1) 49% of worker cooperative members in Spain are
Debate Competition women
There are two concept to look
1- GAD (Gender and Development) the approach of GAD
mainly integrates women in development, but priorities
gender. The approach links its goals to sustainable
development.
2- WAD (Women and Development) is mainly focused on
women generally, It views woman as active agents as
individuals are aware of their position due to the
discrimination and subordination
Gender, agriculture, and the environment (food security)
a) The term women as “invisible workers” has been used by
some authors like Dixon (1982) cited by Bisnath (2011)
and Otobe citeb in Jain and Elson (2011) to emphasize the
fact that that women are the main care providers in
society and work even though they are sometimes unpaid
or not recognized.
b) According to the Ministry of Agriculture (Burundi),
agriculture is the main source of income for over 90% of
the population. It is clear that the agricultural sector is
important in the social and economic life of the country.
Gender and Development in Ongoing Conflict Contexts
a) During the war and conflict, women and girls are mostly
affected than men. Women lost their lives but also many
lost their husbands and relatives. They have been raped
by and forced to have sex with the rebels. They lost
everything including the capacity to produce food, which
was their main livelihood. They became refugees, and
were grouped in the displacement camps inside the
country (World Vision, 2011). As conflict lessened and
recovery began, many women had difficulty resuming
their farming and livestock ventures. Often, they had lost
the resources related to livelihood sustenance (Koen
2006).
Cooperatives, Women, & Gender Equality
The Issue: Twenty years have passed since 1995’s World
Beijing Conference on Women placed a focus on closing
the gender gap; However, deeply – rooted gender-based
inequalities have continued beyond the 2015
target .Women are under-represented in political and
economic decision-making processes; Suffer from lack of
access to decent, fair-waged, safe employment; And are
more likely to work informal and unpaid labor. Given this
reality, United Nations Member States have agreed to
priorities gender equality and women’s empowerment by
creating as standalone Sustainable Development Goal
(SDG) for the issue (Committee for the promotion and
advancement of cooperative)
2) 132% increase in women’s participation in
agricultural cooperatives in Uganda
3) 95% of Japanese consumer cooperative members
are women
4) 95% Women's leadership on financial cooperative
boards in Tanzania
Gender equality is about equal opportunities, rights and
responsibilities for women and men, girls and boys. It does
not mean that women and men are the same. Gender
inequality is a result of unequal power distribution between
women and men, exacerbated by ongoing discrimination,
weaknesses in laws, policies and institutions, and social
relations that normalize inequality
First, gender equality and empowering women contribute to
growth, development and stability.
• Global gross domestic product could rise by as much
as two per cent, or US$1.5 trillion, if women and men
entrepreneurs could participate equally in the
economy.
• Women could increase their income by up to 76 per
cent if the employment participation gap and wage
gap between men and women were closed. This is
calculated to have a global value of US$17 trillion.
• Women who are better educated have fewer,
healthier and better-educated children, which
reduces dependency burdens and increases savings.
• Female farmers provided with equal access to
resources could reduce under-nutrition for an
estimated 100 to 150 million people.
• Greater gender equality contributes to stability and
peace. Women are often instrumental in brokering
ceasefires in conflict situations, and peacekeeping
operations involving women as soldiers, police and
civilian personnel are more effective. Greater equality
can prevent disputes escalating to armed conflict.
• Violence against women undermines a community’s
social fabric and prevents women from achieving
social and economic equality.
• Second, economic growth, development and
globalisation can provide opportunities to reduce
inequality between women and men. However,
growth alone will not deliver gender equality; much
depends on the kind of growth, the nature of the
economy, a country’s policy settings, and political will.
(Australian Government Ministry of Foreign Affairs
and Trade- February 2016)
 Globally, women have fewer opportunities for
economic participation than men, less access to basic
and higher education, greater health and safety risks,
and less political representation
Guaranteeing the rights of women and giving them
opportunities to reach their full potential is critical
not only for attaining gender equality, but also for
meeting a wide range of international development
goals. Empowered women and girls contribute to the
health and productivity of their families, communities,
and countries, creating a ripple effect that benefits
everyone
Although the world is making progress in
achieving gender parity in education, girls still make
up a higher percentage of out-of-school children than
boys. Approximately one quarter of girls in the
developing world do not attend school. Typically,
families with limited means who cannot afford costs
such as school fees, uniforms, and supplies for all of
their children will prioritize education for their sons.
Families may also rely on girls' labor for household
chores, carrying water, and childcare, leaving limited
time for schooling. (Peace Corps)
Facts & Figures
 Globally, 750 million women and girls were married
before the age of 18 and at least 200 million women
and girls in 30 countries have undergone FGM.
 In 18 countries, husbands can legally prevent their
wives from working; in 39 countries, daughters and
sons do not have equal inheritance rights; and 49
countries lack laws protecting women from
domestic violence.
 One in five women and girls, including 19 per cent of
women and girls aged 15 to 49, have experienced
physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate
partner with the last 12 months. Yet, 49 countries
have no laws that specifically protect women from
such violence.
 While women have made important inroads into
political office across the world, their representation
in national parliaments at 23.7 per cent is still far
from parity.
 Only 52 per cent of women married or in a union
freely make their own decisions about sexual
relations, contraceptive use and health care.
 Globally, women are just 13 per cent of agricultural
land holders.
 More than 100 countries have taken action to track
budget allocations for gender equality.
 Women in Northern Africa hold less than one in five
paid jobs in the non-agricultural sector. The
proportion of women in paid employment outside
the agriculture sector has increased from 35 per
cent in 1990 to 41 per cent in 2015.
 In 46 countries, women now hold more than 30 per
cent of seats in national parliament in at least one
chamber.
 In Southern Asia, a girl’s risk of marrying in
childhood has dropped by over 40% since 2000.
 The rates of girls between 15-19 who are subjected
to FGM (female genital mutilation) in the 30
countries where the practice is concentrated have
dropped from 1 in 2 girls in 2000 to 1 in 3 girls by
2017.
Target
 End all forms of discrimination against all women
and girls everywhere
 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women
and girls in the public and private spheres, including
trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation
 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early
and forced marriage and female genital mutilation
 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work
through the provision of public services,
infrastructure and social protection policies and the
promotion of shared responsibility within the
household and the family as nationally appropriate
 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and
equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of
decisionmaking in political, economic and public life
 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive
health and reproductive rights as agreed in
accordance with the Programme of Action of the
International Conference on Population and
Development and the Beijing Platform for Action
and the outcome documents of their review
conferences
 Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to
economic resources, as well as access to ownership
and control over land and other forms of property,
financial services, inheritance and natural resources,
in accordance with national laws
 Enhance the use of enabling technology, in
particular information and communications
technology, to promote the empowerment of
women (Sustainable Development Goal)