master of Laws and
Doctor of Civil Law. He manages Taton Law Office. Email may be sent to: rodeltaton@gmail.com
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II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This shows how the proposed problem statement (thesis) has arisen from
the context. The context may take the following forms:
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Mechanics:
Devote one or two sentences that will act as the bridge between what has
just preceded as the “Background of the Study” and what will be the next section
called “The Statement of the Problem.”
Mechanics:
As the title of the thesis shows, the statement (not statements) of the
problem must only be one.
Analyze and break down into sub-problems: The main problem, the
central focus or the life-blood of the study is resolved by way of answering first a
series of sub-problems customarily stated in the interrogative form; hence also
called specific questions. It is noteworthy to state that such questions should not
be answerable by yes or no.
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May be reviewed later for a better reformulation defending on the final
outcome of the thesis writing.
Some research agenda treat this section as synonymous with the problem
statement. Despite such cases, it is best to treat the two differently giving each a
separate section here because some problem statements do not explicitly state
the purpose of the investigation.
Mechanics:
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Include an objective relative to the findings of the whole research
project(i.e. what to do with the findings after completion of the research study)
Limitation identifies the weaknesses of your study that are beyond the
control of the author. The limitation of the study, in other words, “establishes the
level of certainty and margin of error that can be imputed to your work in
qualitative terms. Now, if the research study is heavy on textual analysis and the
like, the areas of limitation may be the following factors:
1.Volume of text to be gathered
2. Use of translation (due to the author’s inaccessibility to the original non-
English languages)
3. Vital secondary texts (i.e., commentaries on primary sources)
4. Availability of original texts.
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compedia of specialized disciplines(i.e.Leal Dictionary) may be used; otherwise.
Ordinary dictionary definitions are discouraged.
In defining a term, identify the broad class (genus) to which the term belongs,
using the same parts of speech as the term itself; then specify the particular
ways (species) in which that term differs from other in the same class.
Mechanics:
Non- English terms (s) must be followed by its English equivalent within
parentheses and quotation marks.
CHAPTER II
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Literature: A collation of all the reading materials mainly divided into
authoritative writings, such as books and articles, and studies, such as thesis,
dissertation, proceedings and the like – both having, one way or the other, a
close affinity with and substantial bearing on the proposed problem statement
and/or the over-all methodology.
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these, two more factors of reference to other well-established and respectable
sources.
Some research proposal present this section by way of the type of literature
approach in which literature are classified in two: conceptual and research with
the former discussed .
Mechanics:
- Studies
Thesis published or unpublished (excluded if dissertation
Dissertation (excluded if unpublished for a dissertation)
Scientific papers (originally presented orally but finally published.)
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Libreria Editrice Vaticana), FABC, CBCP, papal or appropriate episopal
conferences; bible version (unless substantially connected with the
proposed main problem).
For dissertation, it is improper to include unpublished theses/dissertations.
However, the candidates is free to use them for cross-referencing
purposes in the footnotes.
Include non-English sources especially for dissertation.
At least 15 Pages.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
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b. Quantitative design provide statistical descriptions, relationships and
explanations about numerical data to derive from a positivist epistemology
holding that there is an objective reality numerically quantifiable whose studies
are experiential in nature, emphasizing measurement in search for relationship. It
is clothed with expression such as “variable,” ”controls validity,” “reliability,”
“cogency,” “hypothesis,” “statistically significant,” and the like by utilizing
inferential statistics to determine the results of the study. Inferential statistics
such as correlation, chi-square, analysis of variance, and the like are used to test
specifically the null hypothesis. This type of research usually includes
comparative studies, cause-and-effect relationships, correlative studies, and the
like.
a. According to purpose:
1). Predictive (prognostic): determines the future operation of the variable
under investigation with the aim of controlling or redirecting such for the
better..
2). Directive: determines what should be done based on the findings. This is
to remedy an unsatisfactory condition, if there is any.
3). Illuminative: is concerned with the interaction of the components of the
variables being investigated, for example, “interaction of the components of
educational system and aims to show the connection among, for example,
student characteristics, organization patterns and policies, and educational
consequences.”
b. According to goal.
1) Basic (pure): done for the development of theories or principles
2) Applied: tests suitability of the result of pure research.
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d). According to type of analysis
1) Analytic: attempts to identify and isolate the components of the research
situation. In legal research, commonly, the approaches use content analysis
which is an interpretation based on accepted criteria, the message conveyed
by existing documents or text.
2).Synthetic/ Wholistic: begins with total situation, focusing attention on the
system first and then on the interrelatedness of its thought-components.
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sometimes these studies are called ex post facto research since the cause
are usually studied after they have had an effect upon another variable.
(6) Action Research: usually carried out by a researcher who deeply
involved in the processes of identifying the problem, the procedures to be
utilized to solve the problem and to document and evaluate the actions taken
and finally solving the problem.
b) Special
- designed to suit the needs of a particular discipline. To mention some:
(1)Participatory: involves people defining the problem and solving it
according to how they perceive it, and on the resources available.
(2) Ethnographic: a special type of case study research; distinguished from
other types because it uses theories and methods of anthropology to study
intensively a certain culture.
3. Context of Study: indicates where and when the study will be conducted and
whether access has been assured.
6. Data Analysis: explains how one will organize, reduce, analyze and display the
data/facts/concept one has collected.
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- To thoroughly analyze the background events leading up to a certain
historical events under study.
- To trace from one historical episode to another.
- To chronologically arrange in sequence historical events.\
- To cite authorities who have also investigated this piece of history.
After establishing A and B, briefly compare them and present the statement
of the problem in the introduction so as to choose one of the following
approaches:
- For comparison of two (2) persons (individual or corporate), schools of
thought or positions:
Examine A
Examine B
Compare/Contrast A and B;
Issue 1; Discuss A and B;
Issue 2; Discuss A and B;
Issue 3; Discus A and B (or)
- For comparison of issue:
Similarities of A and B;
Differences of A and B (or)
Discussion of Central Issues
Mechanics:
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Indicate the place where you will gather the data like the library, archives
or internet, if possible, per chapter.
Ask your adviser to make a critique of your choice; then do the revisions
and additions, when necessary.
Mechanics
- Present briefly each chapter by indicating its main idea, purpose, and basic
orientation.
- Just e consistent with the structures that you are using.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mechanics:
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- Non-English entries should be entered with their English translation within
brackets and following the documentation style guideline.
- Kinds of Divisions:
Standard
A. Primary sources
- Books
-Periodicals
- E-sources
B. Secondary sources
C. Unpublished sources
- Dissertation
- Theses
D. Others sources
- Interviews
- E-mails
E. General reading Material References
( of special disciplines)
Dictionaries
Encyclopedia
F. Ordinary General Reading Material References
1. Dictionaries
2. Thesaurus
3. Encyclopedia
THESIS OUTLINE
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WRITNG THESIS/DISSERTATION PROPER
1. PARTS
- A thesis/dissertation has three main parts: the preliminaries (front matter); the
text (body); and the reference (back matter). The body is divided into
chapters and each chapter divided into main sections or heading and each
section divided into subsection and each subsection further divided into sub
subsection and so forth.
- A thesis/dissertation has two kind of pagination: one that governs the
preliminaries using the consecutive lowercase Roman numerals and the rest
of the paper using the Arabic numerals.
- Any page number is typed at the hand upper corner of each page.
- It follows the footnote-bibliography documentation style.
- A thesis production should only have one type of font style all throughout.
However, the font size for the footnoting may be different from that of the
body. Consistency of choice must be maintained all throughout the chapters.
BODY
Chapter I Introduction or The Problem
A. Background of the Study
B. Statement of the Problem
C. Objectives of the Study
D. Significance of the Study
E. Scope and Limitation of the Study
F. Definition of Terms
Chapter II Review of Related Literature
Chapter III Methodology
Thesis Structure in Narrative Form
Bibliography
Appendix
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